import Western essfully. ed, affluent, and or in the mid-1990s building standards development and especially hotels .. higher levels of accommodation and more aesthetic appeal guaranteed high occupancy rates. Interiors have undergone a transformation, too. Artistic collaboration between outsiders and the Balinese has resulted in the ubiquitous stone carvings and wooden sculptures of early interiors being replaced by Bali-inspired, international-standard decor accessories. In the private sector, long-term residents wanted less makeshift places to live. In their desire to settle in Bali and forge a new life, they sought to replicate the comforts of home but to reintepret these in a "Balinese" way. They built-or had built for them-tropical homes that took elements from their own heritages and combined these with Balinese influences and styles. The result was a plethora of residences in many different designs, but all loosely gathered under the umbrella term of "Bali style." To accompany the architecture came the interior design: a type of outdoor-indoor living style that has its roots in the climate of the tropics, but its applications in Western traditions of comfortable furniture and furnishings. New Tropical Internationalism Recent trends in residential architecture suggest that the world-renowned and increasingly popular "Bali style" is now evolving into an eclectic, international style, propelled by architectural and design trends from outside rather than from within Bali. Feeding off the innate creativity of the Balinese, and bringing new ideas and technologies from outside, foreign architects and designers are reworking and reinterpreting the much-touted concept of "Bali style." All over the island, startlingly original homes are the result of exciting collaborations between Balinese building techniques and contemporary vision. Tradition is being challenged by modernity, organic materials are vying with metal and plastic, and high-tech components are dualing with hand-crafted accessories. Significantly, Balinese pavilion-style architecture is being replaced with a more contemporary vision of space; if the bale persists, it is more likely to be constructed of marble or stone than wood and thatch. Strong lines and geometric forms now sometimes replace the softer alang-
alang roofs. Extensive and imaginative use of stone, glass, and ceramics complements Balinese shingles, wood, alang-alang thatch, and bamboo. More is being made of the textures of structural elements, as well as the style of interior decoration. The ability and flexibity of local craftsmen who can copy-and-craft simultaneously, and the island's abundance of natural materials, have led to the development of stylish, cutting-edge home decor items. A new cosmopolitanism, the result of tapping into trends from outside rather than from within Bali, is flourishing in this island of the gods. This cosmopolitanism has had global repercussions. Throughout the tropical world, from Bombay to the Bahamas, from Thailand to the Philippines, the originality of expression, rising quality, and intense creativity of Bali's private residences and of its organic-based decor collections have become the new benchmark for tropical living and tropical design.
Above: The characteristic shape of the roof of the Balinese tumbing or rice granary is reinterpreted in a modern bedroom. Left: Local materials are combined with an international design style in this house. The change of flooring defines the outdoor-indoor transition. Below: Natural materials are used not only to face walls and floors but to create new artefacts, panels, and pieces of furniture. 75
The traditional style of palace gardens, such as Tirta Gangga at Karangasem, is the precursor of formal modern gardens which make use of water, courtyards, statuary, and a limited number of strategically placed plants. Such gardens are the antithesis of the more "natural" effect, in which the garden merges almost seamlessly with the surrounding countryside. The Matahari Garden at the Bali Hyatt features stepped terraces leading down to a lotus pond. The 14-hectare Bali Hyatt garden is not only the largest hotel garden by far in Bali-it occupies 75 percent of the total hotel areabut is also the most beautiful and influential. its impressive design concepts, utilizing huge planter boxes, jungle-like courtyards, water gardens, themed plantings, terraces, pathways, and specially commissioned statuary, have inspired a host of others gardens both within and outside Bali. 76 Gardens anThe close integration of tropics and nowhere is tblessed by Nature. Its trpositions of gardens. In leaders in the explorationTraditional Gardens in BalIn contrast to the overcrowdBali's natural landscape (ramdens in Bali are characterized(sepi). The Balinese house coden in the Western sense of tand simple working space ofions, the family temple, and ground of packed earth withtwo isolated trees such as frathe aling-aling screen wall. Oplanted to one side of the coin pots, and there may be onted flowering plants added foNor are gardens an integBalinese temples. Instead, micalled waringan in Balinese, front of temples-as well as
