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TV^IHW^OSPE M W^OS] RE XIVIRMI GEIKS OVENY
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2
2MI GMI G^IOEN [INH˳ RE WXVSRʚ [[[ FMYV[E TP M ^VɹF ^EOYT] NY˵ H^M˒



7TIGNEPRE SJIVXE HPE W^Oɸ M TV^IW^OSPM


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HSHEXOS[] VEFEX [ []WSOSˑGM E˴

7/328%/89. 7-ʘ > 2%1- &= >=7/%ʈ 7;ɝ. -2(=;-(9%02= /3(
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8IP /SQ

[[[ FMYV[E TP


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7TIGNEPM^YNIQ] WMʚ [ WTV^IHE˵] []WSOMIN NEOS˒GM EVX]OYɹ[ W^OSPR]GL >ESTEXVYNIQ]
TV^IHW^OSPE M W^OS] RE XIVIRMI GEIKS OVENY
+[EVERXYNIQ] EXVEOG]NRI GIR] W^]FOʈ HSWXE[ʚ SVE^ W^IVSOM EWSVX]QIRX TVSHYOXɹ[
W^OSPR]GL VIRSQS[ER]GL TVSHYGIRXɹ[ %WXVE &EQFMRS *MSVIPPS 7X 1ENI[WOM (IVJSVQ
; REW^]Q WOPITMI OYTMW^ FPSOM XIGLRMG^RI M V]WYROS[I JEVF] OVIHOM OPINI FMFY] TʚH^PI
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4V^] HY˵]GL ^EQɹ[MIRMEGL TVSTSRYNIQ] EXVEOG]NRI VEFEX] SVE^ TVI^IRX]
2
2MI GMI G^IOEN [INH˳ RE WXVSRʚ [[[ FMYV[E TP M ^VɹF ^EOYT] NY˵ H^M˒



7TIGNEPRE SJIVXE HPE W^Oɸ M TV^IW^OSPM


/E˵HE W^OSE M TV^IHW^OSPI OXɹVI Y REW ^VSFM ^EOYT] QS˵I PMG^]ʊ RE
HSHEXOS[] VEFEX [ []WSOSˑGM E˴

7/328%/89. 7-ʘ > 2%1- &= >=7/%ʈ 7;ɝ. -2(=;-(9%02= /3(
RMI HSX]G^] XS[EVɹ[ SFNʚX]GL TVSQSGNʈ






































8IP /SQ

[[[ FMYV[E TP


FMYVS$FMYV[E TP

‹ Œ‡•–‡ä›ǫ



ƒƒƒ ‹†• ’ƒ…Š‹‡ „ƒƒƒ‹ ‹ Œ‡äŽ‹ …Š‘…‹ƒĂ ƒ ‘‡– œƒ‹‡•œ ‘…œ›ǡ œ‘„ƒ…œ›•œ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹¸
‹ †œ‹‡…‹ „‹‡‰ƒŒ¦…‡ ’‘ ’ŽƒĂ›Ǥ
Š…‡›ǡ DŽ› ƒ•œ‡ †œ‹‡…‹ …œ—Ï› ™‹ƒ–” ™‡ ™Ï‘•ƒ…Šǡ •Ï‘Ñ…‡ ƒ „—œ‹ƒ…Š ‹ •Ï›•œƒÏ› •œ— ˆƒŽǤ
—„‹› ’ƒ–”œ‡© ƒ •œ…œ¸äŽ‹™‡ †œ‹‡…‹ǡ ƒ œƒ„ƒ™¸ǡ ƒ ”ƒ†‘ä©Ǥ –‡Ă …Š…‡› •Ï›•œ‡© •œ— ˆƒŽǡ
œƒ‰Ï—•œƒ› ’”œ‡œ 䏋‡…ŠǤ


