Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

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Glossary 583


permanent loss of spinal cord reflexes following injury to Stomach (STUM-uk) The sac-like organ of the alimentary
the spinal cord (Chapter 8). tube between the esophagus and the small intestine; is a
Spirillum (spih-RILL-uhm) (Pl.—spirilla) A bacterium reservoir for food and secretes gastric juice to begin pro-
with a spiral shape (Chapter 22). tein digestion (Chapter 16).
Spirochete (SPY-roh-keet) Spiral bacteria of the order Strabismus (strah-BIZ-mis) An impairment of binocular
Spirochaetales (Chapter 22). vision, the optic axes of the eyes cannot be oriented prop-
Spleen (SPLEEN) An organ located in the upper left erly on an object because of an imbalance in one set of
abdominal quadrant behind the stomach; consists of lym- extrinsic muscles; the “lazy eye” may drift medially or lat-
phatic tissue that produces lymphocytes; also contains erally (Chapter 9).
macrophages that phagocytize old red blood cells Stratified (STRA-ti-fyed) Having two or more layers
(Chapter 14). (Chapter 4).
Spongy bone (SPUN-jee BOWNE) Bone tissue not organ- Stratum corneum (STRA-tum KOR-nee-um) The outer-
ized into haversian systems; forms most of the short, flat, most layer of the epidermis, made of many layers of dead,
and irregular bones and forms epiphyses of long bones keratinized cells (Chapter 5).
(Chapter 6). Stratum germinativum (STRA-tum JER-min-ah-TEE-
Spontaneous fracture (spahn-TAY-nee-us) A fracture that vum) The innermost layer of the epidermis; the cells
occurs without apparent trauma; often a consequence of undergo mitosis to produce new epidermis (Syn.—stra-
osteoporosis (Syn.—pathologic fracture) (Chapter 6). tum basale) (Chapter 5).
Spore (SPOOR) 1. A bacterial form that is dormant and Streptokinase (STREP-toh-KYE-nase) An enzyme pro-
highly resistant to environmental extremes such as heat. duced by bacteria of the genus Streptococcus that was used
2. A unicellular fungal reproductive form (Chapter 22). clinically to dissolve abnormal clots, such as those in
Squamous (SKWAY-mus) Flat or scale-like; used especially coronary arteries (Chapter 11).
in reference to epithelial tissue (Chapter 4). Stretch receptor (STRETCH ree-SEP-ter) A sensory
Stapes (STAY-peez) The third of the auditory bones in the receptor in a muscle that detects stretching of the muscle
middle ear; transmits vibrations from the incus to the (Syn.—proprioceptor) (Chapter 7).
oval window of the inner ear (Chapter 9). Stretch reflex (STRETCH REE-fleks) A spinal cord reflex
Starch (STARCH) A polysaccharide produced by plants; in which a muscle that is stretched will contract (Chap-
digested to glucose, a source of energy for cell respiration ter 8).
(Chapter 2). Striated muscle (STRY-ay-ted MUSS-uhl) The muscle
Starling’s law of the heart (STAR-lingz LAW) The force tissue that forms the skeletal muscles that move bones
of contraction of cardiac muscle fibers is determined by (Syn.—voluntary, skeletal muscle) (Chapter 4).
the length of the fibers; the more cardiac muscle fibers Stroke volume (STROHK VAHL-yoom) The amount of
are stretched, the more forcefully they contract (Chap- blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat; the resting
ter 12). average is 60–80 mL/beat (Chapter 12).
Stem cell (STEM SELL) 1. An embryonic cell capable of Subarachnoid space (SUB-uh-RAK-noid) The space
differentiating into any of the specialized cells of an between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater;
organism (Chapter 3). 2. The unspecialized cell found in contains cerebrospinal fluid (Chapter 8).
red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that is the precur- Subclinical infection (sub-KLIN-i-kuhl) An infection in
sor cell for all types of blood cells (Chapter 11). 3. Any which the person shows no symptoms (Syn.—inapparent,
unspecialized cell with the potential to differentiate asymptomatic) (Chapter 22).
(Chapter 3). Subcutaneous (SUB-kew-TAY-nee-us) Below the skin; the
Stenosis (ste-NOH-sis) An abnormal constriction or nar- superficial fascia between the dermis and the muscles
rowing of an opening or duct (Chapter 12). (Chapter 5).
Sterilization (STIR-ill-i-ZAY-shun) The process of com- Sublingual glands (sub-LING-gwal) The pair of salivary
pletely destroying all of the microorganisms on or in a glands located below the floor of the mouth (Chap-
substance or object (Chapter 22). ter 16).
Sternum (STIR-num) The flat bone that forms part of the Submandibular glands (SUB-man-DIB-yoo-lar) The pair
anterior rib cage; consists of the manubrium, body, and of salivary glands located at the posterior corners of the
xiphoid process (Syn.—breastbone) (Chapter 6). mandible (Chapter 16).
Steroid (STEER-oyd) An organic compound in the lipid Submucosa (SUB-mew-KOH-sah) The layer of connective
group; includes cholesterol and the sex hormones tissue and blood vessels located below the mucosa (lin-
(Chapter 2). ing) of a mucous membrane (Chapter 16).
Stimulus (STIM-yoo-lus) A change, especially one that Substrates (SUB-strayts) The substances acted upon, as by
affects a sensory receptor or that brings about a response enzymes (Chapter 2).
in a living organism (Chapter 9). Sucrase (SOO-krays) A digestive enzyme that breaks down

