Double handrail Single handrail Transverse Decking Main Beam Handrail Standard Raker Main Beam ~~~;-------- Longitudinal Decking Top Rail Intermediate Rail Bottom Rail Handrail Standard Raker Cross Bearer risk bridges one handrail or perhaps no handrail may be appropriate. Safety of the user must be considered by the designer particularly for high bridges or where inclement weather, such as heavy, and strong winds could cause obvious danger. A handrail must be strong enough for people to lean against. The simplest handrail is a single horizontal rail mounted at waist height. The addition of midrailings and a bottom railing reduces the risk of accidentaliy falling or rolling off the bridge. The space between the top railing and the deck can be infilled with vertical members if required. In certain situations involving young children or animals, the risk of falling off may be so great that a more impenetrable barrier is required. For footbridges over major roads and railways, unclimbable or even solid parapets are advisable. Dimensions The height of the handrailing should be adjusted for different types of use and for different locations. For general pedestrian footbridges in the countryside a height of 1000 mm is recommended. Where the drop from the bridge is particularly hazardous G----~--- Span 1-...../...~~---~=... Cantilever -------~-[L=... :::~ThiCkness Depth : •••••• Bearer Decking The most commonly used material for decking is timber boarding, both transverse and longitudinal. Other materials which can be used are: • pre-cast concrete slabs • in-situ concrete slabs • in-situ concrete topping to form a slab steel or aluminium planks • epoxy resin sprayed on any of above and granular material spread on top (useful in very wet areas). ~~~IZ!2J~ ~Width I ~Gap I?] ---- Deck Board t2a Cross Beam Timber The material is light, strong and easily worked, has a good life and can be easily repaired. The size of board used depends upon: . 1. The span between supports 2. The loading 3. The width of the individual boards and the spacing between boards 4. The grade of timber used 5. The additional thickness allowed for wear Board width should be 100 mm minimum, board thickness should be 50 mm minimum for softwood and 30 mm minimum for hardwood. Spacing between boards should be 6 mm minimum. All softwood should have preservative treatment. Galvanised nails or screws should be used. Handrails Handrails are usually required on both sides of a footbridge, but for remote or lowDeck-section details 87
Post Rail Bolts m.s. 12-20 p Main Beam Through bolted Post Rail Tie Rod m.s. 20 ¢ aD Top rail fixed to face of post. Galvanised steel screws nO.12 penetrating post not less than 41mm. Mid rail Post Post Splice joint only one rail to be spliced at anyone time. 1-------------- -------- Through bolted and framed Through bolted and inclined Mail Beam Strut TDR Rail Post Tapered Bouts m.s. 12-20 ¢ Struts I dID Top rail over post Galvanised steel angle Screws nO.12 50mm long. Mid rail half checked into post fixed with two nO.12 screws. Top rail to be butt jointed over the post. 88 this height should be increased to 1400 mm. For normal situations three horizontals are adequate. The gap below the bottom rail should not be greater than 100 mm. The spacing of the handrail posts should be selected so that the full strength of the horizontal rails is used. Aesthetically, panels should be 1%-2 times as long as they are high. This gives spacing of 1500-2000 mm. Materials Handrails can be supplied in a variety of materials. For countryside footbridges timber is the most common but steel and aluminium can also be used, in square or ,round fabrications. Fixing Adequate fixing of the handrail to the bridge is essential for safety reasons and examples are shown above. Timber, when adequately preserved, has a life that is virtually unlimited. Galvanised connectors, metal components and the synthetic resin adhesives used also have a long endurance and bridge life can be indefinite, being limited only by a change or use of loading requirements. Fastenings Every hole,split and joint in any part of the bridge structure has the potential of
TABLE 10. HANDRAILS. TABLE OF SPANS BETWEEN POSTS Timber size Loading Timber strength classification or grade SC3 SC4 SC5 Keruing HS 50 x 75 Normal 1400 1500 1600 1750 .Crowd 1000 ,1100 1300 1400 Sox 100 NOfmaf 1"600 1"'700- 18eO 1900 Crowd 1200 1300 1400 1500 50 x 150 Normal 1800 2000 2000 2250 Crowd 1500 1600 1600 1800 75 x 50 Normal 1900 2100 2300 2500 Crowd 1350 1500 1800 1900 75 x 75 Normal 2200 2400 2500 2700 Crowd 1600 1800 2000 2200 TABLE 11. CANTILEVERED HANDRAIL POSTS. TABLE OF SIZES Spacing Timber Grade SC4 Timber Grade SC5 Hardwood Ss Douglas Fir or Larch Douglas Fir or Larch Keruing MS Normal Crowd Normal Crowd Normal Crowd loading loading loading loading loading loading 1000 100 x 75 120 x 100 100 x 75 100 x 100 100 x 75 100 x 100 1250 100 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 75 120 x 100 100 x 75 100 x 100 1500 100 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 100 120 x 100 100 x 75 120 x 100 1750 120 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 100 120 x 100 2000 120 x 100 150 x 150 100 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 100 150 x 100 2250 150 x 100 150 x 150 120 x 100 150 x 100 100 x 100 150 