YUNGA Challenge Badge

ABOUT ME

NAME : FADELINA CLARISA FRANCIS
MEMBER NO. :
TROOPS NUMBER : 23
TROOPS NAME : PENAMPANG AIR SCOUT OPEN TROOPS
DATE OF BIRTH : 25 MAY 2005
SCHOOL : SM ST MICHAEL PENAMPANG
FORM : 3 HARMONI
DISTRICT : PENAMPANG
ADDRESS : LOT. 62, BATU 4, NOSOOB, JALAN LAMA, TAMAN

HIBURAN 1, CHIN AH MOI RESIDENCE, 88300

EMAIL :

YUNGA CHALLENGE BADGE - Forest Challenge

FOREST LIFE

A forest is a large area dominated by trees. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used
throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing
and ecological function. According to the widely used. Food and Agriculture Organization definition,
forests covered 4 billion hectares (9.9×109 acres) (15 million square miles) or approximately 30
percent of the world's land area in 2006. Forests are the dominant terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and
are distributed around the globe. Forests account for 75% of the gross primary production of the
Earth's biosphere, and contain 80% of the Earth's plant biomass. Net primary production is estimated
at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forest, 8.1 for temperate forest, and 2.6 for boreal
forest.

Tropical forest Temperate forest Boreal forest

Forests at different latitudes and elevations form distinctly different ecozones. Boreal forest around
the poles, tropical forest around the Equator and temperate forest at the middle latitudes. Higher
elevation areas tend to support forests similar to those at higher latitudes, and amount of precipitation
also affects forest composition. Human society and forests influence each other in both positive and
negative ways. Forests provide ecosystem services to humans and serve as tourist
attractions. .Forests can also affect people's health. Human activities, including harvesting forest
resources, can negatively affect forest ecosystems.

TREES

Trees are an important part of our world. They provide wood for building and pulp for making paper.
They provide habitats (homes) for all sorts of insects, birds and other animals. Many types of fruits
and nuts come from trees including apples, oranges, walnuts, pears and peaches. Trees also help to
keep our air clean and our ecosystems healthy. We breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
Trees breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen. Trees
do lots for us, our environment and other plants and animals in
nature but we don't just love trees for practical reasons. Trees
can also be very beautiful, tall enough they seem to touch the
sky and so big around you can't even hug them. Thousands of
artists, professional and amateur alike have painted pictures of
trees and thousands of poems, songs and stories have been
written about them. I would guess that just about everyone on
earth has at some point in their life stopped to enjoy the beauty
of a tree.

Types of Trees

There are two main types of trees which is deciduous and evergreen. Deciduous trees lose all of their
leaves for part of the year. In cold climates, this happens during the autumn so that the trees are bare
throughout the winter. In hot and dry climates, deciduous trees usually lose their leaves during the
dry season. Evergreen trees don't lose all of their leaves at the same time they always have some
foliage. They do lose their leaves a little at a time with new ones growing in to replace the old but a
healthy evergreen tree is never completely without leaves.

Deciduous tree Evergreen tree

Parts of a Tree

Roots
The roots are the part of the tree that
grows underground. Trees have a lot of
roots and the size of the root system is
usually as big as the part of the tree above
the ground. This is necessary because the
roots help support the tree. Besides
keeping the tree from tipping over, the
main job of the roots is to collect water
and nutrients from the soil and to store
them for times when there isn't as much
available.

Crown
The crown is made up of the leaves and branches at the top of a tree. The crown shades the roots,
collects energy from the sun (photosynthesis) and allows the tree to remove extra water to keep it
cool. The crowns of trees come in many shapes and sizes.

Leaves
Leaves are the part of the crown of a tree. They are the part of the tree that converts energy into food
(sugar). Leaves are the food factories of a tree. They contain a very special substance called
chlorophyll and it is chlorophyll that gives leaves their green colour. Chlorophyll is an extremely
important biomolecule, used in photosynthesis and leaves use the sun’s energy to convert carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil into sugar and oxygen. The sugar, which is the
tree’s food, is either used or stored in the branches, trunk and roots. The oxygen is released back into
the atmosphere.

Branches
The branches provide the support to distribute the leaves efficiently for the type of tree and the
environment. They also serve as conduits for water and nutrients and as storage for extra sugar.

