ESSENTIAL PHTHALMIC TAMIL Dr Pranesh
ESSENTIAL OPHTHALMIC TAMIL DR PRANESH MS OPHTHAL MEDICAL OFFICER ARAVIND EYE HOSPITAL COIMBATORE
PREFACE This book is intended for ophthalmology residents, ophthalmologists and paramedical professionals working or training in Tamil Nadu as a non-native speaker. This handy manual is a text companion to the Essential Ophthalmic Tamil (EOT) Video series: Part 1 and 2. Please watch the videos completely and then read this manual. More phrases are added in this book to make it a complete reference guide. Once you have watched the videos and glanced through the text, listen to the audio tape during your transit or before sleep. The video-text-audio learning will reinforce the words and phrases. This course is my little gift to the perennial learners in ophthalmology. Welcome to Tamil Nadu. வா#க த&#! (Long live the language Thamizh). - Praneh
Scan QR code to access the videos Part 1: Basics + Anatomy + History Part 2: Examination + Diseases + OT Audio version:
CONTENTS PART 1: BASICS Anatomy of the eye How to address? Common phrases PART 2: HISTORY TAKING Chief complaints Past History Ocular/ medication history Personal history Family history PART 3: EXAMINATION Slit lamp examination Investigations
PART 4: DISEASES OF THE EYE and RELEVANT ADVICE Orbit Cornea Lens (includes pre op counselling + post op counselling) Glaucoma Neuro-ophthalmology Retina and Uvea Pediatric Ophthalmology General Advice PART 5: OPERATING THEATRE Block Room On Table
PART 1 : BASICS ANATOMY OF THE EYE EYEBALL Eye Kann = Kannu = Vizhi / Vili (‘ZH’= L with more emphasis ie. your tongue should touch hard palate while pronouncing L) Eyes Kangal Cornea Karuvizhi Lens Lens Conjunctiva/ Sclera Kannoda vellai or Venpadalam (white part of eye) Uveal Tract Karumpadalam Pupil Kann mani Retina Vizhithirai Optic Nerve Kann narambu ADNEXA
Upper lid Mel Imai Lower lid Keel Imai Eyelashes Imai/ Mudi (Hair) Lacrimal sac Neer pai Lacrimal drainage Neer paadhai Lacrimal gland Neer surappi Orbit Kann Kuzhi Extra-ocular muscles Kann Thasai
GENERAL ANATOMY - useful for systemic history Brain Moolai Nose Mooku Ear Kaadhu Mouth Vaai Tongue Naaku Teeth Pallu Throat Thondai Neck Kazhuthu / Kaluthu
HOW TO ADDRESS? Back side of neck Podani Shoulder Thoal pattai Breast Marbu Hand Kai, kaigal (plural) Leg Kaal, kaalgal (plural) Body Udambu Heart Nenju Lungs Nurai eeral Liver Eeral Stomach Vayiru Genital Aan uruppu (male genitals) Penn uruppu (female genitals) Urine Onnunku Feces Velikku/ rendukku Old man/ Grandfather Thaatha Old female/ Grandmother Paati Middle aged man Ayya/ Appa = father
COMMON PHRASES: Middle aged woman Amma = mother Young male Thambi = brother Young female Amma Kid Paiyan - male; Ponnu - female Baby Paapa/ Kulanthai Come here Inga vaanga Come inside Ulla vanga Sir, please come inside Ayya ulla vaanga Please sit Ukkarunga Wait outside Veliyae wait pannunga Sit outside Veliyae ukkarunga Is it ok? Seringala? Have you understood? Purinjidha? Have you understood, sir? Purinjidhungala ayya (with respect) Can you hear me? Pesuradhu ketkudha? Hard of hearing Kaadhu ketkadhu
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PART 2: HISTORY TAKING CHIEF COMPLAINTS: a. Duration: What is the problem with your eye? Kannula enna prechanai? (Prechanai = thondharavu = problem) 1. Defective vision (DV) Kammi paarvai / Mangalaana paarvai Which eye? Endha kannu? - Right eye Valadhu kann = Sothu kann - Left eye Edathu kann Sudden onset DV Thideernu paarvai kammi Gradual onset DV Konjam konjama paarvai kammi Night defective vision Night la paarvai kammi How many days? Evlo naal? 1 Onnu 2 Rendu
b. Glasses usage: 3 Moonu 4 Naalu 5 Anju 6 Aaru 7 Yelu 8 Ettu 9 Onbathu 10 Paththu Days Naal (4=Naalu) Week Vaaram Month Maasam Year Varusham eg. 3 weeks Moonu Vaaram Long time Romba Naala/ Romba varusham’a Don’t remember Nyabagam illa Are you using glasses? Kannaadi podreengala? Do you want glasses? Kannaadi venuma?
