ulster.ac.uk Welcome LHS Harvard Referencing 2022
Learning Outcomes By the end of this session, you will be able to: Understand why referencing is essential 1 Understand the LHS Harvard Ulster style 2 Access your Subject Guide 3 Access support materials via the Life & Health Sciences Referencing Guide 4
Why reference? Referencing allows you to: Support your arguments and give your work a factual basis – it is a mark of intellectual honesty. Protect yourself against charges of plagiarism Demonstrate to assessors or critics that you have carried out the necessary research Allow the reader to locate the material you consulted Can count towards your mark for the assignment, a minimum of 5%
Three Common Mistakes Failure to use any source. Lack of in-text citation (Reference citation only): They are a matched pair. N.B. There should be no reference in your text without it appearing in your reference list. The publications are listed in alphabetical order according to the first author’s surname. Books and journal articles should not be subdivided in your list.
Referencing basics What should I reference? • All statements, opinions, conclusions etc. taken from another writer’s work • You must also reference diagrams, images and data • There is no need to reference your own thoughts or facts that are commonly known **Record the details of all the sources you use **Make notes as you go along
Referencing basics What is “common knowledge”? • A fact which is generally well known in your field of study or the wider world Common knowledge Paris is the capital of France. This statement requires a reference Belleville is a pocket of multi-culturalism in Paris (English 2022)
If in doubt… REFERENCE IT! Image courtesy of Stuart Miles at FreeDigitalPhotos.net Plagiarism is a serious academic offence Your work will be checked when you submit assignments online
What is Plagiarism? Plagiarism includes: 1. Using words exactly as they have been used in articles, lectures, television programmes, books, or anywhere else. 2. Using other people’s ideas or theories without saying whose ideas they are. 3. Paraphrasing what you read or hear without stating where it came from. 4. Plagiarism also occurs where a student’s own work is re-presented without being properly referenced.
Useful tips to avoid plagiarism • Limit quotations and paraphrases to occasions when they are really necessary. Overuse can lead to accidental plagiarism or suggest you do not fully understand the point at hand. • The "five (consecutive) word" rule, which holds that, if there are five consecutive words identical to someone else's writing, then you may be guilty of plagiarism and should cite. • Use Turnitin in BlackBoard
Incorporating others’ ideas into your writing 3 ways: 1. Quoting – must be identical to the original, use sparingly 2. Paraphrasing – putting a passage from source material into your own words – shorter than original, valuable skill to learn 3. Summarising – involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words – significantly shorter than the original and takes a broad overview of the source material All of these must be attributed to the original source
Conclusion Make sure you understand the rules and regulations Acknowledge the different forms plagiarism can take Cite everything Organise your research efficiently Ask for help if you need it Quiz time!
Is it plagiarism if……..
ulster.ac.uk LHS Harvard How to cite?
How? – Harvard style Two-part process: 1. Citing within the text- a brief acknowledgement (Johnson and Scott 2014) 2. Full reference at the end of the work - for every source you have used Johnson, J. and Scott, S. (2014) Study and communication skills for the biosciences. 2 nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
In-text citation Examples of in-text referencing Engagement is the key to progression (Taylor 2022). According to Johnson and Scott (2014)…… Effective study requires organisation (Johnson and Scott 2014). As Johnson and Scott (2014, p.19) stated “……………” Recent research (Minuti et al. 2017) has shown …. A study by Allen (2005 cited in Parker 2009) shows that….
In-text citation Examples of Quotes • When directly quoting from a source the page number MUST be identified • Longer quotations should be separated from your text, indented from the left-hand margin with quotation marks. According to Madigan et al. (2012, p.33) “An ecosystem is greatly influenced and, in some cases, even controlled by microbial activities. Microorganisms carrying out metabolic processes remove nutrients from the ecosystem and use them to build new cells.”
ulster.ac.uk Referencing examples
ulster.ac.uk Book example
Referencing examples A book title
Referencing examples Book In-text citation: (Johnson and Scott 2014) Johnson, S. and Scott, J. (2014) Study and communication skills for the biosciences. 2 nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Author(‘s)/ Editor(‘s) last name, initial. (Year of publication) Title in italics. Edition, if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. In-text citation
ulster.ac.uk Journal article example
Referencing examples A journal article
Referencing examples Journal article In-text citation: (Flint et al. 2014). Flint, H.J., Scott, K.P., Louis, P. and Duncan, S.H. (2014) The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9(10), 577-589. Author(s) last name, initial. (Year of publication) Title of journal in italics. Volume number (Issue number) Page numbers. Title of article. In-text citation
Referencing examples Journal Article Online only Markova, N. (2017) Using microcalorimetry to accelerate drug development. Pharmaceutical Technology, 41(1). Available at: http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=7&sid=7f699072-eedb410d-ab0b-7bdc9f8a8519%40sessionmgr4006 [Accessed 5 October 2020]. Reference like a print journal and provide the URL and date last accessed in square brackets.
