VRT EBOOK ALUMINIUM (1)

ALUMINIUM ON
GERMANY

PERSPECTIVE

Members of group B (6):

D20172080168 Nur Annisa Binti Basiron

D20172080165 Nor Aziran Binti Md Rani

D20172080164 Nor Hasyka Binti Zakir

D20172080172 Ryn Brenda Junaidy

D20172080204 Siti Maisarah Binti Hasbullah

CONTENTS OF THIS TEMPLATE

1. Introduction of Aluminium
2. History of Aluminium
3. Types of Aluminium
4. Process of Producing Aluminium
5. Uses of Aluminium
6. Strength and Weakness of Aluminium
7. Effect and Issue of Using Aluminium
8. Aluminium on Germany Perspective (Best Practice)
9. Conclusion
10. References

1) INTRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM

01 02 03 04

A silvery- A chemical It’s low density and Highly reactive, so
white,soft, element with its ability to resist native specimens
the symbol Al corrosion through
non-magnetic and atomic the phenomenon are rare and
and number 13 limited to extreme
of passivation
ductile metal in reducing
theboron environments
group.

2) HISTORY OF ALUMINIUM

1807 - The first unsuccessful attempts to isolate the metal were made by Sir
1825 Humphry Davy

- When the isolation of the alkali metals had made a powerful reducing
agent available.

- The Danish Worker, H.C.Oersted, succeeded in preparing aluminium
powder by the reduction of anhydrous aluminium chloride with sodium
amalgam

1827- - F. Wohler replaced the amalgam by potassium.
1847 - Discovered and listed many of the chemical and physical properties

1850 Henri Sainte-Claire Deville improved Wohler's method of preparation by
replacing potassium by sodium, and by using the double chloride of
1885 sodium and aluminium as his source of the metal, thus making the
1886 production of aluminium a commercial proposition; the price of the metal,
however, was still comparable with th at of gold.

- The production of aluminium received a further impetus when Robert
Bunsen and, following him, Deville, showed how the metal could be
produced electrolytically from its ores.

The brothers Cowie produced the first aluminium alloys contain in iron
and copper, soon after which the invention of the dynamo made a
cheaper supply of electricity available and resulted

Herault's and Hall's independent French and American patents for the
electrolytic production of aluminium from alumina and molten cryolite
(AIF3 NaF)

FINALLY..

The Modem production of aluminium This mixture
production of aluminium in begins from the mineral bauxite, is electrolysed in a cell
Europe centred round the with carbon anodes and
first factory in Neuhausen, which contains approximately
while Hall's process was the molten mixture
25% of aluminium. is tapped from the bottom
applied in the U.S.A. in
Pittsburgh This is converted to alumina by of the cell.
digestion with a solution of
sodium hydroxide under

pressure (the Bayer process),
and the purified alumina

produced is added to a molten
mixture of cryolite and fluorspar

AA-8000 Alclad Al-Li

Used for building wire Aluminum sheet made by bonding Lithium, sometimes
per the National high-purity aluminum to a mercury
Electrical Code high strength core material

Birmabright Duralumin

Aluminum and Hindalium Copper and
magnesium aluminum

Alnico Aluminum,
magnesium,
Aluminum, nickel, manganese, silicon)
copper

8)Magnalium 9)Magnox 10)Nambe
-5% magnesium -Magnesium -Aluminum plus
oxide, aluminum
seven other
TYPES OF unspecified
ALUMINIUM
metals

11)Silumin
-Aluminum,
silicon

12) Titanal 13) Zamak Aluminum forms other
-Aluminum, zinc, -Zinc, aluminum, complex alloys with
magnesium, magnesium, magnesium,
copper, zirconium copper manganese, and
platinum

PROCESS OF 04
PRODUCING
ALUMINIUM

Bauxite Used for Aluminium Production

BAYER HALL-
PROCESS HEROULT
PROCESS
Crushing
And Smelted
through
Purifying Electrolysis

Bauxite Alumina
Aluminium Dissolved in molten bath of
hydroxide cryolite.
Alumina
Aluminium



