Common apply basic first aid

- Web Script
eTESDA

Hilot (Wellness Massage) NC II
Common apply basic first aid

LO 1 Assess the situation
Topic 1 Hazards identification and assessment

Lesson 1 Hazards prevention control

Objectives

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1.Identify the hazards identification and assesment.

2. Interpret asessing vital sign

One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or
recognize hazards that are present, or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any
effective safety and health program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such hazards

To identify and assess hazards, employers and workers:

 Collect and review information about the hazards present or likely to be present in the workplace.
 Conduct initial and periodic workplace inspections of the workplace to identify new or recurring

hazards.

 Investigate injuries, illnesses, incidents, and close calls/near misses to determine the underlying
hazards, their causes, and safety and health program shortcomings.

 Group similar incidents and identify trends in injuries, illnesses, and hazards reported.
 Consider hazards associated with emergency or no routine situations.
 Determine the severity and likelihood of incidents that could result for each hazard identified, and use

this information to prioritize corrective actions.

Hazard Prevention and Control

Action item 1: Collect existing information about workplace hazards

Information on workplace hazards may already be available to employers and workers, from both internal
and external sources.

How to accomplish it

Collect, organize, and review information with workers to determine what types of hazards may be
present and which workers may be exposed or potentially exposed. Information available in the
workplace may include:

 Equipment and machinery operating manuals.
 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) provided by chemical manufacturers.
 Self-inspection reports and inspection reports from insurance carriers, government agencies, and

consultants.
 Records of previous injuries and illnesses, such as OSHA 300 and 301 logs and reports of incident

investigations.
 Workers' compensation records and reports.
 Patterns of frequently-occurring injuries and illnesses.
 Exposure monitoring results, industrial hygiene assessments, and medical records (appropriately

redacted to ensure patient/worker privacy).
 Existing safety and health programs (lockout/tagout, confined spaces, process safety management,

personal protective equipment, etc.).
 Input from workers, including surveys or minutes from safety and health committee meetings.
 Results of job hazard analyses, also known as job safety analyses.

Information about hazards may be available from outside sources, such as:

 OSHA, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) websites, publications, and alerts.

 Trade associations.
 Labor unions, state and local occupational safety and health committees/coalitions ("COSH groups"),

and worker advocacy groups.
 Safety and health consultants

Action item 2: Inspect the workplace for safety hazards

Hazards can be introduced over time as workstations and processes change, equipment or tools become
worn, maintenance is neglected, or housekeeping practices decline. Setting aside time to regularly
inspect the workplace for hazards can help identify shortcomings so that they can be addressed before
an incident occurs.
How to accomplish it

 Conduct regular inspections of all operations, equipment, work areas and facilities. Have workers
participate on the inspection team and talk to them about hazards that they see or report.

 Be sure to document inspections so you can later verify that hazardous conditions are corrected.
Take photos or video of problem areas to facilitate later discussion and brainstorming about how to
control them, and for use as learning aids.

 Include all areas and activities in these inspections, such as storage and warehousing, facility and
equipment maintenance, purchasing and office functions, and the activities of on-site contractors,
subcontractors, and temporary employees.

 Regularly inspect both plant vehicles (e.g., forklifts, powered industrial trucks) and transportation
vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks).

 Use checklists that highlight things to look for. Typical hazards fall into several major categories,
such as those listed below; each workplace will have its own list:
o General housekeeping
o Slip, trip, and fall hazards
o Electrical hazards
o Equipment operation
o Equipment maintenance
o Fire protection
o Work organization and process flow (including staffing and scheduling)
o Work practices

o Workplace violence
o Ergonomic problems
o Lack of emergency procedures
 Before changing operations, workstations, or workflow; making major organizational changes; or
introducing new equipment, materials, or processes, seek the input of workers and evaluate the
planned changes for potential hazards and related risks.
Note: Many hazards can be identified using common knowledge and available tools. For example, you
can easily identify and correct hazards associated with broken stair rails and frayed electrical cords.
Workers can be a very useful internal resource, especially if they are trained in how to identify and
assess risks.

Action item 3: Identify health hazards

Identifying workers' exposure to health hazards is typically more complex than identifying physical safety
hazards. For example, gases and vapors may be invisible, often have no odor, and may not have an
immediately noticeable harmful health effect. Health hazards include chemical hazards (solvents,
adhesives, paints, toxic dusts, etc.), physical hazards (noise, radiation, heat, etc.), biological hazards
(infectious diseases), and ergonomic risk factors (heavy lifting, repetitive motions, vibration). Reviewing
workers' medical records (appropriately redacted to ensure patient/worker privacy) can be useful in
identifying health hazards associated with workplace exposures.
How to accomplish it
 Identify chemical hazards –review SDS and product labels to identify chemicals in your workplace

that have low exposure limits, are highly volatile, or are used in large quantities or in unventilated
spaces. Identify activities that may result in skin exposure to chemicals.
 Identify physical hazards –identify any exposures to excessive noise (areas where you must raise

