Landscape Theory In Design

 Glossary 292 The exhibition envisioned design as a way of revealing aspects about natural systems and cultural practices operating in the landscape that might not be visible or identifiable. The objective of the design sought to reveal these systems or practices. An early example of a revelatory landscape is the Bamboo Garden by Alexandre Chemetoff at Parc de la Villette. Here, Chemetoff revealed the infrastructure typically hidden under the park. Used in Chapter 1 Forming: Function Semiotic square Greimas’s semiotic square is the visual logistics of how meaning is structured through binary oppositions. Contrary terms presuppose S1 and S2 and they are typically represented by a straight line running horizontally. 6.3 Bamboo Garden (1987) by Alexandre Chemetoff, Parc de la Villette, Paris, France 6.4 Step one semiotic square (hot) S1 (cold) S2

Glossary  293 Contradictions negate (provide a negative in meaning with the word not) terms and usually run on the diagonal of the square. What is sometimes called complementary or implications of the relationships formed, typically runs vertically, meaning that something that is hot implies it is not cold, making them complementary. Similarly, something that is cold implies that it is not hot. Used in Chapter 4 Language: Structuralism Seriality In minimalist art seriality involves the non-hierarchical repetition of equivalent objects or materials to form patterns and juxtapositions of patterns. Translated into landscape architecture by Peter Walker, seriality involved a similar repeating of objects that visually dominate the environment. 6.5 Step two semiotic square (hot) S1 (cold) S2 (not hot) –S1 (not cold) –S2 oppositions contradictory complementary 6.6 Step three semiotic square (hot) 5, (not hot) -5, oppositions contradictory (cold) 5, (not cold) -5,

 Glossary 294 Used in Chapter 1 Forming: Formalism; and Chapter 5 Systems Logic: Aleatory Systems Situationist International SI or Situationist International was an alliance formed in the late 1950s among European artists and intellectuals who sought to break with the spectacle of consumer culture. Their efforts culminated in the May 1968 revolt when demonstrations, strikes, and the occupation of universities and factories in France practically shut down the country. Used in Chapter 5 Systems Logic: Aleatory Systems Sublimation A theory of Sigmund Freud, sublimation involves the unconscious channelling of impulses, which would normally be considered inappropriate in society, into more socially acceptable forms of practice, such as art. Used in Chapter 4 Language: Typology Synecdoche Synecdoche is a literary device that employs the name of only one part of something to refer to the whole of the thing. For example, the word “sails” is frequently used to refer to a whole ship. So sails are a synecdoche for the ship, while literally the sails of a ship only comprise one facet of it. The goal of synecdoche seeks to give deeper meaning to common objects and circumstances. Metonymy is frequently confused with synecdoche, but metonymy is employed to express a well-known characteristic of the word, but not necessarily a part of the thing to which it refers. The word Hollywood is used as a metonym for the movie industry in the United States, for example. Also see metaphor. Used in Chapter 1 Forming: Formalism Tabula rasa Translated from Latin as “blank slate,” the term refers to the wax tablet used in antiquity and the medieval period to take notes. A tabula typically comprised two wooden boards connected (like book binding) with leather straps. Thin layers of wax were embedded into each of the planks to create a writing surface for a stylus. By melting the wax, you could erase your notes and start anew on the blank slate. Tabula rasa was associated with the philosopher John Locke’s conception of a child’s mind in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In the twentieth century tabula rasa was used to describe landscape architects and architects who approached a site as a blank slate, ignoring its history or existing conditions. Used in Chapter 3 Material Matters: Palimpsest Tectonic theory Tectonics initially concerned the processes shaping the structure and properties of the earth’s surface, and how it changes over time. Kenneth Frampton in his book, Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, borrowed the term for his theory of architecture. He argued that the materials architects used and the methods in which they put these materials together could be a reflective

Glossary  295 expression of an architectural idea. Instead of deferring to architecture as a sign, an abstraction away from life, Frampton promoted architecture as the poetics of construction encountered in daily life. Used in Chapter 2 Spatial Practices: Spatial Constructs; and Chapter 3 Material Matters: Materiality Teleology Taken from the Greek telos, “end,” and logos, “reason,” teleology is the explanation for something in virtue of its end purpose. A teleological explanation of why a mug has a handle is that it enables you to pick up the mug without burning your hand. The handle’s shape and size accommodates your hand, and its protrusion from the mug itself makes it a cooler surface than the part of the mug containing the hot coffee. Thus, this explains the end purpose of the mug – to help you drink your coffee. Used in Chapter 3 Material Matters: Materiality Trompe l’oeil In French the term trompe l’oeil means to fool the eye. It is a technique used to create optical illusions, such as making a two-dimensional work appear three-dimensional. This type of visual illusion is commonly seen in paintings and murals, but it also has a long tradition in garden design with extant examples dating back to the courtyard gardens in Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 CE. Used in Chapter 2 Spatial Practices: Illusionary Space Trope The word trope is a rhetorical device in which words are used in a different way from their standard usage. Examples of tropes include irony, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche. Post-structuralists identified tropes as examples of recurring, conventionalized ideas or ways of expressing ideas. This approach to trope is exemplified in Elizabeth K. Meyer’s critique of binary thinking as reoccurring practice in landscape architecture. Used in Chapter 4 Language: Semiotics, Structuralism Utilitarianism As a type of consequentialism, utilitarianism is an ethical theory, which holds that the morally correct act is the act that produces the most good. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism because it situates the rightness and wrongness of actions squarely on the outcomes or consequences of choosing one action over another. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) formalized utilitarianism, called classical utilitarianism, as a distinct normative ethic that aligned the good with pleasure and happiness. In classical utilitarianism the utility of an action, policy, or rule should be directed towards fostering the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Used in Chapter 3 Material Matters: Consequentialism Vernacular Vernacular landscapes are typically created by non-designers, and are based on habits, cultural traditions, or personal preferences. They are usually domestic, such as your great uncle’s vegetable garden, or they can be large

 Glossary 296 scale and a product of functional requirements, such as agricultural landscapes. Originally used to describe dialects spoken by average people in different countries, John Brinckerhoff Jackson is credited for expanding the conception of the vernacular to the study of landscapes in his book, Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. Used in the Introduction; Chapter 4 Language: Typology; and Chapter 5 Systems Logic: Systems Theory and Cybernetics

297 Bibliography Abrahamson, Daniel M. “Make history not memory.” Special issue on Constructions of Memory, Harvard Design Magazine no. 9 (Fall 1999): 78–83. Adams, Henry. “Is a ‘Garden’ the world’s greatest new artwork? Francois Abelanet’s extraordinary turf ‘sculpture’ on a Paris plaza epitomizes a grand tradition of artful illusion.” The Smithsonian. Available online at www.smithsonianmag.com/artsculture/is-a-garden-the-worlds-greatest-new-artwork-949342/?no-ist. Accessed 28 May 2015. Adamson, Joseph. “Différence.” Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory, edited by Irena R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000. Ai Weiwei with Anthony Pins. Ai Weiwei: Spatial Matters, Art Architecture and Activism. London: Tate Publishing, 2013. Aislabie, John. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Available online at www.oxforddnb. com/view/printable/252. Accessed 11 July 2014. Aldred, Oscar. “Time for fluent landscapes.” In Conversations with Landscape, edited by Karl Benediktsson and Katrin Anna Lund. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010. Alexander, Larry and Michael Moore. “Deontological ethics.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available on line at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/ethics-deontological/. Accessed 21 January 2016. Allen, Douglas C. “Tanner Fountain.” In Peter Walker: Experiments in Gesture, Seriality, and Flatness, edited by Linda L. Jewell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 1990. Allen, Stan. “Introduction: practice vs. project.” In Practice: Architecture, Technique and Representation. Amsterdam: G+B Arts International, 2000. ——. “Points and lines.” SCI-Arc Media Archive, 24 February 1999. Available online at http://sma.sciarc.edu/video/stan-allen/. Assessed 21 January 2016. Amoroso, Nadia. Digital Landscape Architecture Now. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Andersson, Thorbjörn. “Erik Glemme and the Stockholm park system.” In Modern Landscape Architecture: A Critical Review, edited by Marc Treib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. ArchDaily. “New design for Eduard-Wallnöfer-Platz public square / LAAC Architekten + Stiefel Kramer Architecture,” 2 August 2011. Available online at www.archdaily. com/?p=155050. Accessed 7 May 2015. Arnold, Darrell. “Systems theory: a mixed theory.” In Traditions of Systems Theory: Major Figures and Contemporary Developments, edited by Darrell Arnold. New York: Routledge, 2014. Bain, Carl E., Jerome Beaty, and J. Paul Hunter. The Norton Introduction to Literature, third edition. London: W.W. Norton, 1981; 1973.

 Bibliography 298 Baker, Kenneth. “Richard Serra and the materiality of sculpture.” SFGATE, 11 April 2010. Available online at www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Richard-Serra-and-themateriality-of-sculpture-3267846.php. Accessed 3 June 2015. Ball, David, Tim Gill, and Bernard Spiegal. Managing Risk in Play Provision: Implementation Guide. London: Play England, 2012. Bargmann, Julie. “Dirt Studio’s Brooklyn Navy Yard Visitors Center.” Available online at www.dirtstudio.com/#bny. Accessed 21 January 2016. Barnes, Hazel E. “Sartre’s ontology: the revealing of making and being.” In The Cambridge Companion to Sartre, edited by Christina Howells. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Baross, Zsyzsa. “Poststructuralism.” Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms, edited by Irene R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. Barthes, Roland. Mythologies, translated by Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang, 2001; 1957. ——. Elements of Semiology, translated by Annette Lavers and Colin Smith. New York: Hill and Wang, 1968. ——. Writing Degree Zero, translated by Annette Lavers and Colin Smith. New York: Editions du Seuil, 1953; 1968. Basalla, George. “Transformed utilitarian objects.” Winterthur Portfolio 17, no. 4 (1982): 183–201. Bataille, Georges. “Formless,” translated by Allan Stoekl with Carl R. Lovitt and Donald M. Leslie Jr. In Georges Bataille: Vision of Excess. Selected Writings, 1927–1939. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985. Beardsley, John. “Hidden in plain view: the land art of Maya Lin.” In Maya Lin: Systematic Landscapes. Seattle: Henry Art Gallery, University of Washington, 2006. Beer, David. “Interview with David Berry on digital power and critical theory.” Theory, Culture, & Society, 1 May 2014. Available online at http://theoryculturesociety. org/interview-with-david-berry-on-digital-power-and-critical-theory/. Accessed 26 January 2016. Bélanger, Pierre. “Landscape infrastructure, excerpt from ‘Infrastructural Ecologies: Fluid, Biotic, Contingent.’” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 154–157. ——. “Landscape as infrastructure.” Landscape Journal 28, no. 1 (2008): 79–95. Belesky, Philip. “Processes and processors.” Available online at http://philipbelesky.com/ projects/processes-and-processors/. Accessed 25 January 2016. Bell, Clive. Art. London: Chatto & Windus, 1914. Bell, Simon. Landscape: Pattern, Perception, and Process. New York: E & FN Spon, 1999. Bellestri, Tani E. “Utilitarianism.” Green Issues and Debates: An A-to-Z Guide, edited by Howard S. Schiffman and Paul Robbins. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2011. Belzec Memorial. Available online at www.deathcamps.org/belzec/memorial.html. Accessed 3 June 2015. Bender, Brenda. “Contested landscapes: medieval time to present.” In Material Culture: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, edited by Victor Buchli. London: Routledge, 2004. Benjamin, Walter. “Surrealism: the last snapshot of the European intelligentsia.” In Modernism: An Anthology, edited by Lawrence Rainey. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Bernasconi, Robert. How to Read Sartre. New York: W.W. Norton, 2006. Berrizbeitia, Anita. “Geology and temporality in Charles Eliot’s Metropolitan Park System, Boston (1892–1893).” Special issue on Time, Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2014): 38–51.

Bibliography  299 —— “Hargreaves Associates: key words and phrases.” In Hargreaves Associates: Landscape Alchemy. San Francisco: ORO Editions, 2009. Berry, David M. Critical Theory and the Digital. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2014. ——. “The Poverty of Networks.” Theory, Culture & Society 25 (2008): 364–372. Bérubé, Michael. “Materialism.” In New Keywords: A Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society, edited by Tony Bennett, Lawrence Grossberg, and Meaghan Morris. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. Bethge, Philip. “New branch of architecture: grow your own skyscraper.” Spiegel International, 22 July 2009. Available online at www.spiegel.de/international/ germany/new-branch-of-architecture-grow-your-own-skyscraper-a-636716.html. Accessed 21 January 2016. Bhabha, Homi K. “Interview with William J.T. Mitchell.” Artforum 33, no.7 (1995): 80–84. ——. The Location of Culture. New York: Routledge, 1994; 2004. Bilda, Zafer and Halime Demirkan. “An insight on designers’ sketching activities in traditional versus digital media.” Design Studies 24, no. 1 (2003): 27–50. Blanchon-Caillot, Bernadette, Kamni Gill, Karsten Jørgensen, Bianca Maria Rinaldi, and Kelly Shannon. “Editorial landscape architecture in an expanded field.” Journal of Landscape Architecture (2013): 4–5. Bokern, Anneke. “Water Squares Rotterdam.” Topos 90 Resilient Cities and Landscapes (2015): 78–83. Bollen, Christopher. “Guerrilla Girls.” Interview Magazine. Available online at www. interviewmagazine.com/art/guerrilla-girls#_. Accessed 20 January 2015. Bostwick, William. “The ripple effect: solar ivy.” Metropolis Magazine (March 2010): 104. Bowring, Jacky. “Meaning in landscape architecture and gardens.” Landscape Review 13, no. 2 (2011): 40–43. Bowring, Jacky and Simon Swaffield. “Shifting landscapes in-between times.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine, no. 36 (2013): 96–105. ——. “Diagrams in landscape architecture.” In Diagrams of Architecture, edited by Mark Garcia. Chichester: Wiley, 2010. Boyer, Christine. “Cities for sale: merchandising history at South Street Seaport.” In Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space, edited by Michael Sorkin. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992. Breton, André. “First Manifesto of Surrealism.” In Art in Theory 1900–1990, edited by Charles Harrison and Paul Wood. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000. ——. “Surrealism and painting.” In Art in Theory 1900–1990, edited by Charles Harrison and Paul Wood. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000. ——. “Inaugural breaks 1947.” In What Is Surrealism? Selected Writings, André Breton, edited by Franklin Rosemont. New York: Monad, 1978. ——. “What Is Surrealism?” In Theories in Modern Art: A Source Book by Artists and Critics, edited by Herschel B. Chipp. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968. Brotchie, Alistair. A Book of Surrealist Games, edited by Mel Gooding. London: Shambala Redstone, 1995. Brown, Brenda, Terry Harkness, and Douglas Johnston. [Special Issue]. “Eco-Revelatory Design: Nature Constructed/Nature Revealed.” Landscape Journal 17(2) 1998. Brussoni, Mariana, Rebecca Gibbons, Casey Gray, Takuro Ishikawa, Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter, Adam Bienenstock, et al. “What is the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children? A systematic review.” International Journal of Environmental Research on Public Health 12 (2015): 6423–6454. Buck-Morss, Susan. The Dialectics of Seeing: Walter Benjamin and the Arcades Project. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. Buczynska-Garewicz, Hanna. “Semiotics and deconstruction.” In Reading Eco: An Anthology, edited by Rocco Capozzi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