c. Trauma Do you have glasses? Kannaadi iruka? Near vision/ presbyopic glasses Kitta paarvai kannaadi Distant vision glasses Dhoora paarvai kannaadi Presbyopia Kitta paarvai kurai = Saaleswaram Astigmatism Oli sidharal (light scattering) Any injury to the eye? Kannula adi pattucha? Trauma = injury Adi Injured lesion Kaayam/ Punnu Swelling/ contusion Veekam Laceration Vettu kaayam Abrasion Siraaipu How did the injury occur? Eppudi adi paatuchu? Leaf/plant Chedi = plant Ilai = leaf Sogai = Crops’ leaves Cow’s tail Maatu vaal Stick Kuchi
Iron foreign body from welding Pisiru Insect Poochi Dust Dhoosi Iron rod Irumbu Kambi Stone Kallu Acid Acid/ Amilam Alkali/ Lime Sunnaambu Occupation Velai Head injury Thalai’ku adi Brain injury Moolai la adi Road traffic accident accident/ vibathu Any h/o ENT bleeding? Kaadhu mooku vaayula (Ear, nose throat) irundhu raththam vandhucha? Any sutures? Thayyal pottangala? Any neurosurgeries for head injury? Thalaiku operation senjagala?
2. Pain 3. Acute red eye symptoms Eye pain Kann vali Do you have eye pain? Kann valikudha? Which eye do you have pain? Endha kann valikudhu? Is the pain severe? Romba valikudha? Is the pain mild? Kammiya valikudha? Headache Thalai vali One sided headache Oru pakkam thalai vali Neuralgic pain Nama Nama’ nu iruku H/o Herpes zoster Akki Skin rash Thoal punnu Redness Sivapu/ sevapu Iritation Uruththal Watering Thanni varudhu (water is coming) / thanni vadiyuthu Discharge Poolai/ Azhuku = dirt Itching Arippu Do you have itching? Kannu arikudha? Do you rub the eyes? Kann’a theipeengala?
4. Swelling 5. Growth 6. Floaters & flashes Localised swelling (Chalazion/ stye) Kann Katti Diffuse swelling Veekam Gradually increased in size? Konjam konjama perusu aacha? Pterygium Kann Sadhai Pterygium should be removed Sadhai operation pannanum Pterygium inflamed Sadhai veekam Pinguecula = cholesterol swelling Kolupu katti Floaters = insect flying like sensation Poochi parakura madhiri iruku Flashes = Lightening like sensation Minnal vetra madhiri iruku
7. Defective field of vision 8. Transient Obscuration of Vision 9. Drooping/ Ptosis Do you experience floaters? Poochi parakura madhiri iruka? (Replace iruku with iruka for questions) Do you have Central Scotoma? Centre ‘la karuppu pulli theriyudha? Hemianopia Side paarvai theriyala Do you have defective side vision while driving? Vandi oattum podhu side paarvai theriyalaya? Screen/ veil before eyes Thirai pottu moduna madhiri From lying to sitting Paduthutu ukkarumbodhu From bent to straight posture Kuninju nimirumbodhu After getting up from bed Thoongi endhirikum bodhu Drooping of lids Pattai (=imai) erangina madhiri
10. Squinting 11. Diplopia Do you have drooping of eyelids Pattai erangina madhiri iruka? Shortening of eyeball Kannu chinnadhu aana madhiri Drooping since childhood Chinna vayasula irundhu, pattai erangiruka? Worsening of ptosis during evening Sayandharam aana pattai erangudha Deviation of eye = squint Maaru kann Do you have squint? Maaru kann iruka? / Kann vilagi iruka? From childhood Chinna vayasula irundhu From birth Piravi la irundhu Any History of Patching? Kanna moodi vechangala? Any surgery for squint Maaru kann operation senjangala? Do you have double vision Rendu renda (=Double Double’ah) theriyudha?