x 100 2500 150 x 100 150 x 150 120 x 100 150 x 100 120 x 100 150 x 100 encouraging fungal decay and/or rust. Good design, detailing and workmanship are essential if these problems are to be avoided or at least minimised. Cutting and fitting at joists requires skilled labour. Metal fasteners for use with timber include nails (including large spikes), screws, lag screws, bolts and washers, timber connectors, metal gussets and cleats, hangers, glands and straps. All metal used in timber fastenings should be protected against corrosion. Hot-dip galvanising or electroplating in zinc and cadmium are common techniques used to protect metals from corrosion. Holes for fastenings should be pre-drilled to prevent splitting of wood. Points to look out for during inspection are: 1. Scouring of river bed and bridge foundations. 2. Natural or man-made damage to banks and adjacent land. 3. Unsafe trees close to bridge. 4. Muddy or worn footpaths, steps, ramps. 5. Decay in timbers, especially at holes, checks and ends. 6. Water lying on horizontal surfaces and in joints. 7. Loose bolts, screws, nails, posts, handrails. 8. Rust. 89
1 SECTION 2500 400 Hardcore 00 I I I I I I I Path I I I I I I I I ---t I I L PLAN Drill hole in sleeper for fixing bolf set in concrete founaafion and countersink. i I \ ;, I I I I I I I I P~th I I I I I I I I I I I I L I All timber ex. raill!lay sleepers. Ragbolts 6dia.)( 200 long galvanised Scale 1:20 90 FOOTBRIDGE Small
12x 150 cadmium plated bolt countersunk, plug with tima«: 1500 610 tl-........H(:-------Capping rail 150 x 100 ( - Access hole. K------Posts 100 x 100 125 lag bolt camtersuak. 2 at pole. Decking 750 x 75 with 6 gaps. Poles 300 die. ~----75 x 400 cadmium plated bolts. '-----40 notch in pole. SECTION 91 FOOTBRIDGE timber r-----++tt-++--------2 no. 25 bolts horizontally and vertically each side and each end to secure brIdge. stagger Rlacement and counterSInK on 'deck top. Approx. fill line. I--r----T-~ 10.00 M (epxox. ) lApprox. existing grade. I...--------t+~~-_L_+__+__-_+__- Embankment. ~._--+--- Add pples as needed to retain bank. Lowest pole buried 2/3 BUfY all poles in undisturbed soif, compact any soil added to roles. Scale 1:20 ELEVATION
i 3500 - 5000 t SECTION -250 thick concrete cast in situI reinforced with 150 x 150 mesh. --Reinforced concrete supports. 2000 " ':'?r~'. ~. . ~. I I "" r ,; . ) ~--·_··_-_·-· __·_·_·__··__·__-s-Duier edges 150 wide finished smooth, remainder brush finished. . -. -._.__....".-.. ".--' ...--- -.--..-..-.--.....-,-.-.---....---...---.----------Reinforced concrete supports. -' ,..~ - • I 1500 SECTION Scale1 :50 92 BRIDGE concrete
1 2450 1500 t 400 200 900 ,'B? .'. '.ff; .' . SECTION r ,. 200 PLAN ~------------5038 wide edge trim mitred ai corners. Scale 1:20 BRIDGE timber 93 -t m f 4 m i i 100 0 poles cut at angle 150 above deck level. i 200 x 50 main bearers. p i A ^ = z ^ = = r ~~~ = - ===:: ^ r I 50*38 wl'de shaped under f iL^I~— —ZZZTJ rH ^ Mm - ~~E; & | ft-Brick on edge capping. I——Main bearers notched 25 • .* to accept twin 100 x 50 \&>: bearers & be skew nailed. - ^ ^^^g>'• (r- Alternative concrete wall & y - ' • .•^J?*\ •;;•*>. floor mh 150 thick. j^QO I 12 0 dead man ph through •v pole. ' —WO ] x 1*00 concrete base. Natural stone wall. SECTION 50x38 wide decking. i—I 100x50 bearers bolted 4 - pi r- i « fk together through pole. 2 0 - M _ 4 }Bi==—-ioo 0 1 111 1 111111111111111111 1 IJTTTT ' ^—11 11 J 1—200x50 main bearers. | <r—50x36 wide shaped PQQ under trim. J * ™ 1 tHl T 1 tHI J 50x 38 wide edge trim mitred on corners. PLAN Scale K20 K BRIDGE ^ C ^ timber J \ ) 93
5760 1360 150 x 50 handrail. 75 x 75 posts. 150 x 50 decking. 250 x 150 beams . 12 thick rubber bearing pads. Concrete abutments. L !I I _I H T T ............. -wc F-J"""I " .. I- . rr J;;l.·F r-. _/ 1/ - " ELEVATION PLA'N 1: 50 1: 50· ----------150>(50 deckingl 20 gaps. ---Concrete abutments. 250 x 150 beams. __---J.L..L..--_~~fll'_La.LI......... ~-152><102 x9·5x 160 long galv. angle abutment cleats bolted to beams & concrete with 20 {l) bolts.. .&------250x 75 spacers. L--------20 ¢ fie rods. 950 Handrail on one' or both sides. ~------------'------150 x 50 handra/1 screwed to posts. 1t:.-.-.------------~---75 x 75 posts. 1000 }---------------75x 50 centre rat if used. -----·------15Ox50 decking nailed to beams. ---.------ 75 x50 toe boards ~~---------250 x 150 beams. rA=-i~t=:=I~~ ~~:tr~~t+"-., ~..I..---------I~~~----t L...--------75x 75 uprights~ .1..---------~-- 75x 75 spacers. J-----------20 ¢ tie rods with threaded ends. SECTION 1: 20 94 BRIDGE timber
4000 1------------50)( 50 edge rail. +-------150 K 50 decking, 10 gaps. 100 _!!'D--~~===250 x 125 (preferred position). ~--300 x 150 stringersI ex ra/1way _........- crossing sleepers. .&.-----250)( 125 abutments. +--------~----r--------250 K 125 step, timber or stone. ELEVATION Steps & abutments from half a standard railway sleeper or concrete kerbstone.. 1200 - 1800 -+~---+- ---------150)(50 decking ralled to stringers with 100 galvanised nails. --50 x 50 edge rail nailed to decking with 63 galv. nails, r~~I1--------~I~¥"lI"'------- 30'0 x 150 stringers skew naied to abutments with 150 ga/v. nails. -------250x 125 abutments. SECTION Scale 1:20 BRIDGE timber 95
