ELEK A_IML 503_INTRODUCTION SUBJECT GUIDE - SOCIOLOGY

FACULTY OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MARA

BACHELOR OF INFORMATION SCIENCE (HONS)
RECORDS MANAGEMENT
(IM 246)

INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
(IML 503)

Introduction to Subject Guide:
Sociology

Prepared by: 2022947357
2022787557
Muhamad Danish Irfan Bin Yusni 2022786263
Nur Azyyati Binti Alfian 2022978291
Nur Batrisyia Izzah Binti Ahmad Khan 2022908035
Nur Hazirah Binti Zakaria 2022923571
Nur Hazreen Husna Binti Roslan 2022970229
Nurliyana Binti Adnan
Nurul Nur Ain Binti Mohd Zamri

B9 IM246 ELEK A

Prepared for:
Siti Nurul Maryam Abdullah

7 July 2022

Introduction to Subject Guide:
Sociology

Prepared by: 2022947357
2022787557
Muhamad Danish Irfan Bin Yusni 2022786263
Nur Azyyati Binti Alfian 2022978291
Nur Batrisyia Izzah Binti Ahmad Khan 2022908035
Nur Hazirah Binti Zakaria 2022923571
Nur Hazreen Husna Binti Roslan 2022970229
Nurliyana Binti Adnan
Nurul Nur Ain Binti Mohd Zamri

B9 IM246 ELEK A

Faculty of Information Management
University Teknologi MARA
Selangor Darul Ehsan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
‫بِ ْس ِمِ َل َّلاِِ ال َّر ْح َٰم ِنِ ال َّر ِحي ِِم‬

Assalamualaikum, Greetings!
First of all, we would like to be grateful for given a chance to learn more of to the full

extend to Sociology, which relates closely to the society.
Thus, we would generously applaud and thankful to Madam Maryam, our respected

IML 503 lecturers, who taught us with patience and guide us throughout the making of this
assignment.

Nevertheless, we would like to thank our family and friend who help us in any way
throughout this semester.

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Omar Lizardo Potrait..................................................................................................6
Figure 2: Jurgen Habermas Potrait ............................................................................................7
Figure 3: Potrait of Viviana Zelizer ...........................................................................................9
Figure 4: ASA logo..................................................................................................................10
Figure 5: ABS logo ..................................................................................................................11
Figure 6: ISA logo ...................................................................................................................13
Figure 7: SWS logo..................................................................................................................14

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Profile of Omar Lizardo...............................................................................................7
Table 2: Profile of Jurgen Habermas .........................................................................................8
Table 3: Profile of Viviana Zelizer ............................................................................................9
Table 4: Stages of social management system.........................................................................17

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TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENT.......................................................................................................................iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY .......................................................................................... 1

2.1 STAGES IN EVOLUTION OF SOCIOLOGY ............................................................................ 2
2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORICAL STUDY ........................................... 3
3.0 SUBDIVISION/SUBTOPIC AVAILABLE UNDER SOCIOLOGY ......................................... 4
3.1 SOCIOLOGY ACCORDING TO RESEARCHERS .............................................................. 4

3.1.1 C. WRIGHT MILLS 1959 ..................................................................................................... 4
3.1.2 RITZER 1979......................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.3 JACK DOUGLAS 1989......................................................................................................... 4
3.1.4 GIDDENS 1989 ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.1.5 HESS, MARKSON AND STEIN 1990 ................................................................................. 5
3.2 BRANCHES IN SOCIOLOGY ................................................................................................. 5
3.2.1 SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION............................................................................................... 5
3.2.2 HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY................................................................................................ 5
3.2.3 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY................................................................................................... 5
4.0 PROMINENT PERSONNEL IN SOCIOLOGY FIELD ............................................................ 6
4.1 OMAR LIZARDO ........................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 JÜRGEN HABERMAS ................................................................................................................ 7
4.3 VIVIANA ZELIZER .................................................................................................................... 9
5.0 ORGANIZATION AND ASSOCIATION RELATED TO SOCIOLOGY ............................. 10
5.1 AMERICAN SOCIOLOGIST ASSOCIATION......................................................................... 10
5.2 ASSOCIATION OF BLACK SOCIOLOGIST .......................................................................... 11
5.3 INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION .......................................................... 13
5.4 SOCIOLOGIST FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY .......................................................................... 14
6.0 ISSUES ON SOCIOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 15
6.1 ADMINISTRATING SOCIAL ISSUES IN MALAYSIA: AN APPLICATION OF SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 15

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6.2 FEMINIST IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT: AN ANALYSIS USING LEGITIMATION
CODE THEORY AND CORPUS LINGUISTICS........................................................................... 18
7.0 COMPILE A MINI BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOCIOLOGY...................................................... 23
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................... 24

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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the study of human societies, their relationships, and the mechanisms that maintain
and change them. Sociologists study the structure of groups, organizations, and societies, as
well as the interactions that occur within these contexts.