PAST HISTORY: Do you experience diplopia on closing one of your eyes? Oru kanna moodum bodhu double double ah theriyudha? Diplopia on which gaze?: a. Straight gaze Nera paarkum bodhu b. Side gaze Side la paarkum bodhu Diabetes mellitus Sakkarai noi/ ‘sugar’ Hypertension Raththa kodhippu/ ‘pressure’ Asthma Elapu noi (noi = disease) Cardiac disease Irudhaya noi/ ‘heart problem’ Fever Kaaichal Skin rashes Thoal punn Cough Irumal Cold Sali (means phlegm) Tuberculosis TB kaaichal Past h/o TB Idhuku munnadi TB kaaichal
Any past H/o intake of ATT? = intake of tablets for 6 months Aaru (6) maasam attai maathirai saptingala? Any present H/o intake of any tablets for DM? Sugar maathirai sapadringala? Any present H/o intake of any tablets for Hypertension? Pressure maathirai sapadringla? Stroke/ cardiovascular accident Stroke/ Moolaiku pora raththa kolai la adaipu (=occlusion to blood vessel supplying brain) Any h/o Hemiplegia? Kai kaal velangama pocha? (=paralysis of limbs) Any h/o Slurring of speech? Vaai kolarucha Facial palsy Muga vaadham Seizures Valippu Rheumatoid arthritis Saravaangi/ Mudaku vaadham Joint pain Mootu vali Back pain Mudhugu vali
Past h/o surgeries OCULAR MEDICATION/ PROCEDURE Neck pain Kaluthu vali Cataract surgery Purai/ Porai operation Did you underwent cataract surgery? Porai operation senjangala? Which eye? Endha kannu? Where you underwent cataract surgery? Enga operation pannanga? Phacoemulsification Laser/ machine Small incision cataract surgery Kaiyila (=using hands/ manual) operation Did you visited any ophthalmologist outside? Vera engayavadhu Kann Doctor patheengala? Eye drops Sottu marundhu Eye ointment Pidhuku marundhu/ Kalimbu Any eye drops given? Sottu marundhu edhavadhu koduthangala? Are you using any eyedrops now? Ippo edhavadhu sottu marundhu podreengala?
Any anti-glaucoma medications using now Kannu’ku pressure marundhu podreengala? Any anti-glaucoma medications used in the past Kannu’ku pressure marundhu poteengala? How many days you are using eye drops? Evlo naala podreenga? How many times per day you are using e/d? Evlo velai oru naalaiku podreenga? Any h/o neuroimaging Moolaiku/ thalaiku scan eduthangala? Any h/o lasers given Laser senjangala? - Barrage for retinal hole Narambu ottai ku laser - Yag Peripheral Iridotomy Kann Pressure ku laser - Yag Capsulotomy for Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) Lens pinnadi javvuku laser (Lens pinnadi javvu = PCO)
PERSONAL HISTORY + BIRTH HISTORY FAMILY HISTORY Do you smoke cigarette? Cigarette pidipeengala? Do you drink alcohol? Thanni adipeengala? / Saraku adipeengala? Consanguinous marriage Sondhathula kalyanam Preterm birth Korai maasam Any forceps delivery during birth? Pirakum bodhu aayudhatha vechu eduthangala? Mental retardation Moolai valarchi kammi Anybody at home suffering from … Veetula yaarukavadhu Any family h/o glaucoma Veetula yaarukavadhu glaucoma/ kannula pressure iruka? Any family h/o TB Veetula yaarukavadhu TB iruka?
