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F]WHUG]LHVWROHWQLHM KLVWRULL .UDMRZHJR )HVWLZDOX 3ROVNLHM 3LRVHQNL MHVW QDMOHSV]\P ȏ URG]LQQ\ Ȃ ]Ą GRURVĄ\FK G]LHFL
PLHMVFHP GR SRZVWDQLD LQVW\WXFML ]DMPXMÇFHM VLÛ JURPDG]HQLHP NDWDORJRZDQLHP %LOHW\ PRJÇ 3DĆVWZR NXSLÉ
NRQVHUZRZDQLHP GLJLWDOL]RZDQLHP QDXNRZ\P RSUDFRZ\ZDQLHP L XGRVWÛSQLDQLHP
] ȏ Z NDVDFK 1&33 Z $PȴWHDWU]H
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SLRVHQHN NWµUH SRVLDGDMÇ RJURPQH QLH GR NRĆFD ]EDGDQH ]DVRE\ ȏQD VWURQLH ZZZ ELOHW\ PX]HXPSLRVHQNL SO

MHVW SU]HGVLÛZ]LÛFLHP ZDľQ\P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP E\ ]DFKRZDÉ WHQ ERJDW\ FHQQ\ %LOHW\ XOJRZH VÇ ZDľQH ZUD] ] GRNXPHQWHP SRWZLHUG]DMÇF\P XSRZDľQLHQLH GR ]QLľNL
L LQWHUHVXMÇF\ PDWHULDĄ GOD SU]\V]Ą\FK SRNROHĆ








































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&HOHP XWZRU]HQLD 0X]HXP 3ROVNLHM 3LRVHQNL Z 2SROX MHVW SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP
WUZDĄD RFKURQD NXOWXURZHJR G]LHG]LFWZD QDURGRZHJR L ]ZLÛNV]HQLH UROL SROVNLHM &(1< %Ζ/(7•:
SLRVHQNL Z GLDORJX PLÛG]\NXOWXURZ\P QD U]HF] SURPRFML PLDVWD L SRGQLHVLHQLD MHJR
DWUDNF\MQRĝFL WXU\VW\F]QHM 2SROH MDNR ȌVWROLFD SROVNLHM SLRVHQNLȋ ] WUDG\FMDPL SRQDG ȏ QRUPDOQ\ Ȃ ]Ą ȏ XOJRZ\ Ȃ ]Ą ȏ JUXSRZ\ Ȃ ]Ą
F]WHUG]LHVWROHWQLHM KLVWRULL .UDMRZHJR )HVWLZDOX 3ROVNLHM 3LRVHQNL MHVW QDMOHSV]\P ȏ URG]LQQ\ Ȃ ]Ą GRURVĄ\FK G]LHFL
PLHMVFHP GR SRZVWDQLD LQVW\WXFML ]DMPXMÇFHM VLÛ JURPDG]HQLHP NDWDORJRZDQLHP %LOHW\ PRJÇ 3DĆVWZR NXSLÉ
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] ȏ Z NDVDFK 1&33 Z $PȴWHDWU]H
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SLRVHQHN NWµUH SRVLDGDMÇ RJURPQH QLH GR NRĆFD ]EDGDQH ]DVRE\ ȏQD VWURQLH ZZZ ELOHW\ PX]HXPSLRVHQNL SO

MHVW SU]HGVLÛZ]LÛFLHP ZDľQ\P SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP E\ ]DFKRZDÉ WHQ ERJDW\ FHQQ\ %LOHW\ XOJRZH VÇ ZDľQH ZUD] ] GRNXPHQWHP SRWZLHUG]DMÇF\P XSRZDľQLHQLH GR ]QLľNL
L LQWHUHVXMÇF\ PDWHULDĄ GOD SU]\V]Ą\FK SRNROHĆ








































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0DULD 6DGRZVND SRSURZDG]LĄD 0DĄÇ $NDGHPLÛ 3LRVHQNL
$QQD :\V]NRQL Z 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL
0DULD 6DGRZVND WR SROVND SLRVHQNDUND Z\NRQXMÇFD PX]\NÛ MD]] SRS IXQN