d Water Features landscape and architecture is a concept well suited to the this more visible than in Bali. The island is extraordinarily raditional temples and palaces have also influenced the commore contemporary times, resort hotels have emerged as n of innovative ways to merge nature with the work of man. i ed abundance of me), traditional gard by empty stillness ompound has no garthe word. It is a bare f free-standing pavila neatly swept perhaps one or angipani behind Often the trees are mpound, sometimes ne or two other potor decoration. ral part of most ighty banyan trees, form landmarks in at major crossroads and in the forecourts of palaces. Their multiple trunks and aerial roots, hanging down like thick hair, are a stupendous sight. The roots not only play host to a range of ferns and other plants but are a favorite haunt of invisible spirits. Royal gardens and garden temples consist of pavilions with ponds in or around them, often filled with lotuses, and a few trees. Fountains and water spouts carved in the form of naga snakes, elephants, or demonic creatures are a common feature of the water works. These gardens are thus a combination of art and nature but they also demonstrate the concept of sepi. Modern Gardens in Bali In recent years, the rame end of the spectrum has come more prominent. Government policies have encouraged the Balinese to diversify their diets and grow a wider range of plants in their compounds as well as to beautify them with flower beds. Locally owned hotels and restaurants have incorporated trees and vines and lotus ponds on their premises. But it was the arrival of foreign residents to the island, and later the tourist boom, which was to have the greatest impact on gardens in Bali. The hilly countryside, steep ravines, and meandering streams around Ubud offered foreign residents the opportunity for dramatic, multi-level plantings. Others sought to merge their gardens with the surrounding landscape, especially Bali's rice terraces. Yet others emulated the rather formal patterns of royal gardens, making use of water, courtyards, pavilions, statuary and a limited number of harmoniously placed trees and plants. Resort Hotel Landscaping The success of many hotels and resorts in Bali is not due just to the careful design and dramatic scale of their buildings but also to their gardens. A crucial figure behind the new landscape movement was Australian Michael White who had
arrived in Bali in 1973 but by 1975 had assumed the Balinese name of Made Wijaya. His first garden, in 1978, was for house "C" in the Batu Jimbar estate designed by the famous Sri Lankan architect Geoffrey Bawa. His style of landscaping, which exploits the exuberant potential of local tropical plants and combines these with English traditions of textural contrasts and bright accents, was soon to be found in several hotels in the archipelago including, in Bali, the Bali Hyatt, Amandari, and the Four Seasons Resort at Jimbaran Bay, as well as in numerous private gardens in Bali for both permanent and part-time residents. Wijaya's work at the Bali Hyatt, in particular, established the importance of landscape as an important component of the Bali hotel experience. The Bali Hyatt landscape offers not only a comprehensive collection of ornamental plants gathered from many parts of the tropical world, but also a beguiling variety of landscaping features, including terraces, courtyards, and water gardens. Added to these are Balinese-style structures, such as kukul towers and split candi bentar gateways, and the lanterns, decorative terra cotta fountains, reliefs, stone jars, and the fierce-faced guardian figures and other statuary which have become synonymous worldwide with Bali and "Bali style." Because of the success of the Bali Hyatt gardens, many Bali hotels now combine carefully structured landscapes of lotus ponds and floating pavilions at the lobby, restaurant and areas, the resideluxuriate in a robougainvillea, fWater FeatureWater is not onnese but is alsothe hot, humid fore, that nearly
bar areas. Beyond these public ential components of the hotel omantic profusion of hibiscus, frangipani, orchids, and palms. es nly the source of life for the Bali a wonderful cooling element in climate. It is no surprise, therey every architect and landscape Left and right: Interconnecting plant-filled ponds, and statuary, such as these at Villa Bebek, Made Wijaya's studio-home in Sanur, are synonymous with "Bali style." This modernist landscape in a secluded valley in Ubud is a contrast to the usual jungle-like profusion. The lawn complements the variety of palms, ground cover, and decorative plantings. 77
Above: Sheer edges and dark stone paving add to the minimalistic composition of this rectangular infinity pool at the Alila. Right above: The open-air bathroom at "Tirta Ening" villa in the Begawan Giri estate includes a huge bathtub carved from a 6-tonne single stone. Right below: Built-in-the pool lounge chairs carved of stone are accentuated by stylized fountain heads at the Novotel Benoa near Nusa Dua beach. 78 artist connected with Bali inckind of water feature in theirrange from cool ponds filledlotuses and water lilies to caand springs, and from open-rooms to atmospheric swimmWater is a unifying themyard gardens, which often coswimming pool surrounded connecting ponds filled withwater plants. Mossy statues, stepping stones both entertaioverall exotic ambience. At VWijaya's studio-home in San
corporates some r designs. These with blooming scades, fountains -to-the-sky bathming pools. e in modern courtomprise a central by various inter lotuses and other fountains, and in and add to the Villa Bebek, Made ur, a lap pool forms the centerpiece of the compound. Around the pool are ten buildings, each connected by a network of paths, pergolas, gates, terraces, and garden walls, and some 50 small courts. Ponds act as barriers between the buildings and help to cool the surroundings. Natural springs are not only an essential landscape feature in much of Bali but an integral architectural element, feeding rock pools, swimming pools, and other water features. At the Begawan Giri estate, several rock pools, framed by timber decks and lush vegetation, have been created by capturing a 20-meter natural spring waterfall. Many open-to-the-air bathrooms on the estate utilize the natural spring. Minimalistic outdoor showers, made of bamboo pipes on stone bases, are also fed by the same spring. The use of overflow, or infinity-edge, pools and the horizon-whether in a tropical valley setting as at the Alila, or beside a beach as at the Legian-is given full reign in Bali. Complementing these, and adding to the seductive Bali experience, are jacuzzi plunge pools set in private vegetation-shrouded nooks.
