SSF1033
MALAYSIAN
SOCIAL HISTORY
GROUP NAME: CLOUD8
Instructor: DR ADIBAH BT YUSUF
NO. NAME MATRIC NO.
1. AMINAH BINTI JAFFAR 83194
85069
2. NUR FARHANAH BINTI RASHDAN 84969
85684
3. NUR AIN QAMAREEAH BINTI MOHAMAD ISHAM 83852
84077
4. SHERLANNY SANGAN ANAK STEPHEN 84510
87113
5. FATIN MEZATUL AQILAH BINTI ABDUL KHALID
6. IZZAT AIMAN BIN YATIM
7. MOHAMAD AFIQ BIN MAHALI @ JOS
8. ZATI HUSNA BINTI MADHI
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
01 What is History?
02 The uses of History
03 Official History & the Missing Stories
04 Prehistory of the Malay Archipelago
05 Ancient History of the Malay Archipelago
06 Trade and its Consequences
07 Creation of Modern SE Asia
08 Population, Immigrants & Identity
09 Orang Asli & Orang Asal
10 Malaysian Women's Movement
11 Politics of the Left / Labour Movement
12 Secret Societies
13 Malaysian Students Movement
LU1
WHAT IS
HISTORY?
WHAT IS HISTORY?
History teaches us how a country or group was established and developed over time, how
current events relate to the past, and what past impact events have on the future. This is the
kind of historical context we have learned and taught since school, but do we understand what
history truly means and what historiography is? What exactly is evidence, and why is it
significant?
History
History, as we understand it refers to events that occurred
in the "past." It can be used as a guide for those living in
the present to improve the future and avoid repeating
past mistakes. History, according to Cicero, is a witness
of time and the light of truth. However, not everything
that happened in the past can be made into history
because it requires strong evidence, like documents,
artifacts, cave art, and many more, to prove that things
are original and happened in the past. Before it is
officialized, experts must check and verify the evidence
first.
Historiography
Historiography is the writing of history or writing about the
past but with people's opinions and perspectives. When the
writing of this history is mixed with the views of others, it is
difficult to tell which one is accurate or a myth created by
others. Consider the story of Mahsuri, accused of adultery and
stabbed to death. This Mahsuri story has been passed down
from generation to generation, and it is a true story because
there is evidence that it is Mahsuri's tomb on Langkawi Island,
Kedah. However, even if there is evidence that the Mahsuri
story is true, that does not mean that the story does not have a
plus point from the people themselves to make it more
interesting and attract the public's attention, particularly
tourists.
Evidence
Evidence = History
No history =
No evidence
Evidence is a statement or indication of the truth. It is critical to ensure that
the item is authentic and that the historical event happened in the past.
The following are the various types of evidence:
1. Documents
2. Artifacts
3. Bones
4.Cave Art
5. Burial settlements
6.Oral stories
7.Written words
Evidence for social history must be about humans or be related to human
society. It does not necessarily mean that if there is no evidence, it does not
exist or has never happened; it just cannot be recorded or studied. The historic
expert needs to check and verify the evidence before concluding that the
historical item is authentic. Overall, the evidence is critical in proving that the
history is genuine and not fabricated.
WHAT IS
BIAS???
LU2
THE USES
OF
what is 1.Bias in history
bias??
Bias in History
true/distorted/false
as bias/one-sided
example( Male dominated
old focus vs. young and
powerful vs. weak)
CONCEPTS
Bias can either be extremely positive
or extremely negative.
(positive, it is described as “pro-”, or “in favour of”
while negative, it is described as
“anti-”, or “strongly against”.)
when it's not biased it's called BALANCED
weak
powerful
22..TTHHEE IIMMPPOORRTTAANNCCEE OOFF PPEERRSSPPEECCTTIIVVEE
-Evidence & Perspective = Interpretation
perspective is a different point of view
-Perspectives change
(example:The purpose of Colonialism: Civilising mission vs.
Exploitation)
-Different views about memory and remembering.
Role A= tell about the actual to be balance between
neutral and facts.
Role B=intended to tell the daily stories.(ordinary people,
events ,matters and history about the economy)
-History is NOT neutral
(Every individual and each historian, event, situation is
embedded in class, race and gender)
3.THE USE OF HISTORY
-History: The study of changes in various aspects over time
What can we learn from history is studying history will allow us to remember
various events that happened around us.