....----Concrefe surround. :i t--------l t---------t I---------..I---------t:::: ~~-100 ¢ half round log as handrail. ------200 x 200 posts. L ---------300 ¢ half round logs. 00 -l= ELEVATION 500 1000 . 150t1000 .........----200 x 200 mai: posts J (long) +-------200 x 100 posts. -----Handrail. 5000 -t~-------t ----200 x 1OO beam ............---200 x 200 main posts. ~------------.. (short) "---300 rJ half round logs. ~---+-~-----------+-&-----1 PLAN 1500 350 Scale1 :50 96 FOOTBRIDGE timber
1000 200 1200 ~-------------100 ¢ half round log as bandrali bolted to posts. ~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~OxMO pos~. +-----------300 ¢ half round logs checked into beams approx 50 & bolted through . ...---- 200 x 200 posts. 200 x 100 beams bolted to posts. "·'LcP ''- " .,~tffJ.. '.~'.. . . . 100 ':'~.""" ;;'/P:: ':~~ SECTION 1450 500 .'C6'. ..... '. l .. ·.~,.,~,.'~'1' . ..' ;-cr • 7)' '. l 500 Concrete surround loot ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-MOxWO ~s~ ~ffed log. Scale 1:20 FOOTBRIDGE t imber 97
-1------------Haurai cut from waste under bridge truss. ·+------112 x 9 ¢ bolt. -.....-----100 x 100 tapered supports. ELEVATION Foundation stone. ~-----...,uo x 50 inside frame. Curved beam ex 300 x 75 --Decking. 600 2450 11--------------....-------t I L------100x 50 nside frame. I - PLAN Scale 1:20 98 FOOTBRIDGE timber
575 +~-+- 1300 --------r xtended boarding cut around posts. ~~-+---t""""'I'" --75x 75 raker half notched around post 50 x 50 nailed to boards. PLA'N 30 500 500 500 30 + ; * 850 ·SECTION -----150x 50 handrail screwed to posts. -------75 x 75 raker. ~~--75 x 75 post. M---I------J1r----Ir---75 x 50 toe boards nailed to alternate boards. L.....---.........-----300 ¢ logs. L..----·----150 )(50 deckingJ 20 gaps. boards nailed to logs with 8 gauge x 100 nails. .1-.--1+------60 x 6 steel clamp straps bent to tit log size.' Ja...-----20 ¢ steel rods threaded one end) other enq cast 300 deep into abutment concrete. CLAMP DETAIL Scale 1:20 FOOTBRIDGE timber 99
585 25()() 585 585 1~------ f4~---,~--t-- • • • ( :ii~· . ", '. :'. .:, ~i.' • J ". .. , ... •• 1 400 t ELEVATION 540 60 80 60 250 SECTION ----Natural stone flags. ------200 x 100 timbers.' --------15 ¢ 'threaded mild sfeel '---:'::':::::=:::::=1~===~111::::==:========~=========== rods. Scale 1:20 100 BRIDGE timber -5 in No 200x100 timbers held together with 5 in No 15 0 threaded mild steel rods with 10 thick stainless steel washers between timbers to give 10 gaps, nuts to be countersunk into timbers. 200 x 100 timbers, (or ex railway sleepers). -15 0 threaded mild steel rods. -Natural stone flags set in mortar. Concrete base. -Natural stone flags. -200 x tOO timbers. -15 0 threaded mild steel rods. PLA N 100 Scale 1=20 f BRIDGE ^ f ^ ^timbe r J I I SECTION 60 * 80 60 \ 250 5A0 ELEVATION 4 2J00 m 585 1 585 ± 585 f t 1 1
5000 2000 ---1~----B---' " 5----Concrete base. ~.,L.-------75 - 150 cobbles tamped into 150 concrete. ELEVATION 1 : 50 rnnrfll I I I. I ;-"'u I ~rtJh, ,-- -~-_n8 I I I I ----8 150 x 50 boards. 1!l) x 50 handrail. Concrete base. 125)( 50 rakers bolted to posts. -250 x 100 joists. PLA·N 1: 50 .~ 1050 275 + -----+275 t Scale A.S. i--· --1 l I--K---Concrete base. I I 1 r I ~-----l + 500 +- ,-- --"1 I I I I I I .1- 1 +----------------150x 50 handrail nailed to posts. 11__._------------ 150 x 50 handrail bolted to posts ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~x~posh~ffed ~~~ --+----~~~----.----150 x 75 intermediate rail bolted to posts. ~~~--~-_._----~- 50 thick panel bolted to boards. +-----------150x 50 boards naied to joists --'-~'N-I-----~------t with annular shank nails. r~II,....-----250 x 100 joists. SECTION 1: 20 FOOTBRIDGE timber 101
-+ + 1190 6610 ---+- LI I l~ I""""' -, r- '"""\. r- ..... 11 · T H I L ---......~---1'-300 ¢ logs notched (max 1/3 ¢) -.......--...-....t over abutments. --+-----12 thick rubber bearing pads. -------Concrete abutments. ELEVATION 1: 50 t-----Concrete abutment. l..----+--C/amp 3 - 60x 6 steel straps. ---__..1-t--~ (see detail) 300 ¢ logs. PLA'N 1 : 50 950 SOO ~--t 575 850 ~------------150 x 50 hardroll screwed to posts with 2 steel screws. ..---------------75x 75 posts screwed to logs with 175 x 12 ¢ coach screws. A---~----_·--------75 x 75 rakers bolted fa posts & extended boarding with 12 ¢ bolts. 75x 50 toe boards .L.....--------150 )(50 decking) 20 gaps. 11..--------300 ¢ logs. SECTION' 1: 20 Scale A.S. FOOTBRIDGE timber
SECTION j "-" 25 ¢ wooden pin. ~-150 x 50 bearers. 125 t;6 post shaped top. PLAN -;-~~..-~._..__.._-_ .. +----150)( 50 slats, 12 gaps. 125 ¢ posts. ~lI"'--+-t---Water line. Concrete footing. - -~-~----"'.-v-, , f \ I H '/ 'j I Scale1 :50 ZIG ZAG BRIDGE timber 103 -150x50 slats, 12 gaps. -125^ posts. -Water line. -Concrete footing. SECTION -150x50 bearers. -125 0 posts. 25 0 wooden pin. [jij; y ' J -150x50 slats. 150 x 50 bearers. m ^ ^ 725 0 post shaped g ffi PLA N Scale1:50 ZIG ZA G BRIDGE ^ f ^ timber J I J S ^ S 10 3
150)(50 cross member. 2750 ~-----------100 x 50 handrail. .--...---------- 50 x 50 uprights & diagonals. nailed to boarding. ------------50x 50 brace. +----+-++--+----------150x 50 boards. ~_m_----_.r......a...w~~------ 50)(50 bearer 150 x 50 frame. f------------ 100 x 50 inner frame. SECTION + 5~ + ELEVATION 350t 150 600 1100 150 750 150 +--------- 150 x 50 boards, 10 gaps. +---150)(50 frame ~----+-'----f--100 x 50 inner frame. 50x50 uprights. ~----~~----50 ><50 brace. PLAN Scale 1:20 104 FOOTBRIDGE timber