Few subjects have such a vast scope and usefulness for study, theory, and application
of knowledge. In addition, the area provides a variety of research tools that may be used to
almost every facet of social life.

Only anthropology outreaches sociology in terms of scope as a generalizing social
science. It intersects with other social sciences such as economics and politics because of the
vast large scope of sociological investigation. The approach of drawing on a wider societal
framework to explain social phenomena is unique to sociology. Sociology is a sub-field of
psychology that examines the collective characteristics of human behaviour rather than the
brains of individuals.

Historically, social anthropology has already been closely related to sociology. This
difference has recently vanished as social anthropologists' emphasis have shifted to the study
of modern culture. Until the first quarter of the twentieth century, anthropology and sociology
were frequently merged in one department. Sociology is one of the four social sciences that
arose from the study of institutions and social interaction. Political science and economics, two
other social sciences, sprang primarily from national practical interests.

Sociological concepts and methods are increasingly being acknowledged as useful in
both domains. Similar synergies have emerged in law, education, and religion, as well as in
seemingly disparate professions such as engineering and architecture. The difference made by
the Ancient Greeks between physis (nature) and nomos (sociology) set the basis for sociology
(law or custom). For the Greeks, physis was "what arises from itself" without human
interference, whereas nomos were human norms aimed to control human behaviour. The term
"norm" is a social guideline that governs human behaviour that derives from the Greek phrase
nomos.

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2.0 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY
Sociology's historical perspective is flexible rather than fixed. Behavior is seen as the

outcome of the current circumstance and prior experience. Several sociologists, like Girard,
take an optimistic stance while studying the past. Since ideals govern the universe,
conservatively minded nations continue to lag reasonable ones in development.

Other sociologists like Marx and Lenski, are more materialistic studying how
individuals address their issues depending on the availability of material goods. Societies that
are receptive to new ideas and economic changes make more development. A significant
cultural trend is growing. Numerous sociologists have seen the formation of a potent worldwide
network, sometimes referred to as the movement, which benefits some individuals. Others may
find it to be a positive experience.

2.1 STAGES IN EVOLUTION OF SOCIOLOGY
In essence, it can be claimed that there have been three stages in the evolution of sociology.
The first is frequently referred to as the era of the major theories and spanned from the
development of sociology in the 19th century to the 1920s. The development of sociology as a
research discipline began in Europe and the European university system, by reason of
university academics with philosophical backgrounds.

In this era, there was minimal support for sociological study. This initial phase
corresponds to the work of the classic sociologists, whose names and theories continue to be
relevant to contemporary historical sociology, which in many respects is a continuation of the
work of Auguste Comte, Max Weber, Ferdinand Tönnies, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, and
Herbert Spencer. Since the historical context was significant to their definitions of sociology,
all of them shared one thing for sure which is sociology included elements of historical
sociology.

The second phase spans the years 1920 to 1950 or from the conclusion of World War I
to the immediately followed by World War II. The United States became the center of
sociology's growth throughout this second phase. In America, sociology developed into a field
from which it was expected to provide scientific results with apparent applications. Sociology
had to create empirical research to produce valuable information to meet these expectations.
Quantitative surveys using questionnaires were the primary source of this information. This
period was distinguished by a move away from significant theories, which were viewed as
speculative, unsupported, and unethical, and a focus on empirical investigation. Another

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change also happened at a time which is the separation of sociology and history. Not all
sociologists but a sizable majority started to embrace the notion that sociology had to be a
discipline that was primarily and entirely interested in modern cultures and should not address
the past. Therefore, history should be left simply up to historical research.

The 1950s marked the start of the third stage of sociology's evolution, frequently cited
as a time of rekindled interest in sociological theory. Through this time, sociologists realized
that the study of sociology cannot be solely grounded in observational evidence but also that
the creation of sociological theory was essential. There were two reasons for the increased
interest in theory.

The first was realizing that, to advance sociological knowledge, the large amount of
empirical material that had been gathered in the preceding time needed to be submitted to an
analytical solution. The second was the realization that the challenges and experiences of
humanity in the 20th century could not be explored just on the base of empirical study and that
a theory was necessary to address the fundamental concerns of current society.
2.2 RELATIONSHIP OF SOCIOLOGY AND HISTORICAL STUDY
Naturally, its relationships to sociology and historical study are significant for historical
sociology. In general, we may conclude that in the 19th century, when academia started to
emphasize particular historical sources and the singularity of historical events and reject efforts
at broader generalization, history and sociology courses began to diverge dramatically.