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PART 3: EXAMINATION SLIT LAMP EXAMINATION Vision test Paarvai test Slit lamp ‘Machine’ Chin rest Kuzhi/ Kuli (=depression) Let’s test your eyes Kann’a test pannikalam Place your chin on the chin rest Thaadai ya kuzhi la vaiyunga Keep your forehead pressing against the headrest Nethi ya mutti vaiyunga Keep your head straight Thalai ya naera vaiyunga Left ear Edathu kaadhu Right ear Valadhu kaadhu Look at my left ear Ennoda/ Doctor’ oda edathu kaadha paarunga Look at my right ear Ennoda valadhu kaadha paarunga Don’t move your eyes Kanna urutatheenga Open both the eyes Rendu kanna thoranga/ Rendu kanna thiranga Close both the eyes Rendu kanna moodunga
INVESTIGATIONS a. Dilated exam Blink the eyes Kanna thirandhu moodunga Look straight Neraa paarunga Don’t close your eyes Kanna moodatheenga Please adjust for a while Konja neram poruthukonga Don’t panic/ be afraid Bayam padatheenga Look up Mela paarunga Look down Keela paarunga Look to right Valadhu pakkam paarunga Look to left Edathu pakkam paarunga Look here Inga paarunga Look there Anga paarunga Look at the light Light’ a paarunga/ Velichatha paarunga We will instil dilating drops and check retina Kannula sottu marundhu pottu narambu check paniklam Dilating drops Sottu marundhu (=eye drops)
b. Other investigations Retina evaluation Narambu/ vizhithirai check Blurred vision for 3 hours Moonu mani neram paarvai mangal’a irukum Don’t drive Vandi oatadheenga Duct patency/ syringing Neer pora padhai adaipu check Tell me if water comes to your mouth Vaayula thanni vandha sollunga Applanation tomometer/ Non Contact tonometer Kannula pressure check You should undergo Gonioscopy Kannula lens vechu pakunum Indirect ophthalmoscope Narambu check pannanum OCT/ FFA/ HFA/ B scan Narambu scan Instillation of anaesthetic drops Kannula ‘marathu pora’ sottu marundhu pottu pakunum There will be no pain Vali irukaadhu
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PART 4: DISEASES OF THE EYE and RELEVANT ADVICE ORBIT: Hordeolum/ chalazion Kann katti Dacryocystitis Neer pai veekam Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) Neer pai adaippu Thyroid eye disease Thyroid kann noi Meibomian gland dysfunction Kann pattai la ennai surappi problem Kann pattai = lid Ennai surappi = oil gland Tumour Katti Cancerous tumour Putru noi We should remove the tumour and biopsy the specimen Katti operation pannitu test panni paakunum Hot fomentation Venneer oththadam
CORNEA: Lid massage Pattai ya massage Pustule prick Seel kaati ya odaikunum Chalazion Incision and Curettage Kann katti operation Criggler massage = Lacrimal sac massage in congenital NLDO Neer pai massage You should press here and drag down Inga press panni/ massage panni keela iluthu vidanum Do it for both eyes Rendu kannukum pannanum Acute conjunctivitis Kann vali/ Madras eye Allergic conjunctivitis Kann allergy Subconjunctival hemorrhage Kannoda vellai la raththa kasivu = bleeding in the white part of the eye Foreign body cornea/ conjunctiva Kannula pisiru Corneal ulcer Kannula/Karuvizhi punn Keratoconus Koombu karuvizhi
Dry eye counselling: Pterygium Sadhai Dry eye Kann varatchi Corneal scar Karuvizhi la thalumbu/ poo vilundhuruku We should scrape the ulcer and test Punna surandi test panni pakunum Herpes zoster Akki Chicken pox Ammai Corneal transplant surgery Maatru karuvizhi operation Corneal graft failure Maatru karuvizi yethukala Use eye drops regularly Sottu marundhu correct ah podunga Limit the use of phones Phone romba neram pakadheenga Lower the brightness of screen Phone velichatha kammi pannunga 20 minutes Irubadhu Nimisham 20 seconds Irubadhu seconds/ vinaadi
LENS - cataract related vocabulary 20 feet distant object Irubadhu adi dhoorathula ulla porul Blink eyes frequently Kann’a adikadi simitunga Sleep well Nalla thoongunga Drink water Thanni kudinga (NOT thanni adinga which means to drink alcohol!) Cataract Kann purai/ porai Early cataract Aaramba nilai purai IOL Seyarkai lens (=artificial lens) You don’t require surgery now Operation thevai padaathu It’s in operable stage. It’s your wish Operation panra madhiri iruku. Venumna pannikonga It’s in operable stage. You should undergo. Operation kandippa pannanum Mature cataract Muthina purai
