For these and other Wiley books on sustainable design, visit www.wiley.com/go/sustainabledesign Alternative Construction: Contemporary Natural Building Methods, by Lynne Elizabeth and Cassandra Adams Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, by Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador Cities People Planet: Liveable Cities for a Sustainable World, by Herbert Girardet Contractors Guide to Green Building Construction: Management, Project Delivery, Documentation, and Risk Reduction, by Thomas E. Glavinich, Associated General Contractors Design with Nature, by Ian L. McHarg Ecodesign: A Manual for Ecological Design, by Ken Yeang Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling, by Eddy Krygiel and Bradley Nies Green Building Materials: A Guide to Product Selection and Specifi cation, Second Edition, by Ross Spiegel and Dru Meadows Green Development: Integrating Ecology and Real Estate, by Rocky Mountain Institute Green Roof Systems: A Guide to the Planning, Design, and Construction of Landscapes over Structure, by Susan Weiler and Katrin Scholz-Barth The HOK Guidebook to Sustainable Design, Second Edition, by Sandra Mendler, William O’Dell, and Mary Ann Lazarus Land and Natural Development (LAND) Code, by Diana Balmori and Gaboury Benoit A Legal Guide to Urban and Sustainable Development for Planners, Developers, and Architects, by Daniel K. Slone and Doris S. Goldstein with W. Andrew Gowder Site Analysis: A Contextual Approach to Sustainable Land Planning and Site Design, Second Edition, by James A. LaGro Sustainable Commercial Interiors, by Penny Bonda and Katie Sosnowchik Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery, by Charles J. Kibert Sustainable Design: Ecology, Architecture, and Planning, by Daniel Williams Sustainable Design: The Science of Sustainability and Green Engineering, by Daniel A. Vallero and Chris Brasier Sustainable Healthcare Architecture, by Robin Guenther and Gail Vittori Sustainable Residential Interiors, by Associates III Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design with Nature, by Douglas Farr Environmental Benefi ts Statement This book is printed with soy-based inks on presses with VOC levels that are lower than the standard for the printing industry. The paper, Rolland Enviro 100, is manufactured by Cascades Fine Papers Group and is made from 100 percent post-consumer, de-inked fi ber, without chlorine. According to the manufacturer, the use of every ton of Rolland Enviro100 Book paper, switched from virgin paper, helps the environment in the following ways: Mature trees saved Waterborne waste not created Waterfl ow saved Atmospheric emissions eliminated Solid wastes reduced Natural gas saved by using biogas 17 6.9 lbs. 10,196 gals. 2,098 lbs. 1,081 lbs. 2,478 cubic feet
Color Plate 2-1 This irrigation system was poorly designed, as evidenced by the variation in turf color. The darker areas are receiving adequate water, while the lighter circles are not. Color Plate 2-2 Seasonal color showing (a) a spring display and (b) a summer display. This relatively small area of color greatly enhances the aesthetic of the landscape. Courtesy Bob Grover, Pacifi c Landscape Management. a. b.
Color Plate 2-4 The alkaline pH of the soil on this site has resulted in a number of chlorotic (yellowish foliage) plants. Color Plate 2-3 Ground cover on this slope is a good alternative to turf, and, once it is established, will be an attractive addition to the landscape. Color Plate 2-5 The galleries (curving lines) left by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) are evidence that this insect killed the tree. The insect bores beneath the bark and disrupts the tree’s vascular tissue, ultimately killing it. Courtesy Mark Shour, Iowa State University.
Color Plate 3-1 Poor-quality subsoil often ends up layered over the original topsoil, creating a poor rooting medium for newly installed plants. Courtesy Neil Bell. Color Plate 3-2 Compacted soils lose structure and fine particles migrate to the surface, resulting in surface crusting and decreased infiltration. Color Plate 3-3 A composite wood material was used to build these steps. The product looks like wood but has a longer life span and requires less maintenance than wood.
Color Plate 4-1 The entry to this building was redesigned to improve the curb appeal and develop attractive but lowinput plantings that include annual color: (a) before and (b) after. Color Plate 4-2 Hardy shrub roses like Knock Out are a great way to get summerlong color without the maintenance input required of hybrid tea roses. a. b.
Color Plate 4-3 An area that was once a large lawn was converted to a native prairie. This space now reflects the regional midwestern landscape. Photo of Song of the Lark Meadow at Lauritzen Gardens, Omaha, Nebraska. a. b. Color Plate 5-1 These naturalistic landscapes in (a) a public park and (b) a golf course were created to replicate the native landscapes of the two areas. Part (b) courtesy Rick Martinson, WinterCreek Restoration, Bend, Oregon.