Glossary adat tribal law; tradition; customs adegan height of the posts of a building, determined by measurements taken from a house owner's body alang-alang grass thatch (Imperata sp.) used as roofing material aling-aling "blind," or free-standing, wall behind the gateway to the innermost courtyard of a temple complex alun-alun Javanese term for a village square a musti unit of measurement, the width of a closed hand with the thumb on top ancak saji tracery wall enclosing a palace courtyard apit lawang paired shrines flanking gateways leading into courtyards, where offerings are placed for the guardians of a temple bacingah village square bale pavilion bale agung local assembly hall bale banjar community meeting hall bale gede open-sided pavilion on twelve posts, with a pointed roof bale gong pavilion for gamelan performances bale kambang water pavilion bale kukul drum tower bale sakepat pavilion where children and other junior members of a family sleep bancingah village square banjar neighborhood or ward bedugul roofless shrine, often found in rice fields bhuwah world of human beings Brahma the creator; one of the Hindu trinity brahmana priest caste buhr the underworld candi Javanese temple with stepped, pyramidal roof candi bentar ceremonial split gateway depa unit of measurement, from fingertip to fingertip when the arms are held out horizontally desa village desa adat customarydewa/dewi god/goddDewi Sri goddess of Durga Siwa's wife intion hasta unit of measurelbow to the fingijuk black thatch fro(Arenga pinnata sjaba outermost of thjaba tengah middle cjeroan innermost of yards kahyangan tiga collethree temples in akaja uphill, toward tkangin east kuah west kelod downhill, towkori agung monumepalaces and tempkuren separate housvillages lontar "book" of pastrips and bound engraved with anblackened with solumbung rice granarMahabharata Hindustory of the dynafive Pandawa brocousins, the KoraMajapahit Hindu-B13th-14th centurinfluence on Balinmeru wooden housemasonry base andmeten sleeping pavilnaga serpent nawa-sanga Balinesengaben cremation odalan festival padmasana eight-leashrine, the restinga temple; the eighgods of eight direpamerajan sacred enshrines paon cookhouse, kit
y laws dess rice and prosperity n an evil manifestarement, from the ertip om the sugar palm sp.) used for roofing hree temple courtyards courtyard three temple courtective term for the a village the mountain ward the sea ental gateway of ples eholds in Bali Aga alm leaves cut into together by a string; n iron stylus then oot ry u epic; centers on the stic struggles between others and their awa uddhist kingdom of ry east Java; great nese culture e-like shrine with a d multitiered roof lion e compass rose afed "lotus seat" g place for the gods in ht leaves are for eight ections nclosure for family tchen paras volcanic ash sandstone used for walls and for carvings on temples pedanda priest pedeman sleeping platform pekarangan walled compound, enclosure pemangku lay priest at a temple pesantian pavilion for performing ritual invocations pratima small wooden effigy pura temple pura dalem temple of the dead pura desa main village temple pura panataran royal temple pura puseh ancestral temple puri palace rahi unit of measurement for house posts, the length between the base of the thumb and the tip of the index finger sad kahyangan the six great sanctuaries in Bali sanggah household or family temple saka Hindu Balinese lunar calendar satriya princely caste of royalty and warriors sawah irrigated rice field Siwa the destroyer; one of the Hindu trinity subak local rice cooperative sudra commoner caste swah the heavens tajen cockfighting tampak principal unit of measurement, the length of the house owner's foot tirtha holy water trimurti Hindu triumvirate of Brahma, Siwa, and Wisnu triwangsa three noble castes consisting of royalty and warriors, priests, and merchants tumpang tiered, pyramidal-shaped roof umah meten sleeping pavilion of the house owner umpak stone column base of a building Wisnu the preserver; one of the Hindu trinity wantilan cockfighting pavilion weisa merchant caste wuku sacred Balinese calendar 79