ƒ…› Œ‡•–‡ä›ǫ




ƒƒƒ ‹†• Œ‡•– ™‡•‘σ Œƒ †œ‹‡…‹ œ ƒ–—”›ǡ ’‘‰‘†ƒ ‹ ‘†™ƒĂƒǤ †œ‹‡ •™‘Œ¦ †”‘‰¦ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹‡
‹ •™‘„‘†‹‡Ǥ ‡•– ’‡Ïƒ Ž—œ—Ǥ
œ‹‡…‹ ™ ƒ•œ›…Š —„”ƒ‹ƒ…Š œ‹‡”œƒŒ¦ ™ ’‘†•‘ƒ…Š ™ •–”‘¸ ‘•œƒŽƒ…‹‡Œ ‡Ž‡‰ƒ…Œ‹ǡ •–›Ž‘™‡‰‘
‹‡Ïƒ†—ǡ ”ƒ†‘•‡Œ –™×”…œ‘ä…‹Ǥ „‹‡”ƒ› †œ‹‡…‹ ƒŽ‡ ‹ ‹‡ ’”œ‡•œƒ†œƒ› ™ „›…‹— •‘„¦Ǥ ƒƒƒ ‹†•

–‘ †œ‹‡…‹ ’‡Ï‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡Œ ‡•’”‡•Œ‹Ǥ

‹ Œ‡•–‡ä›ǫ



ƒƒƒ ‹†• ’ƒ…Š‹‡ „ƒƒƒ‹ ‹ Œ‡äŽ‹ …Š‘…‹ƒĂ ƒ ‘‡– œƒ‹‡•œ ‘…œ›ǡ œ‘„ƒ…œ›•œ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹¸
‹ †œ‹‡…‹ „‹‡‰ƒŒ¦…‡ ’‘ ’ŽƒĂ›Ǥ
Š…‡›ǡ DŽ› ƒ•œ‡ †œ‹‡…‹ …œ—Ï› ™‹ƒ–” ™‡ ™Ï‘•ƒ…Šǡ •Ï‘Ñ…‡ ƒ „—œ‹ƒ…Š ‹ •Ï›•œƒÏ› •œ— ˆƒŽǤ
—„‹› ’ƒ–”œ‡© ƒ •œ…œ¸äŽ‹™‡ †œ‹‡…‹ǡ ƒ œƒ„ƒ™¸ǡ ƒ ”ƒ†‘ä©Ǥ –‡Ă …Š…‡› •Ï›•œ‡© •œ— ˆƒŽǡ
œƒ‰Ï—•œƒ› ’”œ‡œ 䏋‡…ŠǤ


ƒ…› Œ‡•–‡ä›ǫ




ƒƒƒ ‹†• Œ‡•– ™‡•‘σ Œƒ †œ‹‡…‹ œ ƒ–—”›ǡ ’‘‰‘†ƒ ‹ ‘†™ƒĂƒǤ †œ‹‡ •™‘Œ¦ †”‘‰¦ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹‡
‹ •™‘„‘†‹‡Ǥ ‡•– ’‡Ïƒ Ž—œ—Ǥ
œ‹‡…‹ ™ ƒ•œ›…Š —„”ƒ‹ƒ…Š œ‹‡”œƒŒ¦ ™ ’‘†•‘ƒ…Š ™ •–”‘¸ ‘•œƒŽƒ…‹‡Œ ‡Ž‡‰ƒ…Œ‹ǡ •–›Ž‘™‡‰‘
‹‡Ïƒ†—ǡ ”ƒ†‘•‡Œ –™×”…œ‘ä…‹Ǥ „‹‡”ƒ› †œ‹‡…‹ ƒŽ‡ ‹ ‹‡ ’”œ‡•œƒ†œƒ› ™ „›…‹— •‘„¦Ǥ ƒƒƒ ‹†•

