From Patchwork to Network. How Urban Agriculture is Reframing New Jersey as the Urban Garden State 251 Farmers’ markets play a pivotal role in connecting farmers to the state’s urban and suburban consumers. Between 2000 and 2007, New Jersey farmers’ markets experienced a growth rate three times the national average, jumping from 40 to over 100 sites in seven years, and every county in the state had at least one weekly community farmers’ market.14 While competition among traditional farmers to vend in affluent suburban and exurban communities is intense, urban centers often struggle to attract farmers. Places with the greatest need for fresh healthy food often require significant outside support to launch and sustain a community farmers’ market. In these gaps between demand and supply, urban farmers and advocates have set up farm stands and joined forces to develop markets and sell produce directly to residents in their own communities. The Greenwood Avenue Farmers Market in Trenton exemplifies a farmers’ market that is community-need-driven and supported by a group of stakeholder organizations with a mix of conventional farmers, urban farmers, a fishery, and other value-added producers. The market receives financial support for community programming that helps attract shoppers to the market. Market managers recruit vendors who are certified to accept SNAP and WIC (federal food assistance programs), and the market also receives private funding for additional coupon incentives that increase the spending power of customers using SNAP and WIC benefits. Now entering its third year, Greenwood Market’s success tracks back to outstanding planning, partnerships, and community participation (Figs. 2, 3). New Jersey also has a long history of urban agriculture that aligns with this paper’s modeling of agendas associated with urban farming and gardening. New Jersey is a state made up of many smaller communities — 565 municipalities — that often seek to ameliorate local deficits with what is available—land, volunteers, and community spirit. New Jersey’s home rule policy grants extraordinary independence and authority to its municipalities to establish local rules and regulations regarding permissible land uses, leading to a wide range of approaches to urban agriculture. Thus, one city might have an adopt-a-lot program while a few blocks away in a different municipality, urban growers seeking land may not have such a resource. Municipal differences result in dispersed advocacy and an urban agricultural network of mostly Figs. 2, 3 Greenwood Avenue Market, Trenton, New Jersey, USA. The market is located on a parking lot close to the Trenton transit hub. The colorful shipping container does double duty as storage for the equipment and signage that promote the market.
252 small organizations serving their particular area. The two largest non-profit advocacy groups serve the state’s major cities of Newark and Trenton. Isles, Inc., is a Trentonbased non-profit organization whose mission over the past 37 years has been to foster self-reliance and sustainable communities through a range of programs, including a long-standing community garden program that includes more than 70 garden sites and provides a wide range of technical and organizational assistance. The Greater Newark Conservancy mission is to promote environmental stewardship to improve the quality of life in New Jersey’s urban communities. Among their programs, they run 12 community gardens, with sites largely acquired through the City of Newark’s adopt-a-lot program. Their largest garden site has 225 community plots. These organizations, as well as others serving New Jersey’s many cities and towns, perform pivotal roles in their communities — food access, education, job training, and much more. Fig. 4 Locations of urban farms in New Jersey in relation to the county population density.
From Patchwork to Network. How Urban Agriculture is Reframing New Jersey as the Urban Garden State 253 These organizations are tied to the philanthropic model, requiring significant staff investment in grant writing, and often seek influence and connections to government agencies making decisions about land access and resource allocation. They generally hire staff with knowledge and expertise to develop and lead public programs, trainings, and workshops. The dispersed and localized nature of many of these organizations makes it difficult for their staff to extend beyond immediate program service and organizational administration. In an effort to support networking and collaboration to address shared issues like funding, public policy, and regulations, a group of advocates formed Ag in the City to organize biennial conferences and other networking opportunities. Ag in the City began as a non-profit organization and is now run by Rutgers University, the state land-grant university of New Jersey. New Jersey has seen a recent upswing in the number of urban farms run by nonprofit organizations as vehicles to earn income and expand production (Fig. 4). For instance, Greater Newark Conservancy runs two farms — the Hawthorne Avenue Farm and Court Street Urban Farm. Developed on otherwise vacant lots, these farms total 14,200 square meters and yield well over six tons of produce, eggs, and honey for community consumption (Fig. 5). Another example is Capital City Farm in Trenton, the result of a partnership between the city, a land trust, and a diverse range of community stakeholders who are involved in the planning and future programming for the farm site. The 8,090-square-meter site in East Trenton is located in an area that was blighted and beset with commercial development and land uses community members found undesirable. The farm site was originally slated to become a tow yard and lot for junk cars when a local land trust stepped in to assist the community with developing a better plan for the space. The City of Trenton owns the farm, and the land trust is responsible for management of the farm. The programs and community activities at the farm are developed with input and leadership from the community. Capital Fig. 5 The Orchard at Hawthorne Avenue Farm, Newark, New Jersey, USA, has over 75 fruit trees planted on a 10-hectare site. The farm is state-owned and thus would not allow ‘permanent’ plantings. The trees were planted in raised boxes instead of dug into the ground.
254 City Farm is now one of just a few permanently preserved urban farms in the state (Figs. 6, 7). New Jersey has also witnessed urban agriculture as a response to public health concerns about nutrition education and food access. Newark’s Beth Greenhouse is an innovative partnership between a for-profit urban farmer with knowledge of production and marketing and a hospital seeking to expand nutrition education and client access to fresh greens. The partnership started out as an outdoor farm on a hospital-owned vacant lot that was eventually reclaimed for parking. Instead of giving up, however, the hospital and farmer worked together to identify a spot nearby that could become a permanent farm site. The Beth Greenhouse uses hydroponic growing techniques to provide more than ten tons of produce year-round to the community Figs. 6, 7 Capital City Farm, Trenton, New Jersey, USA, before and after cleaning up of the meadow area.
From Patchwork to Network. How Urban Agriculture is Reframing New Jersey as the Urban Garden State 255 through an on-site farmers’ market and throughout the community via a mobile farmers’ market currently in development (Figs. 8, 9). The newest evolution of urban farms are the controlled-environment operations that feature hydroponic, aquaponic, and aeroponic technologies. These soil-less farms produce fresh greens and farmed fish yearround in a greenhouse. They require significantly more funding for the startup and operations than a community farm. AeroFarms in Newark is one example of a company riding a wave of interest in vertical, hightech farming. This farm is unambiguously commercial and has leveraged substantial public and private investment to secure its ongoing success and dominance in an emerging urban agricultural technology sector. However, other community-based organizations have formed partnerships or collaborations to launch indoor farms. In another Newark example, a hydroponic farm was developed jointly in a public-private partnership between county government and a non-profit organization, Branch Brook Park Alliance. After construction, the facilities were leased as a turn-key operation to a start-up company. Although the capital start-up costs are quite high, they are considerably less than the amount needed to purchase enough land to grow equivalent amounts of food outdoors. Companies in this sector also promote themselves as job creators, as the skills required for hydroponic farming are more easily and quickly taught than conventional farming. In addition to seeking tax breaks, many are moving aggressively to capture additional public funding via workforce development and job training programs. However, the promised social impact and benefits to the community measured in terms of the number of living wage jobs created and greater economic opportunities are yet to be measured as a metric of the farms’ success (Fig. 10). While these examples of New Jersey urban agriculture express the strength of commitment and innovative partnerships that lead to successful ventures, obstacles still exist that threaten their success. One key concern has to do with policies that limit urban agriculture’s access to state protections and programs offered to conventional agriculture. New Jersey’s Right to Farm legislation helps protect farmers from burdensome local regulations, nuisance complaints, and lawsuits that potentially threaten their ability to operate viable farm businesses. However, the guidelines establishing what can legally be considered a farm entitled to these protections never anticipated the possibility of urban farming as a viable enterprise, so there is currently only one urban farm that would qualify — under existing rules — for protection as a farm. Minimum size and revenue requirements make the path for recognition and legal protections nearly impossible for all but the high-tech, indoor farms that generate sufficient Fig. 8 Seeking to make fresh produce available to hospital visitors, Beth Israel hospital partnered with Garden State Urban Farms to temporarily start production in grow pots on a parking lot across from the hospital lobby.
256 revenue from sales to qualify as a ‘real’ farm. There are no municipalities in New Jersey that regulate, zone, or recognize urban farming as a permitted land use. Urban farmers also require support in terms of training and technical assistance and would greatly benefit from participation in business networks as well. While some of the training tools available to conventional farmers are useful to urban farmers, there are many distinctly urban conditions that require specialized attention. Urban growers have voiced a need for assistance with issues related to soil quality and site contamination remediation, pest and disease management, intensive farming techniques, value-added production, and direct marketing. They seek more information on how cooperatives and other business models might address their concerns about individual risk and maximizing collective benefit. Best practices in non-profit management, board development, and community outreach remain essential knowledge bases to programs seeking to provide social services alongside production. Lastly, given the complexity of land tenure, urban agriculture practitioners and advocates crave more information about alternative strategies, including urban land trusts and long-term lease agreements. Conclusion While urban agriculture is burdened by historically unrealistic expectations about the scale of social change that can be achieved and /or sustained with limited resources, this does not mean that the effort is futile. Rather, it suggests deeper investigation of expectations in order to identify resource opportunities and approaches to practice that make sense. Urban agriculture can do a lot — it can improve health and nutrition, stimulate community economic development, and improve the environment. It is part of a new green infrastructure to make cities more livable and sustainable. However, success requires attending to the why, who, where, and how of the project. Fig. 9 This Beth Israel temporary productive site was lost to a building expansion, but the hospital raised funds for a permanent greenhouse to provide nutrition education, youth employment, and healthy food.