Wang Gungwu(1968)
the feeling of wanting to remember will provide an advantage and awareness to
those who remember.
if they remember a variety of knowledge and useful experiences as examples or
past events that help improve people
explore the meaning of life and death = a way to know their place in the world
and what will happen to their fate in the future
Yong Mun Cheong (2000):
Helping us better understand the present - beliefs, practices, knowledge, ways of
life while rooted in the past
Teaching lessons from the past - achievements and failures of past civilizations and
people
Promoting awareness of the heritage of our ancestors – this aims to appreciate
what they have given and done
Understand the way people think and feel - how people react in different
cultures, places and times
LU3
OFFICIAL
VS
MISSING
HISTORY
Missing History
-And what about Sabah & Sarawak?
-Did they willingly want to form
Malaysia? Or were they forced into
forming a new country? Cobbold
Commission Report (1/3, 1/3, 1/3)?
official and missing history
Official history”
Provides framework of understanding
for Malaysians (i.e. what you and I
learnt in school)
Message: Malaysia a developed,
progressive, peaceful multi-ethnic and
multi-religious country.
Official history - Pre-history
Messages
-Natural geological formations = Malaysia very
old
-Human bones in caves (Niah) & stone tools (Perak
and Sabah) (Palaeolithic period) = evidence of
ancient human occupation (@ 40,000 BCE)
LU4
PREHISTORY
archaeology and
nationalism
Trigger (1984:358) notes that “most archaeological
traditions are probably nationalistic in orientation”
and that nationalist archaeology “is probably
strongest amongst peoples who feel politically
threatened, insecure or deprived of their collective
rights”.
Malaysia: What threats? What insecurities? A
formerly colonised nation
A multi-ethnic and multi-religious country where
some groups feel threatened by others
PREHISTORY
-Prehistory, also known as pre-literary
history,[1] is the period of human history
between the use of the first stone tools by
hominins c. 3.3 million years ago and the
beginning of recorded history with the
invention of writing systems.
What is
Archaeology/Prehistory?
Archaeology = a systematic study of the material
remains of human behaviour in the past (Fagan, 1983)
Prehistory = the portion of human history that
extends back before the time of written documents
and archive (Fagan, 1983)
Archaeology &
Nationalism: Example
- Out-of-Malaysia theory for
development of modern humans
- “The discovery of evidence (stone
hand-axe) dated at more than 1.83
million years at Bukit Bunuh could
propose a new theory to substitute the
present theory (the Out-of-Africa
theory)” (Mokhtar Saidin, 2012: 13)
- Message: Malaysia as the place of
origin for modern humans
Indo-Malaysian
Archipelago
-Why Indo-Malaysan
Archipelago?
- Most of the people (“indigenous”)
in the region are Austronesian-
speaking (same ethno-linguistic
group of mankind)
- Majority are Mongoloid physical
stock of mankind
LU5
ANCIENT
HISTORY
The influence of India
1. What (official) history tells
you!
Early Kingdoms in SE Asia/ Borobodur Temple
Malay Archipelago
Common characteristic: Mahayana Buddhist
Built: 750-850 AD under
Sailendra dynasty @ peak of
Hindu-Buddhist: Srivijayan influence
Sailendra (Borobodur temple
Mataram (Prambanan temple)
Khmer (Angkor Wat)
Prambanan Temple
A Hindu Neighbor Prambanan bas-reliefs
Para Brahman tell Hindu tales
Constructed c.AD 850 by either
Rakai Pikatan (king of 2nd Mataram Episodes from Vishnu's incarnation as
dynasty) or Balitung Maha Sambu Rama encircle the main shrines at
(during Sanjaya dynasty)
Prambanan that zre dedicated to Shiva
Angkor Wat and Brahma.
Built by Uryavarman II (Khmer
empire): 12th century AD
A temple complex dedicated to
Vishnu
2. Malay Peninsula: from pre-
history to proto-history
Kuala Selinsing Cherok Tok Kun
Human burials and Early Indian presence/influence is
artefacts, including also suggested by a site called
pottery, beads, shells Cherok Tok Kun in Bukit Mertajam,
and glassware - 3rd Penang
century BC to 11th Sanskrit script - South Indian
century AD Pallava Grantha - c.4th-6th cent.
AD
Carnelian seal
inscribed in South
Indian Grantha script
- c.5th cent. AD
Santubong
Maritime trade: gold
objects, glass beads,
Chinese ceramics, gold,
local iron, production,
Hindu-Buddhist objects,
"Tantric" shrine - 10th-
13th century AD
Buddhist Tantric shrine
and ritual deposit box in
Bongkissam, Santubong.
Bujang Valley
HtfcVhioIenSaaMmurndtltreatlpuaetcuft-olhyeluarBron.ysyttuutaosadriinnpsiadtsthh"hhtaretehieisrnrcedtsaoeeeBdkfmlvabruieenetoojncganimwvetondehnlngot"lthmyorefe Rests at foot of Gunung
Jerai
Bujang Valley surveyed Chinese Monk I-Tsing (I-
in the 1930s by Ching), who traveled to
Quaritch-Wales (found India in the 7th century to
some 30 sites in the visit the University of
area) Nalanda, noted Bujang
Area known as Kampung Valley at Qie-zha (Chieh-
Sungei Mas is rich in Cha or Kie-tcha)
trade artifacts and Arab trader called the
Buddhist monuments same place Kalah or
Kalahbar
3. The “Indianization” of
Southeast Asia
The founding of Indian kingdoms on mainland or insular Southeast Asia:
The expansion of an organized culture that was founded upon the Indian concept of
royalty, characterized by Hinduist or Buddhist cults, and expressed in Sanskrit
language (Coedes 1968)
“…preserved the essentials of their individual cultures [indigenous] and developed
them, each according to its own genius.” (Coedes 1968: 34)
Influence of India on Malay The addition of the term Safar to Mandi might
Culture have occurred after the adoption of Islam
especially during the time of the Melaka
Kingship Sultanate to make the practice more
Ceremonial acceptable to the Islamic society.
Administration
Language In the same way, the added explanation of the
Literature purpose to achieve spiritual purity.
Arts and architecture
Beliefs
Practices
Historical
interpretations
Originated as a secular festivity to
enable young men and women to
meet – to look for future life
partners
Might have been the result of
Malay-Tamil interaction in the past
LU6
TRADE AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES
1.Trade and its Consequences
Kingdoms and Countries survive, rise All pre-colonial and colonial conquests
and fall on trade. must be seen in this Context
For trade to flourish, contracts and Also signaled entry of capitalism* into SE
alliances built on mutual economic Asian region
interests (either long or short-term)
required Capitalism = Brought about divergence in
understanding over rights and obligations
Thus, from the 15th century onwards, over how business is conducted
diplomacy was the art of striking
economic and political deals to Often, divergence in understanding
maintain strategic interests of each brought about conflict.
kingdom (and later countries)
2. History is made AND changes
with trade
Colonialism & Capitalism (Two sides of the In response to high demand for tin and pepper, Aceh attacks
same coin!) Kedah, Perak and Pahang
Fall of Malacca = Rise of Portugese power in SE Asia In 1613, Aceh destroys Johor and Sultan Iskandar Muda (Aceh)
forces Johor prince into marriage alliance with his daughter
But Portugese economic and political power in the region not
complete and constantly challenged by Aceh, Spanish, Dutch, Aceh enslaves thousands from Pahang/Kedah to overcome
Brunei, Sulu, Johor, Kedah and the Bugis mini-kingdoms labour shortage
Aceh conducts direct trade with the Red Sea & India which Aceh develops high Islamic civilisation on back of conquests
by-passes Malacca and other Portuguese ports in India and slavery
Portuguese wealth and trade threatened by Acehnese trade All very good for the Rulers and Aristocrats of Aceh but
horrible for the ordinary people of Aceh (and those
Aceh’s control of trade also threatened trading networks of conquered) who did the dying and labouring as slaves
ex-Malacca elite in Johor
Also suggests lots of movements of people throughout the
region
(a) (b)
1580s – 1630s : Resurgence in international trade In 1640, Dutch-Portuguese rivalry erupts into
between Europe, India, China & Japan war. Johor assists Dutch in exchange for
development support – build and arm forts
Netherlands and British get involved in global maritime
trade – to circumvent Venice and Genoa; to overthrow 1641, Malacca falls to the Dutch. Malacca now used
Portuguese and Dutch control over trade and resources as a tin collecting centre by Dutch who preferred
to keep Batavia as the key regional port. (i.e.
Dutch East India Company (VOC) and East India Company beginning of decline of Malacca)
(Britain) set up – to venture into the New World for Late 16th Century - Spanish in the Philippines
“trade”. In 1629, Aceh challenge defeated by the Brought about increase in trade and network links for
Brunei – the Spanish Galleon Trade
Portuguese. End of Aceh as a regional
Brunei and Sulu participated in this trade by
trading and political power. supplying jungle produce like bird’s nest, pepper,
mother of pearl, tortoise-shell, sea cucumbers,
(c) Lots of piracy in the region – the Orang Laut in the camphor, wax for Chinese goods
peninsula/Sumatra area and the Tausug in
Borneo/Sulu By end 18th Century – British in the North/Bay of
Bengal and Dutch in the South/Indonesian Islands and
Very profitable activity – specialised in both cargo Indian Ocean
loot and human slave trade
New power configuration developed over 200
Tausug/Sulu engaged in human slave trade in late years. = Consequence of trade rivalry, contracts &
18th Century – sold to wealthy SEAsians and alliances.
Europeans
Effectively meant the decline of Malay control over
The Illanuns! (Sulu) - The Malay word for Pirate the entreport trade which now passed into the
(Lanun) comes from this word hands of the white ‘Capitalist’ traders.
3. Desire for wealth and resources
Desire for wealth and resources via Trade led to huge movements/migration
Trade brought about contracts and of peoples – whether for trade or due to
alliances and political-economic control slavery (e.g. the Bugis, the Acehnese, the
of trade routes Portuguese, Dutch, British, Tausug,
Spanish, Illanuns)
Portuguese/Dutch/British/ US/French
entry into the region built on struggle The entry of Europeans and Capitalism
and conquests rooted in constantly formed and re-formed the region into
shifting alliances with local chiefs what it is today – politically;
economically; culturally.
LU7
CREATION
OF MODERN
SE ASIA
1.European
Expansionism/Imperialis
mEuropean presence lead to destruction Old
Malay World and creation of the New Country
Europeans wanted to trade and local chiefs
had access to resources
Local control over resources fluid and ever
changing; often conflict and local Malays
looked to stronger powers for assistance in
local conflicts, e.g. China, Siam, Europeans
A fast changing world fueled by the industrial
revolution - new markets, new resources, new
scientific discoveries
2. Modern Southeast Asia?
A dynamic and ever-changing region, and one
of the most culturally, ecologically, and
politically diverse places on the planet.
Emphasizing diversity and differences as well
as common regional themes, the sources,
readings, and the links move between rural
and urban spaces.
Example: Brunei, Myanmar, Cambodia, East
Timor, Indonesia, Laos Malaysia, The
philippines, Thailand, & Vietname
3. Siam and Nothern
Malay States
Siamese Overlordship over Nothernship Malay States (NMS) post
1782
East India Company (EIC) trading interests required that they
recognise Siamese suzerainy (control) over NMS
But EIC were not keen to see Thai power extend further down south
But Malay rulers frequently warring among themselves
1824: 'spheres of Influence' 1826:EIC concludes an agreement with
1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty - divided up SE Siam to not attack Perak or Selangor
Asia between British sphere and Dutch
sphere Kedah acknowledge as 'territory subject to
Malay peninsula (incl. Singapore) reserved Siam'
for British interests while islands of South of EIC negotiated rights to trade in Kelantan &
Singapore reserved for Dutch interests Terengganu since Singapore business interests
Malacca exchanged for Bengkulen had commercial links
(Sumatra) EIC-Siam Treaty divided up NMS between
Signalled to other European powers not to British sphere and Siamese sphere - Thailand
interfere in these areas of trade, esp. France and Malaya take shape
1826:EIC- Siam Treaty led to 1909 Anglo-
Siam Treaty > Formal division of sovereignty
and land
Division of Northern Malay States between Siam and
Britain
Pattani, Narathiwat, Songkhla, Satun, Yala: To Siam
Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Terengganu: To Britain
Modern Malaya & Thailand take shape
Penang, Province Wellesley, Malacca & Singapore
formed into Straits Settlements (SS)
LU8
POPULATION,
IMMIGRANTS
AND IDENTITY
ETHNIC
DIVERSITY
Ethnic : a grouping of people who
identify with each other on the
basis of shared attributes that
distinguish them from other
groups.
The Creation of 'Malay' Ethnicity
Malay - languange of regional trade
Ethnic categories driven by ideological imperatives
British colonial practices has lead to high level of
migration which create Malaya's society
The Malays are the race of people who inhibit the
Malay Peninsula and portions of adjacent islands of
Southeast Asia, including the east coast of
Sumatra, and the coast of Borneo.
The tribal proto-Malays, or Jakun, were a seafaring
people. They were once probably a people of
coastal Borneo who expanded into Sumatra and the
Malay Peninsula as a result of their trading and
seafaring way of life.
Malay culture itself has been strongly influenced by
that of other peoples, including the Siamese,
Javanese, Sumatran and Indians.
"I cannot but consider the Melayu nation as one people,
speaking one languange, though spread over so wide a
space, preserving their character and customs, in all the
maritime states lying between Sulu Seas and the
Southern Oceans." - Stamford Raffles
IMMIGRANTS WHO IS IMMIGRANTS?
Immigrant : the international Malay
movement of people to a chinese
destination country of which Indian
they are not natives or where Europeans
they do not possess citizenship Armenians
in order to settle as permanent Baghdadis
residents. Siamese
Burmese
Bangladeshis
Vietnamese
Timorese
Arabs
Japanese
Filipinos
Parsees
Sri Lanka
Malaysia population is equivalent to 0.42% of
the total world population
POPULATION
Population : the complete
set group of individuals,
whether that group
compromises a nation or a
group of people with a
common characteristics.
LU9
ORANG
ASLI
Orang Asli
A heterogeneous group (Mostly in Peninsula Malaysia).
Orang Asli = A collective term for the 19 sub-ethnic groups under 3 main categories
(Senoi, Negrito & Aboriginal Malay)
The term "Orang Asli" as an ethnic category did not exist before 1960 until the colonial period
started.
The ethnic label given to them to differentiate from the dominant Malay, Chinese & Indian.
The generic (sakai & aborigines) were commonly used to refer to this group of people - term
that carried varying discriminatory inferences.
NEGRITO (SEMANG) LOCATION
KENSIU NORTHEAST KEDAH
KINTAK KEDAH-PERAK BORDER
JAHAI NORTHEAST PERAK & WEST KELANTAN
LANOH NORTH CENTRAL PERAK
MENDRIQ SOUTHEAST KELANTAN
BATEK NORTHEAST PAHANG & SOUTHEAST KELANTAN
SENOI LOCATION
SEMAI NORTHWEST PAHANG & SOUTH PERAK
TEMIAR NORTH PERAK & SOUTH KELANTAN
JAH HUT CENTRAL PAHANG
CHEWONG CENTRAL PAHANG
MAH MERI COASTAL SELANGOR
SEMOQ BERI SOUTH CENTRAL PAHANG
ABORIGINAL (PROTO) MALAY LOCATION
TEMUAN SELANGOR & NEGERI SEMBILAN
SEMELAI CENTRAL PAHANG & EAST NEGERI SEMBILAN
JAKUN SOUTH PAHANG & NORTH JOHOR
ORANG KANAQ EAST JOHOR
ORANG KUALA WEST & SOUTH COASTS OF JOHOR
ORANG SELETAR WEST & SOUTH COASTS OF JOHOR
OrIGINS
ORIGINS OF "ORANG ASLI" ORIGINS OF LINGUISTICALLY
The Orang Asli or literally known as "Original SENOI & NEGRITO (Northern Orang Asli groups)
Peoples", are the descendants of the earliest Mon-Khmer or Austroasiatic family of
known inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula that language.
arrived as early as 25,000 years ago. Suggesta historical links with indigenous
In other words, the Orang Asli has lived in West people of Burma, Thailand & Indo-China.
Malaysia long before the arrival of other group
(Malays, Chinese & Indians), ABORIGINAL MALAY (Southern Orang Asli groups)
Also known as : Dialects belong to Austronesian family of
languages as Malay.
Orang Hulu - People of headwater Except for the Semelai & Temoq dialects -
Orang Darat - People of the hinterland Austroasiiatic!
Orang Laut - People who lived by the sea
Besisi - Peoplle with scale SUBGROUP OF
Mantra - People who chanted ORANG ASLI
Orang Liar - Wild people
Pangan - Eaters of raw food
Orang Mawas - Apelike people
Orang Jinak - Tame or enslaved people
SENOI NEGRITO ABOORIGINAL
(PROTO) MALLAYS
The largest category The smallest category of Orang The second largest category
Orang Asli group. Asli, population wise. of Orang Asli group.
About 54% of the Orang A little over 3% of the Orang Consisting about 43% of the
Asli population. Asli population. total Orang Asli Population.
Live mainly on both slopes Believed to be the oldest Live in the most accesible
of the Titiwangsa Range indegenous group in Malay areas, way of life is generally
Peninsula. similar to that of the rural
Less sedentary, more hunter- Malay.
gathering.
TODAY
Until today, the Orang Asli continue to be one of the most
marginalised groups in Malaysia.
Orang Asli : - 50% of households live below the poverty line
- 19% considered hardcore poor.
National peverty rate : - 3.8% poverty, 0.7% hardcore poor
LU10
MALAYSIAN
WOMEN'S
MOVEMENT
unknown story of women
Historical emphasis on men = women ignored.
A question of social prejudice & age-old discrimination; patriarchy in society.
Women view as housewives, mothers, daughters, homemakers, emotionally
fragile, gentle, caring, sweet, pretty atc. = Not history material !!!!
REALITY = Women making history (herstory) but much undocumented.
EARLY EMANCIPATION IMPACTS OF EDUCATION IN
EARLY MALAYA
Early 1900 s : Educational Reform to meet Malay women - became teachers & many
needs of modernising colonial economy. got involved in women's organisations.
Growing bureaucracy & private-sector
needed trained & Westernised local elites. Chinese women - got involved in political
Formal schooling for girls - important cos' movements reflecting situation in China;
girls from uooer classes made good wives joined nationalist (KMT) & communist
for local elites. movements (CPM) (e.g. Liu Qiu, Lin Guan
Early 20th Century Arab reform Yin).
movements also influenced local
education : Indian women - joined tIndian
Independence Movement led by Chandra
Promoted women's education Subha Bose (Rani of Jhansi Regiment,
Legal reforms Indian Natinal Army, eg. Rasammah
Rights of women to work Bhupalan, Janaki Athi Nahappan)
End to veiling of women
Main purpose - not to undermine women's
traitional role; not to encourage
participation in public life but to make
women more efficient housekeepers.
NATIONALIST & LABOUR Women accepted the idea & spirit of modernity but also became
AWAKENINGS catalysts for political change againts colonial rule.
Malay women - set up Persatuan Kaum Ibu Selangor (Kaum Ibu) with 36
1950s : Khatijah Sidek (Kaum Ibu other Malay organisations formed UMNO - nucleus Wanita UMNO (1971).
Leader) - push gender equality. As Wanita UMNO - chief gatherers of votes for party BUT no role in
1973s : Aishah Ghani (Wanita UMNO leadership or social change.
Leader) - proposed legal reforms to AWAS (PUTERA) & Women's Federation (AMCJA) - pushed for women's
Muslim Marriage & Divorsce. representation & suffrage for women - very activist BUT banned by
1976s : Wanita UMNO asked for British Colonial Goverment in 1948.
women to be appointed Ketua Labour movement struggles - protest againts sexual harassment of
women workers.
Kampong. Labour Party celebrates Internatinal Women's Day on March 8.
Early years participatory democracy in the making-women played a role
VIOLENCE AGAINST
WOMEN (VAW) AGENDA
As Malaysia developed, increasing awareness 1988 : All women's Action Society Malaysia
of feminism, sexual oppression & VAW. (AWAM0) set up to advance resolution of JAG.
1982 : Women's Aid Organisation (WAO) - deal
with problem of battered women & domestic 1989s : Years of growth for women's movement.
violence.
1985 : 5 women's groups came together to Non-Mainstream women brought a new styles of
highlight & campaign on stopping VAW -
formed the Joint Action Group Againts leadership to women's groups ; Non-hierarchical
Violence Againts Women (JAG). More democratic
Organised 2 days workshop cum exhibition. New thingking also - women's outlook
19985 : WCC, Penang ; SWWS Swk & SAWO issues seen not as women's Consensus decision-
set up issues BUT fundamentally one making & etc
of inequality, discrimination & social injustice.
stop
Emphasis not on welfare or crisis Many Muslim women set up other groups
assistance but more proactive - i.e. raising (non-feminist & non-radical) that took up
social awareness about social inequality & women's issues but within Islamic
discrimination. framework :
Persatuan Ibu Tunggal
More inclusive & non-religious, non-racial - Women's Wing JIM
ABIM Women
managed to get women from different
1985 : Women's groups came together to
backgrounds to work together.
e.g. 1 Muslim woman work & Muslim push for Domestic Violence Act.
professionals volunteer in Women's
Centre for Change (WCC Penang) dealing Still, it took 10 years (1994) of hard work
with legal, marital, incest, domestic
violence involving Syariah. before the bil passed in parliament &
became law.
MWM : CONCLUSION
MWM has come long way since early 20th
Century.
Many issues addresses but many remain.
Women play key role in nation-building & in
fashioning society.
More reconigtion NECESSARY for many un-
recognised women.
Need to re-write social history for Women.
LU11
LABOUR
MOVEMENT
AFTERMATH
Left parties declared illegal -
the right-wing parties to dominate Malayan politics:
UMNO & MCA --> MIC
PMFTU was declared illegal on May 1948
formed 10th Regiment, Malayan National Liberation
Army
1) The armed struggle by the MCP
- the EMERGENCY"
Left wing movement
after 1948
2) The left wing parties that chose
to go via the Constitutional route.
AFTERMATH
Baling Talks (1955) failed communal non- communal
parties
Tunku as UMNO leaders & parties
PM used the conference as
political mileage to pressure UMNO, IMP,
the British for Malaya MCA, Labour
independence MIC Party,
Parti
POST-1948: struggle
between communal & non- Rakyat,
communal parties Pekemas
The left wing was in
disarray
PMIP ----> PAS
BEGINNINGS OF THE LEFT IN MALAYA
ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL SCHOOL
THE RISE OF LEFT MOVEMENTS IN MALAYA
THE SPREAD OF COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY
COMMUNAL VIEWS BEGAN TO TAKE NATIONAL FORM
THE MALAY BEGAN THE REFORM MOVEMENT
KAUM MUDA VS KAUM TUA, REGARDING ISLAMIC AFFAIRS
KAUM MUDA OVERSHADOWED BY MALAY ASSOCIATION IN THE 1920s
YOUNG MALAYS WERE DISILLUSIONED TOWARDS THE INFLUENCE OF THE BRITISH &
THE MALAY ARISTOCRAT
RIGHT WING - THE MALAY ASSOCIATIONS
LEFT WING - KESATUAN MELAYU MUDA (KMM)
AGAINST THE BRITISH & INFLUENCE BY THE INDONESIAN NATIONALIST
- "MELAYU RAYA"
SEVERAL OF KMM'S LEADERS WERE ARRESTED BEFORE COMING OF THE JAPANESE
EUROPEAN CAPITALISM, TOGETHER WITH CHINESE & INDIAN LABOUR, BROUGHT
MAJOR CHANGES IN THE MALAYSIA ECONOMY
TIN & RUBBER INDUSTRY; CREATED THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
THE CENTRAL INDIAN ASSOCIATION (CIAM) FORMED TO HELP INDIAN LABOUR IN
1937
IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, MALAYA BECOME ONE OF THE KEY BASES FOR CHINESE
NATIONALISM.
CHINESE, AND INDONESIA LEADERS SPREAD COMMUNIST IDEAS AMONG MALAYS
IN 1930, THE MALAYAN COMMUNIST PARTY (MCP) WAS FORMED TO OVERTHROW THE BRITISH
MCP TRIED TO ORGANISE THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
DEMAND FOR RISING WAGES AND CONDUCIVE WORK CONDITIONS LED TO STRIKES ;
SHOEMAKERS & TAILOR STRIKE IN 1933 AND 1934 (KL)
RUBBER FACTORY STRIKE (KLANG)
COAL MINE STRIKE IN 1937 (BATU ARANG)
POLITICAL TO THE LEFT
"Right and left wing"
right-wing :
equity
value tradition
promote meritocracy
believe in economic freedom
left-wing:
communism
socialism
the civil right movement
opposition to social hierarchy and social
inequality
THE TRADITIONAL MALAY
'Raja adil, raja disembah, raja zalim, raja disanggah'
Malay politics changed due to Western Colonialism.
'absolute monarchy'
Based on the concept of
'Daulat'
No opposition against the rulers' orders
'Sultan/Raja & Pembesar'
LATBROAUDRE PUONLIOITNIC/ S
After 1948 : the union in Malaya was
retartded
1951 : MTUC was formed as a non-political
association
MTUC was weak and ineffective
The Labour Party (1955) took a socialist
stand
The People Party (1955) favored granting
citizenship
because of "Emergency", many Left parties
were branded 'pro-communist'
1965 : failed to get mass support at
parliamentary but substantial support at
Local Government Level before the
election for local councils suspended
1976 : abolished Both parties unite under Malayan People
Socialist Front
The SF participated in municipal &
legislative elections
1959 : GENERAL ELECTION
PP won the parliamentary (KL)
PP won the parliamentary (JB)
1962; Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
Weaken the SF and PP withdrew from SF
PP's struggle continued even though
receive pressured from government
signs of dissatisfaction - walkout of 7000
dockworkers in Tanjung Pagar (1945)
Labour strikes; IPOH, SEREMBAN, JOHOR
BHARU, KLUANG etc
1945-1948: 425 unions formed with 290,000
members
PMFTU became member of AMCJA
PUTERA-AMJCA gained support from CCC
October 20, 1947: All Malaya Hartal coincide with the
opening of the session of the British Parliament where
the Federation of Malaya's agreement were be tabled
and debated.
Britain measure to counter Left Movement and Labour opposition
Emergency declared after 3 estate managers were shot dead in Perak
Internal Security Act in 1948
Societies Ordinance and Banishment Ordinance were re-imposed
THE LEFT - 1950S
post-WWII; the left movement never faded away.
nationalist movement; formation of PKMM, AWAS, API, BARISAN TANI
SE-MALAYA (BATAS) and Hizbul Muslimin
the labour movement reorganized
The Malay opposition against MU = formation of UMNO
PKMM + Malay organizations = PUTERA
The non-Malay Left groups formed: AMCJA
AMCJA-PUTERA construct their own constitution called THE PEOPLE'S
CONSTITUTION PROPOSAL.
THE PEOPLE'S
CONSTITUTION
PROPOSALS
A united Malaya including Singapore
citizenship granting equal rights to those who made Malaya their
permanent home
Malay to be the official language
A national flag and national anthem
Malay Rulers have real sovereign power through popularly elected
Councils.
A popularly elected Central Government and popularly elected State
councils.
THE LEFT DURING THE
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
Japanese invasion 1942
dissolved kmm then released all kmm's leaders
didn't have the intention to give independence to malaya
Ibrahim yaacob ostensibly cooperated with Japanese in the same
time support mcp movement against the japanese
MCP formed the Malayan people's anti-japanese army (MPAJA) to
overthrow the Japanese
pasukan pembela tanah air (PETA) was formed by by ibrahim yaacob
to continue their cooperation with MCP
common goals - cooperation between races in malaya
bintang tiga episode (racial violence) in 1945 derailed good ethnic
relations in malaya.
some malay leaders began to work with non-malay leaders to achieve
common goals.
LU12
SECRET
SOCIETIES
SS – a social network terms - a
persisting pattern of relationships
which directly or indirectly links
the participants in related secret
activities. (B. H. Erickson)
are typically groups whose rituals and
activities are hidden away from non-
members
involved in crime such as dealing with
drug/human trafficking, smuggling,
kidnapping, prostitution, copyright
piracy, cyber crime, blackmail and
protection rackets, financial crime
Depending on interests – such as to
protect their members or clans, have
political motives, business interests,
religious objectives and to uphold
some certain magical beliefs or racist
ideologies
According to Thomas John Newbold (1807-1850), an officer ORIGINS IN MALAYSIA
in the 23 Regiment, Madras Light Infantry, in Malacca (1832-
1835), SS were already in existence in Penang in 1799.
Ghee Hin was the earliest mention by the British and
centered in Penang.
Hai San only emerged c1820 in Penang.
The Straits Settlements was the ‘birth place’ of secret
societies in Malaya.
Many Chinese Secret Societies flourished in the Straits
Settlement.
Other SS in Malaya – Toa Peh Kong, Ho Seng (Penang) and
Tian Ti Hoey (Malacca/Negeri Sembilan)
•From Chinese word – gongsi.
•Related to “clan hall”, roughly
translating in the meaning of
“brotherhood”.
•This word was used to relate
with Chinese overseas
organization – benevolent
organization.
•It was normally
organization same clan
and same surname –
aimed at assisting their
clan members esp migrants
from China in adjusting to
life in Malaya, Singapore,
Sarawak, North Borneo,
etc.
Malay SS – Reasons for
Emergence
•Malay SS emerged cos’ no organization could protect and
look after Islamic Affairs.
•The need for protection against the high crime rate in
Penang.
•Formed Boria Troupes
•Also to avoid the Muslim joined the Chinese secret societies.
•However the Muslim in Penang became divided because of
rivalry between the Islamic leaders (mainly business rivalry).
•The rivalry showed up during the month of Muharram where
both of the group fighting each others.
•The biggest clash between both groups happened in 1867.
The 1867 riot – the Malay SS joined and formed their own
Chinese SS’s ally - WF & Ghee Hin vs RF & Toh Peh Kong.
RELIGIOUS
GROUP
•In Malaysia, the heresy or cult
(ajaran sesat) activities had been
flourished within the Malay
society.
•Heresy or cult definite as a religion
whose beliefs differ from the majority
around them.
•Several of the leader group
proclaimed as Nabi/prophet and
can healed any diseases.
•Also could brought their members to
heaven.
•Some of them involved in
assassination.
LU 13 : STUDENT MOVEMENT