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584 Glossary


sucrose to glucose and fructose; secreted by the small connective tissue membrane that lines joint cavities and
intestine (Chapter 16). secretes synovial fluid (Chapter 4).
Sucrose (SOO-krohs) A disaccharide made of one glucose Synthesis (SIN-the-siss) The process of forming complex
and one fructose molecule (Syn.—cane sugar, table molecules or compounds from simpler compounds or
sugar) (Chapter 2). elements (Chapter 2).
Sulcus (SUHL-kus) A furrow or groove, as between the gyri Syphilis (SIFF-i-lis) A sexually transmitted disease caused
of the cerebrum (Syn.—fissure) (Chapter 8). by the bacterium Treponema pallidum; may also cause con-
Superficial (soo-per-FISH-uhl) Toward the surface genital syphilis in newborns of infected women (Chap-
(Chapter 1). ter 20).
Superficial fascia (soo-per-FISH-uhl FASH-ee-ah) The Systemic infection (sis-TEM-ik) An infection that has
subcutaneous tissue, between the dermis and the muscles. spread throughout the body from an initial site (Chap-
Consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue ter 22).
(Chapter 4). Systole (SIS-tuh-lee) In the cardiac cycle, the contraction of
Superior (soo-PEER-ee-your) Above, or higher (Chap- the myocardium; ventricular systole pumps blood into
ter 1). the arteries (Chapter 12).
Superior vena cava (VEE-nah KAY-vah) The vein that
returns blood from the upper body to the right atrium —T—
(Chapter 12).
Supination (SOO-pi-NAY-shun) Turning the palm upward, T cells (T SELLS) A subgroup of lymphocytes; include
or lying face up (Chapter 7). helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory T cells, all
Suspensory ligaments (suh-SPEN-suh-ree LIG-uh- of which are involved in adaptive immune responses
ments) The strands of connective tissue that connect the (Chapter 11).
ciliary body to the lens of the eye (Chapter 9). T tubule (TEE TOO-byool) A transverse tubule, a fold of
Sustentacular cells (SUS-ten-TAK-yoo-lar SELLS) The the sarcolemma; carries the action potential to the inte-
cells of the testes that secrete inhibin (Chapter 20). rior of a muscle fiber (Chapter 7).
Suture (SOO-cher) A synarthrosis, an immovable joint Tachycardia (TAK-ee-KAR-dee-yah) An abnormally rapid
between cranial bones or facial bones (from the Latin heart rate; more than 100 beats per minute (Chapter 12).
“seam”) (Chapter 6). Taenia coli (TAY-nee-uh KOH-lye) The longitudinal
Sympathetic (SIM-puh-THET-ik) The division of the muscle layer of the colon; three bands of smooth muscle
autonomic nervous system that dominates during stress- fibers that extend from the cecum to the sigmoid colon
ful situations (Chapter 8). (Chapter 16).
Sympathomimetic (SIM-pah-tho-mi-MET-ik) Having the Talus (TAL-us) One of the tarsals; articulates with the tibia
same effects as sympathetic impulses, as has epinephrine, (Chapter 6).
a hormone of the adrenal medulla (Chapter 10). Target organ (TAR-get OR-gan) The organ (or tissue) in
Symphysis (SIM-fi-sis) An amphiarthrosis in which a disc which a hormone exerts its specific effects (Chapter 10).
of cartilage is found between two bones, as in the verte- Tarsals (TAR-suhls) The seven short bones in each ankle
bral column (Chapter 6). (Chapter 6).
Symptomatic infection (SIMP-toh-MAT-ik) An infection Taste buds (TAYST BUDS) Structures on the papillae of
in which the patient exhibits the symptoms of the disease the tongue that contain the chemoreceptors for the detec-
(Chapter 22). tion of chemicals (food) dissolved in saliva (Chapter 9).
Synapse (SIN-aps) The space between the axon of one neu- Tears (TEERS) The watery secretion of the lacrimal
ron and the cell body or dendrite of the next neuron or glands; wash the anterior surface of the eyeball and keep
between the end of a motor neuron and an effector cell it moist (Chapter 9).
(Chapter 4). Teeth (TEETH) Bony projections in the upper and lower
Synaptic knob (si-NAP-tik NAHB) The end of an axon of jaws that function in chewing (Chapter 16).
a neuron that releases a neurotransmitter (Chapter 8). Telophase (TELL-ah-fayz) The fourth stage of mitosis, in
Synarthrosis (SIN-ar-THROH-sis) An immovable joint, which two nuclei are re-formed (Chapter 3).
such as a suture (Chapter 6). Temporal bone (TEM-puh-ruhl) The flat bone that forms
Synergistic muscles (SIN-er-JIS-tik MUSS-uhls) Muscles the side of the cranial cavity and contains middle and
that have the same function, or a stabilizing function, inner ear structures (Chapter 6).
with respect to the movement of a joint (Chapter 7). Temporal lobes (TEM-puh-ruhl LOWBS) The lateral
Synovial fluid (sin-OH-vee-uhl FLOO-id) A thick slippery parts of the cerebrum; contain the auditory, olfactory,
fluid that prevents friction within joint cavities (Chap- and taste areas (Chapter 8).
ter 6). Tendon (TEN-dun) A fibrous connective tissue structure
Synovial membrane (sin-OH-vee-uhl MEM-brayn) The that connects muscle to bone (Chapter 7).