From Patchwork to Network. How Urban Agriculture is Reframing New Jersey as the Urban Garden State 257 Current projects build on previous efforts and benefit from lessons learned and successes gained, while also becoming stronger through attention to innovation, business planning, and evaluation. As planners and designers envision the future city, the generic green spaces allocated to urban agriculture must become more ingrained in the everyday workings of the city in order to enable communities to engage with their open space, to grow food and flowers, and to create economic opportunity. Fig. 10 Hydroponic greenhouse in Branch Brook Park, Newark, New Jersey, USA, financed by a public-private partnership and leased as a ‘turn-key’ operation to a start-up business. 1 For a review of planning literature on urban agriculture, see Domenic Vitiello and Catherine Brinkley, “The Hidden History of Food System Planning,” Journal of Planning History 13, no. 2 (2014); Catherine Brinkley and Domenic Vitiello, “From Farm to Nuisance: Animal Agriculture and the Rise of Planning Regulation,” Journal of Planning History 13, no. 2 (2014); and Laura Lawson, “The Planner in the Garden: A Historical View of the Relationship of Planning to Community Garden Programs,” Journal of Planning History 3, no. 2 (May 2004). 2 Examples of proposals to integrate urban agriculture in planning and urban design include: Samina Raja, Branden Bron, and Jessica Kozlowski Russell, A Planners Guide to Community and Regional Food Planning, Planning Advisory Service Report 554 (Chicago: American Planning Association, 2008); Andre Viljoen, Katrin Bohn, and Joe Howe, Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities (Oxford and Boston: Architectural Press, 2005); and Mustafa Koc et al., For Hunger-Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems (Ottawa: IDRC, 1999). 3 Examples of designers’ visions of urban agriculture include: Mark Gorgolewski, June Komisar, and Joe Nasr, Carrot City: Creating Places for Urban Agriculture (New York: Monacelli Press, 2011); Janine De la Salle and Mark Holland, Agricultural Urbanism (Winnipeg: Green Frigate Books, 2010); and Andres Duany and DPZ, Garden Cities: Theory and Practice of Agrarian Urbanism (London: Prince’s Foundation for the Built Environment, 2011). 4 For a more in-depth discussion of the practice of agriculture and how this applies to urban conditions, see: Laura Lawson and Meredith Taylor, “The Urban Changes Everything About Agriculture,” in The Culture of Cultivation: Designing with Agriculture, ed. Raffaella Giannetto Fabiani (Routledge Press, in review). 5 See: Kimberley Hodgson, Marcia Caton Campbell, and Martin Bailkey, Urban Agriculture: Growing Healthy, Sustainable Places, Planning Advisory Service Report 563 (Chicago: American Planning Association, 2011); and Megan Horst, Nathan McClintock, and Lesli Hoey, “The Intersection of Planning, Urban Agriculture, and Food Justice: A Review of the Literature,” Journal of the American Planning Association 83, no. 3 (2017). 6 For a history of urban agriculture, refer to Laura Lawson, City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). 7 For a history of the community open space movement, see Mark Francis, Lisa Cashdan, and
258 Lynn Paxson, Community Open Space (Washington D. C.: Island Press, 1984). 8 An example of this is the 1990s New York City battle over community gardens. See Amy Starescheski, “New York Community Gardens,” Land Forum 4; and Erfat Eizenberg, From the Ground Up: Community Gardens in New York City and the Politics of Spatial Transformation (Burlington: Ashgate, 2013). 9 Lawson, City Bountiful. 10 For results from a survey seeking to understand some of the benefits associated with participation in New York’s community gardens, see Edie Stone, “The Benefits of Community-Managed Open Space: Community Gardens in New York City,” in Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-being through Urban Landscapes, eds. Lindsay Campbell and Ann Wiesen (General Technical Report NRS-P-39, U. S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2009). For a study of urban gardening’s impact on property values, see Ioan Voicu and Vicki Been, “The Effect of Community Gardens on Neighboring Property Values,” Real Estate Economics 36, no. 2 (2008). 11 For more information on New Jersey’s food access, see Nurgül Fitzgerald et al., “Statewide Wellness Promotion: Get Moving–Get Healthy New Jersey,” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 40, no. 4 (2010). Several non-profit organizations also provide information, including: https://tabletotable.org/feeding-nj/. 12 For information on New Jersey agriculture, visit the New Jersey Department of Agriculture website: http://www.state. nj.us/agriculture/. 13 For information on New Jersey farmland preservation, visit the New Jersey Department of Agriculture State Agriculture Development Committee website: http://www.nj.gov/agriculture/sadc/farmpreserve/. 14 For more information on New Jersey Farmers’ Markets, see Carol Coren and Beth Feehan, “Farmers’ Markets: Connect Farmers and Consumers,” Edible Jersey (Summer 2008): 13.
Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta 259 Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta Christophe Girot Successful examples of dense urban landscapes designed along waterways over the past decade, such as the Bishan Park in Singapore or the Cheonggyecheon River Park in Seoul, have raised hopes that we can draw inspiration from them for further projects. But replicating such examples elsewhere is not as simple as it may seem. Beyond the refined discourse on ecology that we are all trained to believe in and to deliver, there is a discourse on community governance and politics that is, more often than not, much harder to grasp and incorporate, yet cannot be ignored. Have our thoughts about making the world better with designed ecologies become just pure fiction in this whirlwind of unending social unrest and climate change? Beyond finding the perfect environmental solution that we imagine in theory for each place, the most important question for the reinvention of dense urban landscapes remains one of the time and scale of operations. A proposal needs to be thought of in a way that is also politically manageable, effective, and fit for purpose, otherwise it will remain pure fiction. Almost a decade ago, the Future Cities Laboratory based in Singapore initiated a daring collaborative research project centered on the Ciliwung River in Jakarta, Indonesia, bringing together the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (ETH) and Indonesian institutions including the University of Indonesia (UI), Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Tarumanagara University (UNTAR), and Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) as well as the National University of Singapore (NUS). The project proposed alternative solutions, taking into consideration issues of flooding, water quality, ecology, housing, and landscape architecture on the Ciliwung River that runs south to north through central Jakarta. In the course of fieldwork, doctoral researchers found that integrating local knowledge into the river rehabilitation project helped create a more sociologically and ecologically sound approach—one that responded directly to the overwhelming demographic pressures of the growing megacity. The outcome was the rehabilitation of the river as a park along one of the most degraded and polluted spots on the planet. The reinvention of this landscape was enhanced by intensive fieldwork and the accumulation of local knowledge. The Ciliwung River runs down a 100-kilometer-long watershed encompassing three distinct regional governments, which, however, did not coordinate their rehabilitation efforts. Because of this, the project ended up covering a much broader range of social and ecological goals than initially planned. Fieldwork was performed over three years, in what was initially an environment poor in data. This allowed for the development of new digital tools such as large-scale physical models using point clouds.1 The model enabled the team to develop design variants that were tested using flood simulations on various sections of the river. This in turn informed the team about further spatial changes in the river park configuration that would be driven by design. This method of design proved to
260 be very adaptive and flexible amidst accelerated urban pressure in development and informal settlements. The project was driven by a strong vision which resulted from the combined efforts of several research institutions, hydrologists, engineers, landscape architects, urban planners, and developers. They questioned the present status quo surrounding the Ciliwung River in Jakarta and proposed to improve the water quality and the bathymetric profile of the Ciliwung to mitigate flood risk and help improve overall living standards along the river. In order to turn this vision into reality, relevant stakeholders were involved and asked to contribute to innovative development solutions. There was first and foremost a need to recognize that the rehabilitation of the Ciliwung River landscape as a public space, park, and natural corridor presented a significant development opportunity for Jakarta. This project was different politically, ecologically, and socially from any previous proposals. Beyond solving immediate engineering challenges and improving flood risk management, it came also to embody the reinvention of the Ciliwung River landscape as a brand for the city itself—a brand capable of reinventing the place by projecting strong, healthy, and sustainable environmental values for the city through clearly identifiable goals.2 The rehabilitation proposal not only contributed to a new kind of nature-friendly image of Jakarta, it also invited the public living in adjacent areas to reconsider their relationship to the river as a dignified part of their lives and as a sign of improved urban culture and strong natural heritage.3 Reinventing the Ciliwung: as ‘Central Park’ for Jakarta? The environmental condition of rivers in Jakarta has deteriorated so significantly that few people could ever dream of the Ciliwung corridor representing a positive symbol of health, hope, and leisure for the city. But there is a long history of landscape architectural projects that have been created to improve the image of a city in a lasting way. The most celebrated and emblematic example is certainly Central Park, which was built on the site of three slums in mid-town Manhattan 150 years ago. The park in New York was originally conceived to help accommodate and manage vast water reservoirs for Manhattan. The park was financed by the entire city at a moment in time when insalubrious tenements and slums threatened the town’s survival. The park was meant as an emblematic, hygienic measure not only to control the spread of disease and the lack of fresh air in the city, but also to give hope to people of all races and creeds in a new form of urban nature. No one today could even imagine that Central Park was originally the site of slums; some tourists may even think that they are treading the original trail of the Mohicans in this urban forest. Although it is still inconceivable that Jakarta and West Java could one day clean up its rivers and eradicate its slums to create a pleasurable sort of ‘Central Park’ along its flood-prone banks, there is an urgent need to convince people that the river could not only become a precious water resource for this megacity but also a flourishing park. To make this a reality, a strong political will is needed, followed by long-term follow-up. A Ciliwung watershed park could indeed reunite the city and region of Jakarta with a major public landscape feature. The Ciliwung River runs down from Punjak through the cities of Bogor, Depok, and Jakarta and offers a unique possibility for a regional connection by means of a livable park. It could not only provide local amenities and bring more environmental resiliency, but also restore lasting value to land that has hitherto been neglected. With approximately
Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta 261 5 million people living directly within the Ciliwung River catchment, this park could become a reference for many other locations in South-East Asia. The main difficulty in such a project is the actual time that it would take to transform and improve the landscape of the river, which would exceed the normal duration of any political mandate. Jakarta’s residents are all too familiar with the annual floods of the Ciliwung River that occur at each monsoon season. Major cataclysms in 1996, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018 caused well over 100 deaths and forced thousands of inhabitants to flee and seek refuge elsewhere. These recurrent floods have led to billions of dollars’ worth of damage to property and infrastructure and have depreciated the value of the land, which explains in part why informal settlements have grown there. The bed of the river, clogged with detritus, has become far too narrow for the natural conveyance of the water; it has reached a point where the most precarious human settlements encroach on what is left of the riverbed itself. The Ciliwung River is also heavily polluted as a combined result of industrial, agricultural, and urban waste discharge. Although precise data is difficult to obtain, untreated domestic waste dumped into the river and untreated urban run-off from Bogor, Depok, and Jakarta worsens the problem considerably and transforms the river into an open-air sewer. Researchers found that between 2005 and 2006 the concentration of pollutants—as measured by biological oxygen demand and bacteria in the form of fecal coliforms—was on average 2.5 and 4.8 times higher in Jakarta than further upstream.4 No significant water quality improvements have taken place in Jakarta over the past decade, so the tendency toward water contamination has only worsened. Not surprisingly, the river is in no way a fresh water supply for Jakarta, which instead relies on exhaustive groundwater pumping as its main water source. Studies, however, show that the shallow groundwater system in Jakarta has become highly polluted with urban contaminants such as nitrates (NO₃). Furthermore, the high level of fecal coliforms in the Ciliwung River not only poses a short-term human health risk, but also a longer-term risk of groundwater contamination.5 There is clearly a lot more at stake here than just landscape design; the city needs better water management and a better environment in which to live, so the Ciliwung River Park is thus a long-term vision which the entire political community must adhere to and invest in. Can the change in the degraded Ciliwung River’s identity help produce an exemplary environment for the city? The park could also become a productive urban landscape, with fruit trees and crop cultivation becoming an integral part of the kampungs that border it. The improved quality of river water will add value to neighborhoods and help communities create healthier and more economically sustainable dwellings. This is far from the case at present, and transforming this highly degraded riparian environment into an exemplary landscape promoting sustainable and equitable use of water and public land requires not only time, good management, and resources, but, even more importantly, indefatigable political support. The political arm of the project will require sustained expertise through strategic partnerships with civil society, research institutions, and industry. There is a strong potential for change, and the know-how is there ready to be implemented; it is now only a question of political resolution and governance. The Future Cities Laboratory initiated a collaborative research project on the Ciliwung River back in 2011, bringing together know-how about flood management, water quality, landscape design, and ecology to meet the needs of a growing megacity.
262 The team offered ‘river rehabilitation’ as a holistic and sustainable alternative to the engineered ‘normalization’ procedures that are currently transforming the Ciliwung River into a giant concrete culvert. Indeed, the river cannot be considered in isolation to its surroundings; it is a place of intense natural, social, and cultural exchange. A multi-disciplinary approach was set up to study this complex river system in which at one time several million people thrived on its banks. A multi-scaled approach to river planning and design put the spotlight not just on adjacent settlements, but also on the entire territory at catchment level. Focusing on the nexus of the natural and engineered environment, an integrated framework linking urban fabric, landscape, and river dynamics was proposed. It prioritized ecosystem services coupled with landscape design, integrating natural dynamics with the dwelling habits of the local population. The outcome was a series of entirely new river corridor rehabilitation scenarios, which transformed the Ciliwung River into a park amenity.6 An integrated computer model was developed to simulate how changes driven by urban development and human behavior could affect the design of the new river landscape positively. Further studies on the decrease in forest cover and the increase in population density showed how rapidly the river basin was evolving. Many of the old water structures such as waduks and other traditional water retention devices were being dismantled at an alarming rate for the sake of development. The guiding principles of the river rehabilitation project developed by the FCL team was to restore the ecology of the catchment in its entirety and bring the river back to the level where it would be capable of sustaining itself ‘naturally.’ While the concept of ‘ecosystem services’ is widely understood among scholars, it is not anything that the community residing along the riverbank clearly understands. To investigate the level of awareness among the community, surveys were done in 20 districts (kecamatan), where residents were asked to assess the perceived flood mitigation benefit of the current engineered ‘normalization’ plan and its resultant impacts, as compared to a softer and more ecological approach to river design. The estimated maintenance costs associated with both approaches were also introduced into the survey, to quantify the benefits in monetary terms. The survey showed that the economic benefits of a more ecological rehabilitation of the Ciliwung extended beyond the river catchment area itself and benefited more of the community at large, where people would be willing to pay to use the river park as a public amenity of sorts. In the course of fieldwork in and around the settlements or at site level, researchers found that integrating local knowledge into the river rehabilitation plan went a long way toward creating ecologically sounder design.7 By consulting local stakeholders, researchers found that the community had been using local plants such as bamboo, angsana, and starfruit to reinforce banks against erosion and that they favored a more active engagement with the river and its banks. The outcome was a series of design proposals at site level that were enhanced by local knowledge and covered a wider range of social and ecological goals that reached beyond mere technicalities about flood protection and mitigation. At the scale of the entire river corridor, the merits of an integrated approach become apparent when compared to the current engineered ‘normalization’ approach being applied. The 40-kilometer-downstream stretch of river between Depok and Manggarai demonstrated how localized site interventions in the bends could better
Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta 263 integrate ecological niches in a more holistic proposal for the river. The Ciliwung River Project (Fig. 1) was driven by the initial vision of different researchers that combined efforts from several institutions, bringing together hydrologists, engineers, landscape architects, urban planners, and developers. The question asked was whether one could really improve the landscape and water quality of the Ciliwung River while still mitigating flood risk. More importantly, in order to turn that vision into reality, relevant stakeholders needed to commit to help implement innovative development solutions.8 By recognizing the potential of the Ciliwung River as a public space and natural corridor, they provided an important opportunity for the government and region to act positively on informal settlements. Could this become the political ‘tipping point’ toward a long-term commitment for landscape improvements in Jakarta? Since the project began, three different governors have ruled over the district of Jakarta; each has shown interest in the Ciliwung River Park scheme, but it still has not been brought to a fully operational phase yet. Other dense urban cities across Asia such as Seoul, Singapore, and Shenzhen have improved their urban river landscapes significantly over the past decade. This has always been achieved through steadfast political will. Beyond improving local living conditions and the urban landscape quality in general, these projects have also helped to boost the value and global ecological image of these cities. This has enabled them to reap economic benefits that far surpass the initial investment. These are Bishan Park in Singapore, the Cheonggyecheon River Park in Seoul, and the Pearl River Delta Project in Shenzhen. The Ciliwung River Park could also become the emblematic bearer of a strong new ecological vision for Jakarta; all that is needed is strong political determination and a shared vision. Along the same lines, this vision could counter the present perception of Jakarta as an environmental black hole. Research by the Future Cities Laboratory shows that beyond solving immediate engineering challenges and improving risk management, the Ciliwung River Park Project is about the reinvention of the river as a brand for Jakarta and West Java — a brand capable of projecting a strong and Fig. 1 Ciliwung River Park in Jakarta, Indonesia, Future Cities Laboratory, cross section.