 Bibliography 300 Bustler, “Taylor Cullity Lethlean wins Landscape of the Year Award for the second year in a row.” 7 October 2014. Available online at www.bustler.net/index.php/article/ taylor_cullity_lethlean_wins_landscape_of_the_year_award_for_the_second_yea/. Accessed 12 June 2015. Calder, Martin, editor. Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century. Bern: Peter Lang, 2006. Calleja, Rafael Hierro. Granada and the Alhambra, translated by Nicola Jane Graham. Granada: Ediciones Miguel Sánchez, 2005. Cantrell, Bradley and Wes Michaels. Digital Drawing for Landscape Architecture: Contemporary Techniques and Tools for Digital Representation in Site Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2010. Cardasis, Dean. “Imaginary gardens with real frogs: space in the work of Martha Schwartz.” GSD News (Winter–Spring 1996): 1–4. Carpo, Mario. Algorithm and the Alphabet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011. Carrier, David. Rosalind Krauss and American Philosophical Art Criticism: From Formalism to Beyond Postmodernism. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. Carroll, Noël. “Formalism.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. New York: Routledge, 2013. Carruthers, Mary. The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Cassirer, Ernst. The Logic of the Cultural Sciences: Five Studies, translated by Steve G. Lofts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000. ——. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms: Volume 3 The Phenomenology of Knowledge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957. Catalano, Joseph S. A Commentary of Jean-Paul Sartre’s Critique of Dialectical Reason. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Caws, Mary Ann. “Seeing the surrealist woman: we are a problem.” Dada/Surrealism 18 (1990): 11–16. Chadwick, Whitney. Women, Art, and Society, fifth edition. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Chakravorty Spivak, Gayatri. “Can the Subaltern speak?” In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, edited by Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988. Chaplin, Adrienne Dengerink. “Phenomenology: Merleau-Ponty and Sartre: what is phenomenology?” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. New York: Routledge, 2013. Chiu, Chihsin. “Streets versus parks: skateboarding as a spatial practice in New York City.” Urban Environments, Environmental Design Research Association 38th Annual Conference, 101–107. Available online at www.edra.org/content/streets-versusparks-skateboarding-spatial-practice-new-york-city. Accessed 29 May 2015. Chrisman, Nick. “Charting the unknown: how computer mapping at the GSD became GIS.” Redlands, CA: ESRI, 2004, 5. Available online at www.gsd.harvard.edu/gis/ manual/lcgsa/HarvardBLAD_screen.pdf. Accessed 15 May 2015. Clément, Gilles and Philippe Rahm. Environ(ne)ment: manières d’agir pour demain, edited by Giovanna Borasi. New York: Rizzoli, 2006. Cohen, Margaret. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Collins, Christiane Crasemann and George R. Collins. Camillo Sitte, the Birth of Modern City Planning. New York: Rizzoli, 1986. Colquhoun, Alan. Modernity and the Classical Tradition: Architectural Essays, 1980–1987. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989. Conan, Michel, editor. Contemporary Garden Aesthetics, Creations and Interpretations. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007.

Bibliography  301 ——. Crazannes Quarries by Bernard Lassus. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2004. ——. editor. Landscape Design and the Experience of Motion. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2003. ——. “Introduction.” In Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550–1850, edited by Michel Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002. Cooke, Rachel. “Richard Hamilton: A masterclass from the father of pop art.” 14 February 2010. Available online at www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/feb/14/richardhamilton-interview-serpentine-cooke. Accessed 22 January 2016. Cornell, Saul. “Splitting the difference: textualism, contextualism, and post-modern history.” American Studies with American Studies International 36, no. 1 (1995): 57–80. Corner, James. “Terra fluxus.” In The Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by Charles Waldheim. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. ——. “Eidetic operations and new landscapes.” In Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. ——. “Representation and landscape: drawing and making in the landscape medium.” Word & Image 8, no. 3 (1992): 243–275. ——. “A discourse on Theory II: Three Tyrannies of Contemporary Theory and the Alternative of Hermeneutics.” Landscape Journal 10 no. 2 (1991): 115–133. Crandell, Gina. Tree Gardens: Architecture and the Forest. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2013. Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope. Archaeology in the Field. London: Phoenix House, 1953. Crimp, Douglas. “Richard Serra: sculpture exceeded.” October, 18 (Autumn, 1981): 67–78. Crowe, Sylvia. Garden Design. Woodbridge: Garden Art Press, 1994. Crowe, Sylvia and Mary Mitchell. The Pattern of Landscape. Chichester: Packard, 1988. Cubitt, Sean. “Analogue and digital.” Theory, Culture & Society 23 (2006): 250–253. Culler, Jonathan. The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1981. Darby, Margaret Flanders. “Joseph Paxton’s Water Lily.” In Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550–1850, edited by Michel Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002. Daylight, Russell. “The difference between semiotics and semiology.” Gramma: Journal of Theory & Criticism 20 (2012): 37–50. Debord, Guy. “Situationist International, ‘Détournement as negation and prelude.’” In Art in Theory 1900–1990, edited by Charles Harrison and Paul Wood. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Debord, Guy and Gil J. Wolman. “A user’s guide to Détournement.” In Situationist International Anthology, revised and expanded edition, 2006, translated by Ken Knabb. Available online at www.bopsecrets.org/SI/detourn.htm. Accessed 25 January 2016. Dee, Catherine. To Design Landscape: Art, Nature and Utility. New York: Routledge, 2012. ——. “Plus and minus: critical drawing for landscape design.” In Thinking and Drawing: Confronting an Electronic Age, edited by Marc Treib. Abingdon: Routledge, 2008. Deleuze, Gilles. Foucault. New York: Continuum, 2006. Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus, translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. ——. Anti-Oedipus: capitalism and schizophrenia, translated from the French by Robert Hurley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1972; 1983. Derrida, Jacques. “Why Eisenman writes such good books.” In Rethinking Architecture: A Cultural Reader, edited by Neil Leach. London: Routledge, 2001.

 Bibliography 302 ——. Of Grammatology, translated by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. ——. “‘Point de folie – Maintenant’ architecture from Bernard Tschumi, La Case Vide: La Villette 1985.” In Architecture Theory since 1968, edited by K. Michael Hays. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. ——. “Letter to Peter Eisenman,” translated by Hilary P. Hanel. Assemblage 12 (1990): 6–13. ——. Oppositions, translated by Alan Bass. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1982. ——. Writing and Difference, translated by Alan Bass. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1978. ——. “Speech and writing according to Hegel.” 1971. Available online at http://hydra. humanities.uci.edu/derrida/hegel.html. Accessed 22 July, 2009. Derrida, Jacques and Peter Eisenman. Chora L Works, edited by Jeffrey Kipnis and Thomas Leeser. New York: Monacelli Press, 1997. Descombes, Georges. “Displacement: canals, rivers, and flows.” In Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2009. Designboom, “Spirulina Fountain by Bureau A acts as cultivating garden folly in Geneva.” Available online at www.designboom.com/architecture/bureau-a-spirulinafountain-garden-folly-parc-des-evaux-confignon-geneva-01-16-2015/. Accessed 21 January 2016. Desimini, Jill. “Wild innovation: Stoss in Detroit.” Scenario 03: Rethinking Infrastructure (Spring 2013). Available online at http://scenariojournal.com/article/wild-innovationstoss-in-detroit/. Accessed 22 April 2015. Deutsche, Rosalyn. Evictions: Art and Spatial Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996. Dewey, John. Art as Experience. New York: Putnam Capricorn, 1958. ——. School and Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1942. Drack, Manfred, Wilfried Apfalter, and David Pouvreau. “On the making of a system theory of life: Paul A. Weiss and Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s conceptual connection,” Quarterly Review of Biology 82, no. 4 (2007): 349–373. Dümpelmann, Sonja and John Beardsley. Women, Modernity, and Landscape Architecture. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015. Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction, 2nd revised edition, anniversary edition. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, 94–95. Eaton, Marcia Muelder. “Responding to the Call for New Landscape Metaphors.” Landscape Journal 9, no. 1 (1990): 22–27. Eburne, Nathan Paul. Surrealism and the Art of Crime. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. Eckbo, Garrett. Landscape for Living. New York: Architectural Record with Duell, Sloan, & Pearce, 1950. Eco, Umberto. “Function and sign: the semiotics of architecture.” In Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory, edited by Neil Lech. London: Routledge, 1997. ——. “Lowbrow highbrow, highbrow lowbrow.” In Pop Art: The Critical Dialogue, edited by Carol Anne Mahsun. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Research Press, 1989. ——. Theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976. Eisenman, Peter. “Post/El Cards: a reply to Jacques Derrida.” Assemblage 12 (1990): 14–17. ——. “Post-Functionalism.” Oppositions 6 (Fall 1976): i–iii. Eliot, Charles William. “General Principles in Selecting Public Reservations and Determining Their Boundaries, Boston Metropolitan Park System.” In Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect: A Lover of Nature and of His Kind, Who Trained Himself for a Profession, Practiced It Happily and Through It Wrought Much Good. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1902.

Bibliography  303 Ericson Jr., Edward. “Judge dismisses landlord’s suit against housing.” City Paper (10 September 2014). Available online at www.citypaper.com/blogs/the-news-hole/ bcp-judge-dismisses-landlords-suit-against-housing-blogger-20140910,0,1002646. story. Accessed 4 June 2015. Ernst, Max. The Hundred Headless Woman (La Femme 100 Têtes), translated by Dorothea Tanning. New York: George Braziller, 1981. Evans, Robin. Translations from Buildings to Drawings and Other Essays. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. Fazari, Lori. “Don’t tell him it’s fake.” Globe and Mail, 27 April 2007. Available online at www.theglobeandmail.com/life/dont-tell-him-its-fake/article684437/. Accessed 10 June 2015. Federman, Mark. “What is the meaning of The Medium is the Message?” Available online at http://individual.utoronto.ca/markfederman/article_mediumisthemessage.htm. Accessed 21 January 2016. Field Guide to the La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone. La Garrotxa Volcanic Zone Natural Park, Catalonia, Spain, 2012. Fletcher, Valerie. Isamu Noguchi: Master Sculptor. Washington, DC: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, 2004. Flynn, Thomas. “Jean-Paul Sartre.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2013 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford.edu/ archives/fall2013/entries/sartre/. Accessed 28 May 2015. Folkerts, Thilo and Rodney LaTourelle. “Jardin de la Connaissance by Rodney LaTourelle and 100 Landschaftsarchitektur – update.” Dezeen magazine, 15 August 2012. Available online at www.dezeen.com/2012/08/15/jardin-de-la-connaissance-byrodney-latourelle-and-100-landschaftsarchitektur-update/. Accessed 25 January 2016. Forman, Richard T. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Forty, Adrian. Words and Buildings: A Vocabulary of Modern Architecture. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000. Foucault, Michel. “Of other spaces: utopias and heterotopias.” In Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory, edited by Neil Leach. London: Routledge, 2004. ——. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. ——. The History of Sexuality 1: An Introduction, translated by Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage/Random House, 1990. Foxley, Alice. Distance & Engagement: Walking, Thinking and Making Landscape. Zurich: Lars Müller, 2010. Frampton, Kenneth. Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, edited by John Cava. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995. Franck, Karen A. and Lynda H. Schneekloth. “Type: prison or promise.” In Ordering Space: Types in Architecture and Design, edited by Karen A. Franck and Lynda H. Schneekloth. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. Frank, Mitchell B. and Daniel Adler, German Art History and Scientific Thought: Beyond Formalism. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012. Freud, Sigmund. “The origin and development of psychoanalysis.” American Journal of Psychology 21, no. 2 (1910): 181–218. Fried, Michael. “Art and objecthood.” Artforum 5 (June 1967): 12–23. Furedi, Frank. Culture of Fear: Risk-taking and the Morality of Low Expectation. London: Continuum, 2002.

