CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Analysis
Language is a tool of communication. It plays important rule in human life.

People can not be separated from language because it is one of their needs of
communication. As human being, one interacts with another through communication.
One major function of language is to communicate knowledge, skills and information.
Webster New Collegiate Dictionary (1981:641) defines that language is a systematic
means of communicating ideas or feeling by the use of conventionalized signs,
gesture or mark having understood meaning.

As a system of communication, language is also a social behavior that can be
learned as a social of foreign language besides the mother tongue or native language.
Hartman (1982:132) states that linguistics studies language as human ability to
communicate, as individual expression, or as the common heritage of speech
community, as spoken sound, or as written text. Sapir (1921:8) also says “ language is
purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotion, and
desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”. In addition, Hocket
(1958:1) states that language is the most valuable single possession of the human
race.

From those definition above, language can be regarded as system of symbols
designed for the purpose of communication. A language is studied through linguistics.
Linguistics is a scientific knowledge that can be applied to study many languages in
the world. Hartley (1982:2) mentions that can be applied to study to do with language,
it also implies that linguistics is relevant to learning of language.

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There are several branches of fields of linguistics which includes Phonology,
Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and also some other science that are related to
linguistics like Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Comparative linguistics, etc. All of
these are concerned in language.

In a language, the basic thing is a word. Each word has the meaning. The
meaning can change relatively. Therefore the process in forming a word also needed
to know. The branch of linguistics which concerns to word formation relates to the
morphology. Bloomfield (1933:207) says: “ By definition, the resultant forms are
either bound forms or words but never phrase”. Besides that, Nida (1967:1) also state
that morphology is the study of morphemes and their arrangements in forming words.

One of the study of the morphology is about affixation. Affixation is the
process of forming words by adding bound morphemes either before or after the base
form in order to form new word. Affixes can be subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,
depending upon whether they are attached to the beginning (prefix) and the end
(suffix) of a lexical morpheme (Montler 1986:119).

In this thesis, affixation is chosen as the subject of analysis, which particularly
concerns with morphological process found in A Tale of Two Cities By Charles
Dickens as the data of this analysis. This novel is very interesting to go in certain
direction to find many English affixes aimed inside . So it is the real reason why it is
chosen as the data of analysis, especially to find out the most dominant affix that used
in this novel.

Affixes are divided into several categories, depending on their position with
reference to the basic form. Prefix and suffix always occurred in English.

Example: Based on searching some words which have same affixes in page 7 – 21.

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Affix Simple Example Scheme Description
Prefix un- unwholesome un+wholesome Prefix+stem Appears before a
base form
Suffix -ly
uncertain un+certain

unaccountable un+accountable

lately late+ly Stem+suffix Appears after a
recently recent+ly base form

hoarsely hoarse+ly

Based on some examples above, prefix and suffix can be classified and

analyzed as follows:

1. Prefix un-

a. Form

Prefix un- does not change the form when it sticks on the base form.

un+ wholesome (base form)  unwholesome

un + certain (base form)  uncertain

un + accountable (base form)  unaccountable

b. Distribution

Prefix un- can be attached to adjective class.

un+ wholesome (adjective)  unwholesome

un + certain (adjective)  uncertain

un + accountable (adjective)  unaccountable

c. Function

The function of prefix un- does not change the word class.

un+ wholesome (adjective)  unwholesome (adjective)

un + certain (adjective)  uncertain (adjective)

un + accountable (adjective)  unaccountable (adjective)

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2. Suffix -ly

a. Form

Suffix -ly does not change the form when it sticks on the base form.

late (base form) + ly  lately

recent (base form) + ly  recently

hoarse (base form) + ly  hoarsely

b. Distribution

Suffix -ly can be attached to adjective class.

late (adjective) + ly  lately

recent (adjective) + ly  politely

hoarse (adjective) + ly  hoarsely

c. Function

The function of suffix –ly changes the word class from adjective to be

adverb.  lately (adverb)
late (adjective) + ly  recently (adverb)
recent (adjective) + ly  hoarsely (adverb)
hoarse (adjective) + ly

Word classes can be divided into two groups; major and minor. The Major
classes include nouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs. The minor classes include
pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection (Kaplan 1989:108). Therefore, the
discussion of the word class will be focused on the major classes of word in order to
facilitate this analysis.