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Teratogen (te-RAH-toh-jen) Anything that causes devel- anterior side of the trachea below the larynx; secretes
opmental abnormalities in an embryo; may be a chemical thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin (Chapter 10).
or microorganism to which an embryo is exposed by way Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) A hormone
of the mother (Chapter 21). secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that causes the
Testes (TES-teez) (Sing.—testis) The male gonads that thyroid gland to secrete triiodothyronine and thyroxine
produce sperm cells; also endocrine glands that secrete (Chapter 10).
the hormone testosterone (Chapter 10). Thyroxine (T ) (thigh-ROK-sin) A hormone secreted by
4
Testosterone (tes-TAHS-ter-ohn) The sex hormone the thyroid gland that increases energy production and
secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes; responsible protein synthesis (Chapter 10).
for the maturation of sperm, growth of the male repro- Tibia (TIB-ee-yuh) The larger long bone of the lower leg
ductive organs, and the secondary sex characteristics (Syn.—shinbone) (Chapter 6).
(Chapter 10). Tidal volume (TIGH-duhl VAHL-yoom) The volume of
Tetanus (TET-uh-nus) 1. A sustained contraction of a air in one normal inhalation and exhalation; average:
muscle fiber in response to rapid nerve impulses; the 400–600 mL (Chapter 15).
basis for all useful movements. 2. A disease, characterized Tissue (TISH-yoo) A group of cells with similar structure
by severe muscle spasms, caused by the bacterium and function (Chapter 1).
Clostridium tetani (Chapter 7). Tissue fluid (TISH-yoo FLOO-id) The water found in
Thalamus (THAL-uh-muss) The part of the brain superior intercellular spaces. Also called interstitial fluid (Chap-
to the hypothalamus; regulates subconscious aspects of ter 2).
sensation (Chapter 8). Tissue macrophage system (TISH-yoo MAK-roh-fayj)
Theory (THEER-ree) A statement that is the best explana- The organs or tissues that contain macrophages that
tion of all the available evidence on a particular process phagocytize old red blood cells: the liver, spleen, and red
or mechanism. A theory is not a guess (Chapter 3). bone marrow (Chapter 11).
Thoracic cavity (thaw-RASS-ik KAV-i-tee) Part of the Tissue typing (TISH-yoo TIGH-ping) A laboratory pro-
ventral cavity, superior to the diaphragm (Chapter 1). cedure that determines the HLA types of a donated
Thoracic duct (thaw-RASS-ik DUKT) The lymph vessel organ, prior to an organ transplant (Chapter 11).
that empties lymph from the lower half and upper left Titin (TIGH-tin) The protein in sarcomeres that anchors
quadrant of the body into the left subclavian vein myosin filaments to the Z lines (Chapter 7).
(Chapter 14). Tongue (TUHNG) A muscular organ on the floor of the
Thoracic vertebrae (thaw-RASS-ik VER-te-bray) The 12 oral cavity; contributes to chewing and swallowing and
vertebrae that articulate with the ribs (Chapter 6). contains taste buds (Chapter 16).
Threshold level–renal (THRESH-hold LE-vuhl) The Tonsillectomy (TAHN-si-LEK-toh-mee) The surgical
concentration at which a substance in the blood not nor- removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoid (Chapter
mally excreted by the kidneys begins to appear in the 14).
urine; for several substances, such as glucose, in the renal Tonsils (TAHN-sills) The lymph nodules in the mucosa of
filtrate, there is a limit to how much the renal tubules can the pharynx, the palatine tonsils, and the adenoid; also
reabsorb (Chapter 18). the lingual tonsils on the base of the tongue (Chapter 14).
Thrombocyte (THROM-boh-sight) Platelet; a fragment Toxin (TAHK-sin) A chemical that is poisonous to cells
of a megakaryocyte (Chapter 11). (Chapter 22).
Thrombocytopenia (THROM-boh-SIGH-toh-PEE- Toxoid (TAHK-soyd) An inactivated bacterial toxin that is
nee-ah) An abnormally low platelet count (Chapter 11). no longer harmful yet is still antigenic; used as a vaccine
Thrombopoietin (THROM-boh-POY-e-tin) A hormone (Chapter 14).
produced by the liver that stimulates development of Trace element (TRAYS EL-uh-ment) Those elements
megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow (Chapter 11). (minerals) needed in very small amounts by the body for
Thrombus (THROM-bus) A blood clot that obstructs normal functioning (Chapter 2).
blood flow through a blood vessel (Chapter 11). Trachea (TRAY-kee-ah) The organ that is the air passage-
Thymus (THIGH-mus) An organ made of lymphatic tissue way between the larynx and the primary bronchi (Syn.—
located inferior to the thyroid gland; large in the fetus windpipe) (Chapter 15).
and child, and shrinks with age; produces T cells and Transamination (TRANS-am-i-NAY-shun) The transfer
hormones necessary for the maturation of the immune of an amino (NH ) group from an amino acid to a carbon
2
system (Chapter 14). chain to form a non-essential amino acid; takes place in
Thyroid cartilage (THIGH-roid KAR-ti-ledj) The largest the liver (Chapter 16).
and most anterior cartilage of the larynx; may be felt in Transcription (tran-SKRIP-shun) The process by which a
the front of the neck (Chapter 15). complementary copy, mRNA, is made of a DNA gene;
Thyroid gland (THIGH-roid) An endocrine gland on the will be followed by translation (Chapter 3).