The goal of sociology at the time, in contrast, was to develop broad theoretical
generalizations based on historical investigations. The 19th-century sociologists frequently
disparaged historians and historical research because they believed that historical science was
incapable of attaining the same degree of generality as sociology. In other words, sociology
saw history as a type of supplementary

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3.0 SUBDIVISION/SUBTOPIC AVAILABLE UNDER SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is one of the crucial elements in social sciences, it covers variety subdivisions of
fields. Thus, it is related to the study of human society which act as a vast and complicated
occurrence.

Therefore, on personal aspect sociology does encompasses in investigation of social
causes, and consequences of such things as human culture, gender identity, behaviour, and
belief.

Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the
social world in which we live, and which shapes our lives. Through the particular analytical
perspective, social theories and research methods, sociology is a subject that assist in
understanding the human social relationships, cultures and institutions that profoundly
influence.

3.1 SOCIOLOGY ACCORDING TO RESEARCHERS
3.1.1 C. WRIGHT MILLS 1959
According to Jack Douglas and some of his graduate’s student, “Sociologies of Everyday Life
are qualitative sociologies that examine small-group interaction and place a primacy on
understanding and reporting the lives of the members of everyday life as they interpret it.”

3.1.2 RITZER 1979
“Sociology is the study of the individuals in a social setting that includes groups, organizations,
cultures, and societies. It studies the interrelationships between individuals, organizations,
cultures and societies”.

3.1.3 JACK DOUGLAS 1989
This researcher described “sociology as awareness of relationship between a person’s
behaviour and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person’s choices and
perceptions, which a way of seeing our own and other people’s behaviour in relationship.”

3.1.4 GIDDENS 1989
It is a “study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling
enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behaviour as social beings. The scope of
sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between
individuals in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes”.

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3.1.5 HESS, MARKSON AND STEIN 1990
“Sociology is a systematic study of human behaviour which the groups to which one belongs.
Social sciences study patterns of behaviour.”

3.2 BRANCHES IN SOCIOLOGY
3.2.1 SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION
According to Portes (2000), the intellectual bias in social theory toward the incompatibility of
rationality and religion has residues in sociology as a whole. The Sociology of Religion treats
religion as an empirically observable social fact. Which applies a sociological perspective to
the description, understanding and explanation of the plurality of ways in which religion
matters in society.

Instead, understanding religious beliefs and explaining how they relate to worldviews,
practises, and identities, as well as the various expressions of religion, how religious practises
and meanings change over time, and their implications for and interactions with other spheres
of personal and social action, are the main points of emphasis.

3.2.2 HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY
This discipline is one of the crucial branches of Sociology that focuses on how societies have
developed through the past and continue to still, which relates to historical development. It
somehow illustrates how simple structures in the society will actually resulted to complex
processes. The historical data of gender biases and inequality to war will be available for use
to study many present theories in relation to society and its components.

Richard Lachman who is the famous American sociologist, acknowledged the various
area of historical sociological view has contributed to the discussions of revolutions and social
movements.

3.2.3 POLITICAL SOCIOLOGY
In terms of definition, according to Oxford Bibliographies, Political Sociology is the study of
power and the relationship between societies, states, and political conflict. Moreover, it is a
broad subfield that links political sciences and sociology which correlate with each other with
macro and micro component, which relate to social conflict and interactionist perspective.

In this branch of sociology, this branch correlate with theories of Class domination,
Capitalism and Revolution which linked to power, influence, wealth, and social status. This
branch deals mostly with power in society and its effect on the allocation of major resources.

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These resources are health care, food, psychological well-being and also education, which
relates to social stratification. For instance, can be seen in the recent Indian Movie like “The
Lift Boy”, stor on theme of class division.

4.0 PROMINENT PERSONNEL IN SOCIOLOGY FIELD
The study of human social interactions is at the heart of sociology. Sociology is described as
the study of society through the scientific, philosophical, and theological lenses. Sociological
study can use a variety of methodologies.

Some well-known sociologists perform phenomenology investigations in which they
investigate their participants' real experiences. Other sociologists investigate and forecast
human behaviour using quantitative approaches and statistical models.

Sociologists investigate their subjects using various theoretical approaches, such as
postmodern and modern social theory. There are prominent personnel in the sociology topic,
which some from researchers, and sociologist background.

4.1 OMAR LIZARDO

Figure 1: Omar Lizardo Potrait

Name Omar Lizardo

Age 48 years old

Birthplace New York City, New York

Occupation • Co-editor of the American Review

• LeRoy Neiman Term Chair Professor of Sociology in
University of California, Los Angeles

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Education • Brooklyn College

• Doctor of Philosophy from University of Arizona

Expertise Political Sociology, Sociology.

