UC4-Controlling weeds

Harmful

Insects
mals

Types of Pest Mirco
in Plants
orgnanisms
that cause

Hum
ans

Vert Weeds

ebra diseases
te
ani

Figure 21. Types of Pests in Plants

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Figure 21 shows the types of pest that adversely affect the
plants growth and its yield production.

Methods of Pest Management

1. Mechanical. These are land preparation and
cultivation, rat traps, hand weeding, hand collection

of diseased plants, etc.

2. Cultural/Physical. Examples are optimal crop growing conditions,
favorable conditions for pests, irrigation, fertilization, plant density, crop
rotation, time of planting, pruning, thinning, trap crops, resistant crop
varieties with repellant chemicals, vigor or tolerance, physical
characteristic, etc.

3. Prevention, Sanitation and Exclusion. These are often under mechanical
and cultural. Cleaning properly, using certified seed, burying or
composting of crop residues, rodent proff grain stores, removal of sources
of food, etc.

4. Biological. Using of natural enemies or the beneficial microorganisms and
preserving their habitat, etc.

5. Chemical. Using of synthetic pesticides, natural pesticides, pheromones
and insect growth regulators.

What is IPM?
Pest Control. Corrective measure, pesticides or other methods use when pest
are already or a likely to become a problem. This often attempts to reduce pests
to lowest possible level.
Pest Management. Includes preventive methods, manage pest so that they are

b
e
l
o
w
the Economic Injury Level (EIL).

Integrated Pest Management uses all available techniques in overall crop
pest management strategy that minimize the adverse effects of pest or pests.

IPM is a set of activities that farmers implement to maintain the intensity of
potential pests at levels below which they become pests, without emerging
the productivity and profitability of the farming system as a whole, the
health of the farm family and its livestock, and the quality of the adjacent
and downstream environments. (John Wightman, 1998)

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I
P
M
i
s
d
e
fined as an approach which “means the careful considerations of all
available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of
appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations
and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically
justified and reduce or minimize risks to human health and the
environment. Also, it emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with least
possible disruption to agro-ecosystem and encourages natural pest control
mechanisms.” (Brussels, 2008 of Crop Life International)

IPM define as a pest management system that, in the context of the

associated environmner and the population dynamics of pest species,
utilizes all the suitable techniques and methods in as compatible as a
manner as possible and maintains pest populations at levels below those
causing economic injury. (FAO)

Benefits of IPM

✔Optimized the use of inputs
✔Avoid unnecessary use of pesticide
✔Reduced costs of production
✔Reduced crop losses
✔Maximized profits

✔Avoid to develop pest resistance to pesticide
✔Sustainable crop production
✔Reduced risk of human, food, animal, wildlife and environmental

contamination
✔Compliance to the Implementing Rules and Regulations of Laws in the

Philippines such as:
a. Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 which
aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets National Air
Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, thruought the
Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the
economy.
b. Republic Act of 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 that
aims to protect that country’s water bodies from poklution from land
based souces of industries, commercial establishments, and
agriculture and community/household activities.

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Implementation of IPM

(Source: www.croplife.org)

Implementation will depend on the crop and pest situation and also to be
certain on the extent of farmer resources. Though pesticides are one of many
available methods, remember IPM is the combination of all appropriate
practices into a single plan for crop and pest management that optimizes input
to reduce and damage to an acceptable level, maximize yield and minimize
negative effects. Also, principles and practice were used by farmers to manage
pests and long before synthetic pesticides were available.
Basic Principle of Integrated Pest Management

(Source: http://niphm.gov.in)

1. Consideration of Ecosystem
Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by
means of natural enemies and other factors. The most effective system for

controlling pests can be derived only after understanding the principles
responsible for the population fluctuation in the ecosystem.
2. Pest Surveillance
Pest Surveillance and forecasting are having a vital part in the integrated
pest management. Surveillance or monitoring means constant
observation of a subject i.e., a crop or pest, and recording the factors
observed, compilation of information obtained and prediction of future
events about pest population. Hence pest surveillance comprises of three
basic components.

▪ Determination of the level of incidence of the pest species. ▪
Determination of what loss the incidence will cause.
▪ Determination of economic benefits or other benefits the control will

provide.

3. Utilization of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)

The level of pest population is very important consideration for taking up
control measures. Pest population must be maintained at levels below those
causing economic injury. The economic threshold is the pest density at which
control measures should be determined to prevent an increasing pest
population from reaching economic injury level. The determination of these
thresholds is a pre-requisite to the development of any pest management
strategy.