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Transient flora (TRAN-zee-ent FLOOR-uh) Part of nor- cedure to remove or sever the fallopian tubes; usually
mal flora; those microorganisms that may inhabit specific done as a method of contraception in women (Chap-
sites in the body for short periods of time (Chapter 22). ter 20).
Transitional (trans-ZI-shun-uhl) Changing from one form Tubular reabsorption (TOO-byoo-ler REE-ab-SORP-
to another (Chapter 4). shun) The processes by which useful substances in the
Transitional epithelium (tran-ZI-shun-uhl) A type of renal filtrate are returned to the blood in the peritubular
epithelium in which the surface cells change from capillaries (Chapter 18).
rounded to flat as the organ changes shape (Chapter 4). Tubular secretion (TOO-byoo-ler se-KREE-shun) The
Translation (trans-LAY-shun) The process by which pro- processes by which cells of the renal tubules secrete sub-
teins are synthesized on the ribosomes of a cell; tRNA stances into the renal filtrate to be excreted in urine
molecules line up amino acids according to the codons on (Chapter 18).
the mRNA molecule (Chapter 3). Tunica (TOO-ni-kah) A layer or coat, as in the wall of an
Transporter (trans-POOR-ter) A protein that is part of a artery (Chapter 13).
cell membrane and necessary for the facilitated diffusion Tympanic membrane (tim-PAN-ik) The eardrum, the
of a substance such as glucose (Chapter 3). membrane that is stretched across the end of the ear
Transverse section (trans-VERS SEK-shun) A plane or canal; vibrates when sound waves strike it (Chapter 9).
cut from front to back, separating upper and lower parts Typing and cross matching (TIGH-ping and KROSS-
(Chapter 1). match-ing) A laboratory test that determines whether or
Tricuspid valve (try-KUSS-pid VALV) The right AV valve, not donated blood is compatible, with respect to the red
which prevents backflow of blood from the right ventri- blood cell types (Chapter 11).
cle to the right atrium when the ventricle contracts
(Chapter 12). —U—
Trigeminal nerves (try-JEM-in-uhl) Cranial nerve pair V;
sensory for the face and teeth; motor to chewing muscles Ubiquitin (yoo-BIK-wi-tin) An intracellular protein that
(Chapter 8). tags damaged proteins so that they may be destroyed by
Triglyceride (try-GLI-si-ryde) An organic compound, a proteasomes (Chapter 3).
true fat, that is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids Ulna (UHL-nuh) The long bone of the forearm on the lit-
(Chapter 2). tle finger side (Chapter 6).
Trigone (TRY-gohn) Triangular area on the floor of the Ultrasound (UHL-tra-sownd) 1. Inaudible sound. 2. A tech-
urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two nique used in diagnosis in which ultrasound waves
ureters and the urethra (Chapter 18). provide outlines of the shapes of organs or tissues (Chap-
Triiodothyronine (T ) (TRY-eye-oh-doh-THIGH-roh- ter 21).
3
neen) A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that Umbilical arteries (uhm-BILL-i-kull AR-tuh-rees) The
increases energy production and protein synthesis fetal blood vessels contained in the umbilical cord that
(Chapter 10). carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta
Trisomy (TRY-suh-mee) In genetics, having three homol- (Chapter 13).
ogous chromosomes instead of the usual two (Chap- Umbilical cord (uhm-BILL-i-kull KORD) The structure
ter 20). that connects the fetus to the placenta; contains two
Trochlear nerves (TROK-lee-ur) Cranial nerve pair IV; umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein (Chapter 13).
motor to an extrinsic muscle of the eye (Chapter 8). Umbilical vein (uhm-BILL-i-kull VAYN) The fetal blood
Trophoblast (TROH-foh-blast) The outermost layer of vessel contained in the umbilical cord that carries oxyge-
the embryonic blastocyst; will become the chorion, one nated blood from the placenta to the fetus (Chapter 13).
of the embryonic membranes (Chapter 21). Unicellular (YOO-nee-SELL-yoo-lar) Composed of one
Tropomyosin (TROH-poh-MYE-oh-sin) A protein that cell (Chapter 4).
inhibits the contraction of sarcomeres in a muscle fiber Unsaturated fat (un-SAT-uhr-ay-ted) A true fat that is
(Chapter 7). often liquid at room temperature and of plant origin; its
Troponin (TROH-poh-nin) A protein that inhibits the fatty acids contain less than the maximum number of
contraction of the sarcomeres in a muscle fiber (Chap- hydrogens (Chapter 2).
ter 7). Upper respiratory tract (UH-per RES-pi-rah-TOR-ee
True fat (TROO FAT) An organic compound in the lipid TRAKT) The respiratory organs located outside the
group that is made of glycerol and fatty acids (Chapter 2). chest cavity (Chapter 15).
Trypsin (TRIP-sin) A digestive enzyme that breaks down Urea (yoo-REE-ah) A nitrogenous waste product formed in
proteins into polypeptides; secreted by the pancreas the liver from the deamination of amino acids or from
(Chapter 16). ammonia (Chapter 5).
Tubal ligation (TOO-buhl lye-GAY-shun) A surgical pro- Uremia (yoo-REE-me-ah) The condition in which blood

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Glossary 587


levels of nitrogenous waste products are elevated; caused Vasomotor center (VAY-zoh-MOH-ter) The part of the
by renal insufficiency or failure (Chapter 18). medulla that regulates the diameter of arteries and veins;
Ureter (YOOR-uh-ter) The tubular organ that carries contributes to normal blood pressure (Chapter 8).
urine from the renal pelvis (kidney) to the urinary blad- Vasopressin (VAY-zoh-PRESS-in) Antidiuretic hormone
der (Chapter 18). (Chapter 8).
Urethra (yoo-REE-thrah) The tubular organ that carries Vector (VEK-ter) An arthropod that transmits pathogens
urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body from host to host, usually when it bites to obtain blood
(Chapter 18). (Chapter 22).
Urinary bladder (YOOR-i-NAR-ee BLA-der) The organ Vein (VAYN) A blood vessel that takes blood from capillar-
that stores urine temporarily and contracts to eliminate ies back to the heart (Chapter 13).
urine by way of the urethra (Chapter 18). Venous return (VEE-nus ree-TURN) The amount of
Urinary system (YOOR-i-NAR-ee SIS-tem) The organ blood returned by the veins to the heart; is directly
system that produces and eliminates urine; consists of the related to cardiac output, which depends on adequate
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra (Chap- venous return (Chapter 12).
ter 18). Ventilation (VEN-ti-LAY-shun) The movement of air into
Urine (YOOR-in) The fluid formed by the kidneys from and out of the lungs (Chapter 15).
blood plasma (Chapter 18). Ventral (VEN-truhl) Toward the front (Syn.—anterior)
Uterus (YOO-ter-us) The organ of the female reproductive (Chapter 1).
system in which the placenta is formed to nourish a Ventral cavity (VEN-truhl KAV-i-tee) Cavity that consists
developing embryo-fetus (Chapter 20). of the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities (Chap-
Utricle (YOO-tri-kuhl) A membranous sac in the vestibule ter 1).
of the inner ear that contains receptors for static equilib- Ventral root (VEN-truhl ROOT) The motor root of a
rium (Chapter 9). spinal nerve (Chapter 8).
Ventricle (VEN-tri-kul) 1. A cavity, such as the four ventri-
cles of the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid. 2. One
—V—
of the two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood
Vaccine (vak-SEEN) A preparation of a foreign antigen that to the body or to the lungs (Chapter 8).
is administered by injection or other means in order to Venule (VEN-yool) A small vein (Chapter 13).
stimulate an antibody response to provide immunity to a Vertebra (VER-te-brah) One of the bones of the spine or
particular pathogen (Chapter 14). backbone (Chapter 6).
Vagina (vuh-JIGH-nah) The muscular tube that extends Vertebral canal (VER-te-brahl ka-NAL) The spinal cavity
from the cervix of the uterus to the vaginal orifice; serves that contains and protects the spinal cord (Chapter 6).
as the birth canal (Chapter 20). Vertebral column (VER-te-brahl KAH-luhm) The spine
Vagus nerves (VAY-gus) Cranial nerve pair X; sensory for or backbone (Chapter 6).
cardiovascular and respiratory reflexes; motor to larynx, Vestibule (VES-ti-byool) 1. The bony chamber of the inner
bronchioles, stomach, and intestines (Chapter 8). ear that contains the utricle and saccule (Chapter 9).
Valence (VAY-lens) The combining power of an atom when 2. The female external genital area between the labia
compared to a hydrogen atom; expressed as a positive or minor that contains the openings of the urethra, vagina,
negative number (Chapter 2). and Bartholin’s glands (Chapter 20).
Valve (VALVE) A structure in a cavity or tube that closes Vestigial organ (ves-TIJ-ee-uhl) An organ that is reduced
upon, and thus prevents, backflow of the fluid therein in size and function when compared with that of evolu-
(from the Latin “a leaf of a double door”) (Chapter 12). tionary ancestors; includes the appendix, ear muscles that
Varicose vein (VAR-i-kohs VAYN) An enlarged, abnor- move the auricle, and wisdom teeth (Chapter 16).
mally dilated vein; most often occurs in the legs (Chap- Villi (VILL-eye) 1. Folds of the mucosa of the small intes-
ter 13). tine that increase the surface area for absorption; each vil-
Vasectomy (va-SEK-tuh-me) A surgical procedure to lus contains a capillary network and a lacteal (Chapter
remove or sever the ductus deferens; usually done as a 16). 2. Projections of the chorion, an embryonic mem-
method of contraception in men (Chapter 20). brane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta
Vasoconstriction (VAY-zoh-kon-STRIK-shun) A decrease (Chapter 21).
in the diameter of a blood vessel caused by contraction Virulence (VIR-yoo-lents) The ability of a microorganism
of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel (Chap- to cause disease; the degree of pathogenicity (Chap-
ter 5). ter 22).
Vasodilation (VAY-zoh-dye-LAY-shun) An increase in the Virus (VIGH-rus) The simplest type of microorganism,
diameter of a blood vessel caused by relaxation of the consisting of either DNA or RNA within a protein shell;
smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel (Chapter 5). all are obligate intracellular parasites (Chapter 14).