your voice to be heard by others), elevated heat (indoor and outdoor), or sources of radiation
(radioactive materials, X-rays, or radiofrequency radiation).
 Identify biological hazards –determine whether workers may be exposed to sources of infectious
diseases, molds, toxic or poisonous plants, or animal materials (fur or scat) capable of causing
allergic reactions or occupational asthma.
 Identify ergonomic risk factors –examine work activities that require heavy lifting, work above
shoulder height, repetitive motions, or tasks with significant vibration.
 Conduct quantitative exposure assessments –when possible, using air sampling or direct reading
instruments.
 Review medical records –to identify cases of musculoskeletal injuries, skin irritation or dermatitis,
hearing loss, or lung disease that may be related to workplace exposures.
Note: Identifying and assessing health hazards may require specialized knowledge. Small businesses
can obtain free and confidential occupational safety and health advice services, including help identifying
and assessing workplace hazards, through OSHA's On-site Consultation Program.

Action item 4: Conduct incident investigations

Workplace incidents –including injuries, illnesses, close calls/near misses, and reports of other
concerns– provide a clear indication of where hazards exist. By thoroughly investigating incidents and
reports, you will identify hazards that are likely to cause future harm. The purpose of an investigation
must always be to identify the root causes (and there is often more than one) of the incident or concern,
in order to prevent future occurrences.
How to accomplish it
 Develop a clear plan and procedure for conducting incident investigations, so that an investigation

can begin immediately when an incident occurs. The plan should cover items such as:
o Who will be involved

o Lines of communication
o Materials, equipment, and supplies needed
o Reporting forms and templates
 Train investigative teams on incident investigation techniques, emphasizing objectivity and open-
mindedness throughout the investigation process.
 Conduct investigations with a trained team that includes representatives of both management and
workers.
 Investigate close calls/near misses.
 Identify and analyze root causes to address underlying program shortcomings that allowed the
incidents to happen.
 Communicate the results of the investigation to managers, supervisors, and workers to prevent
recurrence.
Effective incident investigations do not stop at identifying a single factor that triggered an incident. They
ask the questions "Why?" and "What led to the failure?" For example, if a piece of equipment fails, a
good investigation asks: "Why did it fail?" "Was it maintained properly?" "Was it beyond its service life?"
and "How could this failure have been prevented?" Similarly, a good incident investigation does not stop
when it concludes that a worker made an error. It asks such questions as: "Was the worker provided with
appropriate tools and time to do the work?" "Was the worker adequately trained?" and "Was the worker
properly supervised?"
Note: OSHA has special reporting requirements for work-related incidents that lead to serious injury or a
fatality (29 CFR 1904.39). OSHA must be notified within 8 hours of a work-related fatality, and within 24
hours of an amputation, loss of an eye, or inpatient hospitalization.

Action item 5: Identify hazards associated with emergency and nonroutine situations

Emergencies present hazards that need to be recognized and understood. No routine or infrequent
tasks, including maintenance and startup/shutdown activities, also present potential hazards. Plans and
procedures need to be developed for responding appropriately and safely to hazards associated with
foreseeable emergency scenarios and no routine situations.

How to accomplish it

 Identify foreseeable emergency scenarios and no routine tasks, taking into account the types of
material and equipment in use and the location within the facility. Scenarios such as the following
may be foreseeable:
o Fires and explosions
o Chemical releases
o Hazardous material spills
o Startups after planned or unplanned equipment shutdowns
o No routine tasks, such as infrequently performed maintenance activities
o Structural collapse
o Disease outbreaks
o Weather emergencies and natural disasters
o Medical emergencies
o Workplace violence

Action item 6: Characterize the nature of identified hazards, identify interim control
measures, and prioritize the hazards for control

The next step is to assess and understand the hazards identified and the types of incidents that could
result from worker exposure to those hazards. This information can be used to develop interim controls
and to prioritize hazards for permanent control.

How to accomplish it

 Evaluate each hazard by considering the severity of potential outcomes, the likelihood that an event
or exposure will occur, and the number of workers who might be exposed.

 Use interim control measures to protect workers until more permanent solutions can be
implemented.

 Prioritize the hazards so that those presenting the greatest risk are addressed first. Note, however,
that employers have an ongoing obligation to control all serious recognized hazards and to protect
workers.

Note: "Risk" is the product of hazard and exposure. Thus, risk can be reduced by controlling or
eliminating the hazard or by reducing workers' exposure to hazards. An assessment of risk helps
employers understand hazards in the context of their own workplace and prioritize hazards for
permanent control.

https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-Identification.html

https://www.google.com/search?q=observe+and+assessment+physical+hazards&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH837PH8
37&sxsrf=ALeKk02WpzIlx5LIjLXjwjdLFzmBWMJfUQ:1590026608821&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2a
hUKEwjw1c7Z7sPpAhUDE6YKHdmPD6oQ_AUoAXoECA0QAw&biw=1366&bih=576#imgrc=EfZTginIFA5-sM

https://www.labmanager.com/lab-health-and-safety/laboratory-hazards-and-risks-18238

Topic 2 Risk Management tips

a

1. Proper documentation is imperative. Have a client waiver written or reviewed by an
attorney that releases you from liability when clients are in your spa. Clients should review
and sign spa policies prior to receiving treatment.