 Bibliography 304 Gage, John. Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1993. Galison, Peter. “The ontology of the enemy: Norbert Wiener and the cybernetic vision.” Critical Inquiry 21, no.1 (1994): 254–255. Gauthier, Xavière. Surréalisme et sexualité. Paris: Gallimard, 1971. Gillette, Jane. “Can gardens mean?” Landscape Journal 24, no. 1 (2005): 85–97. Giovannelli, Alessandro. “Goodman’s Aesthetics.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2010 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2010/entries/goodman-aesthetics/. Accessed 22 January 2016. Girling, Cynthia L. and Kenneth I. Helphand. Yard, Street, Park: The Design of Suburban Open Space. New York: Wiley, 1994. Girot, Christophe. “Topology – a new measure of quality in landscape architecture.” Available online at http://girot.arch.ethz.ch/research/design-precision-topology/ archives-design-precision-topology/topology-a-new-measure-of-quality-in-landscapearchitecture. Accessed 25 January 2016. ——. “Four trace concepts in landscape architecture.” In Recovering Landscape, edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. Goldsmith, Tessa. Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal Souvenir Guidebook. The National Trust, 2011. Gombrich, E. H. Art and Illusion: A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation. New York: Pantheon Books, 1960. Goodman, Nelson. Grove Art Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. Available online at https://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10946. Accessed 2 June 2015. ——. “How buildings mean.” In Reconceptions in Philosophy and Other Arts and Sciences, edited by Nelson Goodman and Catherine Z. Elgin. Cambridge, MA: Hackett, 1988. ——. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Indianapolis, IN: BobbsMerrill, 1968. Granick, Henry. Underneath New York. New York: Robert E. Sullivan, 1947; 1991. Greenberg, Clement. “Towards a newer Laocoon.” Partisan Review 7, no. 4 (July–August, 1940): 296–310. Greenwood Village History 1850–2000. Available online at www.greenwoodvillage.com/ index.aspx?NID=1463. Accessed 25 January 2016. Grimm, Karl and Dagmar Grimm-Pretner. “Urban landscape in motion.” Available online at www.playgroundlandscape.com/en/article/view/905.html. Accessed 29 May 2015. Guerrilla Girls. Available online at www.guerrillagirls.com/posters/venicewallf.shtml. Accessed 31 January 2015. Gutting, Gary. “Michel Foucault.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford.edu/ archives/win2014/entries/foucault/. Accessed 30 October 2015. Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962; 1989. Hafting, Torkel, Marianne Fyhn, S. Molden, May-Brit Moser, and Edvard Moser. “Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex,” Nature 436 (2005): 801–806. Hale, Jonathan. “Critical phenomenology: architecture and embodiment.” Architecture & Ideas 12 (2013): 23. Halprin, Lawrence. “The rebellious sixties.” In A Life Spent Changing Places: Lawrence Halprin. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Bibliography  305 Hamilton, Ann. “Teardrop Park,” Available online at www.annhamiltonstudio.com/public/ teardroppark.html. Accessed 21 January 2016. Haney, David. “‘No house building without garden building!’ (‘Kein Hausbau ohne Landbau!’): the modern landscapes of Leberecht Migge.” Journal of Architectural Education 54, no. 3 (2001): 149–157. Hansen, Andrea. “From hand to land: tracing procedural artifacts in the built landscape.” Scenario 01: Landscape Urbanism, edited by Sarah Kathleen Peck and Eliza Shaw Valk, Fall 2011. Hansson, Sven Ove. The Ethics of Risk: Ethical Analysis in an Uncertain World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Haraway, Donna J. “A cyborg manifesto: science, technology and socialist–feminism in the late twentieth century.” In The Cybercultures Reader, edited by Barbara M. Kennedy and David Bell. London: Routledge, 2000, 291–324. ——. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991. Harcourt, Bernard E. “An answer to the question: what is poststructuralism?” The Law School, University of Chicago, March 2007, note 10. Available online at www.law. uchicago.edu/files/files/156.pdf, 15. Accessed 22 January 2016. Harding, Sandra. “Modernity’s misleading dream: Latour.” In Sciences from Below: Feminisms, Postcolonialities, and Modernities. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008. Hargreaves, George. “Foreword.” In Digital Landscape Architecture Now, edited by Nadia Amoroso. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. ——. “Postmodernism looks beyond itself.” Landscape Architecture 73, no. 6 (1983): 60–65. Harms, William and Ida DePencier. Experiencing Education: 100 Years of Learning at the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago, 1998. Harrison, Ariane Lourie. “Introduction: charting posthuman territory.” Architectural Theories of the Environment: Posthuman Territory. New York: Routledge, 2013. Hayden, Dolores. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000. New York: Pantheon Books, 2003. Heidegger, Martin. Phenomenology of Intuition and Expression: Theory of Philosophical Concept Formation, translated by Tracy Colony. London: Continuum, 2010. Henry, Christopher. “Stone River – Jon Piasecki,” ArchDaily 13 October 2011. Available online at www.archdaily.com/?p=173867. Accessed 6 April 2015. Herrington, Susan. “Beauty: past and future.” Landscape Research 41, no. 4 (2016): 441–449. ——. Cornelia Hahn Oberlander – Making the Modern Landscape. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013. ——. “Designing above the Arctic Circle.” Journal of Landscape Architecture 8, no. 2 (2013): 44–51. ——. “An ontology of landscape design.” In The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, edited by Peter Howard, Ian Thompson, and Emma Waterton. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. ——. “Gardens can mean.” In Meaning in Landscape Architecture and Gardens, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2011. ——. On Landscapes. New York: Routledge, 2008. ——. “You are not here: Sartre’s phenomenological ontology and the architecture of absence.” Footprint: Delft School of Design Journal 3 (2008): 51–64. ——. “Gardens can mean.” Landscape Journal, 26, no. 2 (2007): 302–317. Hill, Kristina and Larissa Larsen. “Adaptive Urbanism.” In Landscape Urbanism and Its Discontents: Dissimulating the Sustainable City, edited by Andrés Duany and Emily Talen. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers, 2013.

 Bibliography 306 Hiller, Avram and Leonard Kahn. “Introduction: consequentialism and environmental ethics.” In Consequentialism and Environmental Ethics, edited by Avram Hiller, Ramona Ilea, and Leonard Kahn. Abingdon: Routledge, 2014. Hinchliffe, Steve.“‘Inhabiting’ – landscapes and natures.” In The Handbook of Cultural Geography, edited by Kay Anderson, Mona Domosh, Steve Pile, and Nigel Thrift. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. Hines, Susan. “Ulterior exterior MoMA’s new roof garden is cloaked with meaning rather than plants.” Landscape Architecture, November 2005. Available online at https:// www.asla.org/lamag/lam05/november/feature3.html. Accessed 10 June 2015. Hirsch, Alison B. “Scoring the participatory city: Lawrence (& Anna) Halprin’s Take Part Process.” Journal of Architectural Education 64, no. 2 (2011): 127–140. Hoffman, Barbara. “Law for art’s sake in the public realm.” In Art and Public Sphere, edited by William J. T. Mitchell. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Holbrook, Daniel. “The consequentialistic side of environmental ethics.” Environmental Values 6, no. 1 (1997): 87–96. Holly, Michael Ann. Panofsky and the Foundations of Art History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984. Hooftman, Eelco. “GROSS. MAX.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 68–69. Hookway, Christopher. “Pragmatism.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford. edu/archives/spr2015/entries/pragmatism/. Accessed 23 January 2016. Hopkins, John and Peter Neal. “Interview with Sarah Price.” In The Making of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, edited by John Hopkins and Peter Neal. Chichester: John Wiley, 2013. Howett, Catherine. “Systems, signs, sensibilities: sources for a new landscape aesthetic.” Landscape Journal 6, no. 1 (1987): 1–12. Hubbard, Henry Vincent and Theodora Kimball. An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design. New York: Macmillan, 1917. Husserl, Edmund. Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy – First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology, translated by Fred Kersten. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1913; 1982. Hutton, Jane. “Substance and structure 1: The material culture of landscape architecture.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 116–123. Huyssen, Andreas. Present Pasts: Urban Palimpsests and the Politics of Memory. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003. Imbert, Dorothée. The Modernist Garden in France. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993. Information Portal to European Sites of Remembrance, a project of the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Available online at www.memorialmuseums. org/eng/staettens/view/973/Shoes-on-the-Danube-Promenade. Accessed 2 June 2015. Interaction Awards 2014, “Avena+ Test Bed – Agricultural Printing and Altered Landscapes, Royal College of Art.” Available online at http://awards.ixda.org/entry/2014/avenatest-bed-agricultural-printing-and-altered-landscapes/ Accessed 21 January 2016. International Association of Hydrogeologists, “About karst hydrogeology.” Available online at http://karst.iah.org/karst_hydrogeology.html. Accessed 22 January 2016. Itten, Johannes. The Elements of Color: A Treatise on the Color System of Johannes Itten Based on His Book the Art of Color, translated by Ernst Van Hagen. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970. Jackson, John Brinckerhoff. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1984.

Bibliography  307 Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House, 1961. Jacques, David. “The picturesque debate.” In Georgian Gardens: The Reign of Nature. London: B.T. Batsford, 1983. Jacques, David and Jan Woudstra. Landscape Modernism Renounced: The Career of Christopher Tunnard (1910–1979). New York: Routledge, 2009. Jellicoe, Geoffrey. “Jung and the art of landscape: a personal experience.” In Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century, edited by Stuart Wrede and William Howard Adams. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1991. Jodidio, Philip. Landscape Architecture Now! = Landschafts-Architektur heute! = Paysages contemporains! Cologne: Taschen, 2012. Jones, Caroline A. “Form and formless.” In A Companion to Contemporary Art since 1945, edited by Amelia Jones. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. Jones, Manina. “Textuality.” Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms, edited by Irene R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. Jorgensen, Karsten. “Semiotics in landscape design.” Landscape Review 4, no. 1 (1998): 39–47. Jung, Carl Gustav. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 7: Two Essays in Analytical Psychology, edited and translated by Gerhardt Alder and R.F.C. Hull. New York: Bollingen, 1972; 1953. Junod, Philip. Transparence et Opacité. Essai sur les fondements théoriques de l’art modern. Lausanne: L’Age d’homme, 1976. Juxtapoz, “Who to believe? By François Abélanet,” 10 July 2011. Available online at www.juxtapoz.com/current/who-to-believe-by-francois-abelanet. Accessed 28 May 2015. Kastner, Jeffrey and Brian Wallis. Land and Environmental Art. London: Phaidon Press, 1998. Keen, Mary. “New landscape at Boughton: Kim Wilkie’s gateway to the underworld.” The Telegraph, 7 August 2009. Available online at www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/ gardenstovisit/5988456/New-landscape-at-Boughton-Kim-Wilkies-gateway-to-theunderworld.html. Accessed 22 April 2015. Kent, Cheryl. Millennium Park Chicago. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2011. Kienast, Dieter. “Between tradition and innovation.” In Dieter Kienast. Basel: Birkäuser, 2004. Kihlstrom, John F. “Joseph Jastrow and his duck – or is it a rabbit?” Available online at http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~kihlstrm/JastrowDuck.htm. Accessed 28 May 2015. Kipnis, Jeffrey. “Twisting the separatrix.” Assemblage 14 (1991): 31–61. Knight, Richard Payne. The Landscape: A Didactic Poem. London: W. Bulmer, 1795. Komara, Ann E. Lawrence Halprin’s Skyline Park. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012. ——. “Concrete and the engineered picturesque: the Parc des Buttes Chaumont (Paris, 1867).” Journal of Architectural Education 58, no. 1 (2004): 5–12. Kondolf, Mattias. “Liberty and human access for a peri-urban river: restoration of the Aire, Geneva.” The River Chronicle, 7 October 2014. Available online at http:// issuu.com/archizoom/docs/the_river_chronicle1?e=3753097/9671038#search. Accessed 20 January 2016. ——. “River, meanders, and memory.” In Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2009. Krauss, Rosalind E. The Optical Unconscious. New York: MIT Press, 1993. ——. The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

 Bibliography 308 ——. “Sculpture in the expanded field.” October 8 (Spring 1979): 30–44. ——. “The double negative: a new syntax for sculpture.” In Passages in Modern Sculpture. New York: Viking Press, 1977; 1981. Krinke, Rebecca. “Overview: design practice and manufactured sites.” In Manufactured Landscapes: Rethinking the Post-Industrial Landscape, edited by Niall Kirkwood. London: Spon Press, 2001. Kryder-Reid, Elizabeth. “Marking time in San Gabriel Mission Garden.” Special issue on Time, Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2014): 15–27. Kullmann, Karl. “Hyper-realism and loose-reality: the limitations of digital realism and alternative principles in landscape design visualization.” Journal of Landscape Architecture 9, no. 3 (2014): 20–31. La Marche, Jean. “Surrealism’s unexplored possibilities in architecture.” In Surrealism and Architecture, edited by Thomas Mical. New York: Routledge, 2005. Landezine. “Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain by Gustafson Porter.” Available online at www.landezine.com/index.php/2014/11/diana-princess-of-wales-memorialfountain-by-gustafson-porter-landscape-architecture/. Accessed 3 June 2015. Landscape Architecture Foundation, Case Study Briefs, Washington Canal Park. Available online at http://landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/canal-park. Accessed 23 January 2016. Langford, Andrew. “In transition.” In Emerging Landscapes: Between Production and Representation, edited by Davide Deriu, Krystallia Kamvasinou, and Eugénie Shinkle. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. Lassus, Bernard. The Landscape Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. Latour, Bruno. “Agency at the time of the Anthropocene.” New Literary History 45, no. 15 (2014): 1–18. ——. “On actor-network theory. A few clarifications plus more than a few complications,” special issue of the Danish philosophy journal. Available online at www. bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/P-67%20ACTOR-NETWORK.pdf, 7. Accessed 22 January 2016. ——. “A cautious Prometheus? A few steps toward a philosophy of design (with special attention to Peter Sloterdijk),” keynote lecture for the Networks of Design meeting of the Design History Society, Falmouth, Cornwall, 3 September 2008. www. bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/112-DESIGN-CORNWALL-GB.pdf ——. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Lavin, Sylvia. Quatremère de Quincy and the Invention of a Modern Language of Architecture. New York: MIT Press, 1992. Lawlor, Leonard. “Jacques Derrida.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford. edu/archives/spr2014/entries/derrida/. Accessed 18 June 2009. Lay, Charles Downing. “Space composition.” Landscape Architecture 8 (January 1918): 77–86. Laylin, Tafline. “Benedikt Groß brings digital printing to precision farming.” Inhabit, 23 August 2013. Available online at http://inhabitat.com/benedikt-gros-brings-digitalprinting-to-precision-farming/avena-test-bed-by-benedikt-gros-6/. Accessed 21 January 2015. Leatherbarrow, David. “Material matters.” In Architecture Oriented Otherwise. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009. Lee, Michael G. “Infrastructure as landscape embellishment: Peter Joseph Lenné in Potsdam and Berlin.” In Technology and the Garden, edited by Michael G. Lee and Kenneth I. Helphand. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2014.

Bibliography  309 Lefebvre, Henri. Révolution urbaine. English, translated by Robert Bononno Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970; 2003. ——. Henri Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, edited and translated by Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996; 2000. ——. “The production of space.” In Rethinking Architecture, edited by Neil Leach. London: Routledge, 1997. ——. “The urban in question.” In Writings on Cities, edited by E. Kaufman and E. Lebas. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. Lenzen, Manuela. “Feeling our emotions.” Scientific American, 2005. Available online at www.scientificamerican.com/article/feeling-our-emotions/. Accessed 2 June 2015. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. The Raw and the Cooked. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1969. ——. The Savage Mind, translated by George Weidenfeld. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962; 1966. Levitin, Daniel J. This is Your Brain on Music. New York: Dutton, 2006. Levitt, Annette Shandler. The Genres and Genders of Surrealism. New York: St Martin’s Press, 1999. Levy, Leah. Kathryn Gustafson: Sculpting the Land. Washington, DC: Spacemaker Press, 1998. Lindström, Kati, Hannes Palang, and Kalevi Kull. “Semiotics of landscape.” In The Routledge Companion to Landscape Studies, edited by Peter Howard, Ian Thompson, and Emma Waterton. New York: Routledge, 2013. Longley, Paul A., Mike Goodchild, David J. Maguire, and David W. Rhind. “Geographic spatial modelling with GIS.” In Information Systems and Science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2011. Lopes, Dominic McIver. “Painting.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. New York: Routledge, 2013. ——. A Philosophy of Computer Art. New York: Routledge, 2010. ——. Sight and Sensibility: Evaluating Pictures. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Lorimer, Hayden. “Caught in the nick of time: archives and fieldwork.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Geography, edited by Dydia DeLyser, Steve Herbert, Stuart Aitken, Mike Crang, and Linda McDowell. London: Sage, 2010. Lucas, Gavin. Understanding the Archaeological Record. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Lyle, John T. Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. ——. “Can floating seeds make deep forms?” Landscape Journal 10, no. 1 (1991): 37–47. Lynch, Kevin. Image of the City. MA: Technology Press, 1960. Lyndon, Donlyn. “The place of memory.” In Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2009. Lystra, Margot. “McHarg’s entropy, Halprin’s chance: representations of cybernetic change in1960s landscape architecture.” Special issue on Time, Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes: An International Quarterly 34, no. 1 (2014): 71–84. McAnulty, Robert. “What’s the matter with material?” Log, no. 5. Spring/Summer 2005. McDonough, Tom. The Situationists and the City, edited by Tom McDonough. London: Verso, 2009. M’Closkey, Karen. Unearthed: The Landscapes of Hargreaves Associates. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013. ——. “Synthetic patterns: fabricating landscapes in the Age of ‘Green.’” Journal of Landscape Architecture (Spring 2013): 16–27.