Table 1: Profile of Omar Lizardo

The work that Lizardo has done in the fields of social networks, sociological theory,

cognitive science, as well as cultural and organisational sociology, has contributed to his ascent

to prominence as a sociologist. His study aims to understand the cultural shifts that occur

throughout time as well as the factors that cause these shifts within social groupings.

He is a prolific author who has been recognised for his work by the American
Sociological Association, which has honoured him with not one but two Best Graduate Student
Paper Awards, each in a separate category. His article titled "How Cultural Tastes Shape Social
Networks" was given the Clifford Geertz Prize for the Best Article in Cultural Sociology for
its outstanding contribution to the field.

In 2013, he was presented with the Lewis Coser Award for Theoretical Agenda Setting
as a token of appreciation for the work that he had done and the potential that was seen in the
area of sociology.

Both the Nanovic Institute for European Studies and the Kroc Institute for International
Peace Studies, both located on the campus of Notre Dame University, have benefitted from his
expertise as a faculty fellow. The most recent election for which he was chosen was for the
Sociological Research Association.

4.2 JÜRGEN HABERMAS

Figure 2: Jurgen Habermas Potrait

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Name Jürgen Habermas

Age 93 years old

Birthplace Düsseldorf, Germany

Occupation German philosopher

Education University of Bonn

University of Marburg

Expertise Field of philoshopy and sociology.

Table 2: Profile of Jurgen Habermas

It is commonly recognised that Habermas is an educator and a mentor. Both in terms

of rationalisation and pragmatism, his work is an extension of the theoretical traditions

established by Max Weber. Furthermore, his research has given him new perspectives on such

topics as communication and modernism, as well as liberation and rationality. His conceptual

foundation is informed by the traditions of thinkers ranging from Kohlberg to Kant, Durkheim

to Luhmann, and so on.

By doing so, he creates a coherent concept of philosophy by tying together
developmental psychology, sociology, political theory, and linguistic philosophy. The Sonning
Prize, the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, the
European Prize of Political Culture, the Victor Frankl Award, and the Kluge Prize are just some
of the accolades that have been bestowed upon him over his career.

In addition, Habermas has authored a large number of books, the first of which being
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, which was released in the year 1962.
Between Naturalism and Religion: Philosophical Essays, Europe: The Faltering Project, and,
most recently, This Too a History of Philosophy are some of his other important works that
have been published.

Lastly, he has advocated for the critical study of the part that religion plays in culture.
He has made the observation that although religion complicates conversations about social and
utilitarian ethics, excluding religion from philosophical discourse causes more harm than good.

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4.3 VIVIANA ZELIZER

Figure 3: Potrait of Viviana Zelizer

Name Viviana Rotman Zelizer

Age 76 years old

Birthplace Buenos Aires, Argentina

Occupation • Sociologist

• Economist

Education • Rutgers University

• Columbia University

Expertise • Social Meaning of Money

• Sociologist

Table 3: Profile of Viviana Zelizer

Viviana Rotman Zelizer is a famous sociologist who is known for concentrating on the

economic valuation of the holy via her research of transactions between intimate partners or

other "sacred" exchanges. She did this by studying transactions between intimate lovers or

other "sacred" exchanges. She is of the opinion that all close personal relationships involve

some form of economic exchange, and that this should not be viewed as inherently problematic.

Both the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the National Endowment

for the Humanities awarded her a fellowship at one point or another. She was the first chair of

the Economic Sociology division of the American Sociological Association, which she also

founded. She is the author of a number of publications on sociology, including Economic

Lives: How Culture Shapes the Economy and Morals and Markets: The Development of Life

Insurance in the United States, both of which are examples of her body of work. Her most

recent book is titled Money Talks: Explaining How Money Really Works, and it was published

not too long ago.

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In 2006, she joined the PEN American Center, and the following year, in 2007, she was
inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. At Princeton University, Zelizer is
now serving as the Lloyd Cotsen '50 Professor of Sociology. Her current line of inquiry is an
investigation of the financial dealings that are associated with romantic connections between
students at different colleges.

5.0 ORGANIZATION AND ASSOCIATION RELATED TO SOCIOLOGY
A broad definition of an organization can be the deliberate placement of social activities,
including the active control of relationships that are placed for a particular purpose. In this
sense, organizations are primarily voluntary, unplanned, informal, and embrace patterns of
relationships that transcend kinship, peer groups, and primary group associations characterized
by localized community networks. However, there is no generally accepted definition of an
organization, as the meaning of an organization can vary depending on the different
sociological approaches applied to the subject.

Organizations can be deliberately built or rebuilt for specific purposes, but groups and
individuals within the organization can have a variety of different competing goals, and the
levels of consensus and cooperation that subordinates show change. It leads to the distinction
between "formal" and "informal" organizations.