2. In addition to the waiver, have clients fill out a pre-treatment questionnaire that is
reviewed by the therapist to look for contraindications.

3. Perform an annual safety audit to look for surface potential hazards and fix them before
they become a problem. Look at flooring, equipment, air quality, humidity levels. Note the
effects of any new services implemented during the year.

4. Put safety policies in writing and give copies to your employees. Make sure they actually
read them!

5. Make sure parking facilities and walkways are free or debris and well lit to reduce
accidents. Install slip-resistant flooring and placing nonskid floor coverings in locker rooms

and wet areas.

6. Make sure you have the proper general liability insurance, and that you are covered for
any new service you add-especially anything with a medical "spin." (microdermabrasion,
glycolic peels, etc.)

7. Remind staff of the proper methods of performing treatments to reduce repetitive strain
injuries and workman's comp claims. This is especially important for massage therapists
whose work is so physical.

8. Practice internal control and prevent employee theft by limiting the amount of cash in the
facility and changing deposit schedules regularly.

9. Keep you facility spotlessly clean, and make sure equipment such as pedicure thrones
have the capability to be completely free of bacteria through daily cleaning.

10. To help guard against potential fire hazards, avoid overloading electrical circuits, keep
properly maintaining fire extinguishers and use fire alarms

https://www.americanspa.com/business/top-10-risk-management-tips-spas

Lesson 2 Assessing vital sign
Topic 1 Check vital sign

Vital Signs are measures of various physiological statistics, often taken by health
professionals, in order to assess the most body functions. Vital signs are an essential
part of a case presentation. The act of taking vital signs normally entails recording body
temperature, pulse rate (or heart rate), blood pressure, and respiratory rate, but may also
include other measurements. Vitals signs often vary by age.
There are four vital signs which are standard in most medical settings:

1. Body temperature
2. Pulse rate (or heart rate)
3. Respiratory rate
4. Blood pressure

The equipment needed is a thermometer, a sphygmomanometer, and a watch. Though a
pulse can often be taken by hand, a stethoscope may be required for a patient with a
very weak pulse.
BODY TEMPERATURE

Temperature recording gives an indication of core body temperature which is normally

tightly controlled (thermoregulation) as it affects the rate of chemical reactions.
Temperature can be recorded in order to establish a baseline for the individual’s normal
temperature for the site and measuring conditions.
The main reason for checking body temperature is to solicit any signs of systemic
infection or inflammation in the presence of a fever (temp>38.5C or sustained
temp>38C), or elevated significantly above the individual’s normal temperature.
Other causes of elevated include hyperthermia.
Temperature depression (hypothermia) also needs to be evaluated.
It is also noteworthy to review the trend of the patient’s temperature. A patient with a
fever of 38C does not necessarily indicate an ominous sign if his previous temperature
has been higher. Body temperature is maintained through a balance of the heat
produced by the body and the heat lost from the body

Digital
Thermometer
Your body temperature can be measured in many locations on your body. The mouth,
ear, armpit, and rectum are the most used places. Temperature can also be measured
on your forehead.

A person's body temperature can be taken in any of the following ways:

1. Orally
Temperature can be taken by mouth using either
the classic glass thermometer, or the more modern
digital thermometers that use an electronic probe
to measure body temperature

2. Rectally
Temperatures taken rectally (using a glass or
digital thermometer) tend to be 0.5 to 0.7° F higher
than when taken by mouth.

3. Axillary
Temperatures can be taken under the arm using
a glass or digital thermometer. Temperatures taken
by this route tend to be 0.3 to 0.4° F lower than
those temperatures taken by mouth.

4. Byear
A special thermometer can quickly measure the
temperature of the ear drum, which reflects the
body's core temperature (the temperature of the
internal organs).

PULSE RATE

The pulse rate is a measurement of the heart rate, or
the number of times the heart beats per minute. As the
heart pushes blood through the arteries, the arteries
expand and contract with the flow of the blood. The
pulse is the physical expansion of the artery.
Its rate is usually measured either at the wrist or the
ankle and is recorded as beat per minute.

Taking a pulse not only measures the heart rate, but
also can indicate the following:
 Heart rhythm
 Strength of the pulse
The pulse commonly:

1. Taken is from the radial artery at the wrist.
2. Taken at the elbow (brachial artery)
3. At the against the carotid artery (carotid pulse)
4. Behind the knee (popliteal artery)
5. In the foot dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial

arteries.