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1.2 Problems of the Analysis
In this thesis, the problems which are analyzed as follows:
1. How are the form, distribution, and function of affixes in A Tale of Two
Cities?
2. How many prefixes and suffixes occurred in A Tale of Two Cities?
3. What is the most dominant affix that used in A Tale of Two Cities?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis
The objectives of this thesis are to find the answers of the problems which are

mentioned above. They are:
1. To describe the form, distribution, and function of affixes in A Tale of Two
Cities.
2. To show the number of prefixes and suffixes in A Tale of Two Cities.
3. To show the most dominant affix that used in A Tale of Two Cities.

1.4 Significances of the Analysis
This thesis is expected to give some significances for readers. They are :
1. To add the readers knowledge about word formation and affixation in a
novel.
2. To be the reference for further studies concerning Morphology.

1.5 Scope of the Analysis
This thesis is focused on the morphological process of affixes which includes

prefixes and suffixes based on their form, distribution, function and also the number
of affixes that occurred in A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens

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1.6 Method of the Analysis
Library research is applied in this thesis. This method supports the analysis in

collecting some relevant references such as textbook with many theories, thesis, and
dictionary as the basic of lexical meaning.

The population is all affixes that found in selected pages of novel A Tale of
Two Cities. The novel started by page 7 and end with page 336. So the total of
population is 329 pages. From the population, the samples are taken by using
systemic sampling presented by Coheran (1977:205). The samples can be selected by
using a certain formula. The formula is:

N= n.k
N = Total number of population,
n = Number of sample, and
K = Interval
N = n.k
329 = n.15
n = 329:15
n = 21,9
n = 22 (rounded off upward)
So, if the first sample is page 7, the next samples are page : 22, 37, 52, 67, 82,
97, 112, 127, 142, 157, 172, 187, 202, 217, 232, 247, 262, 277, 292, 307, and 322.
In explaining the findings of data analysis, descriptive qualitative method is
applied by giving a description of prefixes and suffixes in which uses some
instruments in collecting the data, i.e. formula to count the data which means here to
count the categories of prefixes and suffixes in the novel. All the result of counting in
order to get the percentage is for supporting the description

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Therefore, the overall analysis will be systematically conducted by
concentrating on the textual analysis with steps as follows:

1. Reading the novel A Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens repeatedly.
2. Identifying word by word which has affixes at selected pages.
3. Classifying the data into specific prefix and suffix .
4. Analyzing the data based on affixes categories.
5. Concluding the result of the analysis.

1.7 Review of Related Literature
In supporting the idea of this analysis, some relevant books have collected to

support the topic. All these books have given a large contribution in writing this
thesis. Some definitions, opinions, and findings from relevant books are quoted as
follows:

Bloomfield (1961) states that the bound forms which in secondary derivation
are added to underlying form, are called affixes.

Cahyono (1995) states that affixes is bound form if it added to another form, it
will change its grammatical meaning.

Lambert (1972) said that an affix is a morpheme which may be attached at the
beginning or end of a base or to one or more morphemes ultimately attached to such a
base.

Janndey and Polletto (1994) state that a prefix attaches to the beginning and a
suffix attaches to the end of a word, and the general term for prefixes and suffixes is
affixation”

Muchtar (2007) mentioned that affixes is the process of forming word, that is
a morpheme attached to a free morpheme or bound morpheme

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Marasi (2000) in “An Analysis of Morphological Process Used in Dian
Campus” sums up that morphological process which productive in forming a new
word in Dian Campus is affixation.

Mulyani (2004) in her thesis “An Analysis of Affixation In Harun Yahya’s
Book Darwinism Refuted” concludes that affixes in English can be subdivided into
prefix and suffix. The form of prefix a-, in-, de-, co-/con-/cor-, mis-, re-, im-, pre-
,sub-, under--, un-, en-, over-, dis-, fore-, non-, out-, ir-, and pro- do not change the
form when they are attached to base form, and in distribution, they can be attached to
noun, adjective, verb, or adverb base form. Those prefixes also do not change the
function. While the most suffixes such as –ment, -tion, -al, - ful, - ary, and ly, change
the form if attached to base form.

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