264 positive environmental image of the city, coupled with sustainable goals. The rehabilitation of the Ciliwung River as a park would not only contribute a new, nature-friendly image of Indonesian society but would also invite the population in general to more deeply appreciate and envisage the other 12 rivers that run across the agglomeration as a dignified part of city life. If becoming the new Central Park of South-East Asia seem a little far-fetched for the Ciliwung River at this stage, taking the first step toward river rehabilitation could put Jakarta on the map alongside other major Asian cities such as Seoul, Singapore, and Shenzhen. The project has been shown on numerous occasions, including at the 2014 Rotterdam Biennale of Architecture. But before this vision can be achieved, someone needs to take the first major political step toward a long-term commitment to the rivers of Jakarta.9 A landscape starts with a strong vision for a place and the discovery of some hidden potential that could never have been revealed before. The vision requires courage on the part of the designer and engineers who, with a balanced mix of know-how and creativity, try to engage best practices. But the reinvention of dense urban landscapes also requires also enough political stamina to reach the projected solution. The challenges vary depending on the complexity of the situation and the understanding of the local political savvy needed to reach the goal. In a place like Jakarta, neither a clear method nor a precedent exists in that respect. This is not only due to the sheer difficulty and degradation of the environment but also because of the great political neglect of the environment. This leads to a relentless sense of failure and urgency in the local population, where finding immediate solutions within extremely degraded situations translates into an act of faith and endurance at best. There is no easy answer for the reinvention of the Ciliwung River, where urgent political and economic challenges come into sharp focus. Unfortunately, the pressure of social struggle and demography has been implacable against the most elementary rules of ecology and biodiversity.10 A balanced landscape design for the river can only be born of a compromise between these two competing forces. Natural resources in Jakarta, more often than not, are irreparably depleted in the daily quest for food and materials. There ensues a lack of governance along the river, where survival becomes the foremost challenge. A landscape is always the mirror of a society’s state of well-being, and general questions of sanitation such as water treatment, water supply, or waste disposal need to be addressed at their very foundations before new urban patterns and river landscapes can be defined. There is definitely a need to reinvent the entire city of Jakarta along its 13 rivers. The new ecologies to be proposed there will need to be considered in light of the nexus of environmental, political, and urban issues. Proposed solutions will now need to take an entirely new set of environmental circumstances into consideration, to be repeatedly tested and proven. For this reason, Jakarta will become a vital laboratory for dense urban landscapes in years to come, and it is high time that our attention and interests shift clearly in this direction.
Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta 265 1 Ervine S. Lin and Christophe Girot, “Point Cloud Components Tools for the Representation of Large Scale Landscape Architectural Projects,” in Digital Landscape Architecture Proceedings 2014, eds. Ulrike Wissen Hayek et al. (Berlin: VDE Verlag, 2014). 2 Guillaume Habert and Arno Schlueter, eds., Expanding Boundaries: Systems Thinking in the Built Environment (Zurich: Hochschulverlag an der ETH, 2016), 29. 3 Derek Vollmer et al., “Examining Demand for Urban River Rehabilitation in Indonesia: Insight from a Spatially Explicit Discrete Choice Experiment,” SSRN Working Paper (2013), http://ssrn.com/abstract=2373389. 4 Diogo Costa et al., “Modelling the Impact of Urban Floods in Heavy Polluted Rivers: The Case of Kampung Melayu in Jakarta,” Proceedings of the 3rd IAHR Europe Congress (Porto: Universidade do Porto, 2014). 5 Kashif Shaad and Paolo Burlando, “Investigating Grid-Size Dependency in Coupled Surface-Subsurface Hydraulics,” in River Flow 2014: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, eds. Anton J. Schleiss et al. (Boca Raton; London; New York; Leiden: CRC Press, 2014). 6 Christophe Girot and James Melsom, “Recasting Jakarta: Processing the ‘Plastic River’,” in Representing Landscapes: Digital, ed. Nadia Amoroso (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015). 7 Derek Vollmer et al., “Changing the Course of Rivers in an Asian City; Linking Landscapes to Human Benefits through iterative Modelling and Design,” JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association 51, no. 3 (2015). 8 Derek Vollmer and Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, “Rivers as Municipal Infrastructure: Demand for Environmental Services in Informal Settlements along an Indonesian River,” Global Environmental Change 23, no. 6 (2013). 9 Christophe Girot, “Waste: Designing the Ciliwung River,” in IABR 2014– Urban by Nature, eds. George Brugmans, and Jolanda Strien (Rotterdam: Internationale Architectuur Biennale Rotterdam, 2014), 141. 10 Adrienne Grêt-Regamey et al., “River Rehabilitation as an Opportunity for Ecological Design,” Sutainable Cities and Society 20 (2016).
266 Index of Names and Places → Numbers in bold refer to figures 3:0 Landschaftsarchitektur 102 A AECOM 128 Agence Ter 114 AGRUPAR (also Agricultura Urbana Participativa, also Participatory Urban Agriculture) 236–237 Ah-Ah Paysagistes 57n15 Alibhai, Javid 31 Alphand, Adolphe 100 Amin, Ash 28 Andes (also Andes Mountains) 90, 90, 236 Aniene River 50 Antwerp, Belgium 80 Atelier Dreiseitl (also Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl) 19, 19, 133, 133, 138, 196 Atelier Loidl 57n15 B Balling, John D. 224 Balmori, Diana 127 Baoding, China 183–184, 183–185 Barcelona, Spain Avinguda Diagonal 100 Passeig de Sant Joan 106, 106 Plaça de les Gloriès Catalanes 114 Poblenou (also Poblenou superblocks, also Poblenou district) 112–113 Bates, Marston 78 Bautz, Georg 115 Beijing 140, 155, 155, 181–185, 182–184, 207, 214n12 Berlin, Germany 57n15, 137, 192, 193–194, 198, 202 Berlin Wall 192 Park am Gleisdreieck 57n15, 137 Park am Nordbahnhof (also Nordbahnhof Park) 57n15, 192–193, 193–194 Blunderfield, Matthew 30 Boeri, Stefano 148 Bogor, Indonesia 259–261 Boston, Massachusetts, USA 105 Emerald Necklace 105 Brussels, Belgium 80 Burgos & Garrido 105 C Cahora Bassa Dam, Mozambique (also Cahora Bassa) 87 Cairo, Egypt 70 Cajamarca, Peru 89, 92, 91, 98 Yanacocha (also Yanacocha mining pit) 89, 92 Mount Quilish 89 Conga 89 Camden, New Jersey, USA 245 Campine, Belgium 81 Campine Plateau, Belgium 81, 82 Changde, Hunan Province, China 67–70, 68–69, 75 Changjiang Plain, China 130 Cheng, Nan 36 Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China 183–185, 183–185 Chongqing, China 183–186, 183–185 as National Forest City 186 Yongchuan district 186 Chuanzi River 68–70, 68–70 Central Highlands, Vietnam 93–94 Cerdà i Sunyer, Ildefons 100, 106 Clayden, Andy 103 COBE architects 109 Colau, Ada 112 Coloco 57n15 Copenhagen, Denmark Climate Resilient Neighbourhood 103 Fredericia Park 57n15 Vester Voldgade 109, 109 Nørrebrogade 109 Cosgrove, Dennis 97 Courtrai, Belgium 57n15 Boerenhol parking garden 57n15 Cronon, William 78 Czerniak, Julia 137 D Daily tous les jours, design studio 111, 111 Dalat, Vietnam 93, 98 Dhaka, India 41 De Geyter, Xaveer 80 de Solà-Morales, Manuel 43 De Soto, Hernando 91 De Urbanisten 103, 104–105 Delhi, India 227, 230, 233–235, 234–235, 241, 242, 243n19 Yamuna Farms 234 Depok, Indonesia 260–262 Dippoldiswalde, Germany 161, 162 DnD Landscape Architects 108 Dresden, Germany 157–160, 157, 160, 162 Friedrichstadt 162 Löbtau 162 Neustadt 162 Südvorstadt 162 Dunn, Robert R. 191, 209 Dunnett, Nigel 103 E Elbe estuary 63, 63, 65 Elbe River 64, 64, 66 Endlicher, Wilfried 154 Engler, Mira 36 Eurométropole Lille-Kortrijk-Tournai, Belgium 84 F Falk, John H. 224 Ferrandez, Luc 112, 116n48 Flanders, Belgium 79, 81, 83, 85, Fogarty, Gerard 223 François, Edouard 148