: SRQLHG]LDĄHN NZLHWQLD JRĝFLHP 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL EÛG]LH $QQD L HOHNWURQLF]QÇ D WDNľH VFHQDU]\VWND L UHľ\VHU ȴOPRZ\ 0D QD NRQFLH G]LHZLÛÉ VRORZ\FK
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IDEXODUQD SW Ȍ6NU]\GĄDȋ SRND]\ZDQD E\ĄD QD PLÛG]\QDURGRZ\FK IHVWLZDODFK
$UW\VWFH EÛG]LH WRZDU]\V]\Ą JRVSRGDU] PX]\F]Q\ ΖJRU 3U]HELQGRZVNL : SURJUDPLH ȴOPRZ\FK P LQ Z 0RVNZLH 7DMSHM %RORQLL %DUFHORQLH 6WDPEXOH L 3DU\ľX
PX]\F]QH ]DMÛFLD GOD G]LHFL Z ZLHNX SU]HGV]NROQ\P L ZF]HVQRV]NROQ\P D WDNľH
PLQLNRQFHUW GOD QDMPĄRGV]\FK 2SRODQ 0 0DULD 6DGRZVND E\ĄD JRĝFLHP 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL PDUFD $UW\VWND ZUD]
] JRVSRGDU]HP PX]\F]Q\P ΖJRUHP 3U]HELQGRZVNLP ]DSURVLOL G]LHFL QD QLH]Z\NĄH ZDUV]WDW\
PX]\F]QH SRGF]DV NWµU\FK ZVSµOQLH ĝSLHZDOL DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP GREU]H VLÛ EDZLOL










































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0DULD 6DGRZVND SRSURZDG]LĄD 0DĄÇ $NDGHPLÛ 3LRVHQNL
$QQD :\V]NRQL Z 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL
0DULD 6DGRZVND WR SROVND SLRVHQNDUND Z\NRQXMÇFD PX]\NÛ MD]] SRS IXQN

: SRQLHG]LDĄHN NZLHWQLD JRĝFLHP 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL EÛG]LH $QQD L HOHNWURQLF]QÇ D WDNľH VFHQDU]\VWND L UHľ\VHU ȴOPRZ\ 0D QD NRQFLH G]LHZLÛÉ VRORZ\FK
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IDEXODUQD SW Ȍ6NU]\GĄDȋ SRND]\ZDQD E\ĄD QD PLÛG]\QDURGRZ\FK IHVWLZDODFK
$UW\VWFH EÛG]LH WRZDU]\V]\Ą JRVSRGDU] PX]\F]Q\ ΖJRU 3U]HELQGRZVNL : SURJUDPLH ȴOPRZ\FK P LQ Z 0RVNZLH 7DMSHM %RORQLL %DUFHORQLH 6WDPEXOH L 3DU\ľX
PX]\F]QH ]DMÛFLD GOD G]LHFL Z ZLHNX SU]HGV]NROQ\P L ZF]HVQRV]NROQ\P D WDNľH
PLQLNRQFHUW GOD QDMPĄRGV]\FK 2SRODQ 0 0DULD 6DGRZVND E\ĄD JRĝFLHP 0DĄHM $NDGHPLL 3LRVHQNL PDUFD $UW\VWND ZUD]
] JRVSRGDU]HP PX]\F]Q\P ΖJRUHP 3U]HELQGRZVNLP ]DSURVLOL G]LHFL QD QLH]Z\NĄH ZDUV]WDW\
PX]\F]QH SRGF]DV NWµU\FK ZVSµOQLH ĝSLHZDOL DOH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP GREU]H VLÛ EDZLOL










































08=(80 32/6.Ζ(- 3Ζ26(1.Ζ

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XO 3LDVWRZVND $ 2SROH $PȴWHDWU ZHMĝFLH RG XO %DUOLFNLHJR