Thus, there are some organizations or association for sociology. Among of them is
American Sociologist Association, which is a largest association of sociology in world,
Association of Black Sociologists that related to black people or black matters lives,
International Sociological Association and Sociologists for Women in Society that related for
women only.
5.1 AMERICAN SOCIOLOGIST ASSOCIATION

Figure 4: ASA logo

American Sociologist Association (ASA) was founded in 1905. This association is the largest
organization in world. In that year Professor CWA Veditz of George Washington University

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has begun discussions among sociologists across the United States. He wrote to dozens of
people asking if there was a need or desire to form an organization of sociologists. That
summer, dozens of letters were exchanged, and it was agreed that it was time for the American
Society of Sociologists to meet with the American Association of Political Science and Science
later that month to discuss the possibility of establishing a Society of Sociologist. This
association was established because have some mission to accomplish that can benefit people
which are to serve the work of sociologists, advance sociology as a science and profession, and
promote the contribution and use of sociology to society.

Actually, ASA is a non-profit membership organization that aimed at promoting
sociology as a profession serving the academic discipline and the public interest. With over
13,200 members, ASA includes university faculty members, sociologists, researchers,
practitioners, and students. About 20% of our members work for public institutions, businesses,
or non-profits. As a national organization for sociologists, the American Sociological
Association is well-positioned through its executive office to provide its members with unique
services and to promote the vitality, visibility and diversity of discipline. Other than that, while
working at the national and international levels, the association aims to identify and implement
programs that may have the greatest impact on current and future sociology.

The American Sociological Association also publishes 14 academic journals, including
the American Sociological Review, the highest-ranked journal of sociology, emphasizing
exceptional quality and general interest. ASA also publishes a bi-monthly review journal.
contemporary society. Annual number of sociological methodologies; contexts, a quarterly
magazine that gives the general reader access to cutting-edge social research. Socius is an open
access journal for general sociology. These journals are joined by four journals sponsored by
the ASA section.

5.2 ASSOCIATION OF BLACK SOCIOLOGIST

Figure 5: ABS logo

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Next association or organization is Association of Black Sociologists. The Association of Black
Sociologists is committed to supporting and nurturing the prophetic traditions of scholarships,
mentorship, service and social justice. The Association of Black Sociologists, formed in 1970,
from a series of discussions of black sociologists about the best ways to defend the interests of
black sociologists and blacks at home and abroad. Since its inception, the organization has
supported and trained many black social scientists and black community activists who serve
intellectual and social organizations to improve the lives of blacks people. ABS strives to
maintain diverse membership. This can be a catalyst for social change in local, nationally and
global.

The Association of Black Sociologists (ABS) respects the human qualities, similarities
and differences that exist in society. It will be benefit from the involvement of a diverse group
of people with different perspectives, experiences and talents who embrace our common
corporate goals. After that, ABS Executive Committee and membership encourage and
promote diversity and inclusion within the organization, academia, and the wider community
by respecting each other and demonstrating that each of us can contribute. ABS is for scholars,
students and community leaders regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, skin colour, age, religion,
country of origin, sexual orientation, gender expression, gender identity, marital status, height
or presence and others.

As an official ABS resource, Issues in Race & Society is a double-blind, peer-reviewed
academic journal. The twice-yearly journal highlights itself as an interdisciplinary,
comprehensive and global survey of an increasingly racist and racist world that binds us all. It
provides a space where all voices can be heard and can have diverse conversations about races,
powers, privileges, relationships, and connections between places that work across cultures and
societies.

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5.3 INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION

Figure 6: ISA logo

This association was published in 1998 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the
foundation of the International Sociological Association. UNESCO was responsible for
initiating the creation of the ISA as part of a broader program to develop the social sciences to
advance its policy objectives and had a strong influence on its early patterns of activity. Most
of the 1953 issue of the International Social Science Bulletin was devoted to "Technology of
International Conferences", and the social sciences were considered to be fully useful by
UNESCO at this time, thus summarizing the ISA conference into a very different one.

International Sociological Association also have some conference such ISA World
Congress of Sociology, ISA Forum of Sociology, Conferences of the Council of National
Associations and Conferences of the Research Council. The work of ISA is governed by a
council of all members of the National Association Council and the Research Council. Other
than that, The National Association Council is made up of one representative from each
member state while the Research Council is made up of representatives from all research
committees and promotes the scientific activities of International Sociological Association.