Trunk
The trunk of the tree provides its shape and support and holds up the crown. The trunk transports
water and nutrients from the soil and sugar from the leaves.

Parts of the Trunk
Inside the trunk of a tree are a number of rings. Each year of the tree's life a new ring is added so
many people refer to them as the annual rings. The rings are actually made up of different parts:

Bark
The outside layer of the trunk, branches and
twigs of trees. The bark serves as a protective
layer for the more delicate inside wood of the
tree. Trees actually have inner bark and outer
bark the inner layer of bark is made up of living
cells and the outer layer is made of dead cells,
sort of like our fingernails.
The scientific name for the inner layer of bark is
Phloem. The main job of this inner layer is to
carry sap full of sugar from the leaves to the rest
of the tree.
A number of handy things are made from bark including latex, cinnamon and some kinds of poisons.
Because bark is a protective layer for the tree, keeping it safe from insects and animals, it isn't
surprising the strong flavours, scents and toxins can often be found in the bark of different types of
trees.

Cambium
The thin layer of living cells just inside the bark is called cambium. It is the part of the tree that
makes new cells allowing the tree to grow wider each year.

Sapwood (Xylem)
The scientific name for sapwood is xylem. It is made up of a network of living cells that bring water
and nutrients up from the roots to the branches, twigs and leaves. It is the youngest wood of the tree
over the years, the inner layers of sapwood die and become heartwood.

Heartwood
The heartwood is dead sapwood in the center of the trunk. It is the hardest wood of the tree giving it
support and strength. It is usually darker in colour than the sapwood.

Pith
Pith is the tiny dark spot of spongy living cells right in the center of the tree trunk. Essential nutrients
are carried up through the pith. It's placement right in the canter means it is the most protected from
damage by insects, the wind or animals.

The Layers of a Forest

Mature forests often have several distinct vertical layers. These include:
 Forest floor layer: The forest floor is often blanketed with decaying leaves, twigs, fallen tree,
animal scat, moss, and
other detritus. The forest
floor is where recycling
occurs, insects, bacteria,
and earthworms are
among the many
organisms that break
down waste materials and
ready them for reuse and
recycling throughout the
forest system.
 Herb layer: The herb
layer of the forest is dominated by herbaceous (or soft-stemmed) plants such as grasses, ferns,
wildflowers, and other ground covers. Vegetation in the herb layer often gets little light and
in forests with thick canopies, shade tolerant species are predominant in the herb layer.
 Shrub layer: The shrub layer is characterized by woody vegetation that grows relatively
close to the ground. Bushes and brambles grow where enough light passes through the
canopy to support shrub growth.
 Understory layer: The understory of a forest consists of immature trees and small trees that
are shorter than the main canopy level of the tree. Understory trees provide shelter for a wide

range of animals. When gaps form in the canopy, often times understory trees take advantage
of the opening and grow to fill in the canopy.
 Canopy layer: The canopy is the layer where the crowns of most of the forest's trees meet
and form a thick layer.
 Emergent layer: Emergents are trees whose crowns emerge above the rest of the canopy.

Mosaic of Habitats
These different layers provide a mosaic of habitats and enable animals and wildlife to settle into
various pockets of habitat within the overall structure of a forest. Different species use the various
structural aspects of the forest in their own unique ways. Species might occupy overlapping layers
within a forest but their use of those layers might occur at different times of the day so that they do
not compete with one another.

7 biomes all over the world

Everyone alive on the planet today lives in one massive biome: Earth, especially when viewed
from space. A biome basically represents an ecological community categorized by its physical
characteristics such as soil, its climate and the life it supports. While Earth can be considered as
one biome, it's normally subdivided into additional biomes. Scientists separate biomes into two
distinct classifications: aquatic and terrestrial. The largest biome on Earth is the aquatic one, as
water covers 75 percent of the globe. Further scientific cataloguing leads to multiple eco-regions
across the globe. Biologists identify these 7 biomes by their individual and distinctive physical
characteristics:

1. Tropical Rainforests
Receive constant rain throughout the year, which makes these
areas (usually located at the equator) lush with tropical plants,
trees, rivers, streams and rich, fertile soil. Most of the trees in
the tropical rainforest keep their leaves, and scientists still
discover new plants and animal species within this ecological
community.