5) USES OF ALUMINIUM

building construction transportation

electric Electronic appliances

food and beverage container

Safety Durability Sustainability

• • Corrosion resistant > Maintain • Reduce 20% total life cycle energy
• consumption
Absorb twice as much crash energy vehicle structure, increase • Reduce 17% carbon dioxide
lifespan • 1-pound aluminium replace 16-
as steel. 1/3 weight of steel > thicker and pound steel

Made lighter require shorter •

stopping distances to help avoid stronger

crashes. Cost

Efficiency Performance effectiveness

• Reducing weight > enables use • Accelerate faster, brake in shorter • Every 10 % reduction in
• weight save 5-7% fuel
smaller, more efficient engine • distances, handle better savings
20% reduce weight allow 20% travel Rigidity structure give better feel for
the road, better stability and response
further

FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONTAINER

1) Withstand carbonation 1) Heat conductor 1) Impermeable to oxygen
pressure 2) Non-toxic and water

2) Easy formed and shaped 2) Preserve food
3) Not rust 3) Easy formed and shape

BUILDING
& CONSTRUCTION

Bank of China

London Aquatic

Empire State Building

Thermal efficient > Lighter weight > Maintenance free Reduce cost Pleasing finish
keep warm in easier and faster, due to corrosion allow modern
more convenient resistant technology
winter and cool in architecture
summer to work with

ELECTRONIC & APPLIANCES

It is widely used as Keeping electronic
heat sinks in electrical devices from
appliances because overheating.

its thermal
conductivity

Dissipating heat from Stronger and tougher
the device to the than plastic and lighter
environment
than steel.

Durability > ELECTRICAL Ductile > Enables to
transporting energy merged with wires
across long distances

Corrosion resistant > Other equipment: Television
protect from harsh antennae and satellite dishes,
elements
even some LED bulbs.

The use of recycled aluminium is STRENGTH OF ALUMINIUM
economically and environmentally
compelling. It takes 14,000 kWh to produce
1 tonne of new aluminium. Conversely it
takes only 5% of this to remelt and recycle

one tonne of aluminium.

1 23 4

Multifunctinal Lightweight Easy to form
packaging
Aluminium is very
Infinitely material A piece in
recyclable ductile, and it may
aluminium weighs
It requires only 5% Because it is safe, only one-third of be shaped into
of the energy convenience, and one in steel (2.7 everything. It’s
needed to produce easy to process in
the initial primary realiable g/cm3) both cold and hot
metal to recycle it.
In fact, 75% of all Aluminium Aluminium is Can keeps condition,
aluminium ever and health abundant food fresh
produced is still in Great
use. aluminium used reflector

aluminium has an electrical conductivity as compounds to Aluminium is the Aluminium foil Aluminium reflects
high enough for use as an electrical make vaccines third most abundant reflects both heat and both heat and light,
more efficient and light and is completely trapping warmth and
conductor. Although the conductivity of the element in the impermeable, which cold under its cover,
commonly used conducting alloy (1350) is aluminium earth’s crust, after means no taste, aroma making it ideal for both
only around 62% of annealed copper, it is hydroxide is inter oxygen and silicon. or light gets in or out food preservation and
only one third the weight and can therefore alia used to treat
emergency blankets.
conduct twice as much electricity when stomach ulcers.

WEAKNESS OF ALUMINIUM IN
INDUSTRY

01 02 03

Sensitive to heat Requires special More Expensive
processes to be welded. Than Steel
Aluminium is not good conductor
of heat, so when welding, a break Despite being red, Mars is a Unfortunately, aluminium is
could occur if precision and care cold place more expensive when compared
are not taking throughout entire to steel. Additionally, because it

process can’t take the same stress as
steel

ISSUE AND EFFECT IN AN ENVIRONMENT OF ALUMINIUM

IN GERMANY INDUSTRY issue

issue

The German aluminium industry is China has accounted for the vast
expecting a slight economic downturn in majority of the production capacity

2019, following mixed business increase in the aluminium sector
development in the first half of 2019, worldwide which is expansion in China
resulted in smelters’ closures and direct
according to Gesamtverband der
Aluminiumindustrie (GDA). and Fierce and indirect job losses in local
competition from abroad, particularly communities across many countries
China, with half of the world's aluminum
oxide already being produced there.