Bibliography Architecture, Vol. 6 Indonesian Heritage, Singapore: ArchipelagPress, 1998. Bali, Archipelago Guides, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995. Bali, Indonesia (ed. Eric Oey), Periplus Adventure Guides, Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2001. Belo, Jane, Bali: Temple Festival, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966. Bernet Kempers, A.]., Monumental Bali: Introduction to BalineArchaeology & Guide to the Monuments, Singapore: PeripluEditions, 1991. Budihardjo, Eko, Architectural Conservation in Bali, YogyakartGadjah Mada University Press, 1986. Byfield, Graham and Darling, Diana, Bali Sketchbook, SingaporArchipelago Press, 1998. Carpenter, Bruce W., W. 0. J. Nieuwenkamp: First European Artist in Bali, Singapore: Periplus Editions and the Netherlands: Uitgererij Unipers Abcoude, 1997. Covarrubias, Miguel, Island of Bali, New York: Alfred A. Knop1937; reprinted Singapore: Periplus Editions and Antiques othe Orient, 1995. Dawson, B. and Gillow, J., Traditional Architecture of IndonesiLondon: Thames and Hudson, 1994. de Zoete, Beryl and Spies, Walter, Dance & Drama in Bali, London: Faber and Faber, 1938; reprinted Singapore: PeriplEditions, 2002. Eiseman, Fred B., Bali: Sekala & Niskala (2 vols): Essays on Religion and Art (Vol. 1); Essays on Society, Tradition and __ Craft (Vol. 2), Singapore: Periplus Editions, 1990. , Woodcarvings of Bali, Singapore: Peri plus Editions, 1988. Francione, Gianni and Tettoni, Luca Invernizzi, Bali Houses: New Wave Asian Architecture and Design, Singapore: __ Periplus Editions, 2002. , Bali Modem: The Art of Tropical Living, Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2000. Fox, James (ed.), Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living, Canberra: Australian NationaUniversity, 1993. Geertz, Clifford, '"Internal Conversion" in Contemporary Bali'The Interpretation of Cultures, New York: Basic Books, 197Goris, R., 'The Temple System', in W. F. Wertheim (ed.), Bali: Studies in Life, Thought and Ritual, The Hague: Van Hoeve1960. Hitchcock, Michael and Norris, Lucy, Bali, The Imaginary Museum: The Photographs of Walter Spies and Beryl de Zoete, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hobart, Angela; Ramseyer, Urs, and Leemann, Albert, The Peoples of Bali, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996 Hobart, Mark, 'The Path of the Soul: The Legitimacy of Nature80
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The Tuttle Story: “Books to Span the East and West” Many people are surprised to learn that the world’s largest publisher of books on Asia had its humble beginnings in the tiny American state of Vermont. The company’s founder, Charles Tuttle, came from a New England family steeped in publishing. Tuttle’s father was a noted antiquarian dealer in Rutland, Vermont. Young Charles honed his knowledge of the trade working in the family bookstore, and later in the rare books section of Columbia University Library. His passion for beautiful books—old and new—never wavered throughout his long career as a bookseller and publisher. After graduating from Harvard, Tuttle enlisted in the military and in 1945 was sent to Tokyo to work on General Douglas MacArthur’s staff. He was tasked with helping to revive the Japanese publishing industry, which had been utterly devastated by the war. When his tour of duty was completed, he left the military, married a talented and beautiful singer, Reiko Chiba, and in 1948 began several successful business ventures. To his astonishment, Tuttle discovered that postwar Tokyo was actually a book-lover’s paradise. He befriended dealers in the Kanda district and began supplying rare Japanese editions to American libraries. He also imported American books to sell to the thousands of GIs stationed in Japan. By 1949, Tuttle’s business was thriving, and he opened Tokyo’s very fi rst English-language bookstore in the Takashimaya Department Store in Ginza, to great success. Two years later, he began publishing books to fulfi ll the growing interest of foreigners in all things Asian. Though a westerner, Tuttle was hugely instrumental in bringing a knowledge of Japan and Asia to a world hungry for information about the East. By the time of his death in 1993, he had published over 6,000 books on Asian culture, history and art—a legacy honored by Emperor Hirohito in 1983 with the “Order of the Sacred Treasure,” the highest honor Japan can bestow upon a non-Japanese. The Tuttle company today maintains an active backlist of some 1,500 titles, many of which have been continuously in print since the 1950s and 1960s—a great testament to Charles Tuttle’s skill as a publisher. More than 60 years after its founding, Tuttle Publishing is more active today than at any time in its history, still inspired by Charles Tuttle’s core mission—to publish fi ne books to span the East and West and provide a greater understanding of each.