4. Application of minimum selective hazards

The application of chemical measures to pest population has to be in such a
manner that target pest populations are just kept below economic injury
thresholds. By observation of this principle the development of resistant
populations of pest is avoided or delayed, the possibility of resurgence of treated

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population is decreased, adverse effect on non-target organism and amount of
environmental contamination are reduced, and the cost of control is also
lowered.

When insecticide treatments are deemed necessary special consideration
should be given to (1) Effectiveness of the insecticide against most vulnerable
life stage of the pest (2) Employing an insecticide that will cause least
disturbance in the ecosystem. (3) Applying the insecticide in such a way that it
will restrict its distribution to the area where it is needed.

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Self-Check 4.1-5

Enumeration
Instruction: Enumerate the following

1. Types of Plant Pests (5)

2. Methods of Pest Management (5)
3. Basic Principle of IPM (5)

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Answer Key 4.1-5

1. Weeds
Harmful Insects
Human
Microorganisms that cause diseases
Vertebrate Animals

2. Mechanical
Cultural
Prevention, Sanitation and Exclusion
Biological

Chemical

3. Consideration of Ecosystem

Pest Surveillance
Utilization of Economic Threshold Levels (ETL)

Application of minimum selective hazards

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Learning Outcome Summary

LEARNING OUTCOME # 2 PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF CONTROL MEASURES

CONTENTS:

1. Chemical, biological and cultural control methods and treatments for
weeds

2. IPM Principles
3. Range and use of tools, equipment and implement for weed
control 4. Selection, use and maintenance of PPE
5. OHS issues and environmental legislative requirements

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:

1. Control measures suitable for the infestation are selected from IPM
strategy.

2. Tools, equipment and implements are selected for each work activity
according to enterprise work procedures.

3. OHS hazards are identified, risks assessed, controls implemented and
reported to the supervisor.

4. Suitable safety equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE)
are selected, used, maintained and stored.

5. Control measures selected need to be in full consideration of
environmental implications

6. Control of harmful weeds with the use of cover crops.

CONDITIONS:

The students/trainees must be provided with the following:

∙ Workplace with a range of weeds
∙ Tools, equipment and materials (herbicides, sprayers, weeder, gardening

implements, etc.)
∙ Enterprise procedures, work plans relevant to weed control
∙ PPE

ASSESSMENT METHODS:

∙ Direct observation
∙ Interview

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Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome No. 2:

PLAN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL MEASURES

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 4.2-1 on Read and understand the
Control and Treatment of Weeds information sheet and check
Answer Self-Check 4.2-1 yourself by answering the Self-
Check.

Compare your answers to the
answer key 4.2-1

Read Information Sheet 4.2-2 on Read and understand the
Tools, Equipment and Implements information sheet and check
for Weed Control yourself by answering the Self-
Answer Self-Check 4.2-2 Check.

Compare your answers to the
answer key 4.2-2

Read Information Sheet 4.2-3a on Read and understand the
Personal Protective Equipment for information sheet and check
Controlling Weeds yourself by answering the Self-
Answer Self-Check 4.2-3a Check.

Compare your answers to the
answer key 4.2-3a

Read Information Sheet 4.2-3b on Read and understand the
Personal Protective Equipment information sheet and check
using Chemicals yourself by answering the Self-
Answer Self-Check 4.2-3b Check.

Compare your answers to the
answer key 4.2-3b

Perform Task Sheet 4.2-3b on Job sheets will help you practice
Identify PPE for Chemical Method your skills.
Evaluate your own work using the
Performance Criteria Checklist 4.2-
3b

Read Information Sheet 4.2-4 on Read and understand the
OHS and Environmental information sheet and check
Implications of Controlling Weeds yourself by answering the Self-
Check.

Answer Self-Check 4.2-4 Compare your answers to the answer key 4.2-4

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Information 4.2-1
Control and Treatments of Weeds

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST BE ABLE TO:

1. Identify the different methods and techniques in weed management
2. Control and treat weeds

Weed management aim to reduce weed population to levels that will not reduce
crop yield. Presence of weeds in field does not necessarily lead to reduction of
yield, thus, proper selection of method to be used for controlling them is
important.

Controlling should be started early in the season and sustained until the crop
shall developed sufficient roots and leaves to compete. In this Information
Sheet, we are going to discuss about the control methods and treatment of
weeds.

Methods and Techniques in Weed
Management

1. Prevention, Sanitation and Figure 22. Certified Seeds (Source:
Exclusion. This approach or Iffcokisan.com)
method reduces production and
germination of weed seeds and
vegetative propagules and minimize
their establishment and spread.
▪ Use Certified Seed. Use of
high quality and disease and
weed seed-free planting
materials. This method
enhance early germination

and vigorous growth of the crop which will lead to early head-start
over weeds.