610 2440 2440 -H T T .. -l /f:~ .L.' I L1 1 11J I Ir L..l I I I I 1-....J ~III r--- L il~, III 1.1 ELEVATION 1: 100 •• PLA'N 1 : 100 -+ 1125 mi,+ 175 525 537 112 .,.. l I 2370 max -+ SECTION 1 : 50 ~~~~--~~~~~~~~ WO¢~if~l~s nailed to logs in 25 shallow scallops. -----------125 9S bearers bolted to 125 ¢ posts in 115:x 40 shallow scallops. - - - - .SECTION 1::50 -- Scale A.S. __ , ..-.. r , FOOTBRIDGE timber 105 SECTTON^ O Scale A.S. f ^\ f FOOTBRIDG E ^ C \ \ ) vtimbe r _J I ) m -125 0 scalloped posts. -100 0 x 244 0 logs butt jointed & nailed to posts. - Deck. -100 0 cross bearers scalloped around <J bolted to posts. -U50 x U50 concrete bases. -Deck, 1000 half round logs nailed to logs in 25 shallow scallops. -125 0 bearers bolted to 125 0 posts in 115 x UO shallow scallops. PLAN 1 100 a at 5 2 5 5 3 7 JT — Wit . if 4k /JXDf SECTION 1:50 750 | | ELEVATION 1: 100 610 2U0 2U0 -4k * A A _
Seats and Benches Of the many items of outdoor furniture seats and benches appear to be the most numerous. This is not surprising considering that places for pedestrians to rest after walking, whether associated with daily activities such as going to the shops or to work or to a local recreational facility, is a definite requirement. Unfortunately seats have not always been appropriate for their setting, as can be seen in both urban and rural areas even today. 'The type of seat to be used in any particular area is dependent on its siting. In metropolitan areas the seats should be monumental in character, the design forming part of the urban landscape; in the country they should be rough and workmanlike, the key quality being simplicity, often emphasised by using the local material such as stone, slate or timber, but care must be taken to avoid false rusticity. Scale is important .and materials should be in character with the surroundings. In small spaces the simplicity of bench or chair is essential and the attempt to attract attention by an overdressed design, or intricacy of finish, merely looks silly. Visually it is better to have seats designed as benches without backs, a form which is least obtrusive in the landscape, but seating in public places must take into account requirements of old people and other users who will require seats with arms and backs. Seats as an element of design need a background, whether _+------1170 ---------t I ....--,,~--+ I i ; I I i I I I I I k-_--:-,r ~~---""'-::::>I -t-~---:t- I ---- I --1 ---1117'10 Ib30 -1"'0 +~Tl +--no-----+- +---780 --+- --~-~1il IBtc----4-~- - ~±Tlt ~~I.t : '--<80-t --J.+- I I -t--bIO--4- -f--Ioqo--f- -~~-rr.I 730] ____.__ ~_~"O 1 .J;: - -- .2/0j 'I t ·- '. 1-+ -J. I 1---470-- ~O«oi ,- I 1 ,\ - ! l-L---- i I +--~70-~- -t-QbO---+- 106 Mean average (50th percentile) dimensions of adult British males .1 — 1770 I 4 4iO 4- 4 850 f- , U 1740 1630 n mi 4 720 fJ 9 0 0 I 760 580 5I0I I 4—«*>— - I 440 I i I |||_ J J J I 4 wo \- 4 1090 4- J o I \ t-™ — f I 4 570 -} <5bO s -I — 780 1¬ 620 f - f «>«° ' "i I -| — 400 1- j Mean average (50th percentile) dimensions of adult British males
this consists of planting, walls or trees and they should be related to other objects in the landscape and should be co-ordinated wherever possible with other street furniture." Another criticism which has been levelled at the ubiquitous seat is its lack of comfo~. The basic requirements are that the height of the seat should be low enough for the person's feet to be on the ground givi.ng. no pressure to the thighs. On average ~hls .IS possible but as the human body vanes In size there will be some occasions when the seat is higher than the length of the person's lower leg and sometimes when it may feel too low, such as to a tall person. The depth of the seat should also be considered, ensuring that it does not cause pressure behind the knees. A typical seat dimension is illustrated. There are a wide variety of seats made by manufacturers offering far more choice than ever before of excellent quality and design. However, there are occasions when less costly design is required for a garden or landscape project which can be easily made. Some examples can be found in the details contained in this chapter. Seats on the whole have backs and those that do not have them are generally called benches. Both can be free-standing or be in-situ as part of a wall - retaining walls can often be made wide enough to be a bench. Seats and benches, while generally rectangular, can also be circular, multisided or be combined with other elements, such as tables and walls, to make a sheltered sitting area. Protection from inclement weather is essential. Consideration must be given these days to the security of seats and benches from theft and vandalism in public places. They must be securely fixed to the ground or walls with no opportunity for any fixings to be easily removed. Seats and benches which have to be fixed should be built with the basic enclosure and other elements of the garden or landscape as part of the permanent design framework. While fixed 'Lendscepe Techniques Outdoor Fittings and Furniture, Ian Purdy. seats or benches may take up less room than movable furniture they do not have the flexibility of the latter, and may not be as comfortable. Fixed items must be able to withstand all climatic conditions and therefore must