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5.4 SOCIOLOGIST FOR WOMEN IN SOCIETY

Figure 7: SWS logo

Last association known as sociologists for women in society. SWS is an organization with
different roles. Many sociologists, activists, parents, partners, friends, mentors, teachers and
writers find overall support and development. In 1969, instead of attending an ASA meeting at
theِHiltonِHotelِinِSanِFrancisco,ِhundredsِofِwomenِgatheredِforِ“counterِgathering”ِatِtheِ
Glide Memorial Church. They shared stories of anxiety and their initially mysterious
experiences as graduate students and teachers and applauded each other. They realized that
some of the stress of being a sociologist was not peculiar, but part of the experience of being a
woman. Later that year, about 20 founder women gathered to build an organization and
network. SWS was founded to ease the plight of female sociologists, but SWS has evolved
into an organization focused on improving women's social status in society through feminist
sociological research and writing.

Then, sociologists for women in society are non-profit professional feminist
organizations. The mission of SWS is dedicated to promoting the development of sociological
feminist theory and scholarship, transform the academy through feminist leadership, career
development and institutional diversity, promote social justice through regional, national and
international activities and also to support the publication and dissemination of innovative
feminist social sciences.

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6.0 ISSUES ON SOCIOLOGY
6.1 ADMINISTRATING SOCIAL ISSUES IN MALAYSIA: AN APPLICATION OF
SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
When talking about social issues in Malaysia, it reminds us to the worst incident happened pass
decade ago which is the ethnic clash at Kampung Medan. As we know, Malaysia is the one of
country that have many ethnic and culture which are Malay, Chinese also India. As defined by
Crowford and Lipschutz, defined that the issues that always connected to ethnic clash is
political or social conflict involving one or more group which are identified by some marker
of ethnic identify.

After the ethnic riot that happened on May 13th, 1969, our government move forward
by introduce to our country a New Economic Policy (NEP) after few arguments about the role
of the economic policy have been louder speak. Furthermore, the main purpose when
introducing New Economic Policy is to eradicate poverty among Malaysians as it was seen to
be critical issues among the rioter. Social relationship between the ethnic however it still
heightens the ethnic tension due to the development and modernization of the country that
made the ethnic group start to question their rights and interpret the constitution at their own
convenience. Not only that, but another factor also that lead this become worst is that the
concerted effort between some political leaders, non-government organizations and mass
media that encourage to misrepresentations or biased. Plus, if these issues fail to be settled
down, it will lead to disillusion with the optimistic predictions of nation-building theories and
posited my multi-ethnic societies could not remain both stable and democratic.

On the other hand, in this article the writer had state that there are a non-governmental
organizations and individual sent a memorandum to the Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamed
at Parliament House after few years of clashes happened. The memorandum highlight that a
financial support should be provided for the affected families as the victims were from the
lower-income group. Also has been stated on that memorandum is the immediate socio-
economic development programmes that the main purpose of this is providing adequate
housing, sanitation, community centres, recreational facilities, public amenities and place of
worship in Kampung Medan included that affected areas. The last point that they have highlight
on that memorandum is to set-up a special multi-ethnic police task force to handle Kampung
Medan-type of conflicts that involve ethnic dimensions.

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Therefore, after sanding it a few years there is no response to that memorandum, also
does not have royal commission of inquiry into the matter. Also, a political party which is Parti
Reformasi Insan Malaysia (PRIM) take a part of action on pressuring the government for
adequate compensation and to investigate the factor of the clashes happened. Another research
found other aspect of this issues are:

• Despite being in the heart of Klang Valley, Kampung Medan in Petaling Jaya Selatan
was considered an underdeveloped area due to a lack of a proper road system,
streetlights, and an appropriate dumping ground. The majority of the people who live
here have a low socioeconomic status. There is also a culture of gangterism and crime,
particularly drug trafficking.

• Many government agencies and departments were involved in attempting to defuse the
tense situation in Kampung Medan, including the district office, local council, town
council, police, media, and non-governmental organisations. However, the majority of
them failed because they reflected bias, raising the community's suspicions about their
intentions.

• The security forces sent to Kampung Medan were mostly Malay, which made non-
Malays feel unsafe and led them to believe that the security forces would side with the
Malays.

• Several high-ranking government officials who gave 'clever' speeches during those
tense times, which disgusted the residents.

When we faced with these social issues, a react professionally, ethnically, and
effectively should be implemented as state in this article, there are 4 stage of social management
system which are Promotion Stage, Prevention Stage, Intervention Stage and Rehabilitation
Stage. Each stage has their own focus in solving an issue such as:

16

Stage Activities Example Person/Body

Promotion In Charge
Stage
Various activities should be Racial unity can be Mass media,

carried out to promote a healthy widely disseminated school,

lifestyle, foster positive to members of all seminars and

relationships, and shape an societal levels to the like.

open and unbiased perception create a thorough

among the multiracial members understanding of its

of the community. significance.