The pulse rate can also be measured by listening
directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope.

The pulse varies with age:
1. A newborn or infant can have a heart rate of

about 130-150 beats per minute.
2. A toddler’s heart will beat about 100-120 times

per minute,
3. an older child’s heartbeat is around 90-110

beats per minute,
4. adolescents around 80-100 beats per minute,

and
5. adults pulse rate is anywhere between 50 and

80 beats per minute.

RESPIRATORY RATE

Varies with age, but the normal reference range for an
adult is 10-20 breaths/minute. The value of
respiratory rate as an indicator of potential respiratory
dysfunction has been investigated but findings
suggest it is of limited value.

The number of breaths per minute (or, more formally,
the number of movements indicative of inspiration and
expiration per unit time). In practice, the respiratory
rate is usually determined by counting the number of
times the chest rises (or falls) per minute. By whatever
means, the aim is to determine if the respirations are
normal, abnormally fast (tachypnea), abnormally slow
(technically termed bradypnea), or nonexistent
(apnea).

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is a measure of the force that your heart uses to pump blood around
your body.

How is blood pressure measured?

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as 2 figures:

 systolic pressure – the pressure when your heart pushes blood out
 diastolic pressure – the pressure when your heart rests between beats
For example, if your blood pressure is "140 over 90" or 140/90mmHg, it means you
have a systolic pressure of 140mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 90mmHg.

As a general guide:

 ideal blood pressure is considered to be between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg
 high blood pressure is considered to be 140/90mmHg or higher
 low blood pressure is considered to be 90/60mmHg or lower
High blood pressure

High blood pressure is often related to unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as smoking,
drinking too much alcohol, being overweight and not exercising enough.

Left untreated, high blood pressure can increase your risk of developing a number of
serious long-term health conditions, such as coronary heart disease and kidney
disease.

Low blood pressure

Low blood pressure is less common. Some medicines can cause low blood pressure as
a side effect. It can also be caused by a number of underlying conditions, including
heart failure and dehydration.

https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/lifestyle/what-is-blood-pressure/

sphygmomanometer
A sphygmomanometer is an instrument used to measure blood pressure which is also
known as blood pressure meter or blood pressure gauge or blood pressure monitor.
The word sphygmomanometer is derived from the Greek word ‘sphygmos’ meaning
beating of the heart or the pulse and manometer means the device used for measuring
the pressure or tension. This instrument was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter
von Basch in the year 1881. But in the year 1896, Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a
simple version of the sphygmomanometer.

Types of sphygmomanometer
Following are the three major types of sphygmomanometer:

 Mercury sphygmomanometer: It is the most conventional form of blood
pressure apparatus and is considered to be the golden standard. It consists of
manually inflatable cuffs that are attached to the mercury-infused tubes. In order
to get the correct readings, the instrument should be kept on a flat surface and in
an upright position. If the instrument is dropped accidentally, there are high
chances of risks. The advantage of this sphygmomanometer is that they can last

for a lifetime, easy to use and there is no need of recalibration. Due to its toxic
contents, it is banned in some countries.
 Aneroid sphygmomanometer: Aneroid means “without fluid” and in this
instrument there is no use of mercury. It consists of a stethoscope which is
attached to the cuff which is further attached to a dial gauge with tubing. To
convert the cuff pressure to gauge pressure, the gauge head has a mechanical
part. The instrument needs to be recalibrated to avoid faulty readings. There are
other different types of aneroid sphygmomanometer depending upon their use
and they are:

 Pocket-aneroid sphygmomanometer
 Palm aneroid sphygmomanometer
 Clock-style aneroid sphygmometer
Automatic digital sphygmomanometer: It is the most technologically advanced
sphygmomanometer. It consists of an electronic sensor to measure the blood pressure
and the readings are displayed on the digital monitor. In order to measure the blood
pressure, the instrument measures the fluctuations of arteries.

How to use a sphygmomanometer?
Following is the procedure to be followed to use a sphygmomanometer:

 The length of the cuff bladder used for the measurement of blood pressure
should be equal to 80% of the circumference of the upper arm.

 Wrap the cuff around the upper arm such that the lower edge of the cuff is one
inch above the antecubital fossa.

 Press the stethoscope’s bell lightly over the brachial artery which is below the
cuff’s edge.

 Release the air from the cuff at a moderate rate to 180mmHg.
 Monitor the first knocking sound by listening with the help of a stethoscope and

also by observing the mercury gauge.
 This should be done for both the arms and the pressure, the position of the

subject and the size of the cuff should be recorded.
 If the pressure is more, then the blood pressure

https://byjus.com/physics/sphygmomanometer/
https://sites.google.com/site/yalehappyproject/volunteer-resources/how-to-take-blood-pressure-
readings/step-by-step-guide

QUIZ #1 H5P FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. ________ A place on the human body where the pulse is easily detected, as on
an artery. Most of the people are familiar with the pulse point on the inside of the
wrist. PULSE POINT

2. __________ Are measures of various physiological statistics, often taken by
health professionals, in order to assess the most body functions. Vital signs are
an essential part of a case presentation. The act of taking vital signs normally
entails recording body temperature, pulse rate (or heart rate), blood pressure,
and respiratory rate, but may also include other measurements.