2. Temperate Forests
These forests have four distinct seasons as compared with the
tropical rainforest with many evergreen and deciduous trees,
which are trees that shed their leaves in the fall and winter.
Cold winters and warm summers support a variety of bird and
animal life including bears that hibernate during the winter
months, deer, elk, squirrels, foxes, wolves, coyotes and other
small mammals.

3. Taiga
These ecological communities represent some of the oldest
forests in the world. They're also called boreal forests. As
the largest of the seven land biomes, taiga consists mostly
of conifers like fir, pine and cedar with needle-shaped
leaves that stay green most of the year. Long, cold winters
force migratory birds south and mammals to develop thick,
white coats in the winter.

4. Deserts
The desert biome is best known for its hot, dry summers and
cold winters. Most deserts receive little rainfall, and some of
the plants evolved to retain water to thrive. Cacti developed
spines to protect their fleshy hulls that store water for those
arid months. Snakes, lizards and other cold-blooded reptiles
winter underground only to come out when the weather turns
warm.

5. Grasslands
Represent the great prairies or plains dominated by
grasses, treeless plains and large herds of grazing animals
like buffalo, bison or deer in the United States. Enough
rain falls to keep grasses and herbs growing, but dry
summers and fires keep trees from taking hold.

6. Savanna
Unlike grasslands, savannas receive enough rain to support
trees in groups or dotted throuhout the environment. Grazing
herd animals have long legs to run away from the many
predators that thrive in the large, flat plains like lions, hyenas
and cheetahs.

7. Tundra
Large swaths of land marked by flat, cold plains support
low grasses, plants and green moss in the summer. Much
of the tundra includes permafrost – frozen ground – just
beneath the ground's surface. Mice and other small
creatures go underground during winter freezes.

A Biome's Four Major Features
Scientists classify biomes by four major aspects: the climate, soil, vegetation and the living
organisms that populate the ecological community. The climate and soil determine the type of
plants that can thrive in the community and the biological organisms it can sustain. A desert biome,
for example, supports a whole different ecological community than that found in a tropical
rainforest. Both communities support reptiles, but the reptiles in the rainforest – crocodiles, lizards,
turtles and tortoises – would not survive in a desert without going through years of evolution to
adapt to its drier conditions, even though a desert also supports different species of tortoises and
lizards.

Biome Subclassifications
The Earth supports multiple biomes, with the five major biome classifications being: aquatic,
desert, grassland, tundra and forests. But scientists like to classify these ecological communities
into even smaller distinctive categories. In the aquatic classification for example, the first
subcategories include freshwater and marine, with further classification into multiple subsets:
freshwater, freshwater wetlands and marshes, marine, coral reefs and estuaries. Desert biomes
break down into hot and dry deserts, semi-arid, coastal and cold deserts. Forest biomes include
temperate, tropical and boreal forests while tundra areas on the globe also include the North and
South poles covered by ice. Savanna biomes also fall into distinct classifications: temperate and
tropical.

FOREST IN USE

5 Main Indirect Uses of Forests are as follows:
1. Prevention and control of soil erosion,
2. Flood Control,
3. Checks on spread of deserts,
4. Increase of soil fertility,
5. Effect on Climate
They prevent soil erosion, regulate the flow of rivers and reduce the frequency and intensity of
floods, check the spread of deserts, add to soil fertility and ameliorate the extremes of climate.

Prevention and control of soil erosion
Forests play a significant role in the prevention and control of soil erosion by water and wind. The
destruction of forest cover leads to increased run off of rain water and its diminished seepage and
storage in soil. The structure of the soil suffers, run off increases and loosens the soil which is carried
away to other regions. The fertility of the soil is thus lost, and it becomes barren and unproductive.
The reckless destruction of forests in the Shiwalik hills, Western Ghats, Chhota Nagpur plateau and
in the Deccan table-land has resulted in serious problem of soil erosion. The most effective way to
check soil erosion is to stop reckless cutting of forests and to plant more trees.
Flood Control
Roots of the trees absorb much of the rain water and use it slowly during the dry season. Thus they
regulate the flow of water and help in controlling the floods. The forest cover acts as a rain-holder
and a rain banker. Trees also act like millions of tiny dams and check the flow of water like a barrage.
With the increased rate of deforestation, the frequency and the intensity of floods has increased in
different parts of the country. In the absence of forests, the increased runoff along with sand and silt,
especially after heavy downpour, comes in as a sudden rush and often gets blocked in the silted
streams and causes devastating floods,
Checks on spread of deserts
Sand particles are blown away by strong winds in the deserts and are carried over long distances,
thus resulting in the spread of deserts. The roots of trees and plants bind the sand particles and do not
permit their easy transportation by wind. Therefore, the forests are a great instrument to put a check
on the spread of deserts. In the long run, the forests add humidity to the atmosphere and further help
in checking the spread of deserts. A great success has been achieved in checking the march of the
Thar Desert by planting a 650 km long and 8 km wide strip of trees on its periphery.

Increase of soil fertility
The fallen leaves of trees add humus to soil after their decomposition. Thus forests help in increasing
the fertility of soil.
Effect on Climate
Forests have a far reaching effect on climate. They ameliorate the extremes of climate by reducing
the heat in summer and cold in winter. They also influence the amount of rainfall by lowering the
temperature of moisture laden winds and increase the relative humidity of the air through the process
of transpiration. They reduce the surface velocity of winds and retard the process of evaporation.

RULES
Forest Workers’ Health and Safety
Forest workers face many hazards on the job including falling branches,
chain saw injuries, falls while working on slippery, uneven terrain, heat
stress, exposure to the cold and wet weather, exposure to gasoline (direct
skin contact with the liquid as well as inhalation of the fumes),
musculoskeletal disorders due to carrying heavy loads for long hours,
vehicular accidents during transportation to and from the work site;
forestry work is recognized as one of the most dangerous jobs. Although
a few contractors provide extensive safety training to their workers,
most workers receive no training. Moreover, most workers do not know
their rights and are unaware of the laws entitling them to a safe work place and to medical care if
they are injured. Many workers tell of delaying treatment for injuries on the job, and of tremendous
difficulties in navigating the workers’ compensation system. This is
compounded by their visa status. If they stay in the US to follow up
on workers’ compensation or complaints against their employer
they may violate their visa; if they do not stay their case may be
forgotten.

Latino Forest Workers Share their Stories
Since 2010, LOHP has partnered with the Northwest Forest Worker Center (NFWC) in Medford,
Oregon to help address the unsafe and unhealthy working conditions faced by forest workers who do
forest thinning, tree planting, brush burning, and other labor-intensive forest management tasks.
Rising temperatures and more frequent droughts lead to many more dead and dying trees in our
forests, resulting in greater demand for these services.

“The work is very hazardous, working with chainsaws, on slippery slopes, among falling trees, in
cold and hot weather. This, combined with a fast-paced work environment and insufficient attention
paid to safety, means that forest workers suffer injury and illness rates two-three times higher and
fatality rates nine times higher than the general U.S. workforce,” says Diane Bush, who coordinates
this project together with Dinorah Barton-Antonio. In the Pacific Northwest, most forest workers are
Spanish-speaking immigrants with limited English and low literacy skills, who are also justifiably
fearful of reprisals if they speak up about hazards on the job.
NFWC and LOHP joined forces with the University of Washington’s Pacific Northwest Agricultural
Safety and Health (PNASH) program to capture “worker success stories” and evaluate the use of
storytelling as a tool to strengthen the ability of individuals and communities to push for safer and
more just working conditions. The team collected stories where workers had reported injuries to
supervisors, sought medical care, or attempted to improve working conditions. Five of these were
turned into digital stories during a 2-day StoryCenter workshop where workers developed their own
videos documenting their experiences. With training and ongoing assistance from LOHP, NFWC’s
promotoras wives of forest workers or former forest workers—are using these digital stories to
trigger conversations with workers about their rights on the job and steps they can take to protect
themselves and their co-workers. You can find two of the stories here: { HYPERLINK
"https://nwforestworkers.org/programs" \t "https://lohp.org/forestry-workers/_blank" }. The forest
worker project also includes ongoing training with promotoras and workers, as well as training and
resources for supervisors.

Promotora Program for Forest Workers
Sí, Se: Salud Y Seguridad en el Trabajo
(NIOSH, OSHA 2010-2012) In partnership with the Northwest Forest Worker Center, LOHP
developed materials and provided training and support for wives of forest workers in Southern
Oregon to become promotoras to the forest worker community. During the project period,
promotoras provided training to hundreds of forest workers. Evaluation results showed that through
this promotora program, community capacity to address working conditions increased through 1)
increased leadership and community access to information and resources; and 2) increased worker
awareness of workplace health and safety rights and resources. While fear of retaliation remains a
barrier to workers taking action, the promotoras supported several workers in addressing specific
workplace issues. The promotoras continue to work with the NFWC.

Checklist before go in the forest.

1. Tools - Knife, Pocket knife, pliers

2. Illumination - Flashlight, two sets of extra batteries, emergency candles

3. Water Purification Tablets

4. Cordage and Tape - Dutch tape, 200ft of Paracod, 100 yards monofilament fishing

line

5. Fire Starting Kit - Matches,emergency tinder, magnifying glass

6. Metal Pot or Mugs

7. Sleeping bag / Emergency Poncho

8. Extra Food

9. Basic First Aid / Medical Kit - Bands-aids of various sizes, Gauze, Ace bandage, Aspirin,

Antiseptic wipes, Triple antibiotic ointment, Tweezers

10. Rescue Signals - Whistle, Mosquito repellent

11. Rain Jacket

FOREST AND CULTURE
Indigenous Inhabitants

SABAHAN SPIRITS
In the late 1950s, the foothills of Mount Kinabalu was virgin wilderness some 20 years before

tourism took off there.
Adrian Lasimbang’s late father Benedict was erecting wires and

towers for Sabah’s Telegraph Department.“He was in the jungle for
months. Every time the natives built something, they did certain
mamason rituals to ask permission from the spirits,” Adrian says,
recalling his father’s stories.“But there was a Chinese engineer, from
Singapore I think, who dismissed all this as primitive superstitions. He
was advised not to simply pee anywhere, but he didn’t believe it.

“One day he kena rasuk (possessed by a jungle spirit). He ran
around the camp wildly so the other workers tied him onto a camp bed.
But next day, he went missing.” He was found dead three days later in between some rocks, clad
only in underwear. “The natives believe his soul was taken by the mountain spirits.” Adrian, who
works with the Indigenous People’s Network of Malaysia (known by its Malay acronym JOAS) also
didn’t believe all this “hocus-pocus” as a young boy – until he learnt the hard way. A traditional
taboo for his Kadazandusun people is that termite mounds are the abode of spirits and should not be
“offended”. “When I was eight years old, I saw some termites at a mound. To kacau (disturb) them, I
urinated on them. That night, my private parts became painfully swollen,” he remembers. “My
mother took me to the doctor. But despite pills and creams, there was no cure. Then she took me to
the bobohizan (traditional healer or priest/ess). She asked my mother, ‘Has your boy offended some
spirits?’. Then I confessed what I had done.” The bobohizan then advised Adrian to sprinkle some
salt and water, as a small “sogit” (healing or cooling) ritual to “apologise” to the spirits at the termite
mound. “That very night, the pain was gone,” he says. He asked his mother, Rosina Sogondu, about
the details of Kadazandusun cosmology. She told him that humans are just one of seven dimensions
of this realm. There is an underworld with demons and higher realms with deities, called
bambarayon, which are spirits honoured during the Kaamatan Harvest Festival. At the top is the
Supreme Deity or God, called Kinoringan and the Creator, Minamangun. Somewhere in between lies
the realm of jungle spirits, such as sopok (something like dwarves or gnomes) and pampuvan (akin
to leprechauns or fairies). “I have heard many stories of people getting lost in the jungle mysteriously.

The sopok or pampuvan can trick people to follow them, for example by adopting the look of pretty
fairies, animals or even your friends.”

All this sounds similar to Indian or Chinese cosmologies of multiple layers of heavens (and
hells). The Kadazandusun believe that humans occupy the third level of existence, called rusot. After
death, the souls walk towards Mount Kinabalu, and into the afterlife realms of mong-ngohu and
hibabau. Adrian explains why the nudists caused so much offence: “The tourists may not believe but
these are cultural norms that should be respected. Sure, nudity can be a form of expression or art. But
it was the location and intention of the nudists. To do it at a sacred site like Kinabalu is like stripping
in a church or mosque.” In addition, during war, natives would show their bare buttocks to enemies
to intimidate them. “Posting the nudity on Facebook was like showing the middle finger. provoking
people to attack you.” he adds. “That’s what offended me as a Sabah native. If humans can get upset,
imagine how our ancestors’ souls and forest beings would have felt. It was kurang ajarrr (uncouth)!”

But do the Kadazandusun still believe in these spirits, since most of them are now Christians?
Adrian believes that religion can co-exist with adat or customs: “My mum still does the sogit ritual
using salt. But she will first take it to our priest in church to be blessed. So it becomes holy salt.”

Outdoor Activities
Everyone needs the forest. It responds to a number of our needs, including recreation. Outdoor
activities are important throughout the year especially for scouting. The are lots of interesting things
to do in the forest such as like hiking, photography, an expedition, collecting cones, listening to birds
or nature, climbing tress and camping.

My Favourite Outdoor Activities
1. Hiking
2. Photography
3. Camping
Checklist for this activities
- sportswear
- tent / sleeping bag
- hiking shoes
- drinking water & extra food
- sportswear

Forest Around The World

NO. COUNTRY WORDS

1. MALAYSIA FOREST TREE
2. GERMAN Hutan Pokok
3, RUSIA Wald Baum
4. KOREA
5. INDIA Les Derevo
6. INDONESIA Sup Namu
7. ITALY van ped
8. AFRIKA Hutan Pohon
9. JAPAN Foresta Albero
10. SINGAPURA Bos Boom
Shinrin
Hutan Ki
Pokok

CONTRY NAME OF “FOREST” & “TREE”
MALAYSIA
INDONESIA - HUTAN - POKOK
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE - HUTAN - POHON

- HUTAN - POKOK

- HUTAN - POKOK

FOREST AT RISK
Losing Biodiversity

TAKE ACTION
Forest Fetė
Forest Celebration

1. Communal Work - Partnering to clean the living area
- Plant a flower or herbs

2. Mud Ball - EM Mudballs are made of dried mud into which
EM Bokashi and Activated EM-1 (Activated EM)
have been kneaded. They are used to clean up
bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and oceans
where there are
concentrated
deposits of sludge
and slime. Basic

Materials: Dirt.

My Speech for International Forest Day

Good morning to Principals, Senior Assistants, Teachers and Friends. This morning, I'd like to take a
moment to explain a little about the forest in conjunction with World Forest Day. Forests are very
important because we depend on them. For example we need oxygen and plants or forests need
carbon dioxide and if one of these chains is missing, you can imagine what will happen.

Trees are divided into two types which is Deciduous tree and Evergreen tree. Trees are divided into
several parts such as leaves, twigs, branches, stems and roots. The trunk of the tree provides its shape
and support and holds up the crown. The trunk transports water and nutrients from the soil and sugar
from the leaves. Forest is divided into 6 layers namely Forest floor layer, Herb layer, Shrub layer,
Understory layer, Canopy layer and Emergent layer.

7 biomes all over the world. Everyone alive on the planet today lives in one massive biome. Earth,
especially when viewed from space. A biome basically represents an ecological community
categorized by its physical characteristics such as soil, its climate and the life it supports. While
Earth can be considered as one biome, it's normally subdivided into additional biomes. Scientists
separate biomes into two distinct classifications: aquatic and terrestrial. The largest biome on Earth is
the aquatic one, as water covers 75 percent of the globe. Further scientific cataloguing leads to
multiple eco-regions across the globe. Biologists identify these 7 biomes by their individual and
distinctive physical. The 7 biomes are, Tropical Rainforests, Temperate Forests, Taiga, Deserts,
Grasslands, Savanna and Tundra,

People who work in the woods are at high security risk. Accordingly, certain parties have set a
policies and regulations for every worker in the forest. And all the rules that have been set up must
be strictly adhered to. In addition we must know and abide by the custom of the forest for each place
or area. This is because the locals have their own beliefs about the forest around them.

Without wasting my time, I would like to urge everyone to take care of our forest. Without forest,
who we are. That's it, Thanks.

Fadelina Clarisa Francis