 Bibliography 310 McGirr, Patricia L. “Vietnam Veterans Memorial: landscape and gender in the twentieth century.” In Shared Spaces and Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relations and the American Historical Landscape, edited by Deborah L. Rotman and Ellen-Rose Savulis. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003. McHarg, Ian. Design with Nature. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1969. ——. “The ecology of the city.” AIA Journal 38, no. 5 (1962): 101–103. McHugh, Nancy Arden. Feminist Philosophies A–Z. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007. McLuhan, Marshall and Lewis H. Lapham. Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: MIT Press, 1964; 1994. McMahon, Jennifer A. Art and Ethics in a Material World: Kant’s Pragmatist Legacy. London: Routledge, 2014. Madrigal, Alexis C. “The man who first said ‘cyborg,’ 50 years later.” Atlantic, 30 September 2010. Available online at www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/09/ the-man-who-first-said-cyborg-50-years-later/63821/. Accessed 22 January 2016. Magallanes, Fernando. “Landscape surrealism.” In Surrealism and Architecture, edited by Thomas Mical. New York: Routledge, 2005. Maillet, Arnault. The Claude Glass: Use and Meaning of the Black Mirror in Western Art, translated by Jeff Fort. New York: Zone Books, 2004. Maitland, Frederic William. Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907. Mallgrave, Harry Francis and Eleftherios Ikonomou. “Introduction.” In Empathy, Form, and Space: Problems in German Aesthetics, 1873–1893, edited and translated by Harry Francis Mallgrave and Eleftherios Ikonomou. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1994. Manning, Lauren. “Visualizing information.” Scenario 01: Landscape Urbanism (Fall 2011), edited by Sarah Kathleen Peck and Eliza Shaw Valk. Available online at http:// scenariojournal.com/article/lauren-manning/. Accessed 25 January 2016. Martin, Bronwen and Felizitas Ringham. Key Terms in Semiotics. London: Continuum, 2006. Martin, Geoffrey J. and Preston E. James. All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. New York: John Wiley, 1993. Mathur, Anuradha and Dilip da Cunha. “Waters everywhere.” In Design in the Terrain of Water, edited by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha. Philadelphia: Applied Research + Design Publishing with the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, 2014. ——. Deccan Traverses: The Making of Bangalore’s Terrain. New Delhi: Rupa, 2006. Matravers, Derek. “Art, expression and emotion.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. ——. Art and Emotion. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. Matthews, J. H. Introduction to Surrealism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965. Mauer, Evan M. “Images of Dream and Desire: The Prints and Collage Novels of Max Ernst.” In Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism: A Retrospective of the Artist’s Books and Prints, edited by Robert Rainwater. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception, translated by Donald A. Landes. New York: Routledge, 2012. Meyer, Elizabeth K. “Kiley and the spaces of landscape modernism.” In Dan Kiley Landscapes: The Poetry of Space, edited by Ruben M. Rainey and Marc Treib. Richmond, CA: William Stout Publishers, 2009.

Bibliography  311 ——. “Post-Earth Day conundrum: translating environmental values.” In Environmentalism in Landscape Architecture, edited by Michel Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000. ——. “The expanded field of landscape architecture.” In Ecological Design and Planning, edited by George F. Thompson and Frederick R. Steiner. New York: John Wiley, 1997. Midgley, Gerald. Systemic Intervention Philosophy, Methodology, and Practice. New York: Springer, 2000. Miles, Malcolm. Art, Space and the City. New York: Routledge, 1997. Miller, Catherine. Jean Cocteau, Guillaume Apollinaire, Paul Claudel et le groupe des six. Belgium: Pierre Mardaga Éditeur, 2004. Milligan, Brett. “Decade hillside: the Sigirino Depot,” 6 June 2011. Available online at https://freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com/2011/06/06/decade-hillside-thesigirino-depot/. Accessed 26 January 2016. ——. “GROSS. MAX and promiscuous collage.” Free Association Design, 2 March 2010. Available online at https://freeassociationdesign.wordpress.com/author/bmilligan/. Accessed 24 January 2016. Mitchell, W. J. T. “Representation.” In Critical Terms for Literary Study, edited by Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990. ——. Iconology: Image, Text, Ideology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Mollet, André. Le Jardin de Plaisir, 1651. Available online at www.oakspring.org/ landscape7.html. Accessed 28 May 2015. Moneo, Rafael. “On typology.” Oppositions 13 (Summer 1978): 22–45. Moran, Dermon. “Pure phenomenology, its method, and its field of investigation.” In The Phenomenology Reader, edited by Timothy Mooney and Dermont Moran. London: Routledge, 2002. Morgan, Luke. “The early modern ‘Trompe-L’Oeil’ garden.” Garden History 33, no. 2 (2005): 286–293. Morris, Katherine J. Sartre. London: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. Mortenbock, Peter and Helge Mooshammer. “Trade flow: architecture of informal markets.” In Architecture in the Space of Flows. New York: Routledge, 2012. Mostafavi, Mohsen and David Leatherbarrow. On Weathering: The Life of Buildings in Time. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. “Movie shows concrete bunker cut in half by RAAAF and Atelier de Lyon,” dezeen magazine. Available online at www.dezeen.com/2013/12/11/movie-concretebunker-cut-in-half-raaaf-atelier-de-lyon/. Accessed 3 June 2015. Murphy, Timothy S. “Gilles Deleuze.” Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory, edited by Irena R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000. Myers, William. Bio Design: Nature, Science, Creativity. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2012. Nanay, Bence. “Perception and imagination: a modal perception as mental imagery.” Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition 150, no. 2 (2010): 239–254. Nassauer, Joan Iverson. “Messy ecosystems, orderly frames,” Landscape Journal, 14, no. 2 (1997): 161–170. Newton, Norman T. An Approach to Design. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1951. Nisbet, James. “A brief moment in the history of photo-energy: Walter De Maria’s Lightning Field.” Grey Room 50 (Winter 2013): 66–89. Nomad Studio. “Green Varnish.” World Landscape Architecture. Available online at http:// anethere.tumblr.com/post/22686092385/baisley-park-jamaica-queens-ny-walter. Accessed 22 January 2016.

 Bibliography 312 Norberg-Schulz, Christian. Genius Loci, Towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1980; 1979. ——. Intentions in Architecture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966; 1965. Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction Theory and Practice. London: Routledge, 1991. ——. “Jacques Derrida in discussion with Christopher Norris.” In Architectural Design Deconstruction II. London: Academy Group, 1989. North, Alissa. Operative Landscapes: Building Communities through Public Space. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2013. Nöth, Winfried. Handbook of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995. Novack, George. Origins of Materialism: The Evolution of the Scientific View of the World. New York: Merit, 1965. Odum, Eugene. Fundamentals of ecology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1971. Olin, Laurie. “What did I mean then and now?” In Meaning in Landscape Architecture and Gardens, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2011. ——. “Most important questions.” Landscape Journal 11, no. 2 (1992): 171–172. ——. “Form, meaning, and expression in landscape architecture,” Landscape Journal 7, no. 2 (1988): 149–168. Osborne, Harold. “Anamorphosis.” In The Oxford Companion to Art. London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Pallasmaa, Juhani. “Space, place, memory and imagination: the temporal dimension of existential space.” In Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, edited by Marc Treib. New York: Routledge, 2009. Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. New York: Harper & Row, 1972, 1939. Parsons, Glenn and Allen Carlson. Functional Beauty. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2008. Peirce, Charles Sanders. Charles Sanders Peirce: Collected Writings, edited by Charles Hartshorne, Paul Weiss, and Arthur W. Burks. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Petican, Laura. “The Arte Povera experience: nature re-presented.” In Meaning of Abstract Art between Theory and Nature, edited by Paul Crowther and Isabel Wunsche. London: Routledge, 2012. Picon, Antoine. “Substance and structure II: The digital culture of landscape architecture.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 124–129. Pinker, Steven. The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature. New York: Viking, 2002. ——. Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Plant, Sadie. The Most Radical Gesture: The Situationist International in a Postmodern Age. New York: Routledge, 1991; 2002. Pleijster, Jan-Eric. “Natural urban landscapes.” Lecture to the Swedish Association of Architects Oyster All-Inclusive conference, Stockholm, 18 September 2015. Poli, Michela de and Guido Incerti. “Shanghai Houtan Park.” In An Atlas of Recycled Landscapes, edited by Luca Molinari. Milan: Skira, 2014. Pollara, Gina. “Kahn’s vision realized.” In Four Freedoms Park: A Memorial to Franklin D. Roosevelt, expanded edition. New York: Four Freedoms Park Conservancy, 2014. Prang, Christoph. “The creative power of semiotics: Umberto Eco’s The Name of the Rose.” Comparative Literature 66, no. 4 (2014): 420–437. Price, Uvedale. Essays on the Picturesque: As Compared with the Sublime and the Beautiful. London: J. Mawman, 1810. Publically Engaged Architecture. “Baisley Park.” Tumblr, 8 May 2013. Available online at http://anethere.tumblr.com/post/22686092385/baisley-park-jamaica-queens-nywalter. Accessed 22 January 2016.

Bibliography  313 Rainwater, Richard. “Max Ernst: printmaker.” In Max Ernst: Beyond Surrealism: A Retrospective of the Artist’s Books and Prints, edited by Richard Rainwater. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Rajagopal, Avinash. “Behind The Living’s 100% Organic Pavilion for MoMA PS1,” Metropolis, 10 February 2014. Available online at www.metropolismag.com/Pointof-View/February-2014/MoMA-PS1/. Accessed 24 June 2015. Ran, Faye. A History of Installation Art and the Development of New Art Forms: Technology and the Hermeneutics of Time and Space in Modern and Postmodern Art from Cubism to Installation. New York: Peter Lang, 2009. Rappaport, Nina. “Landscapes as cultural criticism.” Ken Smith Landscape Architect: Urban Projects, edited by Jane Amidon. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Raxworthy, Julian. “Parc de Pedra Tosca in Les Preses, Spain.” Topos 55 (2006): 91–94. Richardson, Tim. Futurescapes: Designers for Tomorrow’s Outdoor Spaces. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ——. The Arcadian Friends: Inventing the English Landscape Garden. London: Bantam, 2008. ——. The Vanguard Landscapes and Gardens of Martha Schwartz. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004. Richmond, Sheldon Saul. Aesthetic Criteria: Gombrich and the Philosophies of Science of Popper and Polanyi. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994. Ricoeur, Paul. “The model of the text: meaningful action considered a text.” In From Text to Action: Essays in Hermeneutics, II, translated by Kathleen Blamey and John B. Thompson. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1991. Ripple, Richard E. and Verne Norton Rockcastle. Piaget Rediscovered. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1964. Robinson, Jennifer. “Nelson Goodman.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic Lopes. New York: Routledge, 2013. Robinson, William. Wild Garden. Available online at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id= hvd.32044103115259;view=1up;seq=7. Accessed 20 January 2015 ——. The Parks, Promenades and Gardens of Paris, Described and Considered in Relation to the Wants of Our Own Cities. London: John Murray, 1869. Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow. “Landscape and cityscape as aesthetic experience: the Arts and Crafts Movement and the revival of the formal garden.” In Landscape Design: A Cultural and Architectural History. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 2001. Rose, James. “Freedom in the garden,” reprinted in Modern Landscape Architecture: A Critical Review, edited by Marc Treib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. Rosemont, Franklin, editor. What Is Surrealism? Selected Writings. New York: Monad, 1978. Ross, Stephanie. What Gardens Mean. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Rossi, Aldo. Architecture of the City. New York: MIT Press, 1984. Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. New York: Wiley & Halsted, 1857. ——. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1849. Saelen, Arne. Urban Landscapes: Arne Saelen. Barcelona: Loft, 2012. Saltzman, Lisa. Making Memory Matter: Strategies of Remembrance in Contemporary Art. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Sandseter, Ellen and Leo Kennair. “Children’s risky play from an evolutionary perspective: the anti-phobic effects of thrilling experiences.” Evolutionary Psychology 9 (2011): 257–284. Sartre, Jean-Paul. Imagination, translated by Kenneth Williford and David Rudrauf. New York: Routledge, 2012. ——. The Imaginary: A Phenomenological Psychology of the Imagination, translated by Jonathan Webber. London: Routledge, 2004.