Index of Names and Places 267 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 57n15, 199, 200–201 Alter Flugplatz Niddawiesen (also Bonames airfield conversion) 57n15, 199, 200–201, 201 Friedrich, Caspar David 200 Fugmann & Janotta 57n15, 192, 193 Fujimori, Alberto 91 G Gabrielian, Aroussiak 27 Geertz, Clifford 28–30 Gehl, Jan 108–109 GHB landscape architects (also GHB landskabsarkitekter) 109, 109 Gill, Kamni 138 Grand Canal, China 128 Grant Associates 18 GTL Landscape Architects 57n15, 199, 200 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China 140, 183–184, 183–185 Gulf of Thailand 95 Gustafson, Kathryn 120, 138n15 H Hain, Simone 107 Hamburg, Germany 63–65, 63, 65, 67, 75, 119 Deichbude (also Dike Hut) 65, 66 Elbe Island 64, 65–67, 66 Elbe Island Dike Park (also Dike Park) 63–67, 65 Elbe Island Wilhelmsburg 65 Hamburg Agency of Roads, Bridges and Water (LSBG) 64 Hamburg Port Authority (HPA) 64–65 Hamburg Ministry of Urban Development and the Environment (BUE) 64 Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH) 64 International Building Exhibition (IBA) Hamburg 64, 65 Spreehafen 66 Stadtpark 119 Wilhelmsburg 66 Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China 183 Hanoi, Vietnam 93 Hanover, Germany 69–70, 138n15, 196, 197 Buchholzer Bogen 196, 197 Mittelland Canal 197 Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 127, 182–185, 183–185 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène 100 Häfner/Jiménez landschaftsarchitektur 198, 198 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 93 Holston, James 29–30, 40n17 Hong Kong 123, 124–125, 126–128, 140–141, 142 Hong Kong Wetland Park (also Wetland Park) 123, 124–127, 126–128 Inner Deep Bay 126 Mai Po Marshes 126 New Territories 121, 127 Tin Shui Wai New Town (also Tin Shui Wai) 123, 124–125, 126, 127 Hoog-Kortrijk, Belgium 83–85, 86 Kennedy Avenue 84 Kennedy Forest 85 Houthalen-Helchteren, Campine, Belgium (also Houthalen and Helchteren) 81, 82, 83–84, 98 Centrum Zuid 83 Greenville 83 Housing Development Board, Singapore (also HDB, also HDB housing) 17–18, 20–21, 20–21, 24n27, 130 Howard, Ebenezer 119 Humboldt, Alexander von 78 Hunan Province, China 69 I Imanishi, Kinji 202 Ison, Rachel 39 J Jackson, Susan 223 Jacobs, Allan B. 106 Jacobs, Jane 26, 41, 108 Jakarta, Indonesia 227, 230–233, 230–233, 240–241, 242, 259–261, 263–264, 263 Ciliwung River Park Project (also Ciliwung River Park) 259–261, 263, 263 Ciliwung River (also Ciliwung, also Ciliwung corridor) 259–264 Gang Hijau (also Green Alley) 231–232, 232–233 James Corner/Field Operations 145 Jerney and Burkhardt/Engelmayer 194, 195 Jiading New City, Shanghai 118, 120–121, 120–121 Jiading Central Park 120–122, 120–123 Jim, C.Y. 143 Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, China 197 Yanweizhou Park 196–197 Jining City, Shandong Province, China 128 Jonnes, Jill 142 Johor Strait, South-East Asia 132 K Kawamata, Tadashi 196, 197 King, Rodney 33 Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) 123 Koolhaas, Rem 117 Kortrijk, Belgium 81, 84 Krusche, Jürgen 107 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 227, 230, 239–240, 239, 241, 242 Putrajaya 239–240, 242 L Lake Dongting, China 67 Lang Biang Mountain, Vietnam 94 Latour, Bruno 202 Le Corbusier 119 Lefebvre, Henri 28, 107 Leie-Scheldt interfluvial, Belgium 84 Leiedal, Belgium 83 Leipzig, Germany 197–199 Grüner Bogen Paunsdorf 197, 198–199 Heiterblick barracks 197–198 Green Ring 198
268 Lesher, Charles W. Jr. 227 Lichtwark, Alfred 119 Liège, Belgium 80 Lima, Peru 70–71, 71–72, 73–75, 74 Chillon River (also Lower Chillon River watershed, also Chillon River watershed) 72–73, 73 Lima—Beyond the Park 70, 75 Lima Ecological Infrastructure Strategy (LEIS) 71 Lima Metropolitana 71 Parque de los Niños 74, 76 Linyi, Shandong Province, China 182–184, 183–185 Liu, Ricky 135, 136 Liuzhou Forest City, Liuzhou, Guangxi Region, China 149 Loidl, Hans 192 Lola Domènech arquitecta 106, 106 LOOK Architects 132, 133 London, UK 115 Shoreditch 115 Hackney 115 Los Angeles, California, USA 11, 14n1, 25, 33, 37, 36–39 Florence Avenue 38 Manchester Avenue 36 Normandie Avenue 38 Vermont Avenue 36–39 M Maas River 79 Madison, D. Soyini 29 Malmö, Sweden 144, 144 Madrid, Spain 108 Madrid Río 105 Manzanares River 105 Manggarai, Indonesia 262 Marcuse, Peter 101 Marke, Belgium 85, 85 Marsh, George Perkins 78 Matthews, Benjamin 32–33, 35 McGee, Terry 78, 95 Mehta, Vikas 107 Mekong Delta 94–97, 96, 98 Mekong River (also Mekong) 98 Meyer, Elizabeth 36 Milan, Italy 108, 148 Bosco Verticale (also Vertical Forest) 148–149 Mitchell, William 78 MKPL Architects 173–174 Montpellier, France 57n15 Jardin Demain 57n15 Montreal, Canada 111–112, 111, 116n48 Promenade des artistes 111 Le Plateau-Mont-Royal 112 Mosbach, Catherine 135, 136, 138 Moshe Safdie Architects 18 Moscow, Russia 105, 155 Central House of Artists 106 Gorky Park 105 Krymskaya embankment 105 Moscow sculpture park 106 Moskva River 105–106 Mumbai, India 233 Navi Mumbai 118 Mumford, Lewis 78 Munich, Germany 194–195, 194–195 Isar River 194–195 Isar Plan 194–195 Murra, John 90–91 MVRDV 146–147, 148 N Nagel, Schonhoff und Partner (NSP) 196, 197 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China 149 Nanyang, Henan province, China 182–185, 183–185 Nestlé 90 Neuninger, Paul 115 Newark, New Jersey, USA 245, 252, 253, 254–255, 257 Branch Brook Park (also Branch Brook Park Alliance) 255, 257 Court Street Urban Farm 253 Hawthorne Avenue Farm 253 New Jersey, USA 13, 244, 249, 250–253, 251–257, 258n11, 258n12, 258n13, 258n14 as the Garden State 249 New York, New York, USA (also New York City) 11, 25, 27, 30, 31–32, 119, 137, 145, 168, 249, 260 Central Park, Manhattan 118–120, 122, 260 High Line 137, 145, 145, 149, 168 Howard Beach, Queens 27 Jamaica Bay, Queens 27–28, 30, 34–35 Jamaica Bay’s Gateway National Recreation Area, Queens 28 John F. Kennedy Airport 27 Liberty Avenue, Queens 28, 31–32 Little Guyana, Queens 28 Manhattan 118–119, 122, 145, 260 Richmond Hill, Queens 27–28 Ozone Park, Queens 27 Queens 27, 30, 31, 32, 34–35 New Songdo City, South Korea 118, 122 Songdo Central Park 122 Songdo International Business District 123 Nietzsche, Friedrich 33 Nikken Sekkei 170, 171, 179n21, 179n24 Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China 129–130, 130–131 Ningbo Eastern New City, Zhejiang Province, China 129 Ningbo East New Town Eco-Corridor 129, 130–132, 139n27 O O’Connell, Robin 31–32, 32, 34 Olmsted, Frederick Law 105, 118 OMA 117 Orr, Jade 39 Oudolf, Piet 145 P Palau Batam, Indonesia 22 Panzini, Franco 138 Park landscape Haching Valley, Unterhaching, Germany 57n15
Index of Names and Places 269 Paris, France 100 Champs-Élysées 100, 148 Jardins de Gran Moulins 57n15 Tower Flower 148 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA 14n1, 249 Plain of Reeds, Cambodia 95 Porras La Casta arquitectos 105 Poserplan 198, 198 Punjak, Indonesia 260 Purdy, Jedediah 96 Q Quayle, Moura 78 Quito, Ecuador 227, 230, 236–237, 236–237, 241, 242 Qunli New Town, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China 127 Qunli Stormwater Park 127–128, 128–129 R Rahm, Philippe 135, 136 Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl (also Atelier Dreiseitl) 19, 19, 133, 133, 138, 196 Ren, Xuefei 133 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 110 Rome 11, 41–45, 44, 46–48, 50–53, 52–53, 57n3 Apostolic Vatican Library 44, 57n7 Campo Marzio 43 Capo di Bove 51 Castelverde 45, 50–53, 52–56, 56, 57n11, 59–60 Circus Maximus 43 Domitian’s Stadium 43 Gabii (also Gabii crater, also Gabi) 50–51, 52, 57n12 Grande Raccordo Anulare (also Great Ring Road, also Great Ring Junction, also GRA, also Ring, also Ring Junction) 11, 41–42, 45, 50–51, 57n4 Piazza Navona 43 Palmarola 45, 48–50, 51–53, 54, 56, 57n9 Pincio hill 43 Ring City 45, 52–53 Sistine Hall, Apostolic Vatican Library 57n7 Spanish Steps (also Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) 43 Valley of Murcia (also Valle Murcia) 43 Via Appia 51 Via Collatina 51 Via Praenestina 51, 57n12 Vulcano Sabatino 43 Vulcano Laziale 43 Rotterdam 103–104, 104–105, 108, 264 Benthemstraat 103, 105 Water Square Benthemplein 103, 104 Rubio & Álvarez-Sala 105 Ryle, Gilbert 28 S Sasaki Associates 120, 120, 138 Sauer, Carl O. 78 São Paulo, Brazil 233 SCDA Architects 21 Scheldt-Maas interfluvial 81 Scheldt River 79 Schumacher, Fritz 63 Seattle, Washington, USA 109–111 Secchi, Bernardo 42 Sennett, Richard 27 Shandong Province, China 128 Shanghai, China 103, 118, 120–121, 120, 138n4, 138n17, 149, 181, 183–186, 183–185, 204 Hongqiao New Town 118 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China 149, 183–184, 183–185, 263–164 Pearl River Delta Project 263 Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China 182–184, 183–185 Seoul, South Korea 122, 145, 146–147, 148–149, 204, 212, 259, 263–264 Cheonggyecheon Linear Park (also Cheonggyecheon River Park) 145, 259, 263 Seoullo 7017 Skygarden 146–148, 148 Singapore 11–12, 16–23, 18, 24n5, 24n18, 24n19, 24n17, 25–26, 40n5, 130–134, 133, 138, 138n12, 144, 149–150, 158, 164n8, 165, 167–168, 167, 170, 175, 178, 196, 204, 205, 208, 210, 213, 214n1, 214n2, 214n3, 215n15, 215n29, 227, 230, 237–238, 238, 241, 242, 259, 263–164 Alexandra Canal Linear Park 21 Bay South Garden 18 Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park (also Bishan Park) 19–20, 19, 196, 215n29, 259, 263 Bukit Timah (also Bukit Timah area) 169–170 Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (also Bukit Timah reserve) 173–175, 178 Bukit Timah station 168, 174, 174 Chinatown 26 Changi Airport 16 Choa Chu Kang (also Choa Chu Kang area) 20, 169, 173 Coney Island Park 132 Gardens by the Bay 18, 18, 133, 145 Jurong 21, 168, 169 Jurong Island 16 Kampong Glam 26 Kranji (also Kranji area) 168, 170 Little India 26 Marina Bay (also Marina Bay area) 17–18, 18 Marina Bay Sands 18 Mountbatten area 20 Orchard Road 238 Pang Sua Canal 174 Pinnacle@Duxton 21 Pulau Serangoon Island 132 Punggol Eco-Town (also Punggol, also New Punggol Area) 21, 130–133, 132–133, 135, 139n29 Punggol Promenade, Punggol 132, 133, 139n33 Punggol Waterway, Punggol 131–134, 132, 139n32