▪ Control weeds before they produce weeds or vegetative propagules,
Weeds should be controlled before they flower or even earlier to
prevent their seeds from spreading.

2. Physical/Cultural. This directly destroy weeds or involve manipulation of
the environment in the field to control weeds.

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▪ Land preparation and management of weed seed and vegetative
propagules reserves/bank in the soil. Initial plowing is done to
bury weeds and
stubbles

from the
previous crop.

Allows batch of
weed seed to

germinate and
this process

called weed
flush. These

germinated seeds
will kill

through
harrowing.

▪ Hand weeding/slashing.

Weeds are controlled by

uprooting or with the use of

small various small local

hand implements.

▪ Hoe weeding. Accomplished
in less time compared with
uprooting of weeds.

Figure 24. Interrow Cultivation
(Source:agsolcanada.com)

Figure 23. Hand Weeding/Slashing (Source: weeds along rows.
flickr.com) ▪ Mulching. Mulching with soil,

organic materials or plastic

▪ Interrow cultivation. This may provides considerable control of
be done with animals or tractor- some weeds by reducing light
drawn implements. It needs to be available to the crops and serving
supplemented with hand weeding as a barrier to weed emergence.

or hoe weeding for the control of

▪ Water management or flooding. Use effectively in transplanted in

transplanted lowland rice. This submerge the soil so that weeds will

not germinate. Leveling operations during the later phase of land

preparation is intended to ensure that the water level can be

manipulated to control weeds.

▪ Use of competitive crop varieties/cultivars. This variety can offer

better competition with the weeds.

▪ Multiple cropping. This may involve spatial (intercropping) or

temporal (crop rotation or sequential cropping) combinations of

crop of an area in one year. Spatial combinations result in early

formation of leaf canopies enhance weed suppression. Temporal

combinations

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result in breaking the cycle of specific crop weed associations and
in suppressing weed growth. Multiple cropping also provides an
opportunity for increased production per unit area.

3. Mechanical Control. This method involves the use machineries to control
weeds. You may use tractor with harrow or mower.

Figure 25. Weed harrow (Source:youtube.com)

4. Chemical Control. This method involve the use of herbicide for selective
control of weeds with minimum or no injury to the crop to the crop. The
use of herbicides minimizes labor costs. Safety precautions on the label
should be strictly observed. Herbicides can classified according to:

a. Time of application

1) Pre-plant herbicide – Herbicides applied after land
preparation but before the crop is planted. It is used to
control existing weed vegetation before the crop is planted.

2) Pre-emergence herbicide – Chemical is applied after the crop
is planted but before the weeds of the crop emerge.

3) Post-emergence herbicides – It is applied after the crop or
the weeds have emerged.

b. Movement in plants

1) Contact herbicides – Herbicides whose phytotoxic effects are
manifested at the sites on the plants where the spray
droplets are deposited.

2) Translocated herbicides – Herbicides whose phytotoxic
effects are manifested at and away from the sites on the
plants where spray droplets are deposited

c. Selectivity

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1) Non selective herbicides- Kill all plants.

2) Selective herbicides – Kill some plants leaving others
practically unharmed.

5. Biological Control. This method involves the use of weed’s natural
enemies such as insects or pathogens, to suppress the growth and the
population of weeds. The types are:

a. Classical approach – use of the host-specific damaging biotic
agents. Only 2 species of insects have been introduced into the
Philippines.

b. Inundative approach
– this

include augmentation
and

bioherbicides
approaches

Release of natural
enemies to

inundate and
overwhelm the

weeds. The

bioherbicide

involves the application of

inoculum of a weed pathogen

in a manner analogous to

chemical herbicides. The use Figure 26. Lady Bettles (Source:
of indigenous fungal plants to freshfruitportal.com)

control gooseweed and

echinola species.

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Self-Check 4.2-1

Identification
Instruction: Identify the following.

____________1. Herbicides whose phytotoxic effects are manifested at the sites
on the plants where the spray droplets are deposited.

____________2. Kill some plants leaving others practically unharmed.

____________3. This method of weed control involves the use of weed’s natural
enemies such as insects or pathogens, to suppress the growth and the
population of weeds.

____________4. This approach or method reduces production and germination of
weed seeds and vegetative propagules and minimize their establishment and
spread.

