CHAPTER 1 BIODIVERSITY 1
HALIZA BINTI HASSAN 2 1.7 DOMAIN EUKARYA : KINGDOM ANIMALIA
1.0 Biodiversity 1)1.1 Biodiversity and Classification 2)1.2 Domain Bacteria and Archaea 3) 1.4 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Protista/Protoctista 4) 1.5 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Fungi 5) 1.6 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Plantae 6) 1.7 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia 3
Learning outcomes : 1.7 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom animalia (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia (b)State the classification of Animalia into nine phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata and Chordata 4
Learning outcomes : 1.7 Domain Eukarya: Kingdom Animalia iii. Platyhelminthes (e.g. Taenia sp.) iv. Nematoda (e.g. Ascaris sp.) v. Annelida (e.g. Pheretima sp.) vi. Arthropoda (e.g. Valanga sp.) vii. Mollusca (e.g. Achatina sp.) viii. Echinodermata (e.g. Asterias sp.) ix. Chordata (e.g. Amphioxus sp.) 5
Unique Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia Learning Outcomes : 11.7 (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular eukaryotes • Lack cell wall (cells secrete extracellular matrix eg: collagen for support) • Heterotroph / Holozoic (eat another organism) • Cells are specialised to conduct specific functions. Cells are organized to form tissues (except simplest animal) • Motile at some time during life cycle Sponges larvae is motile 6
Unique Characteristics of Kingdom Animalia Learning Outcomes : 11.7 (a) Describe the unique characteristics of Kingdom Animalia • Mostly have nervous & muscle system (able to respond rapidly to stimuli in environment) • Diverse body plan • Mostly reproduce sexually (produce large, non motile eggs & small, flagellated sperm) • Adults are mostly diploid (fusion of both haploid gametes) • Undergo stage of embryonic development Campbell et al., 2015 Campbell et al., 2015 7
Classification of Kingdom Animalia Learning Outcomes : 11.7 (b) State the classification of Animalia into nine phyla: • 9 phyla: 1) Phylum Porifera 2) Phylum Cnidaria 3) Phylum Platyhelminthes 4) Phylum Nematoda 5) Phylum Annelida 6) Phylum Arthropoda 7) Phylum Mollusca 8) Phylum Echinodermata 9) Phylum Chordata 8
Learning Outcomes : Phylum Porifera (e.g. Leucosolenia sp.) Phylum Porifera Campbell et al., 2015 9
Parazoa Eumetazoa Porifera No Has true tissue? Yes 10
Phylum Porifera Learning Outcomes : phylum: Porifera (e.g. Leucosolenia sp.) • Simplest multicellular animal • Parazoa (no true tissues) • No germ layers • No body cavity • Porifera means pore bearer, have bodies full of pores & channels allowing water to circulate through them • Eg: sponges (Leucosolenia sp.) 11
Phylum Cnidaria ■ Include hydroids, jellyfish, anemone & corals Learning Outcomes : phylum Cnidaria (e.g. Obelia sp.) 12
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Has true tissue? Yes Cnidaria 13
Phylum Cnidaria ■ Simple multicellular animals (more organised than sponges) ■ Eumetazoa (has true tissues) ■ Cnidarians means stinging nettle; all cnidarians has tentacles with stinging cells to capture prey ■ Has dimorphism :2 different forms of a species, polyp (sessile) & medusa (motile), ■ Radial symmetry Learning Outcomes : phylum Cnidaria (e.g. Obelia sp.) 14
Learning Outcomes : Phylum Platyhelminthes (e.g. Taenia sp.) Phylum Platyhelminthes 15 Flat body dorsoventrally (platy ~ flat; helminths ~ worm)
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Cnidaria Platyhelminthes 16
Learning Outcomes : Phylum Platyhelminthes (e.g. Taenia sp.) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Taenia sp. ■ Eumetazoa ■ Bilateral symmetry, has cephalization. ■ Triploblastic, acoelomate 17 ■ Endoparasitic tapeworms ■ Scolex (head) has suckers & hooks for attachment in intestine ■ Many reproductive units, proglottids.