 Bibliography 314 ——. Critique of Dialectical Reason: Theory of Practical Ensembles, translated by Alan Sheridan-Smith, edited by Jonathan Rée. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1976. ——. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, translated by Hazel E. Barnes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. Sasaki, Takuya, Stefan Leutgeb, and Jill K. Leutgeb. “Spatial and memory circuits in the medial entorhinal cortex.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 32C (30 October 2014): 16–23. Saunders, William S. “Go productive: the Rice Campus of Shenyang Jianzhu University.” In Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu, edited by William S. Saunders. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2013. ——. “Landscape as a living system: Houtan Park Shanghai Expo Park.” In Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu, edited by William S. Saunders. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2013. Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics, edited by Charles Bally, Albert Sechehaye with Albert Riedlinger; translated by Wade Baskin. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959. Scheffler, Samuel, editor. Consequentialism and Its Critics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Schellekens, Elisabeth. “Conceptual art.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta (2014). Available online at http://plato.stanford.edu/ archives/win2014/entries/conceptual-art. Accessed 5 November 2014. Schenker, Heath. “Women, gardens, and the English middle class in the early nineteenth century.” In Bourgeois and Aristocratic Cultural Encounters in Garden Art, 1550– 1850, edited Michel Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2002. ——. “Feminist interventions in the histories of landscape architecture.” Landscape Journal 13, no. 2 (1994): 107–112. Schmarsow, August. “Essence of architectural creation.” In Empathy, Form, and Space: Problems in German Aesthetics, 1873–1893, edited and translated by Harry Francis Mallgrave and Eleftherios Ikonomou. Santa Monica, CA: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1994. Schreyach, Michael. “Conference on the Goals and Limits of Formalism,” Berlin, 28 November 2014. In ArtHist, 3 November 2014. Available online at http://arthist. net/archive/8823. Accessed 18 January 2015. Schrift, Alan D. “Introduction.” In Poststructuralism and Critical Theory’s Second Generation. New York: Routledge, 2014. Schropfer, Thomas. “Modulating: transformation by shaping and texturing.” In Material Design: Informing Architecture by Materiality. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2011. Schwabsky, Barry. “Semiotics and murder: a review of The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco.” The New Criterion, September 1983. Available online at www.newcriterion. com/articles.cfm/Semiotics-and-murder-6303. Accessed 22 January 2016. Seavitt, Catherine. “Yangtze River Delta Project.” Scenario 03: Rethinking Infrastructure, Spring 2013. Available online at http://scenariojournal.com/article/yangtze-riverdelta-project/. Accessed 21 January 2016. Senie, Harriet F. The Tilted Arc Controversy: Dangerous Precedents? Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. Serra, Richard and Clara Weyergraf-Serra. Richard Serra, Interviews, Etc., 1970–1980. Yonkers, NY: The Hudson River Museum, 1980. Serra, Richard, Carmen Gimenez, and Hal Foster. Richard Serra: The Matter of Time. Gottingen: Steidl Verlag, 2006. Shavelson, Lonny. “Guerrilla grafters bring forbidden fruit back to city trees.” The Salt, 7 April 2012. Available online at www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/04/07/150142001/ guerrilla-grafters-bring-forbidden-fruit-back-to-city-trees. Accessed 3 June 2015.

Bibliography  315 Shelly, James. “The aesthetic.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, third edition, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. Shin, Sun-Joo, Oliver Lemon, and John Mumma. “Diagrams.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/diagrams/. Accessed 25 January 2016. Sholette, Gregory. “Interventionism and the historical uncanny.” In The Interventionists User’s Manual for the Creative Disruption of Everyday Life, edited by Nato Thompson and Gregory Sholette with Joseph Thompson. North Adams, MA: MASS MoCa Publications, 2004. Shusterman, Richard. “Pragmatism: Dewey.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. New York: Routledge, 2005. Silvetti, Jorge. “The beauty of shadows.” Oppositions 9 (1977): 43–61. Skidelsky, Edward. Ernst Cassirer: The Last Philosopher of Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Slaby, Jan. “Emotions and the extended mind.” In Collective Emotions: Perspectives from Psychology, Philosophy, and Sociology, edited by Christian von Scheve and Mikko Salmela. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Smith, David Woodruff. “Phenomenology.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta. Available online at http://plato. stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/phenomenology. Accessed 28 May 2015. Smith, Ken. Ken Smith: Landscape Architect. New York: Monacelli Press, 2009. Smith, Kimberly A. “Introduction.” In The Expressionist Turn in Art History: A Critical Anthology. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014. Smith-Strickland, Kiona. “A billboard that condenses water from humidity.” 25 April 2013. Available online at www.popularmechanics.com/science/green-tech/a8875/ a-billboard-that-condenses-water-from-humidity-15393050/. Accessed 23 January 2016. Smithson, Robert. Robert Smithson: The Collected Writings, edited by Jack Flam. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. ——. “Frederick Law Olmsted and the dialectical landscape.” Artforum (February 1973), 62–68. ——. “Symposium,” Earth Art, edited by Nina Jager. Ithaca, NY: Andrew Dickson White, Museum of Art, 1970. ——. “A sedimentation of the mind: Earth projects.” Artforum (September 1968): 82–91. Socialist Worker. “Vladimir Mayakovsky: the poet of the revolution.” Available online at http://socialistworker.co.uk/art/2935/Vladimir+Mayakovsky%3A+the+poet+of+ the+revolution. Accessed 20 January 2016. Soper, Kate. “Nature/‘nature.’” In Futurenatural: Nature, Science, Culture, edited by George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis, and Tim Putnam. London: Routledge, 1996. Spens, Michael. The Complete Landscape Designs and Gardens of Geoffrey Jellicoe. London: Thames & Hudson, 1994. Spirn, Anne Whiston. The Language of Landscape. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. ——. The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. New York: Basic Books, 1984. Stanek, Łukasz. Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011. Steenbergen, Clemens. Composing Landscapes: Analysis, Typology and Experiments for Design. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008. Stoner, Joyce Hill. “Definitions of material culture.” Miscellaneous Objects, 19 July 2008. Available online at http://miscellaneousobjects.blogspot.ca/2008/07/definitions-ofmaterial-culture.html. Accessed 21 January 2016.

 Bibliography 316 Strang, Gary. “Infrastructure as landscape.” Places 10, no. 3 (1996): 8–15. Strinati, Dominic. An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. London: Routledge, 1995. Sullivan, Louis H. “The tall office building artistically considered.” Lippincott’s Magazine, March 1896. Thayer, Robert. Gray World, Green Heart: Technology, Nature, and Sustainable Landscapes. New York: Wiley, 1994. Thompson, Ian Hamilton. “Essence-less landscape.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 24–35. ——. “Ten tenets and six questions for Landscape Urbanism,” Landscape Research 37, no.1 (2012): 7–26. Thompson, Nato and Gregory Sholette with Joseph Thompson, editors. The Interventionists User’s Manual for the Creative Disruption of Everyday Life. North Adams, MA: MASS MoCa Publications, 2004. Tiberghien, Gilles A. “A landscape deferred.” In Intermediate Natures: The Landscapes of Michel Desvigne, edited by Delphine Costedoat. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009. ——. “Vegetation as setting: living environment in miniature.” In Intermediate Natures: The Landscapes of Michel Desvigne, edited by Delphine Costedoat. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2009. Tietjen, Anne. “Translations – experiments in landscape design education.” Available online at Nordic Design Research Conference 2013, Copenhagen-Malmo. www. nordes.org. Accessed 22 January 2016. Tolstoy, Leo. What is Art? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969. Treib, Marc, editor. Meaning in Landscape Architecture & Gardens: Four Essays, Four Commentaries. London: Routledge, 2011. ——, editor. Spatial Recall: Memory in Architecture and Landscape, New York: Routledge, 2009. ——. “The nature of space.” In Dan Kiley Landscapes: The Poetry of Space, edited by Reuben M. Rainey and Marc Treib. Richmond, CA: William Stout Publishers, 2009. ——.“Dan Kiley and classical modernism: Mies in leaf.” Landscape Journal 24, no. 1 (2005): 1–12. ——. Settings and Stray Paths: Writings on Landscapes and Gardens. New York: Routledge, 2005. ——. “The content of landscape form [the limits of formalism].” Landscape Journal 20, no. 2 (2001): 119–140. ——. “Nature recalled.” In Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture. Sparks, NV: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. ——. “Must landscapes mean? Approaches to significance in recent landscape architecture.” Landscape Journal 14, no. 1 (1995): 46–62. ——. “Axioms for a modern landscape architecture.” In Modern Landscape Architecture: A Critical Review, edited by Marc Treib. New York: MIT Press, 1993. Treib, Marc and Dorothée Imbert. Garrett Eckbo: Modern Landscapes for Living. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. Tschumi, Bernard. “The La Villette Competition.” In Landscape: The Princeton Journal of Thematic Studies in Architecture 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Architectural Press, 1985. Tufte, Edward R. Beautiful Evidence. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 2006. ——.“Explaining magic: pictorial instructions and disinformation design.” In Visual Explanations. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1997. ——. Envisioning Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press, 1990. Tunnard, Christopher. Gardens in the Modern Landscape. London: The Architectural Press, 1938; 1948.

Bibliography  317 Turner, Tom. Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC–2000 AD. Abingdon: Spon, 2005. Valentine, Gill. “Women’s fear and the design of public space.” Built Environment: Women and the Designed Environment 16, no. 4 (1990): 288–303. van den Berk, Tjeu. Jung on Art: The Autonomy of the Creative Drive. New York: Routledge, 2012. van Dooren, Noel. “Speaking about drawing.” Topos: The World of Landscape Architecture 80 (2012): 43–54. Venturi, Robert. Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966. Verceloni, Virgilio. European Gardens: An Historical Atlas. New York: Rizzoli, 1990. Vickery, Jonathan. “Organizing art: constructing aesthetic value.” In Museums in the Material World, edited by Simon Knell. New York: Routledge, 2007. Viray, Erwin. “Why material design?” In Material Design: Informing Architecture by Materiality. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2011. Vogt, Günther. “Shadows of landscape.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 130–135. ——. Miniature and Panorama: Vogt Landscape Architects, Projects 2000–12. Zurich: Lars Müller, 2012. von Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, revised edition. New York: Penguin , 1969. Waldheim, Charles. “Landscape as urbanism.” In The Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by Charles Waldheim. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. ——. “Landscape urbanism: a genealogy.” Praxis 4 (2002): 10–17. ——. Constructed Ground: The Millennium Garden Design Competition. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2001. Walker, Peter. “The practice of landscape architecture in postwar United States.” In Modern Landscape Architecture: A Critical Review, edited by Marc Treib. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993. ——. Experiments in Gesture, Seriality, and Flatness, edited by Linda L. Jewell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Design, 1990. Walker, Victoria. “Feminist criticism, Anglo-American.” Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory, edited by Irena R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2000. Wall, Alex. “Programming the urban surface.” Recovering Landscape, edited by James Corner. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999. Walliss, Jillian, Heike Rahmann, Zaneta Hong, and Jorg Sieweke. “Pedagogical foundations: deploying digital techniques in design/research practice.” Journal of Landscape Architecture 3 (2014): 72–83. Walters, David and Linda Brown. “Devices and designs: sources of urbanism.” In Design First. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2004. Waterman, John T. “Ferdinand de Saussure – forerunner of modern structuralism.” Modern Language Journal 40, no. 6 (October 1956), 307–309. Waugh, Emily. “Interview with Claude Cormier + Associés.” Landscape Architecture’s Core? Harvard Design Magazine no. 36 (2013): 46. Weilacher, Udo. Syntax of Landscape: The Landscape Architecture of Peter Latz and Partners. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008. ——. “The garden as the last luxury today.” In Contemporary Garden Aesthetics, Creations and Interpretations, edited by Michel Conan. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007. ——. Between Landscape Architecture and Land Art. Basel: Birkhäuser, 1996. Weiner, Norbert. Cybernetics, or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. New York: MIT Press, 1948; 1961.

 Bibliography 318 Weller, Richard. “An art of instrumentality: thinking through Landscape Urbanism.” In The Landscape Urbanism Reader, edited by Charles Waldheim. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. ——. Room 4.1.3: Innovations in Landscape Architecture. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005. Weyergraf, Clara and Martha Buskirk. Richard Serra’s Tilted Arc. Eindhoven: Van Abbemuseum, 1988. Whitford, Margaret. “Merleau-Ponty’s critique of Sartre’s philosophy: an interpretative account.” In The Debate between Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, edited by Jon Stewart. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1998. Winters, Edward. “Architecture.” In The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics, edited by Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes. London: Routledge, 2001. Witzgall, Suzanne. “Art as an open system: complexity and interaction in art since 1960.” In Living Systems, edited by Christa Sommerer and Laurent Mignonneau. Barcelona: Arts Santa Monica, 2011. Wölfflin, Heinrich. “Prolegomena to a psychology of architecture.” In Empathy, Form, and Space: Problems in German Aesthetics, 1873–1893, edited and translated by Harry Francis Mallgrave and Eleftherios Ikonomou, Santa Monica, CA: Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1993. Woodbridge, Kenneth. “Doctor Carvallo and the absolute.” Garden History 6, no. 2 (1978): 46–69. Woodgate, Agustina. “Temporary contemporary.” Available online at https://www.bass museum.org/tc/agustina-woodgate-tc-temporary-contemporary-2/. Accessed 3 June 2015. Woodward, Joan Hirschman. “Foreword.” In Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Land Use, and Natural Resources. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1999. Woolley, Helen and Alison Lowe. “Exploring the relationship between design approach and play value of outdoor play spaces.” Landscape Research 38 (2013): 53–74. Yu, Kongjian. “The Big Foot Revolution.” In Designed Ecologies: The Landscape Architecture of Kongjian Yu, edited by William S. Saunders. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012. Zangwill, Nick. The Metaphysics of Beauty. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001. Zdebik, Jakub. Deleuze and the Diagram: Aesthetic Threads in Visual Organization. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2012.