–‘ †œ‹‡…‹ ’‡Ï‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡Œ ‡•’”‡•Œ‹Ǥ

ƒ ’”ƒ…—Œ‡›ǫ





•œ›•–‹‡ —„”ƒ‹ƒ •¦ –‡•–‘™ƒ‡ ’”œ‡œ †œ‹‡…‹ ‹ ‹…Š —™ƒ‰‹ ™”ƒœ œ‡ •’‘•–”œ‡Ă‡‹ƒ‹ †‘”‘•Ï›…Š •¦ ™ƒĂ›‹ ™•ƒœ×™ƒ‹ ’”œ› ’”‘Œ‡–‘™ƒ‹— ‹ ’”‘†—…Œ‹Ǥ ‘†•–ƒ™¦ ƒ•œ‡‰‘
†œ‹ƒÏƒ‹ƒ Œ‡•– ”‡ƒ–›™‘ä©ǡ •‘Ž‹†‘ä© ‹ ’”ƒ…ƒ ƒ† †‘•‘ƒŽ‡‹‡ ƒĂ†‡‰‘ œ ƒÏ›…Š •œ…œ‡‰×Ïי ™›‘Ñ…œ‡‹ƒ —„”ƒÑǤ
„‹‡”ƒ› †œ‹‡…‹ –ƒǡ Œƒ •ƒ‹ •‹¸ —„‹‡”ƒ›Ǥ ”‘†——Œ‡› —„”ƒ‹ƒ ’”œ›Œƒœ‡ 䔑†‘™‹•—ǡ „‘ 䙋ƒ–ǡ ™ –×”› ی‡› Œ‡•– –›Ž‘ ’‘Ă›…œ‘› ‘† ƒ•œ›…Š †œ‹‡…‹ǡ ‹‡†›ä ‹ ‰‘ ’”œ‡ƒĂ‡›Ǥ
…œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ •œƒ…—— †Žƒ ‹›…Šǡ †Žƒ 䔑†‘™‹•ƒǡ †Žƒ 䙋ƒ–ƒǤ…œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ •œƒ…—— †Žƒ ‹›…Šǡ †Žƒ 䔑†‘™‹•ƒǡ †Žƒ 䙋ƒ–ƒǤ …œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ǡ Ç ’‘™‹› ™‹‡”œ›© ™ •‹‡„‹‡ ‹ ’‘†¦Ăƒ© œƒ ƒ”œ‡‹ƒ‹ǡ „‘ ’”‘†—‘™ƒ‹‡ —„”ƒÑ Œ‡•– ƒ•œ›

•’‡Ï‹‘› ƒ”œ‡‹‡Ǥ „”ƒ‹ƒ ƒƒƒ ‹†• •¦ „ƒ”†œ‘ „‡œ’‹‡…œ‡ Ǧ ‹‡ œƒ™‹‡”ƒŒ¦ –‘•›…œ›…Š •—„•–ƒ…Œ‹ …Š‡‹…œ›…Šǡ •¦ —•œ›–‡ œ ™‹‡Ž¦ •–ƒ”ƒ‘ä…‹¦ Ǧ › –‡Ă ‹‡ Ž—„‹›
‰”›œ¦…›…Š ‡–‡ǡ ™‹¸… ‹‡ ™•œ›™ƒ› ‹…Š †‘ —„”ƒÑ †œ‹‡…‹¸…›…ŠǤ †„ƒÏ‘ä…‹¦ ’‘†…Š‘†œ‹› †‘ ™•œ›™ƒ›…Š ‰—œ‹×™ ‹ œƒ×™ǡ „‘ †Žƒ ƒ• 䙋ƒ†…œ› –‘ ‘ ’‘ƒ†’”œ‡…‹¸–‡Œ Œƒ‘ä…‹Ǥ






































ƒ†œ™‘Ñ ‘††œ‹ƒÏ …œ‡™ǣ ή ͜͠ ͘͞͡ ͙͙͡ ͘͜͜
ƒ†œ™‘Ñ •Ž‡’ †›‹ƒ ȋ Ȍǣ ή ͜͠ ͛͛͟ ͚͘͞ ͜͜͝
„•Ï—‰ƒ ‘††œ‹ƒÏ …œ‡™ǣ ’ǤǦ ’–Ǥ ͠ǣ͘͘ Ǧ ͙͞ǣ͘͘
„•Ï—‰ƒ •Ž‡’ †›‹ƒ ǣ ’ǤȂ •‘„Ǥ ͡ǣ͘͘Ǧ ͚͙ǣ͘͘Ǥ ‹‡†œ‹‡Žƒǣ ͙͘ǣ͘͘ Ǧ ͚͘ǣ͘͘