270 Rail Corridor (also Railway Corridor, also corridor) 12, 20, 165, 167–170, 167–171, 172–178, 175, 179n14, 179n15 Serangoon Reservoir 132 Skyville@Dawson (also Skyville) 21, 21, 23 Skyterrace@Dawson 21 Singapore-Kranji Railway 168 Tanjong Pagar 21 Tanjong Pagar station (also Tanjong Pagar railway station) 169, 175 Telok Blangah 22 Waterway Ridges green spaces, Punggol 133–134, 133–135, 139n35 Woodlands, Kranji 170 South Los Angeles, see Los Angeles Stan Allen Architects 135 St. Petersburg, Russia 100 Nevsky Prospect 100 Stauber, Anna 115 Stig L. Andersson 57n15 Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China 182–185, 183–185 SWA Group 129, 130–131, 138 T Taichung, Taiwan 135, 136 Gateway Park 135, 136 Shueinan Airport 135 Taipei, Taiwan 204, 218, 224 Taiwan 13, 135, 136, 219, 219–223, 223–225, 225n5 Fushan Botanical Garden 219, 220–221 Highland Experimental Farm 219 Lienhuachih Research Center, Taiwan Forestry Research Institution 219, 222 National Taiwan University Campus 219, 223, 224 San-Fu Leisure Farm 218, 219 Sheng Yang Leisure Farm 219, 219 Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station 219, 223 Tenenbaum, Gershon 223 Tete (also Tete Province, also Tete Region) Mozambique 85–88, 88–89, 98 Moatize 86 Nirtanda 88 The Gaevers, Belgium 85 Thoreau, Henry David 216 Tianjin, China 183–184, 183–185, 186 Tiber River (also Tiber Lower Plains, also Tiber Plain) 43, 50 Tierra Design 170, 171, 179n21, 179n24 Tokyo, Japan 140, 149, 150, 151n27, 170, 179n24, 204, 233 Meiji Shrine 140 Otemachi Forest 149, 150 Otemachi Tower 149 Treib, Marc 14n2 Trenton, New Jersey, USA 245, 251–253, 251, 254 Capital City Farm 253, 254 Greenwood Avenue Market 251, 251 U UN Habitat 41 Unterhaching, Germany 57n15 Urbis Limited 123, 124–125 V Vancouver, Canada 143 Vandaele, Erik 81 Vang Reservoir, Vietnam 94–95 Vaux, Calvert 118 Vertovec, Steven 26 Vienna, Austria 100, 101–103, 105, 108, 110, 110 Burggasse 108 Meidlinger Hauptstraße 102 Ringstraße (also Ring Road) 100, 101 Seebogen, Aspern 102 Seestadt Aspern 103 Sonnenallee, Aspern 103 Viganò, Paola 42, 81 W Wagon Landscaping 57n15 Wasser Hannover, Hanover, Germany 69 Weishan County, Shandong Province, China 128 Weishan Lake, China 128 Weishan New Southern Town, Shandong Province, China (also New Southern Town) 128 Weishan Wetland Park 128 WES LandschaftsArchitektur 102 West 8 Urban Design and Landscape Architecture 105 West Java 260, 263 Williams, Florence 142 Wilson, E. O. 150 WOHA Architects 21 Wowhaus Architects 105 Wuyi River 197 X Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China 157–158, 158 Pan’an Wetland Park 158, 159 Y Yamuna River (also Yamjna, also Yamuna River floodplain) 233–235, 234–235, 243n19 Yangtze River (also Yangtze River Delta) 67, 121, 130 Yew, Lee Kuan 16, 19, 24n8 Yiwu River 197 Yu, Kongjian/Turenscape (also Turenscape) 128, 138, 196 Yuan River 67 Yzer River 79 Z Zambezi River (also Zambezi) 85, 87–88, 88 Zambezi Valley, Mozambique 86 Zhao, Juanjuan 182 Zurich, Switzerland 191, 259
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288 Marta Bottero is an Associate Professor in Planning Evaluation and Project Appraisal at the Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning of Politecnico di Torino, Italy, where she teaches Urban Management and Environmental Assessment. She holds a degree in Environmental and Land Engineering and a PhD degree in Geo-Environmental Engineering. Her scientific interests mainly focus on methodologies, techniques and tools for supporting sustainability assessment of urban and territorial transformations. She has been involved in many national and international research projects in the field of sustainable development and projects/ plans/programmes. In 2017, she participated in the joint research project “Assessment of Socio-Ecological Benefits of Urban Landscapes” with the National University of Singapore. Chun-Yen Chang is Full Professor and the Chairman of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape in National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan. He established the Healthy Landscape Healthy People Lab at the National Taiwan University where he develops research projects focused on landscape effects on human health and wellbeing, a topic on which he has published widely. Bruno De Meulder teaches urbanism at the University of Leuven. He travels between various practices of urban design and theory and history of urbanism. He continuously combines design with research in his own postindustrial European context and in post-colonial locations that are characterized by fast and dynamic development. This resonates in his publications in professional and scholarly journals and books. Jessica Diehl, PhD, is Assistant Professor in the Department of Architecture at the National University of Singapore where she teaches a community design studio addressing issues of urban food security in the Master of Landscape Architecture Programme. Research interests include place-based investigation of social networks, health equity, and alternative food systems. She holds a PhD in Health and Behavioral Sciences from the University of Colorado, Denver, USA, where she was a National Science Foundation (NSF) IGERT PhD Fellow in Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Systems. She received her BLA/ MLA degree in landscape architecture from The Pennsylvania State University. Jürgen Furchtlehner is a Senior Lecturer and Research Associate at the Institute of Landscape Architecture at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, Vienna, Austria. He studied at BOKU, Vienna and at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He graduated in 2012 with a master’s diploma in Landscape Planning and Landscape Architecture and has worked for landscape architecture and traffic engineering offices. His research focuses on urban public space, with a particular interest on streetscapes. He is a member of the Austrian Association of Landscape Planning and Landscape Architecture (OEGLA) and responsible for the international biennial OEGLA design competition for alumni and students. Matthew Gandy is Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge, UK. His publications include Concrete and Clay: Reworking Nature in New York City (The MIT Press, 2002), The Fabric of Space: Water, Modernity, and the Urban Imagination (The MIT Press, 2014), and Moth (Reaktion, 2016), along with articles in New Left Review, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Society and Space and many other journals. He is currently researching the interface between cultural and scientific aspects and urban biodiversity. Christophe Girot, M.Arch and M.L.Arch. (University of California at Berkeley) is Dean elect of the Department of Architecture at the ETH and Full Professor and Chair of Landscape Architecture at the ETH Zürich. He held the Chair of Landscape Architecture at ENSP Versailles from 1989 to 1999. His teaching and research interests range from new topological methods in landscape design; landscape analysis and representation in new media to contemporary theory and history of landscape architecture. His professional practice focuses on large-scale sustainable landscape environments. His book The Course of Landscape Architecture was published by Thames and Hudson in 2016. Alison B. Hirsch, MLA, PhD, FAAR, is a landscape theorist and designer. She is co-founder of foreground design agency (www.foreground-da.com) and Assistant Professor in the University of Southern California, School of Architecture. Her writing, design, and teaching focuses on the spatial politics and embodied occupations of landscape, as well as the sociocultural practices that shape and endow it with often contested meanings. Her book City Choreographer (University of Minnesota Press, 2014) analyzes the artistic symbiosis between landscape architect Lawrence Halprin and dancer-choreographer, Anna Halprin. Hirsch co-edited The Landscape Imagination (Princeton Architectural Press, 2014) and has published widely in international journals. Conghong Huang is a PhD Candidate at the Department of Earth System Science at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. His research is on quantifying the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban green spaces at the global scale and the associated impacts on urban ecosystem services. He has published extensively in academic journals on those topics. Shih-Han Hung is a PhD candidate at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan, and also works at the Taichung City Government Construction Bureau. Her main About the Authors