ulster.ac.uk A chapter from an edited book example
Referencing examples A chapter from an edited book
Lots of authors contribute
Individual chapters will be credited
Referencing examples Chapter in edited book Edited book In-text citation: (Williams 2010) Williams, D.W. (2010) Quality control of high-throughput biological data. In: Lee, J.K. ed. Statistical bioinformatics: a guide for life and biomedical science researchers. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 57-70. Author(s) last name, initial. (Year of publication) Title of chapter. Title of book in italics Editor(s) last name, initial. Place of publication: Publisher. Chapter pages. In-text citation
ulster.ac.uk A webpage example
Webpage
Referencing example Webpage In-text citation: (Gallagher 2017) Gallagher, J. (2017) Gut bacteria 'boost' cancer therapy. London: BBC. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-41848461 [Accessed 5 October 2020]. Author last name, initial. Webpage title in italics Place of publication: publisher. Available at: full URL [Accessed date]. (Year of publication) In-text citation
Webpage with corporate author
Referencing example Webpage In-text citation: (World Health Organisation 2022) World Health Organisation. (2022) Vaccines and immunization. Geneva: WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/vaccines-andimmunization#tab=tab_1 [Accessed 30 September 2022]. Full name of corporate author. Webpage title in italics Place of publication: publisher. Available at: full URL [Accessed date]. (Year of publication) In-text citation
Spot the Difference All of these references use a form of Harvard Which best matches your guidelines? 1. Jones, D.S. (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. 2. JONES, D.S. (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. 3. Jones, D.S. (2016) Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design. 2 nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 4. D. S. JONES (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. 5. D.S. Jones. (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design. 2 nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Spot the Difference All of these references use a form of Harvard Which best matches your guidelines? 1. Jones, D.S. (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. Full stop after year and bracket around edition 2. JONES, D.S. (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. Surname in capitals and full stop after year 3. Jones, D.S. (2016) Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design. 2 nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. ✓ 4. D. S. JONES (2016). Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design (2nd ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. Name in uppercase/initial first. Fullstop after year and bracket around edition 5. D.S. Jones. (2016) Pharmaceuticals- dosage, form and design. 2nd ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Title not in italics, name wrong initial first.
Quick recap – top tips to remember 1. Every reference should end with a full stop. 2. When using et al. in your in-text citations – it should be italicised. E.g., et al. This can only be used for in-text citations but not your references, where all authors must be listed in full i.e. Surname, Initial., Surname, Initial., Surname, Initial. and Surname, Initial. (date)… 3. When referencing – even though you may have read a book or journal article online – if it started off life as a print source – you reference it as a print source. (Only exceptions are websites or some online journal articles). 4. The titles of books, websites and journal titles must be italicised. (not journal articles). 5. There should be no capital letters in a book or journal title – except the first word and any proper nouns. (But all Journal titles should have capitals throughout e.g. British Medical Journal) 6. We do not use pp. for pages in our references – only for direct quotes in our in-text citations.
Quick recap – top tips to remember Continued 7. When stating Accessed and the date – the date must be written out in full e.g. [Accessed 12 November 2019]. 8. If the author cannot be identified use Anonymous or Anon. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission: e.g. In a recent commentary on elderly care provision in nursing homes… (Anon. 2012) 9. If the date cannot be identified use n.d. to denote this: e.g. Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated … OR Earlier research (Smith n.d.) demonstrated that … 10. All items should be listed alphabetically in the reference list by author, regardless of the format i.e. whether books, websites or journal articles etc. If the same author is listed more than once – reference the earliest first.
ulster.ac.uk RefWorks
What is RefWorks Citation management software • It allows you to build up a database of references imported from catalogues, databases and other resources • It collects, organises and stores your citations into manageable, easily identifiable folders • It allows you to cite references in the text of a paper • It will automatically format your paper and bibliography • RefWorks is the citation management tool supported by Ulster University and graduates of Ulster will be able to avail of an Alumni account after graduation
Still not sure? Help is available • The Life & Health Sciences Referencing guide • RefWorks and Referencing tab on your LHS Subject Guide • The Library’s RefWorks Guide
Essential guidance materials Faculty of Life & Health Sciences Referencing Guidelines 2015 Quick guide – Referencing in the Ulster Harvard style for Life & Health Sciences students Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2016). Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. (10th ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Any questions? Contact the team Cheree [email protected] Gerry [email protected] Joan [email protected] Kelly [email protected] Michaela [email protected] Or contact the whole team at: [email protected]