3. A special _______________ can quickly measure the temperature of the ear
drum, which reflects the body's core temperature (the temperature of the internal
organs).THERMOMETER

4. Other causes of elevated include ________. HYPERTHEMIA
5. The __________is a measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the

heart beats per minute. PULSE RATE

LO2 : Apply basic first aid techniques

Lesson 1 First aid

Objectives
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1.identify first aid and first aid procedure
2.Define how to handing casualties

First aid refers to medical attention administered immediately after an injury occurs. It often consists

of a short-term treatment and requires minimal equipment or training. There are many uses for first
aid, and it’s smart to keep yourself educated on the basics.

Topic 1 Definition of first aid

When you provide basic medical care to someone experiencing a sudden injury or illness, it’s known
as first aid.

In some cases, first aid consists of the initial support provided to someone in the middle of a medical
emergency. This support might help them survive until professional help arrives.

In other cases, first aid consists of the care provided to someone with a minor injury. For example,
first aid is often all that’s needed to treat minor burns, cuts, and insect stings.

3 steps for emergency situations

If you encounter an emergency, follow these three basic steps:

1. Check the scene for danger

Look for anything that might be dangerous, like signs of fire, falling debris, or violent people. If your
safety is at risk, remove yourself from the area and call for help.

If the scene is safe, assess the condition of the sick or injured person. Don’t move them unless you
must do so to protect them from danger.

2. Call for medical help, if needed

If you suspect the sick or injured person needs emergency medical care, tell a nearby person to call
911 or the local number for emergency medical services. If you’re alone, make the call yourself.

3. Provide care

If you can do so safely, remain with the sick or injured person until professional help arrives. Cover
them with a warm blanket, comfort them, and try to keep them calm. If you have basic first aid skills,
try to treat any potentially life-threatening injuries they have. Remove yourself from danger if at any
point in the situation you think your safety might be at risk.

Topic 2 Why conduct first aid

People often don’t consider the importance of basic first aid education. There are numerous reasons
why people put it off.

 They don’t have the time
 They don’t know where to begin
 They don’t believe that accidents will ever happen to them or those close to them
 They think they already have enough knowledge should the need arise

1. Helps to save lives.

A trained person is more reliable, confident and in control of themselves when an emergency arises.
People who are trained are more likely to to take immediate action in an emergency situation.

2. It allows the rescuer to provide the victim comfort.

Having someone trained in first aid can bring immediate relief to the patient. Being calm and
assessing the situation helps the patient relax while their injuries are being treated and stabilized
until emergency personnel arrive.

3. It gives you tools to prevent the situation from becoming worse.

In some situations if a patient doesn’t receive basic first aid care immediately their situation will
deteriorate – often rapidly. By being able to provide basic care you can stabilize a patient until

emergency medical services arrives. You’ll learn how to use basic household items as tools if a first
aid kit is not available meaning that you’ll be able to cope with many situations.
You’ll also be trained in how to collect information and data about what happened and the patients’
condition. This information will be passed on to the emergency services, which saves them time –
you will be a valuable link in the chain of survival.

4. It creates the confidence to care.

Having a basic first aid knowledge means that you’ll be confident in your skills and abilities in
relation to first aid administration. By taking first aid training, it helps you to reflect on yourself and
how you and others react in certain situations. Having this understanding will boost your confidence
in a wide range of non-medical day to day situations.

5. It encourages healthy and safe living.

A trained person is better able to asses their surroundings. Knowledge of first aid promotes the
sense of safety and well being amongst people. Having an awareness and desire to be accident free
keeps you more safe and reduces the number of causalities and accidents.

https://www.greenguard.com/5-reasons-why-basic-first-aid-knowledge-is-important/

Topic 3 First aid procedure

First aid bandage

In many cases, you can use an adhesive bandage to cover minor cuts, scrapes, or burns. To cover
and protect larger wounds, you might need to apply a clean gauze pad or roller bandage.

To apply a roller bandage to a wound, follow these steps:

1. Hold the injured area steady.
2. Gently but firmly wrap the bandage around the injured limb or body part, covering the wound.
3. Fasten the bandage with sticky tape or safety pins.
4. The bandage should be wrapped firmly enough to stay put, but not so tightly that it cuts off

blood flow.

To check the circulation in a bandaged limb, pinch one of the person’s fingernails or toenails until the
color drains from the nail. If color doesn’t return within two seconds of letting go, the bandage is too
tight and needs to be adjusted.