319 Index Page numbers in italics denote an illustration 3D modelling: fabrication techniques 254, 255–6, 258; visualization in design process 253–4, 255, 260, 263 11 Minute Line (Lin) 90, 90–1 Abélanet, François: Who to Believe? 80, 81, 82 Abrahamson, Daniel 100 abstract archaeology 43, 44, 45 abstraction 20, 22 accelerated perspective 78–9, 79, 280 action verbs 41–2, 43 Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) 229–30, 230, 231 Adams, Henry 82 adaptive urbanism 241 aesthetic experience: imported perspective 160; shared emotions 64–5, 64–5 aesthetics: conceptions of 9, 280; Dewey’s theories and practices 9–10; formalist analysis 12, 14; semiotics in design 189 Aislabie, John: Studley Royal Water Garden 167, 167 Albers, Joseph 268 Aldred, Oscar 132, 133 aleatory systems: collage, visualizing aid 244–6, 245; détournement 249, 249–50; displacement and contrast 246, 246–7; surrealist foundations 242–3, 251; transformed objects 247–9, 248; visualization in design process 243–4 aletheic image 161–2, 162 algorithmic design 253 Allen, Stan 118, 283 allusion: chain of referents 174, 174; materials 128, 128, 130 Alphand, Jean-Charles Adolphe: Parc des Buttes Chaumont, Paris 122, 123 Althusser, Louis 288–9 Amoroso, Nadia 253–4, 258 analogons 89, 89, 92, 280 analogue design 254 anamorphosis 78, 80, 80, 281 Andersson, Thorbjörn 33 animal habitats 230, 230, 235 anticipation, concept of 10 Apollinaire, Guillaume 242 archetypes, transformational 162–3, 164 ArcMap 253–4 Arnold, Darrell 224 arousal theory 27, 31, 31–2 Arte Povera 59n artwork: aesthetics and symbols 168; formalist analysis 12, 14; ontology of art 177; symbolic values 166–7 aspect (stone surface) 127, 127 assigned functions (Newton) 35, 36 Atelier de Lyon: Bunker 599 54-5, 55 auditory experience 43, 114 avant-garde 50, 68, 243, 281 Avena+ Test Bed (Gross) 117, 117–18 Azevedo, Néle: Minimum Monument 52–3, 53 Bagel Garden (Schwartz) 1, 2–3, 197, 198, 283 Balmori, Diana: Garden that Climbs the Stairs, The 32, 32 Bargmann, Julie: Hardberger Park 105, 105; Urban Outfitters Headquarters 143, 143 Barthes, Roland: language classification 156; semiotics, use of 181; signification 190–1, 191; syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis 198, 198–9 Basalla, George 248 Bass River Park (Stoss) 239, 239–40 Beardsley, John 205 Bélanger, Pierre 233–4 Belesky, Philip 252, 253 Bell, Clive 14

Index  320 Bell, Simon 155–6 Bełz˙ec Death Camp Memorial, Poland 31, 31–2 Benjamin, Walter 243 Bentham, Jeremy 139, 287, 295 Benthemplein Water Square (De Urbanisten) 39, 39 Bernasconi, Robert 88, 200 Berrizbeitia, Anita 40, 265 Berry, David M. 231, 255, 263 Bertalanffy, Karl Ludwig von 222 Bête Machine 222, 281 Bhabha, Homi K. 209–10, 210 billboards, water generating 237, 237–8 binary thinking: binary oppositions (Saussure) 179, 191; conceptions of 7–8, 281; Derrida’s critique 203; design intent 190; gender issues 201; oppressive hierarchies 203–4; structural analysis in cultures 191–2; surrealist criticism 242 bio-design 146, 146–7 bio-mimicry 144–5, 145 Blackwell, Adrian: Dymaxion Sleep 260–1, 260–1 Blanc, Patrick: Caixa Forum Museum Vertical Garden 183, 184 Bloedel Reserve reflection pool (Haag) 12, 13, 14, 27, 176 Blue Stick Garden (Cormier) 174, 174 Blue Tree (Cormier) 248, 248–9 Bojic´, Nikola: Sinking Garden 89, 89 bourgeois public sphere 52, 281–2 Bowring, Jacky 3, 247, 265–6, 268, 271 Boyer, M. Christine 103 bracketing 86–7, 282 Breton, André 242–3 Brovaktarparken (Combine) 62, 63 Brown, Denise Scott 197 Brown, Lancelot 16–17 Brown, Linda 157 Brundtland Report 112, 140 Buck-Morss, Susan 242–3 Bunker 599 (Rietveld) 54–5, 55 Burckhardt+Partner AG and Raderschall: MFO Park, Zurich 97, 97 Bureau A: Spirulina fountain 159 Cabecera Park, Valencia 70, 70 Caffarena, Maria 95, 95 Caixa Forum Museum Vertical Garden (Blanc) 183, 184 California Scenario (Noguchi) 40–1, 175, 176, 178 Cantrell, Bradley 254, 255 Cardasis, Dean 76 Carlson, Allen 36 Carpo, Mario 256 Carroll, Noël 14 Carruthers, Mary 93–4 Carvallo, Joachim 184–5 Cassirer, Ernst 166 Casting (Serra) 41, 42 Cattedrale Vegetale (Mauri) 199, 199 Caws, Mary Ann 250 Centennial Park, Algeciras 95, 95 chance, effect on process 42, 48–9 Chemetoff, Alexandre: Bamboo Garden 292, 292 children, designing for: aesthetic experience 9, 33; material selection 114–15, 137; risk taking limitations 107, 147–8 Chiu, Chihsun 104 Chomsky, Noam 178 Church, Thomas: Donnel Garden pool 12, 13, 14, 27 Citygarden (Nelson Byrd Woltz) 162, 162 Claude Mirror 78 clay: form generation aid 43, 45; geomorphic agent 126, 126–7 Cléments, Gilles: Le Jardin des Étiquettes 48, 48; plant movement 48 Clynes, Manfred 227 CMG Landscape Architecture: Crack Garden 106, 106 Cobos, Victor 95, 95 Cochran, Andrea 114 Cochran, Samuel & Teresita: Solar Ivy 145, 145 Colas Garden (Lassus) 24, 24 collage, visualizing aid 244–6, 245, 264 colour: diagramming 268, 271, 272; emotional triggers 29, 30, 31; form, relationship with 23–4, 24; perception of 83, 84; spatial practices 75, 75 Colquhorn, Alan 156 Combine, Nod: Brovaktarparken, Stockholm 62, 63 commodification of space 100–2, 101 Conan, Michel 24, 92, 98–9, 186 conceptual art 50, 168 concrete (material): contested space 104, 104; fakery, distrust of 124; formwork design 119, 119–20; framed space 95, 95; reinforced imitations 122–3, 123; remodelled 98, 106, 106; subtraction of 54, 55

Index  321 consequentialism: actual and expected consequences 147; bio-design 146, 146–7; bio-mimicry 144–5, 145; displacement, impact of 141, 142; material selection and ethical dilemma 140–1; optimized operations 142–3, 143; plant reintroduction 143–4, 144; risk and relative risk 147–8; theoretical principles 2, 139; utilitarianism, links to 139–40 contested space: abstract and concrete space (Lefebvre) 100–1; commodification of space 101, 101–2; gender, race and class issues 106–7; heterotopias 103–4, 104; public space, privatisation of 103; residual 106, 106; subversive 105, 105–6; theoretical principles 1, 100 Cormier, Claude: artificial but not fake 128–9, 130; Blue Stick Garden 174, 174; Blue Tree 248, 248–9; Lipstick Forest 129, 129; patterning 256; Pink Balls 2012 75, 75; TOM II 83, 84 Cornell, Saul 207 Corner, James 238, 266, 272, 288 Crack Garden (CMG) 106, 106 Crandell, Gina 227 Crawford, Osbert Guy Stanhope 131–2 critical practices 120, 283 Crowe, Sylvia, Dame 66, 155 Cubitt, Sean 254 cues to care 25 cultural critique: Chinese tradition 160; Haraway’s cyborgs 227; interventional projects 50, 52; Other categorisation 200–1, 291; postcolonial heritage 138, 160, 203, 209–10; power relations 209 Cunha, Dilip da 209–10, 210 Curtis “50 Cent” Jackson Community Garden (Hood) 184–5, 185 cybernetics: criticisms of 230–1; cyborgs 227–9, 228; design decision-making process 224–5, 231; influence on posthumanism 228; machine-plant hybrids 228, 228–9; theoretical foundation 223 cyborgs 227–9, 228 Daly Landscape Architecture 6–7 Damgaard, Aage 67 Dante 93 Danto, Arthur 177, 290 Debord, Guy 243, 249–50 deconstruction 202, 203, 205–7, 211 Dee, Catherine 22, 264–5 deep form (Lyle) 226, 227 Deleuze, Gilles 266–7, 272 De Maria, Walter: Lightning Field 48–9 denotation and connotation (semiotics) 179–80 denotation (semantics) 170, 170 deontological ethics 139 dérives (psychogeography) 243, 244 Derrida, Jacques: deconstruction 202–3, 205–6, 211; Parc de la Villette, Eisenman collaboration 211–12; textuality 207 Descartes, René 222, 281 Descombes, George 98 Desimini, Jill 165 Desvigne, Michel: Garden for the Ministry of Culture, Paris 72, 72–3; planting and spatial change 66–7, 72–3; Rooftop design, Keio University 258, 259, 260; transposing in digital design 258 détournement 249, 249–50 De Urbanisten: Benthemplein Water Square, Rotterdam 39, 39 Dewey, John: aesthetic theories and practices 9–10, 237; resistance, importance of 1 Dézallier d’Argenville, Antoine-Joseph 167, 256, 287 diagramming: definition 265; Deleuze and Guattari’s rhizomatic system 266–7, 272; design and visualization tool 265–6; information visualization 268; layering and separation 268–9; micro/macro readings 269, 270; sensory experience, lack of 271; small multiple designs 269–70, 271; textual information 270–1, 272 dialectical materialism 115–16, 141 dialectical process: debate leading to truth 7–8; Derrida’s critique 202–3; Hegel’s approach 115, 283 Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain (Gustafson/Porter) 43, 44 différance (Derrida) 203, 207 digital fabrication: design and production 255–6; techniques 254, 258 digital systems: 3D modelling and fabrication 254, 255–6, 258; 3D model, visualization tool 253–4, 255, 260, 263; design thinking, influence on 263–4; digital art, precomputer 251, 253; editability and efficiency 254, 255; faceted surfaces 260–1, 260–1; hyperrealism, deception issues 264–5; mapping and data analysis programs 252, 253–4; synthetic patterning 256, 257, 258; topology 261–3, 262; transposing 258, 259, 260 DIN 44 (Weller) 207–9, 208

Index  322 discursive practices 202–3, 207, 267, 283 displacement: compositional method 246, 246–7; materials 141, 142 Donnel Garden pool (Church) 12, 13, 14, 27 Dooren, Noel van 264, 268 Duisburg North Park, Germany 4, 37, 38 Dümpelmann, Sonja 205 Dymaxion Sleep (Hutton and Blackwell) 260–1, 260–1 Eagleton, Terry 200 earthwork artists 114, 168, 192 Eaton, Marcia Muelder 189 Eckbo, Garrett 15, 64, 112 École des Beaux Arts 12, 284 Ecology Energy Network (LOLA) 229–30, 230 Eco, Umberto 178, 180, 181, 197–8 Eduard-Wallnöfer Platz (LAAC) 104, 104 Eisenman, Peter: Memorial to the Murderered Jews of Europe 20, 21–2; Parc de la Villette, Derrida collaboration 211–12 Eliot, Charles 265 empathic approach 63–4, 284 emphasis techniques 182, 182–3 enclosing space 67 Engels, Friedrich 115, 243 environmental factors: bio-materials and design 146, 146–7; camouflaging infrastructure 234, 235; climate change 112, 140; cues to care 25; eco-conscious construction 35–6, 140, 160, 161; ecological systems 223–4, 229–30, 230, 233, 239, 239–40; issues into public sphere 50–1, 51, 52–3, 53, 182, 182–3; monoculture, alternative to 117, 117–18; recycling and salvage 143–4, 143–4 Ernst, Max 244–6 Esparza, Gilberto: Plant Nomad 228, 229; robotic hybrids 228–9 Evans, Robin 18, 211 Evocative Design 146 exchange-value society 101, 284, 285 existentialism 200–1, 284 expression-looks 27–8, 32, 32 expression theory: arousal theory 27, 31, 31–2; expression-looks 27–8, 32, 32; principles 26; resemblance, experience of 26–7, 29, 30, 31; restrained by rationality 33; shared emotions through design 29; Wölfflin’s contribution 25–6 faceted surfaces 260–1, 260–1 fakery and camouflage 122–3, 123 Fanklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park (Kahn) 78–9, 79 Farrar Pond residence (Kim) 2, 2 Fenchurch Garden (Hensey) 119–20, 120 Folkerts, Thilo: Jardin de la Connaissance 249, 250 Footbridge (Ludwig et al) 118–19, 119 formalism: basic forms, egalitarian approach 14–15; colour and form 23–4, 24; counterexample 15, 15–16; early exponents 14; experience, sensory and educational 15, 25; formal properties and qualities 12, 14, 16; opacity and transparency 20–1, 20–2; seriality 22, 23; simplicity and complexity 16–20, 17–19 Forman, Richard T. 268 form generation: action verb, applications 41–2, 43, 44; aid to design production 42–3; art-related 12, 41, 48; chance, effect on process 42, 48–9; computer-aided design, effect on 263; miniature and panorama 45, 46, 47; organic versus geometric 16; patterning 47, 47; plants, growth and movement 48, 48; Process Art, influences of 41–3 formwork design 119, 119–20 Forty, Adrian 34, 63 Foucault, Michel: diagram, concept of 267; discursive practices 202–3, 207, 283; genealogy, method of 203, 285–6; heterotopias 103; textuality 207 Fountain of Pegasus, Villa Lante, Bagnaia 15, 15 framing 95, 95–6 Frampton, Kenneth 70, 124, 294–5 Franck, Karen A. 164–5 Freshkills Park, Staten Island 239, 241 Freud, Sigmund 163, 241–2, 245, 294 function: anti-functional design 40–1; double functions (Venturi) 38; functionalism’s prescriptive design 40; indeterminacy problem 36; natural and assigned functions (Newton) 35–6; operative functions 38–9, 39; practical and ecological considerations 35–6, 37; rational design and construction 34; revised function, same form 37, 38; term origins 34 Furedi, Frank 107 Galí-Izard, Teresa: Southeast Coastal Plaza, Barcelona 262, 262 Garcia, Andrés 95, 95 gardenesque 139, 285

Index  323 Garden for the Ministry of Culture, Paris (Desivgne) 72, 72–3 Garden that Climbs the Stairs, The (Balmori) 32, 32 garden types 159 Gaudi, Antoni: Sagrada Família 170, 170 Gauthier, Xavière 250 gender, race and class issues: Actor-NetworkTheory, ignorance of 231; cultural legacy misrepresented 138, 203; cultural non-conformity 106–7; discursive practices 202–3, 291; forced traditions 160; immigrant communities 105, 105; Other categorisation, objection to 200–1, 290; surrealist female stereotypes 250; utilitarianist reform 139–40; women’s contribution to design 205 genealogy (Foucault) 203, 285–6 General Systems Theory (GST) 221, 222, 273n genius loci 161, 286 geographic information systems (GIS) 223, 253 Geometrical Gardens/Musical Gardens (Sørensen) 67, 68 geomorpology, design influence: glacial sediments 126, 126–7; mountains 170, 170–1; river features 88, 94–5, 136–7, 137, 162, 162; rock formations 161, 171, 172 Geuze, Adriaan 197 Gillette, Jane 121, 176, 177 Gilpin, William 78 Girling, Cynthia 156 Girot, Christophe 244, 262–3 glass, scaled replication 45 Glemme, Erik 33 Gombrich, E.H. 77–8 Gómez, Bernardo 95, 95 Goodman, Nelson: abstraction defined 20; aesthetics and symbol systems 168; allusion 174; denotation 170, 170–1; literal exemplification 171–2, 172; meaning behind design 169, 176; metaphorical exemplifications 172–3, 173 Graham, Dan: Hedge Two-way Mirror Walkabout, Manhattan 45, 46 Gramsci, Antonio 203 gravel: auditory experience 114; geomorphic agent 126, 126–7 Greenburg, Clement 14, 121, 289 green infrastructure 235, 236 Green Varnish (Nomad Studio) 182, 182–3 Greimas, Algirdas 193, 193, 281, 292–3, 292–3 gridded space 68 Gross, Benedikt: Avena+ Test Bed 117, 117–18 GROSS.MAX: Hortus Medicus 245, 246 Guadalupe River Park (Hargreaves) 44, 45 Guattari, Félix 266–7, 272 Guerrilla Girls 50, 52 Guerrilla Grafters 55–6, 105 Guevrekian, Gabriel: Villa Noailles, France 47, 47 Gustafson, Kathryn 43, 44; Lurie Garden, Millennium Park 172–3, 173 Haag, Richard: Bloedel Reserve reflection pool 12, 13, 14, 27, 176; Gas Works Park 176, 189 Habermas, Jürgen 52, 281–2 haha 130, 287 Hale, Jonathan 93 Halprin, Lawrence 224–5, 231, 265 Hamilton, Ann 136–7, 137 Hamilton, Richard 197 Haney, David 33 Hansen, Andrea 260, 262 Haraway, Donna J. 227 Harcourt, Bernard E. 200, 202 Hardberger Park (Bargmann) 105, 105 Harding, Sandra 231 Hargreaves Associates: Guadalupe River Park 44, 45; Harlequin Plaza, Englewood 246, 246–7; Queen Elizabeth 2012 Olympic Park 73–4, 73–4 Hargreaves, George 40, 168–9, 246, 246–7, 254 Harlequin Plaza (Hargreaves) 246, 246–7 Hart, Frederick E.: Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Three Servicemen 64–5, 65, 107 Hayden, Dolores 241 Hearne, Thomas 17–18 Hedge Two-way Mirror Walkabout (Graham) 45, 46 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 115, 203 Heidegger, Martin 87, 161, 287 Helphand, Kenneth 156 Hensey, Paul: Fenchurch Garden 119–20, 120 hermeneutics 87, 287–8 Herrington, Susan: Hip Hop 29, 30, 31 heterogeneity, application of 98–9, 99 heterotopias 103–4, 104 High Line, New York (Corner et al) 18, 19, 20, 25 Hiller, Avram 147 Hill, Kristina 240, 241 Hinchliffe, Steve 113, 137 Hip Hop (Herrington) 29, 30, 31 Hirsch, Alison B. 231 Holbein, Hans: The Ambassadors 80, 80 Hood, Walter: Curtis “50 Cent” Jackson Community Garden 184–5, 185, 188–9