effect effect

The release of perfluorocarbons When bauxite is extracted from the earth,
during the aluminum smelting the strip-mining process removes all
process are 9,200 times more native vegetation in the mining region,
harmful than carbon dioxide in
terms of their affect on global resulting in a loss of habitat and food for
local wildlife as well as significant soil
warming.
erosion

Aluminium in the air AIR POLLUTION
is washed out by the
Air quality in Germany is affected by the iron, steel, and cement
rain or normally industries, aluminium smelting, vehicle emissions, and food
settles down but small
particles of aluminium processing.It contributes to breathing problems, chronic diseases,
remain in the air for a increased hospitalization, and premature mortality.While,

long time. greenhouse gas emissions released during smelting and processing
include carbon dioxide, perfluorocarbons, sodium fluoride, sulfur
Aluminium acts as a dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a vast list of other
toxiс agent on gill-
breathing animals such problematic elements.

as fish WATER SOURCES

The caustic red sludge and toxic mine tailings that remain are
commonly deposited into excavated mine pits where they

ultimately seep into aquifers, contaminating local water sources.

BEST PRACTICES OF
ALUMINIUM IN
GERMANY

Definition of aluminium recycling:

§ Aluminium recycling is the process by which scrap aluminium can be reused in
products after its initial production.

§ The process involves simply re-melting the metal, which is far less expensive
and energy-intensive than creating new aluminium.

● Recycled aluminium can be formed as:

q Aluminium can
q Car bodies
q Tractor trailer



Recycling aluminium has five steps:
1. collecting scrap;
2. sorting scrap;
3. crushing;
4. remelting; and
5. casting.

RECYCLING SYSTEM

Germany is known for its rapid economic
and technological development and is one of
the best in the world has successfully
converted more than half of the waste into
new materials for reuse.

German Recycle System; Best System
of Waste Management

The highest recycling
rate in the World

30-million-ton 62% of garbage has
garbage produce been recycle

annually

‘World’s Largest’ Aluminium Recycling
Centre in Nechterstedt, Germany

Novelis; Current recycling rate
World’s leading for drink cans at 76%
recycler of aluminium, (2019), and the overall
followed by Wales and
rate for aluminium
Singapore. packaging is 56%.

Capacity to process First and largest
more than 400,000 automotive closed-loop

metric tons of recycling system:
aluminium scrap recycling scrap aluminium

annually. from the automotive
Recycling more manufacturing process.
than 60 billion
used beverage
cans each year.

Packaging Law (Verpackungsverordnung);
German Waste Management

Green Dot System Selective Waste Disposal System
“Der Grune Punkt“

Areas where the Green Dot is implemented Sales

SATURN MERCURY

VENUS MARS

1) “Green Dot System”

Manufacturers/ Waste with logo
Retailer pay license only will recycle.
This to ensure
to get Green Dot manufactures to
Symbol for their cut the amount of
product that cannot
product
be recycle.
Every green dot
item purchased This system
and labeled with successful in
a green dot can reducing 1 million
be returned and tonnes garbage per
the money will be
year
refunded

Items not labeled Selective Waste
with “Green Dot” Disposal System
should be recycled
according to the
color of the bin

2) Selective Waste Disposal

Glass recycle
Chocolate bin
- Amber glass
Green and white bin
– Transparent glass

How the German Garbage Disposal
System Works

The Garbage
Pick-Up
Calendar

The bins are This pickup "quiet time"
picked on schedule is Can not make any noise within
printed in a
different dates in special calendar set period. The period is
different (Abfallkalender). from 12.00 noon to 3.00 pm
every day. So that time, can
municipalities. not recycle anything.

What is primary and secondary aluminium?

Conclusion

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RESOURCES

● https://www.aluminiumleader.com/production/how_aluminium_is_produced/
● https://www.drivealuminum.org/aluminum-advantages/safety/
● https://www.aluminum.org/product-markets/electrical
● https://aluminium.org.au/aluminium/
● https://www.hydro.com/en/about-aluminium/facts-about-aluminium/
● Pinner, P.S.(2001).The Surface Treatment and Finishing of Aluminium and Its

Alloy. ASM International
● http://www.aluinfo.de/sustainability-recycling.html