be made much more durable than movable types which can be easily stored in a shed. Another advantage of fixed seats or benches is their ability to accommodate more people than individual items. On the other hand the cost of movable furniture can be lower than fixed items because of large scale production methods. Seats and benches, whether fixed or movable, must have the correct heights and angles of seats, tops and backs for active sitting, such as when eating; for more relaxed sitting as when talking or reading or when lounging or sleeping in sun or shade. These three different basic types of seats and benches should be considered at the design stage and selected accordingly for their use and location. The combined bench and table usually seen in park picnic areas around the country gives cause for concern over its measurements. The gap between table and seat does, on many an occasion, appear to be too narrow for many large people to negotiate. The size of this combination should be given far greater attention than has been done so far. Construction Benches and seat walls should be approximately 425/450 mm high (17/18 in). Bench heights are limited so they will be comfortable for the average person, but widths and lengths can vary so long as the understructure provides good support. Tops can be boards or plywood, or they can be cut from a panel edge-glued wood. Rails can be used between supports when the top is plywood or a similar material - stretchers contribute rigidity and durability. X-legs are a popular design and can be made with lap joint at the crossing point or by using a spacer and the rail between the legs, as shown. The lap crossing is the stronger of the two. 107
3.00 )1 r-o -------l : I I I I I I I I I I I L --.:.J TABLE FOR SIX 3.00' 2.40 2000 mm. A good general rule is to provide about 600 mm for each person. The basic frames shown above can be used for any round, square, or rectangular table. Size the frame so overall dimensions are 100 mm less than the dimensions of the top. Top slabs can be solid wood, plywood, plywood used as a core for another material, or special materials like wide panel, edge-glued wood. The details show how to assemble various table tops. Solid boards can be butted or spaced. They can be nailed directly to the frame or preassembled with cleats and then secured with corner irons. Corner irons can also be used for plywood tops, whether used alone or as a core for other materials such as tiles. 2.40 >1 ---------1 2.40 10 i I I I : L---- __ --l TABLE FOR FOUR 3.60 i-o--------l I I I I L -1 TABLE FOR EIGHT Suggested table sizes The basic materials are wood and metal, although brick, stone and slate are used but to a far lesser extent. Again the design - warm and solid or light and graceful - will determine the material. Stone seats and benches (and concrete) can be fixed as it is unlikely for them to be moved because of their weight. They can be simple cut slabs or complete curved benches. Wood is the most versatile of all the materials - teak being the most durable and weather resistant of all woods. The designs of wooden seats made by specialist manufacturers and craftspeople are both numerous and intricate as their catalogues indicate. Wicker is another variation, although it is not weatherproof and appears to be used inside conservatories and summerhouses, except in prolonged warm, dry weather conditions. Both wrought and cast iron have been used for seats and benches in designs, particularly where combined with lightness, strength is required. Very often the seat slats are in timber and the frames in metal, either stove enamelled or plastic coated. Painted cast iron and aluminium alloy frames can also be used effectively. Aluminium, in marine environments, should be avoided because of corrosion risks. All steel bolts and fixings should be galvanised, all softwood timber should be treated, preferably with an environmentally friendly chemical. Likewise the staining of timbers. Tables Materials Table structures should be uncomplicated, strong and durable especially when designed for dining. This is one area where function definitely dictates proportions. Table height must permit comfortable seating - table size must allow elbow room for each person. Minimum width for a square table for four is 800 mm. If the table is round, provide a 900 mm diameter for four people, 1200 mm for six. A rectangular table for eight should measure about 900 x 108 2.40 1.80 TABLE FOR TWO 2.40 TABLE FOR FOUR 2.40 3.00 TABLE FOR SIX 3.60 , ii 3.00' 2.40 TABLE FOR EIGHT