Index  324 Hornsberg strandpark (Arkitektkontor) 36–7, 37 Hortus Medicus (GROSS.MAX) 245, 246 Howes, Benjamin Wheeler: Solar Ivy 145, 145 Howett, Catherine 189 Hubacher and Haerle Architects: Oerliker Park, Zurich 158, 158–9 Hubbard, Henry Vincent 12 humans, representational animals 165–6 Husserl, Edmund 86–7, 282 Hutton, Jane: Dymaxion Sleep 260–1, 260–1; living tectonics 70 Huyssen, Andreas 132 Hy-Fi (The Living) 146, 146–7 hyperrealism 264–5 Ice-Water Wall at Teardrop Park (Van Valkenburgh) 136–7, 137 iconology 166–7, 288 ideology 288–9 illusionary space: colour contrasts 83, 84; illusionary contours 82–3, 82–3; illusion of depth 78–9, 79; illusion, seeing and interpreting 77–8, 130; optical illusions 79–80, 80–1, 82; Rabbit or Duck? (Jastrow) 77, 77; reality, value of 85–6; reflective materials 78 Imbert, Dorothée 47, 47 indeterminacy, problem of 36 industrial reclamation: formalist approach 18, 19, 20; interpretation and meaning 176, 189; memory and space 96–7, 96–7; picturesque association 4; regenerative landscapes 225; typological design 158, 158–9 infrastructure: definition 232; engineered landscapes 234, 234–5; evolving use in landscape design 232–3; green infrastructure 235, 236; instrumentalism 237, 237–8; landscape urbanism 238–40, 239; landscape urbanism and new urbanism critiqued 240–1; waste management and renewal innovation 233–4 instrumentalism 237, 237–8 intervention theories: conceptual art, links to 50; cultural, political critiques 50–1, 51, 52–6, 53–5; humour 51–2; multiplicity 53–4, 54; principles 1, 50; site specific, public accessibility 50, 52, 56; subtraction 54–5, 55; subversive 55–6; temporality 52–3, 53 Iwashima, Taco: You Are Here Garden 141, 142 Jacobs, Jane 40 James, John 167 Jardin de I’habitation moderne (Mallet-Stevens) 123, 123 Jardin de la Connaissance (Folkerts & LaTourelle) 249, 250 Jastrow, Joseph 77, 77 Jekyll, Gertrude 174 Jellicoe, Geoffrey, Sir 163; John F. Kennedy Memorial 186, 186–7 Jorgensen, Karsten 189 Jung, Carl 162–3 Junod, Philippe 20 Kahn, Leonard 147 Kahn, Louis: Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park 78–9, 79 Kanizsa, Gaetano 82, 83 Kant, Immanuel 139 karesansui garden 130 Kienast, Dieter: K Garden 134–5, 135 Kiley, Dan 68 Kiley, Dan 72 Kimball, Theodora 12 Kim, Mikyoung 2, 2 Kline, Nathan S. 227 Knight, Richard Payne 4, 16–18, 17–18 Komara, Ann 123 Kondolf, Matt 94–5 Krauss, Rosalind: gridded space 68; Klein Group and structuralist methodology 192–5, 193–4; minimalist artwork 124; seriality 23 Krinke, Rebecca 136 Kryder-Reid, Elizabeth 137–8 Kull, Kalevi 180–1 Kullman, Karl 264–5 LAAC: Eduard-Wallnöfer Platz 104, 104 Laboratory School, Univ. of Chicago 9 land artists 114, 168, 192 landscape anomalies 183–5, 184–5 landscape architecture: “cues to care” 25; early textbooks 12; founding principles 3–4; medium to communicate 28–9; modernism and postmodernism divisions 7; perception and interpretation 8–9, 176–7; public consultation 49; theories, contribution to design 3 Landscape Park in Riem (Latitude Nord) 226, 227 landscapes: ecologically valuable 25; site’s layered history 132–3; social capacity 9 landscape urbanism 3, 238–40, 239 Langford, Andrew 229

Index  325 language, communicating ideas 153 Larsen, Larissa 240, 241 Lassus, Bernard: Colas Garden 24, 24; form and colour 23–4; heterogeneity in design 98–9, 99; illusions, critique of 85, 86; minimal intervention 74–5; Sartre’s influence 92 Latitude Nord: Landscape Park in Riem 226, 227 Latour, Bruno 3, 112–13, 114, 139, 140; Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) 229 LaTourelle, Rodney 249; Jardin de la Connaissance 250 Latz + Partner: Duisburg North Park, Germany 4, 37, 38; Latz Office Garden 133–4, 134 Latz, Peter 133 Lavin, Sylvia 154 Lay, Charles Downing 63 Leatherbarrow, David 121 Lee, Michael 232 Lefebvre, Henri 75–6, 100–2, 101, 241 Léger, Fernand 23, 57n Le Jardin des Étiquettes (Cléments) 48, 48 Lenné, Peter Josef 232 Lévi-Strauss, Claude: bricolage, improvised assembly 142–3, 282; design influence 6, 195; Foucault’s critique 202–3; Sartre’s critique of structuralism 200–1; universal structures of humans 192 Lightning Field (Walter) 48–9 Lindström, Kati 180–1 Lin, Maya: 11 Minute Line 90, 90–1; Vietnam Veterans Memorial 64, 64–5; Vietnam Veterans Memorial 106–7 Lipstick Forest (Cormier) 129, 129 literal exemplification 171–2, 172 Little Spirits Garden (Pechet) 6–7, 91, 92 LOLA Landscape Architects: Ecology Energy Network 229–30, 230; Hannover City 2020 competition 270, 271 Lopes, Dominic McIver 27, 32, 251, 253, 254 Loudon, John Claudius 139–40, 154, 285 Lucas, Gavin 132 Ludwig, Ferdinand: Footbridge 118–19, 119 Lurie Garden, Millennium Park (Gustafson) 172–3, 173 Lützow 7: Platz der Republik 83, 83 Lyle, John T. 225, 227 Lynch, Kevin 266 Lyndon, Donlyn 95 Lystra, Margot 224 Maddox, Conroy 247 Madrid Rio (West 8) 234, 235 Magallanes, Fernando 243–4, 251 Maitland, Frederic William 132 Mallet-Stevens, Robert 123, 123 Mallgrave, Harry Francis 62 Manning, Lauren 268 map overlay method 223, 230–1 mapping programs 223, 253–4 Marx, Karl 115, 243 material allusion 128, 128, 130 material culture 113–14 materiality: communicative and interactive dimensions 113–15; consequentialist ideals 139, 140–1; dialectical materialism 115–16, 141; encoding, formwork design 119–20; material practices 118–19, 119; materials, key component 112; medium, mode for growth/communication 117, 117–18; medium-specificity 121; practice development 120–1; theoretical approaches 112–14 material palimpsest 132–3 material semiotics 113 materials, truth of: artificial but not fake 128–9, 129; fakery and camouflage 123; geomorphology as model 126, 126–7; historical illusion 124; material allusion 128, 128, 130; minimalist approach 124; rejection, artistic or practical 129–30; Ruskin’s design guidance 121–3; tectonic and expressive capabilities 124–6, 125 Mathur, Anu 6, 209–10, 210 Matravers, Derek 8, 26–7, 58n Matthews, Christopher: You Are Here Garden 141, 142 Mauer, Evan M. 245–6 Mauri, Giuliano: Cattedrale Vegetale 199, 199 Mayakovsky, Vladimir 49, 50 McAnulty, Robert 120 McDonough, Tom 243 McGirr, Patricia 106–7 McHarg, Ian 223, 224, 230–1, 265–6 M’Closkey, Karen 195, 256, 257, 258 McLuhan, Marshall 117 McMahon, Jennifer A. 56 medium-specificity 121, 289 memorials: abstract and transparent design 20–1, 21–2; emotional arousal 31, 31; reflection of actions 43, 44; space and shared experience 64–5, 64–5; spontaneous sites 92 Memorial to the Murderered Jews of Europe (Eisenman) 20, 21–2

Index  326 memory and space: childhood experiences 98; cultural distortions 94–5; framing 95, 95–6; heterogeneity in design 98–9; history and authenticity 100; manufactured memories 97, 97; remnant space 96, 96; spatial memories 93–4 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 87, 92 metaphorical exemplifications 172–3, 173 metaphors, related to: human form 172–3; machines to organic 221–2, 222 Meyer, Elizabeth K. 72, 190, 195, 201, 228 MFO Park (Burckhardt+Partner AG) 97, 97 Michaels, Wes 254, 255 Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates: Brooklyn Bridge Park 66, 67; Ice-Water Wall at Teardrop Park 136–7, 137 micro/macro readings 269, 270 Midgley, Gerald 221–2 Migge, Leberecht 33 Miles, Malcom 50, 56 Milligan, Brett 246, 263 Mill, John Stuart 139, 179–80, 295 mimesis: abstract works 20; definition 12, 290; scaled replication 126, 126–7; surrealist criticism 242; transparency, role in 21 miniature and panorama 45, 46, 47, 72–4, 72–4 Minimal Art 42–3, 124 minimal intervention 74–5, 75 Minimum Monument (Azevedo) 52–3, 53 Miss, Mary 192 Mitchell, Mary 155 Mitchell, William J. 165–6, 288 mnemonic devices 96, 96, 290 Moneo, Rafael 154 Morris, Katherine J. 85 Müller, Cornelia 207–9, 208 Müller-Lyer illusion 85, 85 multiplicity 53–4, 54 Nassauer, Joan Iverson 25 National Arboretum Canberra 100 Forests (Taylor et al) 135–6, 136 natural functions (Newton): biological/ mathematical 35; ecological performance 35–6 natural processes: day-lighting streams, impact of 94–5; diagramming 266; eco-conscious design 140, 229–30, 230; effects of time 8, 66, 66–7, 225, 268; green infrastructure 235, 236; humidity and water infiltration 237, 237–8; information visualization 268; organic versus geometric 16; role in Progess Art 42–3; soil, living medium 135; typology in design 155–6; utilised in critique 249, 250 natural systems, study of: cybernetics’s contribution 223–4; system theory approach 221–3, 222 negation, space of 88–9, 89 Nelson Byrd Woltz: Citygarden, St Louis 162, 162; North Bethesda Market, Rockville 128, 128 neo-Kantian 166, 290 Newton, Norman T. 35–6, 205 new urbanism 240–1 Nietzsche, Friedrich 202 Nîmes-Caissargues Rest Stop (Lassus) 99, 99 Nisbet, James 49 Noguchi, Isamu: California Scenario 40–1, 175, 176, 178; Desivgne’s design tribute 258, 259; surrealist influence 251 Nomad Studio: Green Varnish 182, 182–3 Non-Site (Smithson) 141 Norberg-Schulz, Christian 161 Norris, Christopher 205 North, Alissa 38–9 North Bethesda Market (Nelson et al) 128, 128 Novartis Campus Park (Vogt et al) 88, 126, 126–7, 196, 196 Nyréns Arkitektkontor: Hornsberg strandpark 36–7, 37 Oberlander, Cornelia Hahn: eco-conscious 140; modern practice 7; native plant harvesting 143–4, 144; syncopation 69–70 Oberlander, Peter 140 Odum, Eugene 223–4 Oerliker Park (Schweingruber et al) 158, 158–9 Ole Bull Plass (Saelen) 127, 127 OLIN: Washington Canal Park 235, 236 Olin, Laurie: aesthetics 8–9; expression in design 29, 176; Harlequin Plaza’s legacy 246–7, 251; meaning behind design 168, 169 Olmsted, Frederick Law 70, 103, 115, 233 ontology 177, 290 opacity 20 operator skills 142–3, 143 orientalism 203, 290 Orpheus (Wilkie) 163–4, 164 Oudolf, Piet 18, 19 Ozenfant, Amédée 23 Palang, Hannes 180–1 palimpsest: fictional enhancement 136–7, 137; future landscapes 135–6, 136; hidden