It’s a mature cataract. You should undergo surgery immediately Purai muthiruku. Udanadiya operation pannanum Phacolytic/ phacomorphic glaucoma Purai muthi vedichiruchu (=erupted). Pressure jaashti iruku (=pressure is high) Posterior sub capsular cataract/ Posterior polar cataract Pinnadi padincha purai Traumatic cataract Adi patta purai Phacodonesis Purai aaduthu PRE OP COUNSELING Cataract will be removed and IOL will be placed Purai eduthutu, seyarkai lens vaikunum Cataract will be removed but IOL cannot be placed Purai eduthukalam, aanal seyarkai lens vaika mudiyaathu Blood sugar is high Raththa sakkarai jaasthi ah iruku Surgery cannot be done Operation panna mudiyathu It can be done after you control blood sugar Sugar control pannadhuku aprom operation panlam
Intra op vocabulary will be discussed later POST OP COUNSELING PCIOL has been placed well Seyarkai lens nalla vechachu You should wear glasses for near Kitta paarvai ku kannaadi podanum Corneal edema/ striate keratitis Kann veekam Cortex left/ hyphema Kannula konjam aluku (=dirt) iruku Cortex wash Kanna suththam paniklam = we will clean the eye Post op instructions Don’t worry Kavalai padatheenga Use eye drop regularly Marundhu correct ah podunga Wash hands before using eye drops Kaiya soap poattu kaluveetu sottu marundhu podunga Avoid soap in eyes Kannula soap poda koodathu Avoid head bath Thalai’ku kulika vendam Avoid rubbing eyes Kanna poattu theika koodathu
Aphakia counselling: GLAUCOMA Sutures placed Thaiyal potrukanga We can remove sutures later Thaiyal apromel pirichikalam We should remove sutures today Inniku thaiyal pirichikalam Posterior capsule was weak. Pai (=bag) weak ah irundhuchu PCIOL could not be placed Seyarkai lens vaika mudilae But cataract removed completely Purai full ah eduthachu We can place IOL after 2 months Rendu masam kalichu lens vechukalam Don’t worry Kavalai padatheenga Rise in IOP Kannula pressure jaasthi ah iruku Glaucoma Kann alutha noi
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY Glaucomatous nerve damage Kann pressure naala narambu badhipu Glaucomatous optic atrophy Narambu pattu poyiruchu Vision cannot be regained Paarvai thirumbi kedaikaathu We can conserve existing vision Irukura paarvai thakka vachukalam Angle closure Neer pogura padhai adaipu (Same as nasolacrimal duct obstruction) Primary angle closure suspect - AC is shallow Neer pogura padhai kurugala iruku You should undergo Laser PI Laser pannanum You should undergo glaucoma surgery Pressure operation pannanum You should use eyedrops Sottu marundhu podanum You should use eyedrops for lifetime Aayusukum sottu marundhu podanum Disc edema Narambu veekam Optic neuropathy Narambu prechanai Optic atrophy Narambu pattu poyiruchu
RETINA AND UVEA 3/4/6 nerve palsy Kann urutura narambu ‘weak’ ah iruku 7th nerve palsy Muga vaadham You require intravenous steroids Narambu oosi podanum You require urgent neuroimaging Udanae thalaiku scan pannanum You require patching Kanna moodi vaikunum Neurobiotics Saththu maathirai Retina Vizhithirai/ Kann narambu Retinopathy Narambu baadhipu/ Vizhithirai baadhipu Diabetic retinopathy Sugar naala kann narambu baadhipu/ Sugar naala vizhithirai baadhipu Hemorrhage Raththa kasivu Macular edema / CSCR Narambu veekam Retinal detachment Narambu pirinchiruku = nerve has split
Retinal tear/ hole Narambu Oattai Retinitis pigmentosa Maalai kann noi Age related macular degeneration Vayasu naala kann narambu baadhipu Retinopathy of Prematurity Korai maasam naala kann narambu badhipu Retinoblastoma Kann narambu putru noi Uveitis Kann allergy Scleritis Kann vellai allergy/ sigappu Silicon Oil Ennai Gas Gas/ Kaathu = air During surgery it will be decided whether to put oil or gas Operation appo ennai ya illa kaathu veikunuma’ nu doctor mudivu pannuvanga (Mudivu = decide) If oil is put then there will be a small surgery after 3 months to remove oil Ennai vechanga na, moonu maasam kalichu ennai ya velilae edukanum (Moonu maasam = 3 months) Lie/ sleep on supine position Naera padukonum