Type C 85 -107 lilrcl Type B 28 851i1rel /.S008/"' I 500!O~· 600T 1 Type A 14 28ltrrCI Type 0 over 170lilrel These elements in the landscape - be it urban or rural - are more often than not an intrusion, similar to many others such as parking meters, columns containing signs, symbols and lights, etc. There is a need to design the bin as an integral part of other elements, such as seats, benches, shelters, walls and fences. Always ensure that the bin is noticeable by the user and that it can be easily emptied by the collector. The bins should be located at a height which will provide easy deposits of litter and if fitted with a lid it must be easily opened and closed. Vandalism, whether by people or animals, will demand that the design of a litter bin - depending upon its location - must be given serious consideration. The design must also ensure that hygiene is included as well as an allowance for drainage of any rain water and liquids. Litter Bins Types 884324 Litter bin size ranges There are various types such as: • Bins mounted on columns - lighting, signs, etc. • Bins mounted on walls or vertical surfaces • Free-standing bins • Bins fixed to the ground surface • Movable bins, generally for temporary use • Built-in bins - benches, seats, walls, etc. Materials Sheet metal } Aluminium Glass fibre Timber Concrete usually made by a manufacturer. while this can also be manufactured, designs are available which will allow bins to be individually made in-situ. There are a wide variety of materials used for bins such as: Very often there is more than one material used, such as metal and timber. 109 25Q, .20 0 300 * SOO Type A 14 28l.trei Type B 28 85 litrei 500 SOO SOO. 250 500 * I b o o SOO* I SOO SOO^- ,50 0 SOO Type C 85-l07litrej IOOO, 5 0 0 I \I00 0 IQO* 500 Type D over 170 litre»
1 1800 , 250 II I I , < 15 gaps. / I \ I 1 \ 445 I \ I I \ I / < 100)( 50 slats nailed to seat <, / bearers. I I LJ PLA'N '50 600 ,....-;?f.,~-------f)O)( 50 slats. ,......~~~==~-r -----------75)( 50 seat bearers screwbdi to log supports. .....---------250 average ¢ log supports. I I I \ I I , I , I I I I I , I L-----J ELEVATION. Scale1:10 110 BENCH SEAT timber
480 +- .---------------Slafs 40x 40 ___________Spacer blocks 20x 20x 180 _...-------'- -t-...-..-._-.."I.I- Trim 40 x 20. Ehemtered fop edges '--- [ross ledgers at 900 centres bolted to wall 200 . . I~CI;' ~---------[oncrefe foundation .<?~ .>; ~v. 450 Trim PLAN ')"( , " II TI " II I, IT Spacer blocks at 600 centres bolted to slats Slats All timber dressed hardwood Scale I : 10 ~-------------'~ ~'----------'" ~-----------~"" r BENCH SEAT timber/ block 111
-+- 1800 r rt 1 0 ( I 1 ! ---1 .t: 350 350 ELEVATION o I I 25 400 325 -----·----~---;;--....,.--..-150 x 50 backrest bolted to upri¢ts witt: 75 K 12 '1 galv. botis, +------------150 x 50 slats nailed to bearers. --------f) gap. 6--------75 x 50 bearers bolted to uprights with 125 x 12 ¢ qalv. bolts. ~----+----+:--------75· x 75 uprights. 200 I • J. 400 r~&.: f ~I:~.:: ~,.; ..ttzjl.----------200 steel pipes. SECTION -+ 400 ~15 . 600 . .l f T" Scale I : 10 112 BENCH SEAT timber 1800 350 350 ELEVATION — 150x50 backrest bolted to uprights with 75x12$ galv. bolts, —150x50 slats nailed to bearers. — 10 gap. — 75x50 bearers bolted to uprights with 125 x12$ galv. bolts. —75x75 uprights. —50x50 cross pieces nailed to uprights. —Concrete base. —200 steel pipes. 25\ 400 325 —i 200 -i 400 SECTION 400 1100$ 600 T V Scale I: IO ^ BENCH SEAT ^ C ^ ^timber I I I
1. 250 t r-.., I I I I I - l:::= .. :"-::::::I .... .... ~. ,- -10.00---- J ELEVATION t ~-----150 )( 75 bearers bolted to uprights with 10 rJ galvanised bolts. +--------t-------125 x 50 slats nailed to bearers. 1,80 ...------------150x 50 backrest nailed to uprights. • 350 310 680 .----:----------150 x 100 uprights at 1650 centres. 1050 min u SECTION Scale I: 10 BENCH SEAT timber 113
I ELEVATION .,.................IIlIIIiMiIIIi.............. ----~-------150~'50s'ats with ctxmtered edges, bolted to metal frames. ar----------1O{)x25 steel section frames at 1000 centres. SECTION I I 101 I J I J 1 01 I I I I 1 0 1 I I Scale 1:10 114 BENCH 'SEAT timber 300 ELEVATION —150*50 slats with chamfered edges, bolted to metal frames. —100x25 steel section frames at 1000 centres. -Concrete foundation. to I H I 4- 470 SECTION ~4- PLAN Scale 1=10 — -— — . ^ . BENCH SEAT timber J V ; ' v 114 > s
-+ 200 +- r I I II I 1-11 r-, i II I I I l. I -i----J -1 250 ... ELEVATION 350 600 ·------25 gaps. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~WOX~ s~~ ~ed ~mes with 32 x 6-5 ¢ coach screws. ~-----50 x 50 x 6 m. s. angle frames welded together. 150 . '_&.' "~ .. , : .' ..tB'. : '-.' . :,~o:. :. '~'" ---------- Concrete base. :c8 ~~' •.•.' .':..t\ - ..- .~ ," .---:~~-+------Feet of angles to be spragged -, .' I ,. Cf) I' I • , ' (y. , .., ,if to provide key in concrete. ~--------t 700 SECTION Scale 1:·10 BENCH SEAT timber/ metal 115
Li------------~+ 1500 ELEVATION 800 25 300 ......------------200x50 Cap. ~---r~ --------200x50 Backrest ~-_··------2- 'KJO x·50Supports bolted to bases with 160x 10 ¢ galvanised bolts. ~~~~~~~~~-300x50~at ~~ .......-~---50 Supports. \.------200x 50 Face trim. 600 ~------+ SECTION Scale I: 10 116 BENCH SEAT timber
2000 Rai/200x75 Pasts 150x100 Slats 150x75 -.- Supports 150x100 3751 ~- Concrete toundsiions _____ ~~ 300xl,.50x500 1001 Hardcore ~._..--_.- FRONT ELEVATION 1:20 r SIDE ELEVATION 1:10 Slat Fix rails to posts with 1658 bolts c'sk 8, plugged. Post 1:10 .Fix rail g slats glued g fixed with 150mm coach screws c'sk g plugged. Notes. AI' timber to bepressure treated softwood, dark stained, planed with all exposededges bevelled to 4mm.AII fixings to begalv. 8 c'sk. Scale A.S. -., , , BENCH HIGH BACK Timber 117 Rail 200x75 Posts 150x100 Slats 150x75 Supports 150x100 — Concrete foundations 300x^50x500 — Hardcore 50~t^ 7S»-- 375 •O FRONT ELEVATION 1:20 2000 Slat Fix rails to posts with 1650 bolts c'sk & plugged. Post REAR ELEVATION 1-10 \ \ 200x75 700 i \Rake approx. \ \ 30mm in 375 ilvBllr ^ isoxwo \ Fix rail & slats glued & fixed with 150mm coach screws c'sk & plugged. Notes. All timber to be pressure treated softwood, dark stained, planed with all exposed edges bevelled to 4-mm.AH fixings to be galv. & c'sk. SIDE ELEVATION 1:10 • '• •" '•" ' —•' *•*'"' ' " T Scale A.S. ' BENCH HIGH BACK] ( > Timber ^ ' V J 117