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Visceral (VISS-er-uhl) Pertaining to organs within a body —W–X–Y–Z—
cavity, especially thoracic and abdominal organs (Chap-
ter 8). Wart (WART) An elevated, benign skin lesion caused by a
Visceral effectors (VISS-er-uhl e-FEK-turs) Smooth mus- virus (Chapter 5).
cle, cardiac muscle, and glands; receive motor nerve White blood cells (WIGHT BLUHD SELLS) The cells
fibers of the autonomic nervous system; responses are that destroy pathogens that enter the body and provide
involuntary (Chapter 8). immunity to some diseases; the five kinds are neutrophils,
Visceral muscle (VIS-ser-uhl MUSS-uhl) Another name eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
for smooth muscle tissue (Chapter 4). (Syn.—leukocytes) (Chapter 4).
Vital capacity (VY-tuhl kuh-PASS-i-tee) The volume of air White matter (WIGHT) Nerve tissue within the central
involved in the deepest inhalation followed by the most nervous system that consists of myelinated axons and
forceful exhalation; average: 3500–5000 mL (Chap- dendrites of interneurons (Chapter 8).
ter 15). Worm (WURM) An elongated invertebrate; parasitic
Vitamin (VY-tah-min) An organic molecule needed in small worms include tapeworms and hookworms (Chapter 22).
amounts by the body for normal metabolism or growth Xiphoid process (ZYE-foyd) The most inferior part of the
(Chapter 17). sternum (from the Greek “sword-like”) (Chapter 6).
Vitreous humor (VIT-ree-us HYOO-mer) The semi- Yellow bone marrow (YELL-oh BOWN MAR-roh)
solid, gelatinous substance in the posterior cavity of the Primarily adipose tissue, found in the marrow cavities of
eyeball; helps keep the retina in place (Chapter 9). the diaphyses of long bones and in the spongy bone of
Vocal cords (VOH-kul KORDS) The pair of folds with- the epiphyses of adult bones (Chapter 6).
in the larynx that are vibrated by the passage of air, Yolk sac (YOHK SAK) An embryonic membrane that forms
producing sounds that may be turned into speech the first blood cells for the developing embryo (Chap-
(Chapter 15). ter 21).
Voluntary muscle (VAHL-un-tary MUSS-uhl) Another Z line (ZEE LYEN) The lateral boundary of a sarcomere in
name for striated or skeletal muscle tissue (Chapter 4). muscle tissue; anchors myosin and actin filaments
Vomer (VOH-mer) The flat bone that forms the lower, (Chapter 7).
posterior portion of the nasal septum (from the Latin Zoonoses (ZOH-oh-NOH-seez) (Sing.—zoonosis) Dis-
“plowshare”) (Chapter 6). eases of animals that may be transmitted to people under
Vomiting (VAH-mi-ting) Ejection through the mouth of certain conditions (Chapter 22).
stomach and intestinal contents (Chapter 16). Zygote (ZYE-goht) A fertilized egg, formed by the union of
Vulva (VUHL-vah) The female external genital organs the nuclei of egg and sperm; the diploid number of chro-
(Chapter 20). mosomes (46 for people) is restored (Chapter 20).

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Index









Page numbers followed by a “t,” “f,” or “b” indicate tables, figures, or boxed material, respectively.


A Adrenal cortex, 226f, 237–242 Alkalosis, 361
disorders of, 242b Alleles, 487
Abdomen hormones of, 242t Allergen, 336b
areas, 16, 17f Adrenal gland, 190f, 191t, 224f, 236–242, Allergies, 334, 336b
transverse section, 16f 420f Alpha cells, 235, 237t, 382f
Abdominal aorta, 297f Adrenal medulla, 236–237 Alveolar
Abdominal cavity, 15 hormones of, 237t duct, 348f
Abducens nerve, 188f, 189t Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), glands, 467
Abduction, 150f, 150t 226f, 230, 231t, 242 sacs, 71f
Abductor pollicis, 156f Aerobic, 51 structure, 350f
ABO blood types, 252, 259, 259t, 260f, Afferent arteriole, 421, 423f, 426f ventilation, 353–354
490t Afferent lymphatic vessel, 326f Alveoli, 347, 348f, 350f, 356f
Absorption (digestion), 383–384 Afferent neurons, 170 Alzheimer’s disease, 183b
Absorptive cell, 383f After-image (sensations), 199 Amblyopia, 210
Accelerator center, 284, 285f Afterbirth, 480 AMD. See Age-related macular degen-
Accessory nerve, 188f, 189t Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), eration
Accessory organs (digestion), 370 204–206 Amenorrhea, 468
Acetabulum, 123–125, 126f, 127f Agglutination, 261, 334 Amines, 225
Acetylcholine (ACh), 142, 143f, 169, 191 Aging Amino acids, 37, 57f, 403, 406–407
receptors, 143f, 145, 148b cells, 63 metabolism, 388
Achilles tendon, 152f digestive system, 389–390 non-essential, 388, 406, 407f
Acid-base balance, 360–361, 446–450 endocrine system, 245 structure, 38f
Acidity. See pH fluid regulation, 450–451 Amniocentesis, 481b
Acidosis, 30, 361 heart, 286 Amnion, 477, 479f
Acids, 31–33 integumentary system, 101 Amniotic fluid, 477, 485f
Acini, 382f lymphatic system, 337 Ampulla, 212f, 215f
Acoustic nerve, 188f, 189t metabolism, 413 Ampulla of vater, 382f
Acquired immunity, 336 muscular system, 149 Amylase, 379
Acromegaly, 230b nervous system, 191 Anabolic steroids, 141b
Acromial end (clavicle), 124f pH regulation, 450–451 Anabolism, 400
Acromian process, 124f reproductive system, 470 Anal canal, 371f, 385f, 387f
Acrosome, 459, 476 respiratory system, 361 Anaphase, 60
Actin, 142, 144f senses, 216 Anastomoses, 292–293
Active immunity, 336 skeletal system, 128–131 Anatomic dead space, 354
Active site theory, 38, 40f tissue, 84 Anatomy, 4
Active transport, 54, 425 urinary system, 433–435 Anconius, 156f
Adaptation (sensations), 198–199 vascular system, 314 Anemia, 59b, 257b
Adaptive immunity, 330–334, 331f AIDS, 48, 332b, 504 Aneurysm, 181b, 294b
Addison’s disease, 242b Albumin, 252, 253f, 388 Angiotensin I, 312f
Adduction, 150f, 150t Aldosterone, 240, 242t, 309, 310f, 312f, Angiotensin II, 240, 311, 312f, 429
Adductor group, 157t 428t, 429f Angiotensinogen, 312f
Adductor longus, 153f, 158f functions of, 240f Anions, 26, 445
Adductor magnus, 152f, 158f reabsorption of water, 427 Anococcygeal ligament, 159f
Adenohypophysis, 226 Alimentary tube, 370 Antagonistic muscles, 138–139, 139f
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 402 structure, 373–376, 375f Antagonistic pair, 225
Adipose tissue, 76–77, 408, 467f Alkalinity. See pH Anterior cavity (eye), 207