‘–ƒ–̻„ƒƒƒ‹†•Ǥ’Ž ȁ ™™™Ǥ„ƒƒƒ‹†•Ǥ’Ž




O  * ͚͘ά Ǥ Ǥ

ƒ ’”ƒ…—Œ‡›ǫ





•œ›•–‹‡ —„”ƒ‹ƒ •¦ –‡•–‘™ƒ‡ ’”œ‡œ †œ‹‡…‹ ‹ ‹…Š —™ƒ‰‹ ™”ƒœ œ‡ •’‘•–”œ‡Ă‡‹ƒ‹ †‘”‘•Ï›…Š •¦ ™ƒĂ›‹ ™•ƒœ×™ƒ‹ ’”œ› ’”‘Œ‡–‘™ƒ‹— ‹ ’”‘†—…Œ‹Ǥ ‘†•–ƒ™¦ ƒ•œ‡‰‘
†œ‹ƒÏƒ‹ƒ Œ‡•– ”‡ƒ–›™‘ä©ǡ •‘Ž‹†‘ä© ‹ ’”ƒ…ƒ ƒ† †‘•‘ƒŽ‡‹‡ ƒĂ†‡‰‘ œ ƒÏ›…Š •œ…œ‡‰×Ïי ™›‘Ñ…œ‡‹ƒ —„”ƒÑǤ
„‹‡”ƒ› †œ‹‡…‹ –ƒǡ Œƒ •ƒ‹ •‹¸ —„‹‡”ƒ›Ǥ ”‘†——Œ‡› —„”ƒ‹ƒ ’”œ›Œƒœ‡ 䔑†‘™‹•—ǡ „‘ 䙋ƒ–ǡ ™ –×”› ی‡› Œ‡•– –›Ž‘ ’‘Ă›…œ‘› ‘† ƒ•œ›…Š †œ‹‡…‹ǡ ‹‡†›ä ‹ ‰‘ ’”œ‡ƒĂ‡›Ǥ
…œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ •œƒ…—— †Žƒ ‹›…Šǡ †Žƒ 䔑†‘™‹•ƒǡ †Žƒ 䙋ƒ–ƒǤ…œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ •œƒ…—— †Žƒ ‹›…Šǡ †Žƒ 䔑†‘™‹•ƒǡ †Žƒ 䙋ƒ–ƒǤ …œ›› †œ‹‡…‹ǡ Ç ’‘™‹› ™‹‡”œ›© ™ •‹‡„‹‡ ‹ ’‘†¦Ăƒ© œƒ ƒ”œ‡‹ƒ‹ǡ „‘ ’”‘†—‘™ƒ‹‡ —„”ƒÑ Œ‡•– ƒ•œ›

•’‡Ï‹‘› ƒ”œ‡‹‡Ǥ „”ƒ‹ƒ ƒƒƒ ‹†• •¦ „ƒ”†œ‘ „‡œ’‹‡…œ‡ Ǧ ‹‡ œƒ™‹‡”ƒŒ¦ –‘•›…œ›…Š •—„•–ƒ…Œ‹ …Š‡‹…œ›…Šǡ •¦ —•œ›–‡ œ ™‹‡Ž¦ •–ƒ”ƒ‘ä…‹¦ Ǧ › –‡Ă ‹‡ Ž—„‹›
‰”›œ¦…›…Š ‡–‡ǡ ™‹¸… ‹‡ ™•œ›™ƒ› ‹…Š †‘ —„”ƒÑ †œ‹‡…‹¸…›…ŠǤ †„ƒÏ‘ä…‹¦ ’‘†…Š‘†œ‹› †‘ ™•œ›™ƒ›…Š ‰—œ‹×™ ‹ œƒ×™ǡ „‘ †Žƒ ƒ• 䙋ƒ†…œ› –‘ ‘ ’‘ƒ†’”œ‡…‹¸–‡Œ Œƒ‘ä…‹Ǥ






































ƒ†œ™‘Ñ ‘††œ‹ƒÏ …œ‡™ǣ ή ͜͠ ͘͞͡ ͙͙͡ ͘͜͜
ƒ†œ™‘Ñ •Ž‡’ †›‹ƒ ȋ Ȍǣ ή ͜͠ ͛͛͟ ͚͘͞ ͜͜͝
„•Ï—‰ƒ ‘††œ‹ƒÏ …œ‡™ǣ ’ǤǦ ’–Ǥ ͠ǣ͘͘ Ǧ ͙͞ǣ͘͘
„•Ï—‰ƒ •Ž‡’ †›‹ƒ ǣ ’ǤȂ •‘„Ǥ ͡ǣ͘͘Ǧ ͚͙ǣ͘͘Ǥ ‹‡†œ‹‡Žƒǣ ͙͘ǣ͘͘ Ǧ ͚͘ǣ͘͘