+SP&S\ 1 \


&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% (>-)'- 3 ;=1 1 < 1




&SMWOE QSFMPRI M WXEGNSREVRI HPE TV^IHW^OSPM M W^O·ă




+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2-



&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% 46>)(7>/30%/—; 3 ;=1 < 1



+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- NIWX XS FSMWOS QSFMPRI
+SP&S\ 1 [ [IVWNM FI^ FERH [ QMINWGI OX¶V]GL
^EQSRXS[ERI ^SWXEĂ] WMEXOM WTIĂRMENÈGI JYROGNÜ +SP&S\ 1 XS FSMWOE QSFMPRI TV^IRSęRI TV^I^REG^SRI HPE H^MIGM [ [MIOY PEX +SP&S\ 1 \ NIWX FSMWOMIQ
TMĂOSĂETY 7]WXIQ TVSŶPM EPYQMRMS[]GL WMEXIO QSFMPR]Q ^ETVSNIOXS[ER]Q HS Yĺ]XOS[ERME TV^I^ H^MIGM [ [MIOY PEX .IWX XS W]WXIQ FERH M TVSŶPM
TSPMTVST]PIRS[]GL SVE^ KYQS[]GL SFGMÈĺRMO¶[ EPYQMRMS[]GL X[SV^ÈG]GL TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ W^]FOM M FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ QE\
X[SV^] TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ W^]FOM M QMRYX +SP&S\ 1 [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM ^[]OĂÈ TS[MIV^GLRMÜ [ FSMWOS WTSVXS[I 1SFMPRI FSMWOE +SP&S\
FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ +SP&S\ 1 \ 1 [ HPE H^MIGM YQSĺPM[MENÈ TVS[EH^IRMI ^ENÜÊ SK¶PRSVS^[SNS[]GL [ STEVGMY RMI X]POS S IPIQIRX] TMĂOM RSĺRIN
&%1&-2-%1&-2- [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM TS[MIV
& EPI XEOĺI OSW^]O¶[OM YRMLSOINE QMRM XIRMWE MXT
^GLRMÜ OSVXY WEPM KMQREWX]G^RIN G^] FSMWOE [
[]H^MIPSRI QMRM FSMWOS YĂEX[MENÈGI TVS[EH^IRMI
^ENÜÊ WTSVXS[]GL ^ TV^IHW^OSPEOEQM [ JSVQMI +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- \
^EFE[] ^ TMĂOEQM

&3-7/3 78%'.32%62) (0% (>-)'- 3 ;=1 < 1
+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- 4PYW




&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% 46>)(7>/30%/—; 3 ;=1 < 1


+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- 4PYW NIWX XS FSMWOS QS
FMPRI +SP&S\ 1 [ [IVWNM ^ FERHEQM X]POS TV^]
FVEQOEGL RE SFY OV¶XW^]GL FSOEGL FSMWOE 2E
HĂYĺW^]GL FSOEGL FSMWOE FERH] RMI []WXÜTYNÈ E [
MGL QMINWGI ^EQSRXS[ERI ^SWXEĂ] WMEXOM WTIĂRMENÈGI
JYROGNÜ TMĂOSĂETY 7]WXIQ TVSŶPM EPYQMRMS[]GL
WMEXIO TSPMTVST]PIRS[]GL SVE^ KYQS[]GL SF
GMÈĺRMO¶[ X[SV^] TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ
W^]FOM M FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ +SP&S\ 1 +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- XS FSMWOE WXEGNSREVRI +SP&S\ 7 [ [IVWNM HPE H^MIGM [ [MIOY TV^IHW^OSPR]Q M
\ &%1&-2- 4PYW [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM [G^IWRSW^OSPRR]Q &SMWOE +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- WÈ MHIEPR]Q SFMIOXIQ WTSVXS[S VIOVIEG]NR]Q HS
TS[MIV^GLRMÜ OSVXY WEPM KMQREWX]G^RIN G^] FSMWOE ^EQSRXS[ERME RE XIVIRMI TV^IHW^OSPM M W^O¶Ă TSHWXE[S[]GL SVE^ NEOS Y^YTIĂRMIRMI TPEG¶[ ^EFE[ RE
[ []H^MIPSRI QMRM FSMWOS YĂEX[MENÈGI TVS[EH^IRMI SWMIHPEGL [ TEVOEGL RE XIVIREGL VIOVIEG]NR]GL SVE^ [ SęVSHOEGL []TSG^]ROS[]GL
^ENÜÊ WTSVXS[]GL ^ TV^IHW^OSPEOEQM [ JSVQMI
^EFE[] ^ TMĂOEQM



7OSRXEOXYN WMÜ ^ REQM
)2)6+= 4%682)6 &SKHER +VEPE
6S^ĂSKM Ę[MIFSH^MR
) QEMP WOPIT$KSPFS\ TP [[[ KSPFS\ TP

+SP&S\ 1 \


&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% (>-)'- 3 ;=1 1 < 1




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+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2-