____________5. This method involves the use machineries to control weeds.

____________6. This process allows batch of weed seed to germinate.

____________7. Weeds are controlled by uprooting or with the use of small
various small local hand implements.

____________8. This directly destroy weeds or involve manipulation of the
environment in the field to control weeds.

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Answer Key 4.2-1

1. Contact Herbicides

2. Selective Herbicides

3. Biological Control

4. Prevention, Sanitation and Exclusion

5. Mechanical Control

6. Weed Flush

7. Hand Weeding/Splashing

8. Physical/Cultural Method

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Information Sheet 4.2-2
Tools, Equipment and Implements for Weed Control
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST BE ABLE TO:
1. Identify different tools use for Weed Control
2. Describe different equipment and implements use for Weed Control
3. Select tools for Control Weeds
4. Maintain tools, equipment and implements

The tools and equipment for weed control are simple
and easily understandable by farmers. These are
machine operated, manual or animal. Through
manually operated weeders are slow operation. In this
information sheet, we are going to discuss the different
tools, equipment and implements use for different
control methods of weeding.

Tools

Bolo is used
for cutting tall

grasses, weeds
and chopping

branches of
tree.

Figure 27. Bolo (Source: gltnhs-tle.weebly.com)

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use Sickle is a tool
and with a

variously
curved blade

for cutting
trimming
grasses.

Figure 28. Sickle (Source: gltnhs-tle.weebly.com)

V-Blade Hand

Hoe is used for

weeding of
vegetable crop
planted in the

rows and
earthing

operation.

Figure 29. V-Blade Hand Hoe (Source: redpigtools.com)

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Three Tined
Hand Hoe is

used for
interculture
and breaking

of the soil
crust in
vegetable
gardens, in
flower crops
and nurseries.

Figure 30. Three Tined Hand Hoe (Source: piniterest.com)

Wheel Hoe is
for weeding

and
interculture of
vegetables and

other crops
sown in rows.

Figure 31. Wheel Hoe (Source: traditionalgardening.com)

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Twine Wheel
Hoe is for

weeding and
interculture of
vegetables and

other crops
sown in rows.

Figure 32. Twine Wheel Hoe (Source: johnyseeds.com)

Cono Weeder

is used to
remove weeds

between rows
of paddy crop
efficiently. It is

easy to
operate, and
does not sink

in the puddle.

Figure 33. Cono Weeder (Source: facebook.com)

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Long-handled
garden hoe is
used for field
that has far
apart distance

plants with
shallow

rooted weeds.

Figure 34. Long-handled garden hoe (Source: indiamart.com)

Garden Cultivator

is a three-pong
cultivator hand
tool makes it easy

to loosen up the
soil and pull up

several weeds at
once.

Figure 35. Garden Cultivator (Source: ecowis.enmade-in-china.com)

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Oscillating hoe is
designed to push
and pull smoothly
through loose soil
make weeding as
easy as it could

be.

Figure 36. Oscillating hoe (Source: amazon.com)

Cape cod weeder
is suitable for

tight spaces and
if weeds are

around the
plants.

Figure 37. Cape cod weeder (Source: amazon.com)

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Fishtail weeder
helps to move a
good distance
deep inside the

soil. The up
down-V-shaped is
designed to help
remove any root

stuck deep into
the ground.

Figure 38. FIshtail Weeder (Source: amazon.com)

Equipment

Fanning Mill
is used to

clean and
sort out
granular

products,
dust and

different seed

sizes.

Figure 39. Fanning Mill (Source:pinterest.com)

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Gravity Table
separates seeds
by weight. Light

seeds are
discharge at the

left front and
heavy seeds at
the right front.

Figure 40. Gravity Table (Source: alibaba.com)

Disc separator is
machine

separates seeds
on the basis of

length.

Figure 41. Disc separator (Source: askomak.com)

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Wild oats cleaner
use to separate

small grain seeds
from weed seeds.

Figure 42. Wild oats (Source: olis.com.au)

Brush Cutter is

used to trim
weeds, small
trees and other

foliage.

Figure 43. Brush Cutter (Source: buywright.co.nz)

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Implements

Duck-foot field
Cultivator is used

to till the land
especially in hard

soil condition.
This is also used

to eliminate
weeds in rows.

Figure 44. Duck-foot field cultivator (Source:indiamart.com)

Spring tooth

harrow is used to
cultivate land,

remove weeds
and seedbed

preparation.

Figure 45. Spring tooth harrows. (Source: wikipedia.com)

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One way disc
plow is used for

tillage and weeds
removal in land
preparation.

Figure 46. One way disc plow (Source: flickr.com)

Rotary Hoe is
used for removing
small weeds and

loosening crusted
or compact soil.

Figure 47. Rotary Hoe (Source: Ent.iastate.edu)

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Land mower is
mainly used to
cut grasses for

mulching.

Figure 48. Land mower (Source:piniterest.com)

Chemical Applicator
Implements, Machineries and Equipments

Tractor mounted
Sprayers is used

for chemical
application as

method for

controlling weeds.

Figure 49. Tractor mounted sprayer (Source:indiamart.com)

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