Prevention Social skill training is another Among the efforts Social

stage critical component for the high- that should be made Scientists

risk group in preventing ethnic are learning how to

clashes communicate with

and relate to

members of the

community who are

of a different ethnic

background.

Intervention Assist victims of ethnic conflict The rehabilitation Social Expert

Stage in returning to normalcy and would include

ensuring that perpetrators do activities such as

not repeat their actions community member

supervision rather

than external

authority

supervision.

Rehabilitation reduce the magnitude of the For example, which Sociologists,

Stage conflict as well as the event's is made up of key historians,

negative consequences and members of the and religious

implications community leaders

Table 4: Stages of social management system

17

In conclusion, in order to make sure social issues in Malaysia be settle down the author
giving the solution by adapting the PINTAS model. Yet, concerned social scientists must
follow a four-step model to achieve an integrated nation and reduce conflict among its
members.

6.2 FEMINIST IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT: AN ANALYSIS USING
LEGITIMATION CODE THEORY AND CORPUS LINGUISTICS
In the context of the Sociology of Sport, this study investigates how the term "feminist" is used
across a variety of contexts. In order to accomplish this goal, new conceptual tools derived
from the dimension of semantics known as Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) are put into
action. A corpus of six hundred and fifty thousand words was produced using one hundred
articles that were published in publications that were internationally ranked and subjected to
peer review. It was found that there are constructions that use the word "feminist" as both a
noun and an attributive adjective. There were a total of 2044 occurrences of the word
"feminist," with the word being constructed in a variety of ways 229 times.

"Feminist" is a complicated term, particularly in its form as an attributive adjective;
hence, it demonstrates a level of epistemic-semantic density (ESD+) that is considered to be
quite high by the LCT. In the field of sociology of sport, analyses of the term "feminist" for
axiological semantic density (ASD) are also carried out. There is no negative connotation
attached to the meanings, which are typically either neutral or good. The overall contribution
of the paper is to make visible and unpack the complexity of the term "feminist" in an explicit
and systematic manner to scaffold student learning. This will be accomplished by making the
complexity of the term "feminist" visible. It's possible that the complex packaging will make
it more difficult for people who are new to the topic of sociology of sport to access these
specific meanings or develop them in their own writing.

Since sport has been called a "entrenched bastion of patriarchy," the Sociology of Sport
calls for in-depth research in the field of gendered language. This is because the Sociology of
Sport merits such research. Research conducted in this area by feminist researchers has been
widely published. Strength, aggression, and dominance are highly valued in the world of sport,
all of which are traits that are traditionally associated with men. Scholars in the field of
sociology of sport investigate how gender is learned through the institutionalised practises of
sport. One example points out how children in primary school learn, frequently for the first

18

time, that boys and girls should be separated for the purpose of participating in sports. Children
acquire this knowledge about gender disparities in this way through the socialisation that occurs
within organised sports. In addition, a sizeable number of studies have been conducted on the
topic of the disparity between the amount of coverage given to men's and women's sports by
the media in terms of both quantity and quality. For instance, women's sports are sometimes
degraded by the use of monikers such as the "Women's World Cup" rather than the more
generic "World Cup." In addition to this, female athletes are frequently portrayed as sexual
objects on websites that cover sports. For instance, Sports Illustrated frequently features
athletes competing in bikini events in their magazine. In contrast to men, female athletes are
often referred to as "girls" by male sports broadcasters, and this practise has been the subject
of research.

One other school of thought among researchers is interested in the subject of women's
empowerment through the medium of sport. Mixed-gender sports have the potential to provide
a platform for advancing gender equality by exposing male athletes to the prowess and power
of female athletes on the playing field. It's possible that this will cause conventional ideas about
how gender manifests in the body to shift. In addition, research suggests that developing one's
physical strength through activities such as martial arts could be empowering. If women engage
in combat with male opponents, they may gain confidence and move away from the pervasive
narrative that they are helpless victims who rely on men for protection.

There is also research being done to investigate how women are creating competitive
results in today's world, reaching tremendous heights of success in sports such as long-distance
running, and closing the performance gap that has traditionally existed between the sexes. The
term "feminist" is used in this study as both a noun and an adjective to describe formulations
that are related to feminist theory that are found in research articles in the field of sociology of
sport. Within the collected corpus, it was discovered that these word class patterns were both
the most common and the most diversified. In the beginning of the research, three hypotheses
were developed based on general prior observations.

These hypotheses were used to guide the subsequent research. The first was that the
terminology associated with the term "feminist" would have academic uses because the sources
were drawn from studies published in scholarly journals. A second theory proposed that the
word "feminist" is more likely to be found in conjunction with individuals who are working
toward social transformation (such as in the phrases "an active feminist" or "a feminist

19

activist") than it is to be found in conjunction with phrases that refer to feminist fields of study,
such as "feminist research." This is due to the fact that it is centred on advocating for rights.

