CASE OF THE WEEK
January 12th, 2010
History
• 41 year old, right handed female, who presents
to the ED with worsening headaches and 3 day
history of nausea and vomiting.
• She did undergo a lumbar puncture 11 days ago
and the opening pressure was recorded at 37 cm
of water.
• Seen by ophthalmologist 2 days earlier and she
was told that she had “pressure on her optic
nerve.”
Past medical history
• Fibromyalgia
• Asthma
• Arthritis
• Cholecystectomy
• Right carpal tunnel release surgery
Meds : Lisinopril, Albuterol, Tramadol
Allergies
Several
Family History
No history of aneurysm, stroke, seizures, brain tumors, bleeding disorders
Social History
Homemaker, no alcohol or tobacco abuse
Review of systems
Chronic headache, nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia, blurry vision
Exam: Systolic BP in 200’s, papilledema, right worse than left. Otherwise
neurologically intact.
Differential Diagnosis/Etiology of
Intraventricular hemorrhage in Adults
• Arteriovenous malformations
• Aneurysm
• Moyamoya disease
• Tumors of the choroid plexus
• Colloid cyst
• Rupture of the vein of galen
• Coagulopathy
• Hypertensive hemorrhage
Primary intraventricular hemorrhage
(PIVH)
• Incidence of PIVH among all patients with intracranial hemorrhage
is 2.5 ‐ 3.1%.
• 2 clinical groups:
• (1) classical clinical picture sudden coma, signs of brain stem dysfunction.
• (2) headache, vomiting, confusion and drowsiness and sometimes transient
loss of consciousness
• Prognosis of PIVH is reported to be better than the prognosis of
patients with secondary intraventricular hemorrhage.
• Most frequent risk factor is arterial hypertension.
• Peak age of PIVH ranges between 40‐60 years.
• Male to female ratio in one series was 1.4:1.
• AVM is found in 21‐ 31% of patients undergoing
catheter based angiogram.
• Blood that extravasates into the ventricle in PIVH
associated with arterial hypertension usually comes
from the choroid plexus, caudate or thalamus.
• Hydrocephalus is frequently seen due to
obstruction of CSF circulation or impairment
in meningeal absorption.
• In hospital mortality has been reported to
range from 20‐46%.
Case follow up
• Patient underwent placement of external ventricular
drain.
• Catheter based angiogram and MRI brain negative for
vascular malformation and tumor.
• Improved clinically and attempt was made to wean off
EVD. However, failed clamping trial.
• Underwent placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt.