SCIENTISTS

Name : LIM YOKE XUAN
Class : 4 Yellow
Subject : Science

Famous Scientist In The World

Isaac Newton

Born: 4 January 1643
Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England

Died: 31 March 1727
London, England

Summary: Isaac Newton was the greatest English mathematician of his
generation. He laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus. His
work on optics and gravitation make him one of the greatest scientists the
world has known.
Isaac Newton's life can be divided into three quite distinct periods. The first
is his boyhood days from 1643 up to his appointment to a chair in 1669. The
second period from 1669 to 1687 was the highly productive period in which
he was Lucasian professor at Cambridge. The third period (nearly as long as
the other two combined) saw Newton as a highly paid government official
in London with little further interest in mathematical research.

Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham
in Lincolnshire. Although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he
was born on Christmas Day 1642, we give the date of 4 January 1643 in this
biography which is the "corrected" Gregorian calendar date bringing it into
line with our present calendar. (The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in
England until 1752.) Isaac Newton came from a family of farmers but never
knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in October 1642, three
months before his son was born. Although Isaac's father owned property
and animals which made him quite a wealthy man, he was completely
uneducated and could not sign his own name.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated
theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the
colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly
influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of
cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced
the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a
mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the
binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating
the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.

Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox
Christian who privately rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. Unusually for a member
of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of
England. Beyond his work on the mathematical sciences, Newton dedicated much of
his time to the study of alchemy and biblical chronology, but most of his work in
those areas remained unpublished until long after his death. Politically and
personally tied to the Whig party, Newton served two brief terms as Member of
Parliament for the University of Cambridge, in 1689–1690 and 1701–1702. He was
knighted by Queen Anne in 1705 and spent the last three decades of his life in
London, serving as Warden (1696–1699) and Master (1699–1727) of the Royal Mint,
as well as president of the Royal Society (1703–1727).

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a
German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to
be one of the greatest physicists of all time. Einstein is known
for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made
important contributions to the development of the theory of
quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are
together the two pillars of modern physics.His mass–energy
equivalence formula E = mc2, which arises from relativity
theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation".
His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of
science. He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his
services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery
of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the
development of quantum theory. His intellectual
achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming
synonymous with "genius"

In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'),
Einstein published four groundbreaking papers.These outlined the theory of
the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special
relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. Einstein thought
that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with
those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special
theory of relativity. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields; he
published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of
gravitation. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the
structure of the universe. He continued to deal with problems of statistical
mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle
theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal
properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the
foundation of the photon theory of light. However, for much of the later
part of his career, he worked on two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors.
First, despite his great contributions to quantum mechanics, he opposed
what it evolved into, objecting that nature "does not play dice". Second, he
attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric
theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. As a result, he became
increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.

Marie Curie

Born: Maria Salomea Skłodowska November 1867
Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire

Died: 4 July 1934 (aged 66)
Passy, Haute-Savoie, France

Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted
pioneering research on radioactivity. As the first of the Curie family legacy of
five Nobel Prizes, she was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first and
the only woman to win the Nobel Prize twice, and the only person to win
the Nobel Prize in two scientific fields. She was the first woman to become a
professor at the University of Paris in 1906.

She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of
the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University
and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she
followed her elder sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her
higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work.

In 1895 she married the French physicist Pierre Curie, and she shared the 1903 Nobel
Prize in Physics with him and with the physicist Henri Becquerel for their pioneering
work developing the theory of "radioactivity"—a term she coined.[5][6] In 1906
Pierre Curie died in a Paris street accident. Marie won the 1911 Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for her discovery of the elements polonium and radium, using techniques

.she invented for isolatin radioactive isotopes

Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment of
neoplasms by the use of radioactive isotopes. In 1920 she founded the Curie
Institute in Paris, and in 1932 the Curie Institute in Warsaw; both remain major
centres of medical research. During World War I she developed mobile radiography
units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie
Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames,never lost her sense of Polish identity.
She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.She
named the first chemical element she discovered polonium, after her native country.

Stephen William Hawking

Born: 8 January 1942
Oxford, England

Died: 14 March 2018 (aged 76)
Cambridge, England

Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an
English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research
at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge at the time
of his death. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of
Cambridge between 1979 and 2009.
Hawking was born in Oxford into a family of doctors. He began his university
education at University College, Oxford, in October 1959 at the age of 17, where he
received a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in physics. He began his graduate work at
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962, where he obtained his PhD degree in
applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and
cosmology in March 1966. In 1963, Hawking was diagnosed with an early-onset
slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease that gradually paralysed him over
the decades. After the loss of his speech, he communicated through a speech-
generating device initially through use of a handheld switch, and eventually by using
a single cheek muscle.

Hawking's scientific works included a collaboration with Roger Penrose on
gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity and
the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called
Hawking radiation. Initially, Hawking radiation was controversial. By the late
1970s and following the publication of further research, the discovery was
widely accepted as a significant breakthrough in theoretical physics.
Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union
of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He was a
vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum
mechanics.

Hawking achieved commercial success with several works of popular
science in which he discussed his theories and cosmology in general. His
book A Brief History of Time appeared on the Sunday Times bestseller list
for a record-breaking 237 weeks. Hawking was a Fellow of the Royal Society,
a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of
the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United
States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100
Greatest Britons. He died on 14 March 2018 at the age of 76, after living
with motor neurone disease for more than 50 years.