About the Authors 289 research is on the relationship between nature and human well-being. Cecil C. Konijnendijk is a Dutch national living and working in Vancouver, Canada. He is currently Professor and Program Director of Urban Forestry at the University of British Columbia. Cecil’s research, teaching, and writing focus on urban forestry and green infrastructure planning, with focus on governance aspects and the relations between people and urban nature. He is editor-in-chief of the journal Urban Forestry & Urban Greening and Series editor of the Future City book series. His publications include The Forest and the City: The Cultural Landscape of Urban Woodland (Springer, 2008) and the Routledge Handbook of Urban Forestry. Laura Lawson is Dean of Academic Programs at the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA. She received her Master in Landscape Architecture and Ph.D. in Environmental Planning from the University of California, Berkeley. Her research explores historical and contemporary urban agriculture and community open space. Her publications include City Bountiful: A Century of Community Gardening in America (2005), Greening Cities, Growing Communities: Urban Community Gardens in Seattle (with Hou and Johnson, 2009), Design as Democracy: Techniques for Collective Creativity (with de la Peña, Allen, Hester, Hou, McNally, 2017), and numerous articles. Lilli Lička has been heading the Institute of Landscape Architecture at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences BOKU, Vienna, since 2003. She was Principal of the practice koselička from 1991–2016 and founded LL-L landscape architecture in 2017. She graduated from BOKU, Vienna, before examining urban green spaces in the Netherlands and collaborating with BplusB in Amsterdam. Lička is the co-editor of Nextland: Contemporary Landscape Architecture in Austria (Birkhäuser, 2015). Since 2007, she has been curating the Lx international lecture series and she is also the organizer of the x-LArch international conferences. Ying-Hsuan Lin, is a science officer of international programs at the Center of Sustainability Science of Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. Dr. Lin is an experienced researcher on environmental health benefits. Her current research interests lie on the therapeutic benefits of the forest environment; on stress reduction effects, and attention restorative effects of recreational activities in the green environment. Annalisa Metta is an Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Roma Tre University, where she teaches theory and practice of open space design. She is the 2017 Italian Fellow in Landscape Architecture at the American Academy in Rome, where she currently serves as Advisor. Her latest book is Southward. When Rome will Have Gone to Tunis (2018), with Jonathan Berger. She is founding partner of the design office Osa architettura e paesaggio, established in 2007. Among her projects is the competition-winning entry for the Poste Urban River Park on the Tiber in Rome (2018). Kate Oviatt is a PhD Candidate in Health and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Colorado, Denver. She was a fellow in the National Science Foundation’s IGERT program on Sustainable Urban Infrastructure Systems. She holds a BA in Anthropology from the University of Nebraska, an MA in Anthropology with an emphasis in International Sustainable Development from the University of Colorado, Denver, and was a Fulbright scholar in Ecuador where she undertook her doctoral research. Her interests are urban agriculture, international development, and community engagement. Martin Prominski is Full Professor and Chair of Designing Urban Landscapes at Leibniz University Hannover, Germany. He has a PhD from Technical University Berlin (2003) and is a registered landscape architect. His current research takes on design research strategies, qualification of urban landscapes, and integrative concepts of nature and culture. He is a member of the STUDIO URBANE LANDSCHAFTEN, an interdisciplinary platform for research, practice, and teaching on urban landscapes, and the co-founder of the Sino-German Cooperation Group on Urbanization and Locality Research. Bianca Maria Rinaldi is an Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Politecnico di Torino, Italy, and currently serves as co-editor of JoLA—Journal of Landscape Architecture. Her research is at the intersection of landscape architecture history, theory, and design, with an emphasis on Far East Asia. She has held research fellowships from the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington DC and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. She received a J. B. Jackson Prize by the Foundation for Landscape Studies, New York, in 2012 for her book The Chinese Garden: Garden Types for Contemporary Landscape Architecture (Birkhäuser, 2011). Marco Santangelo is a geographer and Associate Professor at the Interuniversity Department of Regional and Urban Studies and Planning of Politecnico di Torino. His research is in the field of urban studies and in particular on strategy-making for transformating cities in the current phase of economic restructuring, as well as on human-space-technology interactions and the role of digitalization in the changing socio-spatial urban structure. More recently, he has investigated emotional geographies in the definition of urban spaces and in shaping contemporary societies. Kelly Shannon teaches urbanism at the University of Leuven. Her design research is at the intersection of analysis, mapping, and new cartographies. It focuses on the evolving relation of landscape, infrastructure, and urbanization in the public sector in Asia, predominately in Vietnam. A particular interest is devoted to the development of robust landscape structures to respond to climate change as a form of both resilience and adaptation at the territorial and urban design scale.
290 Antje Stokman is a landscape architect and Professor of Architecture and Landscape at HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany. For her achievements in bringing research, teaching, and practice by co-designing and co-producing resilient urban water landscapes both locally and globally, she was awarded the Topos Landscape Award in 2011 and the Lower Saxony Science Prize in 2009. From 2005–2010 she was Professor of Ecosystem Design and Watershed Management at Leibniz University Hanover and from 2010–2017 Professor and Director of the Institute of Landscape Planning and Ecology at the University of Stuttgart. Yi-Ping Su received a BA in Plant Science and a MA in Horticulture and Landscape Architecture from the National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan. After working for the Parks and Street Lights Office, Taipei City Government, leading a variety of public landscape architecture projects, she is currently a PhD candidate in the Healthy Landscape Healthy People Lab at the National Taiwan University. Her research focuses on how green infrastructure policies can contribute to the improvement of human health and well-being. Puay Yok Tan currently serves as the Programme Director for Master of Landscape Architecture and leader of Landscape Studies research group at the Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore. His research, teaching, and professional activities focus on the science, policies, and practices of urban greening and ecology of the built environment. He combines his background in the sciences, experience in urban governance from the public sector, and interactions with practitioners to apply knowledge for urban greening to improve environmental quality and societal well-being. He also serves as the Associate Editor for Landscape and Urban Planning and Journal of Urban Ecology. Meredith Taylor is a Research Associate in the Office of Urban Extension and Outreach in the School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University. She received a Master Degree in Food Studies and Nutrition from New York University and her Master of Public Health from New York Medical College School of Public Health. Meredith’s research focus is on sustainable food systems and public health. She teaches a course called Food Justice and Community Advocacy, and convenes a network and biannual conference called “Ag in the City” that connects urban farmers and gardeners across New Jersey. Meredith is a Cornell Cooperative Extension Master Gardener and an avid beekeeper. Yu-Ping Tsai is a PhD candidate at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan. Her research focuses on the relation between landscape and the human brain, investigating the relationship between neural and landscape creativity. Wolfgang Wende is a landscape planner who has worked for the Technical University Berlin and the Federal Environment Agency Germany. He received a PhD from Technical University Berlin (2001). Since 2010, he has been a Professor for Urban Development at the Technical University Dresden, Germany, and head of the landscape research program at the Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER), Dresden. He is a visiting professor at the National University of Singapore. Jun Yang is a Full Professor at the Department of Earth System Science at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. In 2004, he received his Ph.D. in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management from University of California, Berkeley, USA. His research interests include quantification methods for studying the structure and functions of urban ecosystems; the impact of the global environmental change on urban biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being; and ecological applications of remote sensing. He is also the Associate Editor of Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. Chia-Ching Wu is a research assistant at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University in Taipei, Taiwan. Her main field of expertise is landscape ecology. Her current research focuses on the relations between landscape and human health and investigates how psychological and physiological responses to landscape can inform landscape architecture projects that aim at the design of ecological and healthy environments for both humans and wildlife.