2150 ~--;~-- 350 1450 '-(---63x63 slats. ~--------.------- '------------175x16x490 steel seat frames continuous welded to columns. ELEVATION 513 430 1-----------12 gaps. ~-------63x63 slats bolted to seat ~~~~~~~~ tratnes, bolts countersunk into slats. ~--------175)(16)(490 steel seat frames. --------------100>(100)(10 steelI columns. 600 ·d~': ',' ';'.'. ',' -. '&)'. .iB: ---------400x 400 concrete base. ~, ~-~~.-~~.---------~OxW¢s~~rod~l~d - - to column. I>-, ",; :8J: ": "", ",:~;-: SECTION Scale I: 10 118 BENCH SEAT timber
--200x 150 sLats. ---75 x 6 steel strap supports. 750 c/s t----------- : I : I L_~~ 300 < I 1/ I' I r 500 ,---15 gaps. 200 x 12 ¢ carriage bolts. ._- 200 x 150 slats. . . . . .. r, " '. : ..""f""~ r _ ,-'~-- .. ' ,,- - ~·------75x6 steel strap supports. 6--H----------75x 6 steel gussets welded to strap supports. ':~~ ". : ,II',:' , -. ,'~.') : . ; .11',:, ~', ~, -, .~. II'" - . ' . l~~.:---f.--------150x 12 ¢ machine bolts .. , II 'l ."X' . h d ] r,O ~~ ~..t:', " one ore In conere(e. ~-----------250x250 concrete base. ELEVATION 630 i L------------.-------- ---150x 150 steel mesh. ., 150 + 300 150 + ,~__5?{? -----------4 --+ 600 +- SECTION Scale I: 10 BENCH SEAT timber 119
1850 1~--f---- 450 1000 ( 100)( 50 slats. ------_----.....---..-Ir--------- 1IL----------75)(75 posts. t ----~-75 )( 75 posts. I I I 760 -----10 gaps. ----100x 50 slats naited to bearers. 'w--I-1IIIIIIlU..--....~ .......~~......... ............... "---' --.1------75x 75 bearers bolted to posts with 12 ¢ bolts. - - ELEVATION 425 750 690 SECTION Scale I : 10 120 BENCH SEAT timber
300 ELEVATION 2300 1450 ~150K80 slats. -----------120x 80 bearer bolted to coareie uprights wifh 10 bolts. 450 600 10-------------20 gap. ,....------~---150x80 slats screwed to ..........----.~~..... bearers g. plugged. ~~--------- Holes for bolts. ~--+-~- ----------120x 80 bearers. .----------Concrete uprights reinforced with 10 ¢ nS rods. 290 SECTION Scale I : 10 BENCH SEAT timber/ concrete 121
480 Slats 40 x 40 naIled & ------------plugged r- ~5pacer blocks 20x 20x 180 ~..,...--.,.-----.~r--rnl"--T-l"i~&- Trim 40 x 20. Chamfered top edges nailed &plugged "------ [ross ledgers at 900 centres bolted fo walls. ~_~~~ [a0~ finedwffhronc~~ ,:~ Block walls. :~,.' ",~ 200 '..v.:'i!: "oo,' ..&.,e>.' ~-------~~-[oncrete foundation p',,; .i. ,,'ii, 450 Spacer blocks at 600 centres bolted to slats Trim nalied & plugged. Corners mtred, dowelled and glued. Slats Dowel (wood / metal) All timber dressed hardwood 450 i1, ,( II II " I( I, I I' V t ._....__.._---.....- ...- -r I 460 I JPLAN Scale I: 10 122 BENCH SEAT timber/ block
Slats 40)( 40. Chamfered top edges . ......----------Spacer blocks 20x 20 x 180. .---...-... -........- --J~~~---'--------Trim 80)(40. Chamfered top edges. ~------- [ross ledgers at 900 centres screw bolted to sleepers. -------Ex-railway sleepers 300 x 150. Secure together with reinforcing rods, location as shown on plan. ~--¥-+-----------Soil. ......------··Paving.. ~~~~----.I!i=====~==:::=IIIII.II::::::==~ 1:-----------·[oncrete foundation. SECTION 1:10 1 "' I I . l I . II n I I PLAN I: 10 - SEAT Trim nalled &, plugged. Spacer blocks at 600 centres bolted to slats with galvanised boLts 20 ¢. All corners of trim to be mitred, glued and screwed with brass screws, countersunk and plugged. All timber dressed hardwood. -----Reinforcing rods 20 ¢ . ~-+-. r:::;--~-E1l 1+ 1 - - - , I I I I It I I I I I I I 1+ L--__J t L _ ~t ~_~_~_._..~_.+_.. +~..-+-+-.-Typical wing wall. PLAN 1:50 ' WALL Scale A.S. BENCH SEAT/PLANTER timber 123
250 -t~-t I I I 1 I . ELEVATION -1 350 cts +- 50 680 400 -----------125 38 backrest. -------275 x 50 seat. ~~~~~~~~~~-50-1~¢ po~s at M50 centres, spiked together below ground. 1050 min uu SECTION Scale I: 10 124 BENCH SEAT timber
1 200 t rl I I I I T I I I 'I t l , I 330 I Ii I I lJ I ELEVATION L----J -f 300 tSeat backrests g slats to be fixed to frame with 57 x 6·5 ¢ steel coach screws. I,JO 200 150 .--..------30x 30 x 3 m.s. hollow section frame welded together at 1000 centres. ------~------- 3 capping plate welded to frame. ----------------130x 35 backrests. 4----------- 25 gap -----------130x 35 slat. ----------25 gaps. +-------------100x 35 slat. r--:..~~...... ~~:l....Q~~~~------ 130)( 35 slat. : d? .... 9f~: ' ..&;.:' .' :qf"';~ a--------[oncrete base. '..~".: .....;~" .'. ,'. .' ..-f~( 340 330 1 700 330 600 SECTION Scale I: 10 BENCH SEAT timber/metal 125
+1 450 ( I I I 400x 150 slats bevelled 12mm. set level onsloping ground. ·---250x 12 qalv. coach screw c'sk and plugged. 150 x 100 brace fixed by 2 No. 150 x 12 ga/v. coach screws, c'sk and plugged -300x300x650 post. Surface of concrete to slope away from post 900x 9()()x450 concrete foundation. Hardcore. 2 No. ---- 150x 100 braces 1-- -- I ---I I I I I ~--------------''"' r Scale 1:20 126 BENCH BACKLESS Timber ..............._----------,.,~ ... ..~ .... ~--",
300 80 2000 1240 80 300 Precast concrete siab.smootti finish ,reinforced with wire -------...."--- -/r---~--- mesh 425 Precasf exposed aggregate concrete supports Round edges 12mm 400 --Concrete footings FRONT ELEVATION Mortar Joints ---Reinforcing 12mm END ELEVATION Scale 1:20 BENCH concrete 127