‘–ƒ–̻„ƒƒƒ‹†•Ǥ’Ž ȁ ™™™Ǥ„ƒƒƒ‹†•Ǥ’Ž




O  * ͚͘ά Ǥ Ǥ

8VSR WOēEHER] NIHRSVE^S[] RSGRMO HPE H^MIGM


,H] XSEPIXE NIWX RMIHSWXéTRE VS^[MÒ^YNI TVSFPIQ ^EēEX[MERME TSXV^IF
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TV^IFEHERE TV^I^ RMI^EPIŏR] .RWX]XYX
2EXIVMEē¾[ M 0SRWXVYOGNM 'YHS[PER]GL /IHRSVE^S[] RSGRMO 8743 NIWX RMI^[]OPI TVEOX]G^R]
5 > ēEX[SĮGMÒ QMIĮGM WMé [ HEQWOMIN XSVIFGI G^]
5SPMXIGLRMOM 0VEOS[WOMIN ;]RMOM FEHEĕ []OE^Eē]
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RSGRMOSGRMO 8743 TS^[EPE RE NIKS Yŏ]GMI FI^ TSXV^IF]
REGMWO OK E TV^] ^[MéOW^ERMY SFGMÒŏIRME R
REWXéTYNI OSRXVSPS[ERI ^KRMEXERMI TēEW^G^]^R []OSR][ERME WOSQTPMOS[ER]GL G^]RRSĮGM TV^] NIKS
TMSRS[]GL WXIPEŏY RSGRMOE VS^OēEHERMY M WOēEHERMY





> WYTIVGLēSRRÒ [OēEHOÒ
OYXIG^RMI TSGLēERME Tē]R] M IPMQMRYNI ^ETEGL]

3SGRMO NIWX PIOOM QEē] TSWMEHE FMSHIKVEHS[EPR]
WYTIVGLēSRR] TSPMQIVS[] [OēEH &5 OX¾V] NIWX GIRMSR]
TV^IHI [W^]WXOMQ ^I [^KPéHY RE W[SNÒ RMI^[]OēÒ ^HSPRSĮÔ
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RSGRMOY 8743 NIWX [ WXERMI TSGLēSRÒÔ QP GMIG^]
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8VSR WOēEHER] NIHRSVE^S[] RSGRMO HPE H^MIGM


,H] XSEPIXE NIWX RMIHSWXéTRE VS^[MÒ^YNI TVSFPIQ ^EēEX[MERME TSXV^IF
ǻ^NSPSKMG^R]GL TV^I^ H^MIGM [ QMINWGEGL TYFPMG^R]GL PYF [ TSHV¾ŏ]



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3MI^[]OPI W SPMHR]
9XV^]QYNI REGMWO OK
5SVéG^R] M TV^IRSĮR]
0SRWXVYOGNE RSGRMOE 8743 ^SWXEēE WOVYTYPEXRMI 5VSWX] M ēEX[] [ Yŏ]GMY
TV^IFEHERE TV^I^ RMI^EPIŏR] .RWX]XYX
2EXIVMEē¾[ M 0SRWXVYOGNM 'YHS[PER]GL /IHRSVE^S[] RSGRMO 8743 NIWX RMI^[]OPI TVEOX]G^R]
5 > ēEX[SĮGMÒ QMIĮGM WMé [ HEQWOMIN XSVIFGI G^]
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REWXéTYNI OSRXVSPS[ERI ^KRMEXERMI TēEW^G^]^R []OSR][ERME WOSQTPMOS[ER]GL G^]RRSĮGM TV^] NIKS
TMSRS[]GL WXIPEŏY RSGRMOE VS^OēEHERMY M WOēEHERMY





> WYTIVGLēSRRÒ [OēEHOÒ
OYXIG^RMI TSGLēERME Tē]R] M IPMQMRYNI ^ETEGL]

3SGRMO NIWX PIOOM QEē] TSWMEHE FMSHIKVEHS[EPR]
WYTIVGLēSRR] TSPMQIVS[] [OēEH &5 OX¾V] NIWX GIRMSR]
TV^IHI [W^]WXOMQ ^I [^KPéHY RE W[SNÒ RMI^[]OēÒ ^HSPRSĮÔ
[GLēERMERME Tē]R¾[ M RMITV^]NIQR]GL ^ETEGL¾[ YP SēX]WS[WOE & 0VEO¾[
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