Color Plate 8-1 (a) Container plants planted without feathering or butterflying the roots often respond to nitrogen fertilizer at planting: unfertilized on left; fertilized on right. (b) When roots are placed in contact with the soil, the fertilizer has less effect: unfertilized on left; fertilized on right. Color Plate 5-2 As a result of the growth of these trees, the area underneath has become extremely shady, and the turfgrass planted originally struggles to survive. a. b.
Color Plate 8-3 (a) Notice the early fall color in this unfertilized tree. (b) Notice the delayed fall color in this fertilized tree. Color Plate 8-2 Transplanted trees often struggle for several years due to nitrogen defi - ciency and do not grow and develop rapidly. Color Plate 8-4 Determinate-growth trees normally produce one flush of growth each year. In this example, we see increased color (leaves on the right) but no measurable growth during the first year of fertilizer applications compared to no fertilizer. Color Plate 8-5 Repeated shearing results in a proliferation of shoots and very dense tight foliage at the outer margin of the plant, causing interior shoots to die due to lack of light. If you cut into the dead zone of conifers, no new shoots will develop to fill in the hole. a. b.
Color Plate 8-7 This bed was once filled with plants that may have died from various causes, such as a basic lack of adaptation, drainage issues, or exposure to extreme weather. Color Plate 8-8 Allowing leaves to accumulate as they fall in beds facilitates organic matter recycling and even returns potassium and phosphorus to the soil. Color Plate 8-6 (a) Bumald spirea (Spiraea bumalda) flowers in summer on new growth so it can be pruned hard in spring and still produce a full flower crop. (b) The plant on the left was pruned to 18 inches (45 cm) in late winter, while the one on the right was pruned to the ground. a. b.
Color Plate 8-9 For at least part of the leaf-drop season, leaves can be mulched into lawns and left to decompose. (a) Early leaf drop when leaves can be mulch mowed. (b) Lawn appearance after mulch mowing. Color Plate 9-2 Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium) and clover (Trifolium spp.) are compatible with grasses and are very drought tolerant. This site has not received water for over three weeks. Color Plate 9-1 This grass-dicot mixture contains English daisy (Bellis perennis) and several other dicots. English daisy flowers in spring from March to early May in this climate. a. b.
Color Plate 9-3 Numerous plants are potential candidates for grass-dicot mixtures. (a) Buttercup (Ranunculus spp.) and English daisy (Bellis spp.) in a naturalized lawn. (b) Speedwell (Veronica spp.) with attractive blue flowers. (c) Lady’s bedstraw (Galium verum) looks much like a grass lawn when viewed from a distance. (d) Clover (Trifolium spp.) is attractive and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. a. b. c. d.
Color Plate 9-4 There can be more than one acceptable standard for lawns: (a) no irrigation leads to dormancy, (b) modest irrigation produces turf with some browning, and (c) regular irrigation produces lush green turf. a. b. c.
Color Plate 10-1 An IPM plan should identify and correct problem situations, such as plantings in (a) severe sites; (b) low, wet areas; or (c) deep shade. a. b. c.
Color Plate 10-5 Larvae spend their entire life in a zone between 0 and 3 inches (0 and 7.5 cm) below the soil surface. They normally surface only at night to feed on grass leaves. Color Plate 10-2 European crane fly (Tipula paludosa Meigen) adults mate shortly after hatching. The male is on the left, and the female is on the right. Color Plate 10-3 Shortly after mating, gravid females deposit eggs in the thatch at the soil surface, as shown in this photo. Color Plate 10-4 European crane fly larvae develop through four instar stages. The third instar, shown here, are voracious feeders on the roots and foliage of most grasses.
Color Plate 10-6 European crane fly damage is visible in spring and appears most often as moderate to severe thinning, as shown here. Color Plate 10-7 (a) Stopping herbicide use on conventional beds results in severe weed encroachment. (b) New plantings are prone to weed encroachment. a. b.
Color Plate 10-8 (a) A bed with a geotextile fabric covered by 3 inches (7.5 cm) of mulch. (b) Winter annual weeds germinated in the mulch, resulting in severe weed encroachment by early spring. Color Plate 10-9 Weeds growing in mulch above weed fabrics may penetrate the fabric and grow into the soil below, negating any benefit from the fabric. a. b.
Color Plate 10-10 Gravel and crumb rubber placed over fabric provide excellent weed control for several years after installation. As debris collects in the gravel, weed seeds will eventually grow in the gravel mulch, too. Color Plate 10-11 In the lower portion of this photo, oxadiazon activity is diminished when mulch is placed over it after application (left). Oxadiazon is very effective on bare soil (right).