Illustration Credits 291 Cover photograph by Bianca Maria Rinaldi Of Symbols and Materiality. Reflections on Singaporean Landscapes (pages 16–24) Figs. 1, 4, 5, 8: Photographs by Marco Santangelo Figs. 2, 3, 7: Photographs by Bianca Maria Rinaldi Figs. 6, 9: Photographs by Daniele Baiotto Densities of Difference. A Design Methodology for Global Cities (pages 25–40) Fig. 1: Courtesy of Matthew Blunderfield Figs. 2, 3: Courtesy of Robin O’Connell Figs. 4, 5, 6: Courtesy of Benjamin Matthews Fig. 7: Courtesy of Nan Cheng Fig. 8: Photograph by Alison Hirsch, 2016 Fig. 9: left: Photograph courtesy of AP Photo/ Paul Sakuma, 1992/right: Google Earth, 2016 Fig. 10: Courtesy of Jade Orr and Rachel Ison Public Space and the Saturated City. Landscape Architecture for the Illegal Housing Districts along the Grande Raccordo Anulare in Rome (pages 41–59) Fig. 1: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, département Cartes et plans Fig. 2: Courtesy of Annalisa Metta Figs. 3, 4: Courtesy of Alessio Agresta and Camilla De Boni Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Courtesy of Annachiara Bonora Appropriating Water Infrastructure Systems for Urban Landscape Design in High-Density Cities (pages 62–77) Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13: Photographs by Antje Stokman Fig. 3: Photograph by Studio Urbane Landschaften Fig. 6: Mapping by Antje Stokman Figs. 8, 9: Photographs by Lothar Fuchs Figs. 11, 12: Institute for Landscape Planning and Ecology, University of Stuttgart Intensive and Promiscuous Occupation of Landscapes (pages 78–98) Fig. 1: Research Group OSA (Architecture and Urbanism) of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Leuven, J. Moonen, 2018 Fig. 2: OSA, 2010 Fig. 3: OSA, 2012 Figs. 4, 5: OSA, H. Ye, 2018 Figs. 6, 8, 9: OSA, Kelly Shannon, 2018 Fig. 7: OSA, M. Macera, 2018 Fig. 10: OSA, S. T. Nguyen, H.A. Hguyen, D.K. Tran, N. Q. Tran, 2018 Figs. 11, 12: OSA, 2016 Changing Streets: Individual Actions, Large-Scale Measures, and Ambitious Urban Climate Goals (pages 100–116) Fig. 1: Library of Congress, Washington DC Figs. 2, 9, 12, 17, 18: Photographs by Jürgen Furchtlehner Fig. 3: Diagram courtesy of 3:0 Landschaftsarchitektur Wien Fig. 4: Photograph by Hertha Hurnaus Fig. 5: Photograph by Ossip van Duivenbode Fig. 6: Photograph by Urbanisten Fig. 7: Photograph by Adrià Goula Fig. 8: Courtesy of DnD Landschaftsplanung Fig. 10: Photograph by Christian Fürthner/MA21 Fig. 11: Photograph by Olivier Blouin Figs. 13, 14, 15, 16: Photographs by Lilli Lička Welcome to the City of the Future. Where Everything Begins with a Park (pages 117–139) Figs. 1, 2: Courtesy of Sasaki Figs. 3, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18: Photographs by Bianca Maria Rinaldi Figs. 4, 5, 6: Photographs by Franco Panzini Figs. 7, 8, 9: Courtesy of Kongjian Yu/Turenscape Figs. 10, 11: Courtesy of SWA Fig. 19: Courtesy of Catherine Mosbach Urban Forestry: Creating Forest Experiences in High-Density Cities (pages 140–151) Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8: Photographs by Cecil C. Konijnendijk Ecosystem Services and Landscape Planning. How to Integrate Two Different Worlds in a High-Density Urban Setting (pages 154–164) Fig. 1: Graph adapted from J. Chang, “Urban Push: Chancen und Risiken der Stadtentwicklung in China,” oral presentation at Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Dresden 6, 2013 Fig. 2: Adapted from Grunewald et al., Towards Green Cities, 134 Illustration Credits
292 Fig. 3: Taken from Grunewald et al., Towards Green Cities, 134 Fig. 4: Courtesy of LH Dresden 2014, from LandschaftsArchitekt PAUL; adapted from Grunewald et al., Towards Green Cities, 157 Fig. 5: Courtesy of The Planning of Xuzhou Metropolitan Area; adapted from Grunewald et al., Towards Green Cities, 153 Fig. 6: Photograph by Syrbe/Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Regional Development, Dresden Fig. 7: Photomontage from Mathey et al., 2018 Fig. 8: Adapted from Grünwald and Wende, “Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services into Landscape Planning,” 170 Economic Decision-Making and Urban Landscapes: A Scenario-Based Approach for the Rail Corridor in Singapore (pages 165–179) Figs. 1, 4: Photographs by Marco Santangelo Fig. 2: Redrawn from Tan, Rail Ideas. Visions for the Rail Corridor Fig. 3: Marta Bottero Figs. 5, 9: Photographs by Daniele Baiotto Fig. 6: Photograph by Matilde Baiotto Figs. 7, 8: Courtesy of Nikken Sekkei Fig. 10: Source: Wikimedia Commons Quantity, Accessibility, and Stability of Urban Green Spaces in China’s Megacities (pages 180–188) Fig. 1: Map by Jun Yang Fig. 2: Maps by Chonghong Huang Figs. 3, 4, 5: Jun Yang and Chonghong Huang Come Together. Enhancing Biodiversity in High-Density Cities by Giving Space to Humans and Non-Humans (pages 190–203) Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Photographs by Martin Prominski Meeting Old Friends and Making New Ones: Promoting Biodiversity in Urban Landscapes (pages 204–215) Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: Photographs by Puay Yok Tan Fig. 6: Figure by Puay Yok Tan Urban Landscapes, Health, and Well-Being (pages 216–226) Figs. 1, 2, 3, 5: Photographs by Shao-Ting Chuang Fig. 4: Photograph by Ying-Hsuan Lin Figs. 6, 7: Photographs by Shih-Han Hung Productive Urban Landscapes: Emerging Hybrid Typologies of Form and Function (pages 227–243) Figs. 1, 5, 8, 10, 12: Maps by Jessica Diehl Figs. 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 13: Photographs by Jessica Diehl Fig. 7: ESRI GoogleMaps Fig. 9: Photograph by Kate Oviatt Fig. 14: Jessica A. Diehl and Kate Oviatt From Patchwork to Network. How Urban Agriculture is Reframing New Jersey as the Urban Garden State (pages 244–258) Fig. 1: Courtesy of Richard G. Lathrop and John A. Bognar, Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis, Rutgers University Fig. 2: Photograph by Chris Cirkus Figs. 3, 8: Photographs by Laura Lawson Fig. 4: Credits Victoria Bruskin Fig. 5: Courtesy of Greater Newark Conservancy Figs. 6, 7: Courtesy of D & R Greenway Land Trust Figs. 9, 10: Photographs by Meredith Taylor Postface: Dense Urban Landscapes: A Case for Reinvention? The Ciliwung River Park Project in Jakarta (pages 259–265) Fig. 1: © ETH D-ARCH ILA, Chair Prof. Christophe Girot, Drawing by Lorraine Haussmann and Kylie Russniak
Acknowledgments 293 Acknowledgments This book is a result of the collaborative research project entitled “Socio-Ecological Assessment of Urban Landscapes” that brought together researchers from Politecnico di Torino and the National University of Singapore (NUS) and that was co-directed by Bianca Maria Rinaldi and Puay Yok Tan. The editors would like to thank all the people and institutions that contributed to the success of the research project and the making of the book. We are grateful to Politecnico di Torino and Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, who established the research program titled Joint Projects for the Internationalisation of Research, which provided the framework for the development of this project and support for all the project-related activities. At Politecnico di Torino, we would like to thank Patrizia Lombardi, Vice Rector and former head of the Interuniversity Department for Regional and Urban Studies and Planning (DIST), for her constant support and encouragement. We gratefully acknowledge the support given by Silvia Vacca and her team at the Office for International Relationships, as well as the entire DIST Department’s administrative office; they all assisted us throughout this project with great competence, kindness, and patience. At the National University of Singapore, we are grateful to the Department of Architecture, and particularly to both its former and current heads, Yunn Chii Wong and Puay-Peng Ho, for generously contributing to the joint project with a variety of resources and for hosting the research team from the Politecnico di Torino during the mobility periods in Singapore that the project entailed. We would like to thank the members of the two research teams—Rosita Samsudin, Zhang Liqing, and Jessica Cook from NUS, and Marta Bottero and Marco Santangelo from Politecnico di Torino—for stimulating collaborative work. Working with them was a great pleasure. Some of the themes presented in the volume were discussed during the “Urban Landscapes in High-Density Cities” international symposium held in 2018 at Politecnico di Torino. We would like to express our gratitude to all the speakers and participants at the event for sharing their knowledge and expertise and offering inspiring discussions that highlight the continuing necessity of collaboration between disciplines, thereby greatly contributing to our perception of urban landscapes. Our sincere thanks go to all the authors who contributed to this book with great enthusiasm and generosity. We would like to express our profound gratitude to Matthew Gandy and Christophe Girot, who kindly agreed to write, respectively, the thoughtprovoking foreword and the postface to this volume. Finally, we are pleased to thank the publisher’s editor, Ria Stein, who accompanied us through the various phases of the production of this book with her great expertise, Catherine Atkinson for her careful copyediting, Ada St. Laurent for her conscientious proofreading and Kathleen Bernsdorf for her attentive layout.
The volume results from the collaborative research project between Politecnico di Torino and the National University of Singapore entitled “Socio-Ecological Assessment of Urban Landscapes: a Comparative Study.” The project was developed within the framework of the “Call for Joint Projects for the Internationalization of Research” and was sponsored by Politecnico di Torino with the support of the Compagnia di San Paolo, Torino, through the research grant given to Bianca Maria Rinaldi in July 2016. Graphic design: Jenna Gesse Layout and typesetting: Kathleen Bernsdorf Copyeditor: Catherine Atkinson Proofreader: Ada St. Laurent Production: Bettina Chang Project management: Ria Stein Paper: Magno Volume, 135 g/m² Lithography: LVD Gesellschaft für Datenverarbeitung mbH, Berlin Printing: Beltz Grafische Betriebe GmbH, Bad Langensalza Library of Congress Control Number: 2018966364 Bibliographic information published by the German National Library. The German National Library lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in databases. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. ISBN 978-3-0356-1713-9 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-0356-1720-7 © 2019 Birkhäuser Verlag GmbH, Basel P.O. Box 44, 4009 Basel, Switzerland Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin / Boston 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.birkhauser.com