Index  327 dimensions 134–5, 135; material palimpsest 132–3; proprietors, balanced heritage 137–8; residuality 133–4; site history 132; theoretical principles 131–2 Pallasmaa, Juhani 94 Panofsky, Erwin 166–7, 288 panorama 45, 46, 73–4, 73–4 paradoxical and ironic design 187, 188 parametric modelling 253, 255 Parc de la Villette, Paris: Bamboo Garden (Chemetoff) 292, 292; Derrida and Eisenman collaboration 211–12; OMA’s proposal 266; Tschumi’s competition design 205–6, 206 Parc des Buttes Chaumont, Paris 122, 123, 244 Parsons, Glenn 36 patterning: form generation 47, 47; synthetic 256, 257, 258 Pauer, Gyula: Shoes on the Danube 21, 21–2 Paxton, Joseph, Sir 144–5 Pechet, Bill: Little Spirits Garden 6–7, 91, 92 Pedra Tosca Park (RCR Architects) 125, 125–6 PEG Landscape Architecture: Dew Point 257, 258 ‘perceptible form’ 8 phenomenology: critiques 92–3; group praxis and worked-matter (Sartre) 91, 91–2; Husserl’s methods and critics 86–7; imagining consciousness (Sartre) 87–90, 89–90 philosophical materialism 113 Piaget, Jean 114–15, 175 Piasecki, Jon: Stone River 115–16, 116 Picon, Antoine 253 picturesque association: eighteenth century origins 3–4; industrial ruins, revival theme 4; Picturesque Controversy 16–18, 17–18 Pidek, Zdzisław 31, 31 Pierce, Charles Sanders 178–9, 179, 180–1 Pink Balls 2012 (Cormier) 74–5, 75 Pinker, Steven 211 Pinsky, Michael: Plunge 50–1, 51 Plant Nomad (Esparza) 228, 229 plants: bio-mimicry 144–5, 145; botanical construction 118–19, 119, 199, 199; commercial by-product 159, 160; digitalisation and precision farming 117, 117–18; ecological considerations 233, 239, 239–40, 258; effect of movement 48, 48; growth and spatial change 66, 66–7, 70–1, 71, 158, 158–9; microclimates 72, 72–3; native plant harvesting 143–4, 144; scent and memory 97, 97; system theory analysis 223; themed planting 73–4, 73–4 Plant, Sadie 243 Platz der Republik (Lützow 7) 83, 83 Plaza for SIA Hochhaus (Vogt et al) 45, 46 Plunge (Pinsky) 50–1 political critique, interventions 52–6, 53–5 Pop art 197, 197–8 Porter, Neil 43, 44 posthumanism 228 post-structuralism: criticisms of 211; critiques of structuralism 202–5; deconstruction 202, 203, 205–7, 206; deconstruction critiques 211–12; historical accounts reappraised 205; Nietzsche’s influence 202; structuralism, tenets compared 202; textuality 207–9, 208; third space 209–10, 210 post-war design (1945-70): commodification of space 100–2, 102; modern perspective 14; new materials 112; rational, functional design 33, 34, 40, 243; space and shared experience 64 precautionary principle 107 Price, Uvedale 16–17 Process Art 41–3 Promenade Plantée (Vergely/Mathieux) 18, 19, 20 proprietor palimpsest 137–8 Provost, Alain: Thames Barrier Park, London 96, 96 psychogeography 243 PWP Landscape Architecture see Schwartz Smith Meyer Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine-Chrysostôme 154, 285 Queen Elizabeth 2012 Olympic Park (Hargreaves) 73–4, 73–4 quincunx pattern 69, 69, 155, 291 Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl: Tanner Springs Park, Portland 130, 131 Ran, Faye 42–3 Rankin, Bill: Land Value 271, 272 rationality 33 Raxworthy, Julian 125, 126 RCR Architects: Pedra Tosca Park 125, 125–6 recycling and salvage: bio-materials and design 146, 146; native plant harvesting 143–4, 144; on-site material 143, 143 reflective materials 78 Reford, Elsie 174 regenerative landscapes 225, 225–6 Remembering So Sorry (Weiwei) 53–4, 54

Index  328 remnant space 96, 96 Repton, Humphry 17, 270 resemblance: emotional triggers 27; perception and interpretation 26–7, 29, 30, 31 residuality 133–4, 134 residual space 106, 106 resistance theory 1–2 revelatory landscapes 36, 291–2, 292 Ricoeur, Paul 153, 287 Rietveld, Ronald: Bunker 599 54–5, 55 risky play theory 148 Robinson, Jennifer 168 Robinson, William 123 Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow 185 Rose, James 8, 14 Rossi, Aldo 155 Ross, Stephanie 67, 130 Roszczyk, Marcin 31, 31 RSVP cycles theory 224, 231 Ruskin, John 23, 121–3 Ryo¯an-ji temple, Kyoto 27, 27–8 Saelen, Arne: Ole Bull Plass 127, 127 Sagrada Família (Gaudi) 170, 170 Said, Edward 203, 290 Sandseter, Ellen 148 Sartre, Jean-Paul: bad faith 201; common critique 92; group praxis and worked-matter 6, 91–2; imagining consciousness 87–8; Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism, counterargument 200–1; negation, experience of absence 88–9; time and consciousness 90 Saussure, Ferdinand de 178, 190–2 scaling: miniature 45, 46, 72, 72–3; panorama 45, 46, 73–4, 73–4; spatial considerations 66 Schenker, Heath 205 Schmarsow, August 61, 63, 67 Schneekloth, Lynda 164–5 Schrift, Alan D. 204–5 Schwartz, Martha: Bagel Garden 1, 2–3, 197, 198, 283; Federal Plaza, New York 49; patterning 256; Rio Shopping Center, Atlanta 8; space with meaning 76; Splice Garden 129–30 Schwartz Smith Meyer: Village of Yorkville Park 171–2, 172 Schweingruber Landscape Architects: Oerliker Park 158, 158–9 Schwertfeger, Hannes see Ludwig, Ferdinand Scott Brown, Denise 16, 197 semantics: aesthetics and symbol systems 168; allusion 174, 174; denotation 170, 170–1; literal exemplification 171, 172; meaning behind design 168–9, 176–7; metaphorical exemplifications 172–3, 173; sensory experience 175, 176; symbolic form and values 166–7 semiology 178 semiotics: ahistorical criticism 188; allegory 185–7, 186; anomalies 183–5, 184–5; communicative and interactive dimensions 188–9; denotation and connotation 179–80; emphasis 182, 182–3; Greimas Square 193, 193, 292–3, 292–3; interpretation and meaning 179, 180–1; paradox and irony 187, 188; Pierce’s signification triad 178–9, 179, 180–1; theoretical principles 178; tropes as design aid 180, 181 sensory experience: contribution to meaning 175, 176; scent and memory 97, 97; unconscious inhalation 163 seriality 23, 23, 293 Serra, Richard: Casting 41, 42; materials used 43; Tilted Arc 49; verbs as inspiration 41–2, 43 Shanghai Houtan Park (Turenscape) 225, 226 Shelley, James 9 Shoes on the Danube (Togay and Pauer) 21, 21–2 Shusterman, Richard 10 sign-functions 180 signification: Pierce’s semiotic triad 178–9, 179; relational meaning, arbitrary sign 190–1, 191; Saussure’s structural linguistics 190–1; semiotic principles 178 Silvetti, Jorge 156–7, 283 simplicity and complexity 16–20, 17–19 Sinking Garden (Bojic´ & Waxman) 89 Sitte, Camillo 157–8 Situationist International (SI) 243, 249–50, 294 skateboarders 103–4, 104 slippage 68–9, 69 Smith, Ken: Camouflage Garden 130; WallFlowers 187, 188 Smithson, Robert: dialectical materialism 115; Non-Site 140 Solar Ivy (Cochran & Howes) 145, 145 Sołyga, Andrzej 31, 31 Sørensen, C. Th.: Geometrical Gardens/Musical Gardens 67, 68 Southeast Coastal Plaza (Galí-Izard) 262, 262 Soviet avant-garde 50 space: ideology and urbanism 75–6, 100; varied perceptions of 61, 76

Index  329 spatial constructs: comprehension of composition 63; empathic approach 63–4, 65; enclosing space 67; gridded space 68; human-orientated 61–3; living tectonics 71; living tectonics 70–1; site conditions and scale 66; slippage 68–9, 69; space and shared experience 64–5, 64–5; syncopation 69–70, 70; time and spatial change 66, 66–7 spatial memories 94 Spirn, Anne Whitson: allegory 185–6; emphasis 182; landscape anomalies 183; landscape urbanism 238; paradox and irony 187; tropes as design aid 180, 181 Spirulina fountain (Bureau A) 159, 159–60 Spivak, Gayati Chakravorty 6, 203 steel: form generation 41, 43, 48–9; shaped forms 32, 32; structural function 97, 97, 118; tectonic expression 125, 125–6 Steenbergen, Clemens 156 Steinitz, Carl 253 Stockholm School 33 stone: aspect 127, 127; granite memorial 43; integrated design 104; manual labour 115, 115–16; site enhancement 136–7, 137; surface treatment 104 Stone River (Piasecki) 115–16, 116 Stoner, Joyce Hill 113–14 Storz, Oliver see Ludwig, Ferdinand Stoss Landscape Urbanism: Bass River Park 239, 239–40; diagramming technique 268–9, 269; digital tools 254 Strang, Gary 233 Strinati, Dominic 188 structuralism: binary thinking 190, 191–2; design reappraisal 192–5, 193–4; distance/engaged analysis 196, 196–7; human agency and freedom downplayed 200–1; mind set for design 195–6; post-structuralist differences 202; signification, principles and applications 190–1; syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis 198, 198–200; transposing, familiar/ strange 197, 197–8; unhistorical critique 200; universality of structures critique 202–3 Studley Royal Water Garden, Yorkshire 167, 167 sublimination 163, 294 subtraction, intervention design 54–5, 55 subversion: public rights 105, 105–6; unauthorised planting 55–6, 105 Sullivan, Louis 34 surrealism: aleatory systems in design 243–50, 245–6, 248–9; female portrayal 250–1; Freud’s influence 242, 245; indirect design influence 251; movement goals and influences 242–3 Swaffield, Simon 247, 265–6, 268, 271 symbols and semantics 166–8 syncopation 69–70, 70 systems theory: Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) 229–30, 230, 231; applications 221, 230; criticisms of 230–1; deep form, local processes 226, 227; design decision-making process 224; life systems, study of 221–2, 222; principles 3; regenerative landscapes 225, 225–6 tabula rasa 137, 294 Tanner Fountain (Walker) 23, 23 Tanner Springs Park (Romboll et al) 130, 131 Taylor Cullity Lethlean: National Arboretum Canberra 100 Forests 135–6, 136 tectonic expression 125, 126 tectonic theory 70, 294–5 temporality, intentioned 53, 53–4 textuality 207–9, 208 Thames Barrier Park (Provost) 96, 96 Thayer, Robert 235 The Living (firm): Hy-Fi 146, 146–7 theories: contribution to design 3; definition of theory 1; types and related principles 1–3 third space 209–10, 210 Thiry, Paul-Henri 113 Thomas, Aquinas 93 Thompson, Ian Hamilton 234, 240 Tiberghien, Gilles A. 258 Tietjen, Anne 229 Tilted Arc (Serra) 49 Togay, Can: Shoes on the Danube 21, 21–2 TOM II (Cormier) 83, 84 Tomlin, C. Dana 253 topology 261–3, 262 transformed objects 247–9, 248 transparency, theory of 20–1, 21 transposing: digital design 258, 259, 260; Pop Art 197, 197–8 Treib, Marc: Casting (Serra) 41; design intent 176, 177; formalism 25; Noguchi critique 40; sensory experience 175; slippage, gridded space 68; space and shared experience 64; systems theory critique 231 triangulated irregular network (TIN) 260, 261 trompe l’oeil 78, 295 tropes: definition 295; design aid 180, 181 Tschumi, Bernard: Parc de la Villette, Paris 205–6, 206, 211

Index  330 Tufte, Edward 268, 269–71 Tunnard, Christopher 34, 63–4, 124 Turenscape: Shanghai Houtan Park 225, 226; Shenyang Jianzhu University 71, 71; Yellow Dragon Cave Theatre, Wurling River 160, 161 Turner, Tom 159 typology: aletheic image 161–2, 162; archetype 162–4, 164; classification systems 153–4, 154; contemporary urbanism 165; design language, shared and reimagined 156–7; development typologies 165; garden types 159, 159–60; internal logic 155; modern critique and interpretation 154–5; morphological types 157–9, 158; principles 3; replication critique 164–5; role in design 155–6; vernacular agricultural types 160–1, 161 urban development: commodification of space 100–2, 101; cultural memory 132; development typologies 165; ideological 75–6, 100; landscape urbanism 238–41, 239; morphological process, value of 157–8; new urbanism 240–1; public space, privatisation of 103; regeneration, misallocated projects 241; Situationist International’s vision 243; typology in design 156, 157, 165; waste management and renewal innovation 233–4 utilitarianism 139–40, 287, 295 VanDerSys, Keith 258 Venturi, Robert: double functions 38, 40; Pop Art, influence of 197; simplicity and complexity 16, 57n vernacular landscape: definition 295–6; polder 160–1, 161 Vidal de La Blache, Paul 133 Vietnam Veterans Memorial (Lin) 64, 64–5, 106–7 Vietnam Veterans Memorial: Three Servicemen (Hart) 64–5, 65, 107 Village of Yorkville Park (Schwartz et al) 171–2, 172 Villandry (Carvallo) 184–5 Villa Noailles (Guevrekian) 47, 47 Vogt, Günther: design influences 6; Hedge Two-way Mirror Walkabout, Manhattan 45, 46; operator, optimized skills 143; structuralism, role in design 195–6; theory of miniature and panorama 45, 46, 47, 72 Vogt Landscape Architects: Novartis Campus Park, Basel 126, 126–7, 196, 196; phenomenological approach 88; Plaza for SIA Hochhaus, Zurich 45, 46 Waldheim, Charles 173, 173, 238, 239 Walker, Peter: design trends 195; Novartis Headquarters Courtyard 69, 69; patterning 256; seriality 22, 293; space with meaning 76; Tanner Fountain 23, 23 Wall, Alex 165 WallFlowers (Smith) 187, 188 Wall Hunters 56 Walters, David 157 Warhol, Andy 198, 290 Warntz, William 261–2 Washington Canal Park (OLIN) 235, 236 Waxman, Alan: Sinking Garden 89, 89 Wehberg, Jan 207–9, 208 Weilacher, Udo 40, 112, 133–4, 135 Weiner, Norbert 223 Weiwei, Ai: Remembering, So Sorry 53–4, 54 Weller, Richard: art of instrumentality 237; DIN 44 207–9, 208 West 8: digital design 255; Madrid Rio 234, 235 Whately, Thomas 4 Who to Believe? (Abélanet) 80, 81, 82 Wilkie, Kim: Orpheus 163–4, 164 Winters, Edward 211 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 77 Wölfflin, Heinrich 25–6, 166 Wolman, Gil J. 249 Woodgate, Agustina: Hopscotch with 1100 numbers 51–2 Woodman, Joan Hirschman 227 Woolley, Helen 107 worked-matter 91–2 Yellow Dragon Cave Theatre (Yu) 160, 161 You Are Here Garden (Matthews and Iwashima) 141, 142 Yu, Kongjian 160–1, 161 Zangwill, Nick 14 Zdebik, Jakub 267