■ Nematos ~ thread (Greek); roundworm ■ Eg: Ascaris sp. Learning Outcomes : Phylum Nematoda (e.g. Ascaris sp.) Phylum Nematoda 18
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Yes (Eucoelomate) 19
■ Eumetazoa ■ Bilateral symmetry, has cephalization ■ Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate ■ Unsegmented round worms ■ Shape: cylindrical with tapered ends ■ Body is covered by thick transparent cuticle Learning Outcomes : Phylum Nematoda (e.g. Ascaris sp.) Phylum Nematoda - Ascaris sp. Mader, 2004 20
Phylum Annelida • Phylum Annelida ~ Segmented worms Learning Outcomes : Phylum Annelida (e.g. Pheretima sp.) 21
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Mouth develop first? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Yes (protostome) Segment? Yes (coelomate) No No (deuterostome) Yes 22
Phylum Annelida • Eumetazoa • Bilateral symmetry, has cephalization • Triploblastic, coelomate • Cylindrical with metameric segmentation • Coelom allow development of complex organ • Excretory system: metanephridia • Body ~ covered by transparent cuticle Learning Outcomes : Phylum Annelida (e.g. Pheretima sp.) 23
Learning Outcomes : Phylum Arthropoda (e.g. Valanga sp.) Phylum Arthropoda • Gr. Arthron, joint + poda, foot • Largest phylum • Most successful phylum in terms of species diversity, numbers & distribution 24
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Mouth develop first? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Yes (protostome) Segment? Yes (coelomate) No No (deuterostome) Yes 25
• Eumetazoa • Bilateral symmetry, has extensive cephalization • Triploblastic, coelomate • Digestive system: Complete (mouth - anus) • Excretory system: Malphigian tubules • Nervous system: highly developed • Respiratory system: Through gills, trachea or book lungs • Body part consists of a head, thorax and abdomen Unique Characteristics – Phylum Arthropoda Learning Outcomes : 11.7 (c) Discover the unique characteristics of the following phyla: Arthropoda (e.g. Valanga sp.) 26
27 Achatina sp. Phylum Mollusca
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Mouth develop first? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Mollusca Yes (protostome) Segment? Yes (coelomate) No No (deuterostome) Yes 28
• L. molluscus, soft; soft body • Include snails, cockles, squids & octopus • Most protect their body with hard shells made of CaCO3 Phylum Mollusca nudibranch Learning Outcomes : Phylum Mollusca (e.g. Achatina sp.) 29
Phylum Echinodermata ■ Echinodermata ~ spiny skin ■ Eg: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber Learning Outcomes : Phylum Echinodermata (e.g. Asterias sp.) 30
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Mouth develop first? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinodermata Chordata Yes (protostome) Segment? Yes (Eucoelomate) Segment? No No (deuterostome) Yes No Yes 31
Phylum Echinodermata ■ Bilateral symmetry :larvae ,pentaradial symmetry: adult ■ Triploblastic, Coelomate ■ No cephalization (no brain) ■ Has hard calcareous endoskeleton plates & spines covered by a thin ciliated epidermis . Learning Outcomes : Phylum Echinodermata (e.g. Asterias sp.) 32
Phylum Chordata ~ Amphioxus sp. (lancelet) Campbell et al., 2015 33
Parazoa Eumetazoa Radial, diploblastic Bilateral, triploblastic No (Acoelomate) Yes Porifera No Symmetry & Germ Layers Coelom? Has true tissue? Yes Lined by mesoderm? Mouth develop first? Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Nematoda No (Pseudocoelomate) Mollusca Annelida Arthropoda Echinoder mata Chordata Yes (protostome) Segment? Yes (coelomate) Segment? No No (deuterostome) Yes No Yes 34
• Eumetazoa • Bilateral symmetry, has cephalization • Triploblastic coelomate • Has endoskeleton (cartilage or bone) • Close circulatory system with a ventral heart • Deuterostome • Segmented body but very specialized that the basic segments are not obvious (most obvious in a serially repeated body muscle & skeletal structures eg: vertebrae) Unique Characteristics – Phylum Chordata Learning Outcomes : 11.7 (c) Discover the unique characteristics of the following phyla: Chordata (e.g. Amphioxus sp.) 35
1. Has notochord 2. Has pharyngeal slits (slits in the pharynx) 3. Dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. Post-anal tail 5. Myotomes Five Unique Characteristics – Phylum Chordata Learning Outcomes : phylum Chordata (e.g. Amphioxus sp.) https://zoologysprings3.weebly.com 36
Pattern of cleavage during embryonic development Presence of segment Phylum Mollusca Presence of tagmata Phylum Annelida Presence of segment Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Chordata Phylum Arthropoda Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Protostome (mouth develop first) Deuterostome (anus develop first), endoskeleton segmented worms starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber snails, clams, squids millipedes, scorpion, insects etc. Hemichordates, vertebrates etc. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Parazoa (no true tissues) Eumetazoa (has true tissues) Level of organization/evolution of tissues Germ layers & body symmetry Type of body cavity (coelom) Pseudocoelomate (false body cavity) Mostly asymmetry Phylum Porifera sponges Phylum Cnidaria corals, jellyfish, sea anemone flatworms Phylum Nematoda roundworms Triploblastic (3 germ layers) Bilateral symmetry (cephalization) Diploblastic (2 germ layers) Radial symmetry Acoelomate (no body cavity) Non-segmented Segmented Non-segmented Segmented No tagmata Has tagmata Phylum Platyhelminthes Coelomate (true body cavity) 37