Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh MIND MAP HYDOXY COMPOUNDS
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL (BOILING POINT: ALCOHOL & ALKANE) Alcohol vs alkane Alcohol vs alcohol Same OH but different C Same C but different OH Alcohol has hydrogen bonding among its molecules. Higher number of carbon Higher number of OH group Alkanes has van der Waals forces among its molecules. Larger molecular size Higher number of hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding is stronger than van der Waals forces. Larger surface contact area More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces between its molecule More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forcer between its molecule Stronger van der Waals forces Higher boiling point Boiling point of alcohol is higher than alkane. More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces between its molecule Higher boiling point
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOL (SOLUBILITY OF ALCOHOL IN WATER) Different number of OH Different number of C Higher number of OH group Higher number of carbon Higher number of hydrogen bonding with water Larger hydrophobic area Higher solubility Lower solubility (C1-C5) @ insoluble (C6 above)
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh PREPARATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS Lucas Test: Conc HCl/ ZnCl2 1 0 alcohol: No cloudiness formed within 10 minutes Iodoform test: I2/ NaOH To detect methyl carbinol Yellow precipitate formed Esterification Dehydration Hydration Reaction with metal Oxidation + PCC H + , C6H12O6 + KMnO4 H + + H2O + Na + Mg + HOCCH3 + conc H2SO4 + I2 NaOH + conc HCl ZnCl2 CH2CH2 OH Yeast Produce ethanol only CH2 =CH2 H H + CH2Cl2 O CH3CH2 O-Na+ CH3CH2O - Mg2+ 1 o alcohol 2 CH3CH2OCCH3 O CH2 =CH2 + H2O CH3COH O HCO-Na+ O + CHI3 CH3CH O
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh PREPARATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS + PCC H + , C6H12O6 + KMnO4 H + + H2O + Na + Mg + HOCCH3 + conc H 2SO4 + I2 NaOH + conc HCl ZnCl2 CH3CHCHCH3 OH Yeast Produce ethanol only CH3CH=CHCH3 H H + CH2Cl2 O CH3CHCHCH3 O-Na+ H CH3CHCHO - Mg2+ H CH3 2 o alcohol 2 H CH3 CH3CHCOCCH3 O CH3CH=CHCH3 + H2O CH3CHCHCH3 H Cl CH3CHCCH3 H O CH3CHCCH3 H O H CH3CHCO-Na+ H O + CHI3 + CH3CH2CH=CH2 Major Minor Lucas Test: Conc HCl/ ZnCl2 2 o alcohol: Cloudiness formed within 5-10 minutes Iodoform test: I2/ NaOH To detect methyl carbinol Yellow precipitate formed Esterification Dehydration Hydration Reaction with metal Oxidation (Dehydration of alcohol) Saytzeff rule: In an elimination, alkene with greater no alkyl group at C=C is the most stable and as major product.
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh PREPARATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROXY COMPOUNDS (Dehydration of alcohol) Saytzeff rule: In an elimination, alkene with greater no alkyl group at C=C is the most stable and as major product. + PCC H + , C6H12O6 + KMnO4 H + + H2O + Na + Mg + HOCCH3 + conc H2SO4 + I2 NaOH + conc HCl ZnCl2 CH3CHCCH3 OH Yeast Produce ethanol only CH3CH=CCH3 CH3 H H + CH2Cl2 O CH3CHCCH3 O-Na+ CH3 H CH3CHCO - Mg2+ CH3 H CH3 CH3 3 o alcohol 2 CH3 H CH3 CH3CHCOCCH3 O CH3CH=CCH3 CH3 + H2O CH3CHCCH3 Cl CH3 H CH3CH2C=CH2 CH3 + Major Minor (Hydration of alkene) Markovnikov’s rule: In the addition of HX to unsymmetrically alkene, the hydrogen atom added to the carbon double bond having greater no of hydrogen. Lucas Test: Conc HCl/ ZnCl2 3 o alcohol: Cloudiness solution immediately formed Iodoform test: I2/ NaOH To detect methyl carbinol Yellow precipitate formed Esterification Dehydration Hydration Reaction with metal Oxidation
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh Lucas Test Function : To distinguish 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohol Class of alcohol Reaction Observation Primary (1°) CH2 OH ZnCl2 + conc HCl No cloudiness formed within 10 minutes. Secondary (2°) OH Cl ZnCl2 + conc HCl Solution turns cloudy within 5 minutes Tertiary (3°) OH CH3 Cl CH3 ZnCl2 + conc HCl Turns cloudy immediately Iodoform Test Function : To identify methyl carbinol group Methyl carbinol cleavage to give carboxylic acid and iodoform. Reaction Observation + I2 NaOH HO C H O H3C C H H OH methyl carbinol + CHI3 iodoform Yellow precipitate formed
Prepared by: NFAG, KMPh