--Hardwood planks 250x100 rapbolted to precast cone. supports. Bolts flush with planks. 10mm. gaps. 700 300 154 _ -SECTION 150- /~ '/j . . r----\ \ ~ \ \. t--1 I \ L._. __._. __.-.J \ 1 I \----------~ I I I L-~-.-----.._---------__l 2000 450 Exposed aggregate cone. .supports set in concrete. foundations 1:6 mix. I I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LPLAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 I I ELEVATION Scale 1:10 128 SEAT WITH BACK timber Iconcrete
nds to be capped Hardwood planks 50x100 bolted to pipewrrk chamfer all surface edges 6mm. 10mm. gaps. Galvanised steel pipe 50dia. ~---__- __..-.._._. •.•._o. painted matt thcrccal, set in concrete af- 1M crs. :~~:.:::*-. t-------··--·----·--.._-_.0------·-------0.--- Concrete footings .:~~~;:. .:..:....s-: '.' . \;~.;..:' ' . 375 300 I I 750 ._-+-_. SECTION +-~_~_qo__-+ -+-~-l?~-f~--o------t 1000 175 t- I . Seat planks. m - Back rails. I I I I I I (--~o I ! I : 1 ! I I r I I I 101 1 0 1 I I I I I J I 101 1 01 (-- I--- I I I I I I I I 10 1 10 1 I ! I I I I I I 101 10 1 L-J ~-j PLAN Scale 1: 10 SEAT WITH BACK timber & steel 129
400 1450 1--1 I I I I l , I I I I I ~. 12 gaps. --------175x 16 steel seat frames. -----------·-----100x 100 x 9 steel H section column supports welded to seat frames. 1 340 t 4 220 t r =175 J:---- . II II II II r-il-+-----t I II I! I +- 400 ---+ "--.--.- -.--..,,.--.--.-.-..--.-.-.--.---- -------.-.-.- -.------.---..--.------..------63 x 63 slats fixed to frames wIth 63 No 12 countersunk Phillips head screws (4 per joni). 315\ 3401 12:f( \ \ ----t I i i ! ELEVATION 100 ! +j ----------[oncrete base. SECTION ! 700 ! 71 [.'.~.. ctlt~ ';-----------~~~c;.19 ¢ rod welded in 17~ ;m., .'; . .g .. .-. ... /p.:; ..-'. +~ 40~__. _+I Scale I : 10 130 BENCH SEAT timber/metal
802 ----~-- Glass reinforced concrete seat unit _--t---Holes for drainage. 4 0 305 SECTION Ground level 500 500 500 90 0 0 OJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 PLAN Scale 1:10 SEAT G.R.C. 131
1 890 / All corners mitred 500 I 160 I fOOt- +- PLAN +----Slafs 40x 40~ /'...- ~-..............-~~....__._... - ~r)~,....---Edge trim angled 45 0 glued & pinned to slats. ~--Ledger 20x 80. Concrete base. SECTION scatatto 132 SEAT brick &timber -Slats UOxM. -Spacer blocks 20x1*0x80 glued & pinned to slats at all corners & centres. All corners mitred. -Screw slats to ledgers of 20x30 at centres of units. Bolt ledgers to top of wall. •Edge trim U0x60. -Slats UOxhO. -Edge trim angled U5° glued & pinned to slats. -Ledger 20x80. -Concrete base. Scale 1:10 N / \ SEAT brick & timber 132 . ) V / SECTION 500 160 100^ —< PLAN 0 0 890
890 ------t Top course. Allow slight fall in four directions. ~~~I===-=:::::1 nl--+F,-~~~~~--SpeciQI square brick. 1:::====~~~~I=====I [/]1 I~ r+----Canf brick around edge. Brick. PLAN Eorner cant brick. Top course cant brick. ltl II Stretcher bond course. r-, II brick edge. Paving slab. ---~ Concrete foundation. '\ /' ·----Hardcore. SECTION ~--Outer brick walt. ...--...--~ ~-- Inner concrete block wall. 'f--+--+--Ji----Cavity filled with hardcore ~---~ and consolidated. PLAN AT B. N.T.S. Scale 1:10 SEAT brick
I I 1. 1 1·1 I- t I-I J ,-,;-f'. ( 150><50 coping. < 150x 50 backrest. 350 Concrete base. 350 I U- I I I ~--_._. All bolts to be countersunk info wood. ELEVAT"ION +--------+---------150x 150 coping bolted to straps. --- -1------------' .t(J't=::::::::;;:::= U~~~J--------15Ox 50 backrest bolted to straps. ------...~-~l-\1-~-------6(})(10 flat bar strap bent & tt'eldedfo T txr supports. ----------125x5O backrest bolted to straps. --------150x50 seat bolted to T bar. 250)(80 soot bolted to T bar. 63 K 63 T bar supports at 900 centres builf fifo wall. 1~-e~~=.:::t----------60)(10 flat bar bent & welded. ~---I~""'" l==:::::::;;:=:::r-----·----Brick wall. ._~~............--------,--------,----.....;;;,;'··350x 350 concrete base. 250 300 ~I------M' 150 ~Io---_+- SECTION ScaJe1:10 134 BENCH SEAT timber/brick -150x50 coping. -150x50 backrest. -125x50 backrest. -250x80 seat.. -63x63 T bar support -60x10 flat bar. -Concrete base. All bolts to be countersunk info wood. -150x150 coping bolted to straps. -150x50 backrest bolted to straps. • 60x 10 flat bar strap bent & welded to T bar supports. -125x50 backrest bolted to straps. -150x50 seat bolted to T bar. -250x80 seat bolted to T bar. -63x63 T bar supports at 900 centres built into wall. -60x10 flat bar bent & welded. -Brick wall. -350x350 concrete base. SECTION 134 Scale1:10 X BENCH SEAT ^ ( \ timber/brick II I ELEVATION 350 +- ~*350 300
__.. Concrete blocks _____[ements~bfiaed berdcore Paving ", ',v.~' -cP" t> . ~,:1J;.------[oncrete foundation ___--I---~_~-+----_~ -~..---Brick pIinfh v. " .- '~\7 .. . . "., . A / '" / "" / "'+--(-------Wall coping as / <, detail / 620 -, e // ~, $ I '" 'K---~~---Brickpeviors ~;::::;;:~~::::=~=~---' .~~',' ' 'V 50 ± I I 430 i I I I i 50 +- + 500 . t ? +--~-~~-~----------+ SECTION 1:10 PLAN 1:20 Scale AS SEAT Brick 135
Ight tittirq round level onduit 685mm vertical extentif ush hammered surface - - ...------ ---- ~- - I - :-- I (--~- ----------....._-- ---_._._._- -~ I I f--- IL 600 490 I 1 1(- !b --- i ! 88 ! i.. 92 ~-- --- ~t!... 450 380 ----------u -«~~ ELEVATION SECTION 25 PLAN Scale 1:10 136 BOLLARD "ighting