A third concern was that some of the language associated with 'feminist' research or
researchers might be hostile. This was due to the fact that the majority of the published research
in the Sociology of Sport was written by men. In order to investigate these ideas, a corpus
consisting of 650 thousand words spanning the years 1985 to 2018 was generated. A body of
text that is representative of a particular language variety is known as a corpus. This is the
definition of the term "corpus." The corpus was comprised of one hundred different research
articles from academic journals. The term "feminist" was used both as a noun and an attributive
adjective in the constructions that were recognised from these articles. The results of these
studies showed that there was a sizeable number (n = 2044) of occurrences.

In order to enact the data, new toolkits were utilised from semantic density, which is a
component of the Semantics dimension contained inside Legitimation Code Theory (LCT). In
the first place, the purpose of this study is to investigate the epistemic-semantic density (ESD)
of the term "feminist" in relation to the Sociology of Sport semantic field. To a lesser extent,
due to the fact that the LCT community has not yet defined its resources, language associated
to the term "feminist" was investigated for its axiological-semantic density (ASD). The overall
contribution of the paper is to make visible and unpack the complexity of the term "feminist"
in an explicit and systematic manner. This is done because the dense packaging of the term
may prevent newcomers to the field of sociology of sport from gaining access to specific
meanings or constructing them in their own writing.

This study investigates the constructions that use the word "feminist" as both a technical
compact-property and a technical compact-element in order to conduct an analysis of the
language that is utilised in research articles that are associated with Feminist Theory in the
Sociology of Sport. The research reveals how successfully the wording and word grouping
techniques may operate for investigating complexity, more precisely epistemic semantic
density, in discourse that is specific to a field. It has been discovered that there are a few
research that use educational data by utilising the wording and word grouping methods in order
to respond to sociological issues regarding the nature of epistemic semantic density in
knowledge-building.

However, to the best of this author's knowledge, no other studies have conducted
research that demonstrates the complementarity between the tools from Maton and Doran's

20

(2017) work on epistemic semantic density (ESD) and a corpus linguistics approach, as has
been done here. This study is the first to do so. In addition, the analyst may simultaneously
investigate axiological condensation of meaning (also known as ASD) in field-specific
disciplines in order to further convey the complexity of a word.

In the beginning of the research, there were three theories that were developed. The
first was that there was a good chance that academic uses might be found for feminism-related
language given that the sources were drawn from scholarly journal articles. The second
hypothesis was that the word "feminist" was more likely to be found in conjunction with people
who were participants in the field and were working toward change (for example, an active
feminist or a "feminist activist") than with wording related to feminist subjects of study, such
as feminist research.

The third possibility was that some of the rhetoric associated with feminist research or
feminist scholars could be considered hostile. These derogatory connotations were found in
texts that are housed in the British National Corpus. [Citation needed] Because the sources
were chosen from papers published in academic journals, it is reasonable to assume that the
language used in this subject does have academic applications.

On the other hand, the two other hypotheses were determined to be invalid after being
tested. First, the term "feminist" did not most frequently refer to people as participants in the
field; rather, it most frequently referred to wording related to studying or practising feminist
subjects, such as feminist theory, with 103 occurrences in the corpus. Secondly, the term
"feminist" did not most frequently refer to people as participants in the field. On the other hand,
feminist theorists were only mentioned eight times. This finding was also observed with a
number of different combinations of the same kind.

Therefore, the academic subject was more firmly represented than the people who were
actually carrying out the action, often known as agents. Second, in the Sociology of Sport
corpus, vocabulary that was associated with feminism was in no way found to be linked to a
hostile attitude. There was a relatively strong case of ASD (ASD+), however none of the words
in the research corpus had any negative connotation; only neutral or positive connotation was
discovered. As a result, the research contributes to demonstrating that assumptions that may
appear to be widespread and risk-free do not reflect the reality of how language is actually
used.

21

It is because significant feminist scholarship has been done in the past four decades on
sport as a social phenomenon, it is suggested that the Sociology of Sport is a field that merits
research of the type presented in this paper. This is because there has been substantial feminist
scholarship done on sport as a social phenomenon. As a consequence of this, as was shown,
feminist develops complex epistemic constellations, and as a result, it possesses a rather high
level of epistemic-semantic density (ESD). The axiological-semantic density (ASD) of the term
has also been explored, and some interesting nuances and degrees of axiological condensation
have been uncovered. This exploration was done to a lesser extent. It is thought that by
presenting the density of packaging in this manner, it will be easier for those who are new to
this field to understand. Students' prospects for success in the sociology of sport may be
improved, specifically, if they had access to the constructs.

22

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