First aid for burns

If you suspect that someone has a third-degree burn, call 911. Seek professional medical care for
any burns that:

 cover a large area of skin
 are located on the person’s face, groin, buttocks, hands, or feet
 have been caused by contact with chemicals or electricity

To treat a minor burn, run cool water over the affected area for up to 15 minutes. If that’s not
possible, apply a cool compress to the area instead. Avoid applying ice to burned tissue. It can
cause more damage.

Over-the-counter pain relievers can help relieve pain. Applying lidocaine or an aloe vera gel or
cream can also reduce discomfort from minor burns.

To help prevent infection, apply an antibiotic ointment and loosely cover the burn with clean
gauze. Find out when you should contact a doctor for follow-up care.

Video about first aid for burn ( minor first aid – learn how to treat minor burn in less than a
minute)

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DDzpRjE5ekVk%26feature%3Dshare%26fbclid%3DIwAR0Y1XXY7mUJUQ
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First aid CPR

If you see someone collapse or find someone unconscious, call 911. If the area around the
unconscious person seems safe, approach them and begin CPR.

Even if you don’t have formal training, you can use hands-only CPR to help keep someone alive
until professional help arrives.

Here’s how to treat an adult with hands-only CPR:

1. Place both hands on the center of their chest, with one hand on top of the other.
2. Press straight down to compress their chest repeatedly, at a rate of about 100 to 120

compressions per minute.
3. Compressing the chest to the beat of “Staying Alive” by the Bee Gees or “Crazy in Love” by

Beyoncé can help you count at the correct rate.
4. Continue performing chest compressions until professional help arrives.

Learn how to treat an infant or child with CPR and how to combine chest compressions with rescue
breathing.

First aid for nosebleed

To treat someone with a nosebleed, ask them to:

1. Sit down and lean their head forward.
2. Using the thumb and index finger, firmly press or pinch the nostrils closed.
3. Continue to apply this pressure continuously for five minutes.
4. Check and repeat until the bleeding stops.

If you have nitrile of vinyl gloves, you can press or pinch their nostril closed for them.

If the nosebleed continues for 20 minutes or longer, seek emergency medical care. The person
should also receive follow-up care if an injury caused the nosebleed.

Learn when professional care is needed for a nosebleed.

First aid for heatstroke

When your body overheats, it can cause heat exhaustion. If left untreated, heat exhaustion can lead
to heatstroke. This is a potentially life-threatening condition and medical emergency.

If someone is overheated, encourage them to rest in a cool location. Remove excess layers of
clothing and try to cool their body down by doing the following:

 Cover them with a cool, damp sheet.
 Apply a cool, wet towel to the back of their neck.
 Sponge them with cool water.

Call 911 if they develop signs or symptoms of heatstroke, including any of the following:

 nausea or vomiting
 mental confusion
 fainting
 seizures
 a fever of 104°F (40°C) or greater

If they’re not vomiting or unconscious, encourage them to sip cool water or a sports drink. Take a
moment now to learn about other strategies to help someone with heat exhaustion or heatstroke
recover.

First aid for heart attack

If you think someone might be experiencing a heart attack, call 911. If they’ve been
prescribed nitroglycerin, help them locate and take this medication. Cover them with a blanket and
comfort them until professional help arrives.
If they have difficulty breathing, loosen any clothing around their chest and neck. Start CPR if they
lose consciousness.

First aid kit list

You never know when you might need to provide basic first aid. To prepare for the unpredictable,
considering storing a well-stocked first aid kit in your home and car. It’s also a good idea to have a
first aid kit available at work.
You can buy preassembled first aid kits from many first aid organizations, pharmacies, or outdoor
recreation stores. Alternatively, you can create your own first aid kit using products purchased from
a pharmacy.
A standard first aid kit should include:

VIDEO ABOUT FIRST AID ( KIT)
https://www.healthline.com/health/first-aid#Introduction-to-first-aid

Handling casualties

Topic 4

 Required to evacuate a injured person from an emergency scene to a location of safety.
 Manual carries are tiring for the rescuer and involve the risk of increasing the severity of the

casualty's injury.
 Choose the evacuation techniques that will be least harmful, both to rescuer and the victim.
 Causalities carried carefully and correctly handled, otherwise their injuries may become

more serious or possibly fatal.
 Situation permitting, evacuation of a casualty should be organized and un-hurried.
 Each movement should be performed as deliberately and gently as possible.

Victim Drag and Carry Techniques
Tied-Hands Crawl

The tied-hands crawl may be used to drag an unconscious casualty for a short distance.

 It is particularly useful when you must crawl underneath a low structure, but it is the least
desirable because the casualty's head is not supported.

 Use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc. to tie the casualty's hands together and place
them around your neck. This way you can move a person much heavier than yourself.

One Person Arm Carry
Single rescuer to lift a victim safely by arm carries. Rescuer holding the victim around the victim’s
back and under the knees.