Lie in Prone position Kupurra padukonum Vitrectomy Narambu operation Lasers ‘Laser’/ current Intravitreal injection Narambu oosi Post injection there won't be immediate vision improvement. It will take around a month for vision improvement Injection panna udanae paarvai nallaa varaadhu. Oru maasam aagum. Indirect ophthalmology instructions: Stretch your thumb Kattai viral neetunga Right thumb Valadhu kattai viral Left thumb Edathu kattai viral Lie on the couch Bed la paduthukonga (Or) Bed la saanjukonga Wherever I place the thumb, look there Kattai viral enga vaikreno anga paarunga Look at my finger Ennoda viral paarunga
PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY Amblyopia Sombal kann = lazy eye Refractive error Kannula power Myopia Kitta paarvai Hyperopia Dhoora paarvai Squint Maaru kann Is the squint present since birth? Maaru kann piravi la irundhae iruka? Binocular vision anomaly/ Muscle balance issues Kann thasai weak ‘a iruku Any h/o patching` Oru kann’a moodi innoru kanna vechu exercise pannengala / Kann’a moodi vechangala? Avoid seeing near objects Kitta porutkala romba neram parka koodathu Avoid phones/ tablets Phone/ tablet use panna koodathu Wear glasses continuously Kannadi thodarndhu use pannanum Play outside Veliyae poi vilayadunum Eat healthy food Saththana unavu sapadanum
GENERAL ADVICE Sister will counsel you Sister vivaram solluvanga Please wait outside Veliya ukkarunga A specialist will see you Special doctor ungala paarpanga I have prescribed you eyedrops Sottu marundhu ezhudirukaen Use them regularly Sonna padi correct ah podanum Use 3 times a day Moonu velai podunga For 1 week Oru vaaram 1 drop only Oru sottu mattum For right/ left eye Valadhu/ Edathu kannuku mattum For both eyes Rendu kannukum Review after 1 month Oru masam kalichu vaanga
Duration repeated for easy reference How many days? Evlo naal ? 1 Onnu 2 Rendu 3 Moonu 4 Naalu 5 Anju 6 Aaru 7 Yelu 8 Ettu 9 Onbathu 10 Paththu Days Naal (4=Naalu) Week Vaaram Month Maasam Year Varusham
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PART 5: OPERATING THEATRE BLOCK ROOM What is your name? Unga paeru enna? Sir Ayya Ma’am Amma Where you are coming from? Enga irundhu vareenga? Is Ramesh your son? Ramesh unga paiyana? Is Ramya your daughter? Ramya unga ponna? Which eye is to be operated? Endha kannu operation? Right eye Valadhu Kann = Soathu kann Left eye Edathu kann I will apply topical anaesthetic drop Kannula marathu poradhuku sottu marundhu podraen I will do block to numb your eyes Vali illama irukarathuku oru oosi potuklam Don't panic/ fear Bayapadatheenga
Look at my right shoulder Ennoda valadhu thoal pattai paarunga Don’t move your eyes Kann’a urutatheenga Don't touch your eyes Kann’a thodatheenga Look up Mela paarunga Look down Keela paarunga Look to the right Valadhu pakkam paarunga Look to the left Edathu pakkam paarunga There will be no pain while operating Operation pannum bodhu vali edhum irukaadhu ON TABLE Please lie down calmly Amaidhiya paduthukonga Lift the chin up Thaadai ya thooki vachukonga Breathe with your mouth open gently Vaaya thirandhu mocha vidunga Don’t strain/ exert positive pressure Mukkatheenga Do you have difficulty in breathing? Moochu vida siramam iruka? Do you have eye pain? Kannu Valikudha?
Note: Please refer Post-op Counselling in Lens section If you have any trouble, let me know Edhavadhu thondharavu irundha sollunga Look only at the light Light’ a mattum paarunga Your cataract is mature Purai muthiruku It will take some time to finish surgery Operation mudiya konjam neram aagum Cataract has been removed Purai eduthachu IOL placed well Lens nalla padiya vechachu Sister will put drops/ injection Sister sottu marundhu/ oosi poduvanga Bandage will be put Kattu poduvanga Black glasses will be given Karuppu kannadi tharuvanga
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr Pranesh is a Comprehensive Ophthalmologist with special interest in Ophthalmologic Pedagogy and Uveitis. He is currently working in Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore as a Medical Officer. He creates quality academic content on his YouTube and Facebook forums called ‘King’s Crux - Ophthalmology Pearls’. He has authored two books: Clinical Embryology of the Eye and Online Resources in Ophthalmology (ORIO) and made them freely available for all to learn and benefit. Youtube link: YouTube.com/kingsclasses Facebook link: facebook.com/ophthalcrux