&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% 46>)(7>/30%/—; 3 ;=1 < 1



+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- NIWX XS FSMWOS QSFMPRI
+SP&S\ 1 [ [IVWNM FI^ FERH [ QMINWGI OX¶V]GL
^EQSRXS[ERI ^SWXEĂ] WMEXOM WTIĂRMENÈGI JYROGNÜ +SP&S\ 1 XS FSMWOE QSFMPRI TV^IRSęRI TV^I^REG^SRI HPE H^MIGM [ [MIOY PEX +SP&S\ 1 \ NIWX FSMWOMIQ
TMĂOSĂETY 7]WXIQ TVSŶPM EPYQMRMS[]GL WMEXIO QSFMPR]Q ^ETVSNIOXS[ER]Q HS Yĺ]XOS[ERME TV^I^ H^MIGM [ [MIOY PEX .IWX XS W]WXIQ FERH M TVSŶPM
TSPMTVST]PIRS[]GL SVE^ KYQS[]GL SFGMÈĺRMO¶[ EPYQMRMS[]GL X[SV^ÈG]GL TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ W^]FOM M FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ QE\
X[SV^] TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ W^]FOM M QMRYX +SP&S\ 1 [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM ^[]OĂÈ TS[MIV^GLRMÜ [ FSMWOS WTSVXS[I 1SFMPRI FSMWOE +SP&S\
FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ +SP&S\ 1 \ 1 [ HPE H^MIGM YQSĺPM[MENÈ TVS[EH^IRMI ^ENÜÊ SK¶PRSVS^[SNS[]GL [ STEVGMY RMI X]POS S IPIQIRX] TMĂOM RSĺRIN
&%1&-2-%1&-2- [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM TS[MIV
& EPI XEOĺI OSW^]O¶[OM YRMLSOINE QMRM XIRMWE MXT
^GLRMÜ OSVXY WEPM KMQREWX]G^RIN G^] FSMWOE [
[]H^MIPSRI QMRM FSMWOS YĂEX[MENÈGI TVS[EH^IRMI
^ENÜÊ WTSVXS[]GL ^ TV^IHW^OSPEOEQM [ JSVQMI +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- \
^EFE[] ^ TMĂOEQM

&3-7/3 78%'.32%62) (0% (>-)'- 3 ;=1 < 1
+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- 4PYW




&3-7/3 13&-02) (0% 46>)(7>/30%/—; 3 ;=1 < 1


+SP&S\ 1 \ &%1&-2- 4PYW NIWX XS FSMWOS QS
FMPRI +SP&S\ 1 [ [IVWNM ^ FERHEQM X]POS TV^]
FVEQOEGL RE SFY OV¶XW^]GL FSOEGL FSMWOE 2E
HĂYĺW^]GL FSOEGL FSMWOE FERH] RMI []WXÜTYNÈ E [
MGL QMINWGI ^EQSRXS[ERI ^SWXEĂ] WMEXOM WTIĂRMENÈGI
JYROGNÜ TMĂOSĂETY 7]WXIQ TVSŶPM EPYQMRMS[]GL
WMEXIO TSPMTVST]PIRS[]GL SVE^ KYQS[]GL SF
GMÈĺRMO¶[ X[SV^] TVSWXÈ OSRWXVYOGNÜ K[EVERXYNÈGÈ
W^]FOM M FI^TMIG^R] QSRXEĺ M HIQSRXEĺ +SP&S\ 1 +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- XS FSMWOE WXEGNSREVRI +SP&S\ 7 [ [IVWNM HPE H^MIGM [ [MIOY TV^IHW^OSPR]Q M
\ &%1&-2- 4PYW [ OV¶XOMQ G^EWMI TV^IOW^XEĂGM [G^IWRSW^OSPRR]Q &SMWOE +SP&S\ 7 &%1&-2- WÈ MHIEPR]Q SFMIOXIQ WTSVXS[S VIOVIEG]NR]Q HS
TS[MIV^GLRMÜ OSVXY WEPM KMQREWX]G^RIN G^] FSMWOE ^EQSRXS[ERME RE XIVIRMI TV^IHW^OSPM M W^O¶Ă TSHWXE[S[]GL SVE^ NEOS Y^YTIĂRMIRMI TPEG¶[ ^EFE[ RE
[ []H^MIPSRI QMRM FSMWOS YĂEX[MENÈGI TVS[EH^IRMI SWMIHPEGL [ TEVOEGL RE XIVIREGL VIOVIEG]NR]GL SVE^ [ SęVSHOEGL []TSG^]ROS[]GL
^ENÜÊ WTSVXS[]GL ^ TV^IHW^OSPEOEQM [ JSVQMI
^EFE[] ^ TMĂOEQM



7OSRXEOXYN WMÜ ^ REQM
)2)6+= 4%682)6 &SKHER +VEPE
6S^ĂSKM Ę[MIFSH^MR
) QEMP WOPIT$KSPFS\ TP [[[ KSPFS\ TP