One Person Pack-Strap Carry

This method is better for longer distances to lift a victim safely.
 Place both the victim's arms over your shoulders.
 Cross the victim's arms, grasping the victim's opposite wrist.
 Pull the arms close to your chest.
 Squat slightly and drive your hips into the victim while bending slightly at the waist.
 Balance the load on your hips and support the victim with your legs.

Fire Man Carry

This technique is for carrying a victim longer distances. It is very difficult to get the person up to
this position from the ground. Getting the victim into position requires a very strong rescuer or an
assistant.

 The victim is carried over one shoulder.
 The rescuer's arm, on the side that the victim is being carried, is wrapped across the

victim's legs and grasps the victim's opposite arm.
Two Person Carry (by arms & legs)

 Rescuer 1 squats at the victim’s head and grasps the victim from behind at the midsection.
 Rescuer 2 squats between the victim’s knees, grasping the outside of the knees. o Both

rescuers rise to a standing position.

Chairs Carry

This is a good method for carrying victims up and down stairs or through narrow or uneven areas.
 Pick the victim up and place them or have them sit in a chair.
 The rescuer at the head grasps the chair from the sides of the back, palms in.
 The rescuer at the head then tilts the chair back onto its rear legs.
 For short distances or stairwells, the second rescuer should face in and grasp the chair
legs.
 For longer distances, the second rescuer should separate the victim's legs, back into the
chair and, on the command of the rescuer at the head, both rescuers stand using their legs.

Ankle Pull

The ankle pull is the fastest method for moving a victim a short distance over
a smooth surface. This is not a preferred method of patient movement.

 Grasp the victim by either ankles or pant cuffs.
 Pull with your legs, not your back.
 Keep your back as straight as possible.
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.
 Keep aware that the head is unsupported and may bounce over bumps and surface

imperfections.
Shoulder Pull
The shoulder pull is preferred to the ankle pull. It supports the head of the victim. The negative is
that it requires the rescuer to bend over at the waist while pulling.

.
 Grasp the victim by the clothing under the shoulders.
 Keep your arms on both sides of the head-on Support the head.
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible.

Blanket Drag
This is the preferred method for dragging a victim from confined area

 Place the victim on the blanket by using the "logroll" or the three-person lift.
 The victim is placed with the head approx. 2 ft. from one corner of the blanket.
 Wrap the blanket corners around the victim.
 Keep your back as straight as possible.
 Use your legs, not your back.
 Try to keep the pull as straight and in-line as possible

Two Handed Seat

This technique is for carrying a victim to the longer distances and can support an unconscious
victim.

 Pick up the victim by having both rescuers squat down on either side of the victim.
 Reach under the victim's shoulders and under their knees.
 Grasp the other rescuer's wrists’ From the squat, with good lifting technique, stand.
 Walk in the direction that the victim is facing.

Four Handed Seat

This technique is for carrying conscious and alert victims to moderate distances. The victim must
be able to stand unsupported and hold themselves upright during transport.

 Position the hands as indicted in the graphic.
 Lower the seat and allow the victim to sit.
 Lower the seat using your legs, not your back.
 When the victim is in place, stand using your legs, keeping your back straight.

Three Person Carry
This technique is for lifting a patient into a bed or stretcher, or for transporting to short distances

 Each person kneels on the knee nearest the victim's feet.
 On the command of the person at the head, the rescuers lift the victim up and rest the

victim on their knees.
If the patient is being placed on a low stretcher or litter basket:

 On the command of the person at the head, the patient is placed down on the
litter/stretcher.

If the victim is to be placed on a high gurney/bed or to be carried:
 At this point, the rescuers will rotate the victim so that the victim is facing the rescuers,
resting against the rescuers' chests.
 On the command of the person at the head, all the rescuers will stand.
 To walk, all rescuers will start out on the same foot, walking in a line abreast.

Improvised Stretcher

This technique requires two poles/pipes strong enough to support the victim's weight and at least
two shirts.

 While the first rescuer is grasping the litter poles, the second rescuer pulls the shirt off the
head of rescuer one.

 All buttons should be buttoned up except for the collar and cuffs.
 The rescuers then reverse the procedure and switch sides.
Blanket Stretcher
This technique requires two poles and a blanket.
 Place the blanket down on the ground.
 Place one pole approx. 1 foot from the middle of the blanket.
 Fold the short end of the blanket over the first pole.
 Place the second pole approx. 18 inches or 2 feet from the first (this distance may vary with

victim or blanket size).
 Fold both halves of the blanket over the second pole.

http://disasterriskmanagement.blogspot.com/2009/03/victim-evacuationcasualties-handling.html

QUIZ # 2 H5P : IDENTIFICATION

1. This technique requires two poles and a blanket_____________ BLANKET
STRETCHER

2. This is the preferred method for dragging a victim from confined area
_________BLANKET DRAG

3. Refers to medical attention administered immediately after an injury occurs. It often
consists of a short-term treatment and requires minimal equipment or training.
______________. FIRST AID

4. Always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person. Make
sure you do not put yourself in danger when going to the assistance of another person
._____________. DAGER

5. This technique is for carrying a victim to the longer distances and can support an
unconscious victim._____________ TWO HANDED SEAT

LO 3 Communicate details of the incidents

Lesson 3 Incident report and documentation

Topic1 Incident report

Objectives

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:

1.Determine incident report and documentation

What is an Incident Report?

An incident report is a form to document all workplace illnesses, injuries, near misses and

accidents. An incident report should be completed at the time an incident occurs no matter how

minor an injury is.
Any illness or injury that impacts an employee’s ability to work must be noted. The specifics of

what is required by law to be included in an incident report will vary depen ding on the federal or

provincial legislation that affects your workplace.
If you’re unsure, you

Purpose
An accident reporting and investigation plan prescribes methods and practices for reporting and
investigating accidents that can be read and understood by all managers, supervisors, and
employees. No matter how conscientious the safety efforts are, accidents are going to happen
sometimes due to human or system error

What to include on the incident report
The incident report for an accident or injury such as a fall should include the following information:

 Circumstances of the incident
 Date, time, and location of fall, and during which shift and on what unit the fall occurred
 Witnesses', staff members', and resident's accounts of the incident
 Interventions taken to care for the resident immediately after the incident
 Notifications made as a result of an incident
 Resident symptoms prior to the incident
 Vital signs and observations made after the incident
 Resident activity at the time of the incident
 Injuries/medical problems associated with the incident
 Environmental hazards or faulty equipment contributing to the incident

 Presence of any new incident risk factors
 Corrective actions taken to reduce the likelihood of another incident

https://www.hcpro.com/HOM-217534-2474/What-to-include-on-the-incident-report.html

Topic 2 Documentation

Documentation, a collection of relevant background information and notation, is critical not only
for the massage client, but also for the therapist, treatment plan, and care of the patient.

Noting Special Needs

In the massage therapy industry, it is common to see repeat as well as first time clients. On intake
and prior to the therapy session, has new clients complete a form that requests specific
information that may affect the treatment. Some of the important information requested includes:

 Past medical history
 Allergies
 Pain
 Amount of preferred pressure, how deeply the muscle can be penetrated
 Skin sensitivities
 Injuries

Gathering this information up front helps therapists like recommend medical clearance prior to
providing a massage, as the massage may lead to medical complications and worsening of pre-
existing conditions that are sensitive to manipulation and massage.

Effective Record Keeping?

No matter the validity or size of the claim, day spas can protect their clients, staffs and bottom
lines by carefully considering the examples above and following these best practices:
• Document all customers, whether they are walk-in or by appointment.
• Document date of service, name, contact information, services performed and any obvious signs
of pre-existing injuries such as infections, casts, etc.
• Scrupulously fill out incident reports whenever something occurs that may result in injury or
demand, no matter how inconsequential it may seem at the time.
• Allow and encourage all staff to fill out an incident report when a manager is not immediately
available.
Additionally, spa owners or managers should make sure every staff member is aware of the top
claims seen by insurers of spas. Why? The most common spa treatments can result in the most
common types of insurance claims:
• Muscle injuries and afflictions (back spasms, soreness, tenderness) due to massage therapy
• Burns and scarring due to facial peels
• Infections due to manicures or pedicures
• Fungal infections underneath acrylic nails

It’s true that with this careful record keeping, files can pile up and become cumbersome, whether
in a file cabinet or on the spa’s hard drive. So, before turning on the shredder, check on the
statutes of limitations for common claims. Depending on the state in which the spa is located,
statutes of limitations for claims range from a minimum of one year to a maximum of six years As

a rule, add one year to a state’s statute, and purge on a yearly basis.

Plus, files can be easier to handle and store with a high-quality customer management system
designed specifically for salons and spas. There are many popular software packages designed for
spas, so research the one that’s best for you. Most available systems are designed primarily to
assist with scheduling and invoicing, but some have built-in modules to capture the information
needed for liability protection.
Though the initial setup can be a daunting task, comprehensive record keeping is an important
business practice for spas. Mishaps, accidents and injuries will happen; it is only a matter of when.
By establishing the correct intake record keeping, incident reporting and file management
practices, any spa owner can survive unforeseen difficulties with her business and reputation
intact

QUIZ # 3: H5P TRUE OR FALSE
1.____________Document all customers whether they are walk-in or by appointment. TRUE
2.___________ Interventions taken to care for the resident immediately after the incident.
TRUE
3.____________ Documentation is a form to document all workplace illnesses, injuries, near
misses and accidents. FALSE
4.____________ Environmental hazards or faulty equipment contributing to the incident.
TRUE
5. _____________ It’s true that with this careful record keeping, files can pile up and
become cumbersome, whether in a file cabinet or on the spa’s hard drive. TRUE

Prepared by:
MYLA B. ALULOD
Trainer, JZGMSAT