589

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Anterior cerebral artery, 303f Arthritis, 103b Axis (vertebrae), 119, 120f
Anterior communicating artery, 303f Arthropods, 499, 514–515, 515f Axon, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f
Anterior crest, 127f vectors, 524t presynaptic neuron, 169f
Anterior facial vein, 298f Articular cartilage, 106, 110f Axon terminal, 142, 143f, 167f
Anterior fontanel, 109f Ascaris, 514 Azygos vein, 302t
Anterior interventricular branch, 278f Ascending colon, 371f, 385f
Anterior pituitary, 226f, 228–231 Ascending tracts, 172 B
hormones, 231t Association areas (brain), 182–183
Anterior tibial artery, 297f, 301t Asthma, 349b B cell (blood), 255f, 262, 330
Anterior tibial vein, 298f, 302t Astigmatism, 208b B , 409t
12
Antibiotics, 510–511 Astrocyte, 167f, 168t Bacteremia, 502
Antibodies, 332, 333f Atherosclerosis, 35, 280b, 294b Bacteria, 498, 508–511
classes, 333t Atlas (vertebrae), 119, 120f diseases caused, 516–519t
Antibody-mediated immunity, 330, Atomic number, 24 shapes, 509f
330–334 Atomic weight, 24 Bactericides, 505
Antibody responses, 334, 335f Atoms, 24–25 Bacteriostatic chemicals, 505
Antibody titer, 334b carbon, 25f Bacteriuria, 434t
Anticodon, 57f, 58 ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 29, 30, 34, Bacteroides fragilis, 500
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 179, 226f, 229f, 232f, 245f Ball-and-socket joint, 122, 123, 129f
227–228, 228t, 309, 310f, 427, 428t, active transport, 145, 425–427 Band cell, 255f, 262
429f, 444 cell respiration, 42, 42t, 401, 401f Baroreceptors, 359f
Antigens, 34, 48, 326f, 327 glucose, 54 Barrier methods (of contraception), 461b
Antipyretic, 400 liver cells, 388 Barriers (immunity), 327–328
Antiseptic, 505 mitochondria, 51 Bartholin’s gland, 463f, 464f, 466
Antithrombin, 268 mitosis, 60 Basal ganglia (brain), 177f, 183
Anus, 159f, 385f, 387f, 459f, 463f, 467f muscle fibers, 140–142 Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 408
Aorta, 275, 276f, 278f, 305f, 356f, 420f reproductive system, 459 Bases, 31–33
Aortic arch, 216, 276f, 285f, 297f, 305f Atretic follicles, 464 Basilar artery, 299f, 303f
Aortic body, 285f, 360 Atria, 275 Basilar layer
Aortic semilunar valve, 275, 276f, 277f, Atrial diastole, 279f Basilar membrane, 213f
277t Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), 275, Basilic vein, 298f, 302t
Aortic sinus, 285f 428t Basophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 329f
Apex (heart), 276f Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 275, 309, Benign tumors, 61b
Apgar score, 486b 310f, 429f Beta cells, 235, 237t, 382f
Aphasia, 182b reabsorption of water, 427 Bicarbonate buffer system, 446–448, 447t
Apical pulse, 304b Atrial systole, 279f Bicarbonate juice, 379–381
Aplastic anemia, 257b Atrioventricular (AV) bundle, 281, 281f Bicep, 139f, 156f
Apneustic center, 358, 359f Atrioventricular (AV) node, 279, 281f, brachii, 152f, 153f, 157t
Apocrine glands, 98 285f femoris, 152f, 158f
Aponeurosis, 138 Atrium, left and right, 275 Bicuspid valve. See Mitral valve
Appendectomy, 385 Atrophy (muscle), 147 Bile, 379
Appendicitis, 385 Auditory area (brain), 180f, 182 Bile duct, 371f, 380f, 382f
Appendicular skeleton, 112 Auditory bones, 119 Bile salts, 379
Appendix, 385, 385f Auditory tube, 201f Bilirubin, 258–259, 258f
Aqueous humor, 207 Auerbach’s plexus, 375f, 376 formation, 388
Aqueous (water) solution, 26 Auricle, 210, 211f Binocular vision, 209
Arachnoid membrane, 184, 185f, 186f Autoclave, 505 Binomial nomenclature, 499–500
Arachnoid villi, 184, 185f, 186f Autoimmune arthritis, 130b Biopsy, 94b
Arcuate artery, 422f Autoimmune disorder, 148b, 168b Biotin, 409t
Areola, 467f Autonomic nervous system (ANS), Bipolar neurons, 206f
Areolar connective tissue, 75–76 187–191, 190f Birth canal, 483
Arm, 122–123 functions, 191t Bitter (taste area), 201f
Arrhythmias (heart), 282, 282b Autonomic pathways, 187 Bladder, 375f
Arterial receptors, 216 Autosomes, 476 trigone, 420f
Arteries, 292, 293f, 356f Avian influenza A (H5N1), 507, 507b Blastocoele, 478f
disorders of, 294b Axial skeleton, 112 Blastocyst, 476, 478f
head and neck, 299f Axillary artery, 297f, 300t Blister, 91
Arteriole, 98, 99t, 292, 293f, 348f, 375f Axillary lymph nodes, 323, 325f Blood, 74–75, 251–268
Arteriosclerosis, 294b Axillary vein, 298f, 302t capillaries, 323f

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cells, 254–268, 256f Brachioradialis, 152f, 153f, 156f, 157t Canal of Schlemm, 207
life span, 256–259 Bradycardia, 283 Canaliculi, 106
characteristics, 252 Brain, 176–184; see also specific regions Cancer, 61b
components, 253f association areas, 182–183 Candida albicans, 512
count, complete, 262t basal ganglia, 183 Capacitation, 476
flow cerebellum, 178 Capillaries, 293–296, 293f, 295f, 383f, 384
distribution, 309–310 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 184–186, anterior pituitary, 227f
velocity of, 306–307 186f exchanges, 295–296, 295f
gases, 30b cerebrum, 179–184 hypothalamus, 227f
pressure, 54–56, 307–310 corpus callosum, 183–184 Capitate, 124f
diastolic, 307 frontal lobes, 180–181 Capitulum, 124f
maintenance, 307–309 hypothalamus, 178–179 Capsule (lymph node), 326f
regulation, 310–314 left cerebral hemisphere, 180f Carbohydrate, 35t
systolic, 307 medulla, 176 metabolism, 386
stroke volume, 283, 284t meninges, 184–186 Carbon monoxide, 357b
test structure, 185f Carbonic anhydrase, 358
kidney function, 434b midbrain, 176–178 Carcinogens, 61b
types, 259–261 midsagittal section, 177f Cardiac
inheritance, 491f motor areas, 140 conduction pathway, 279–283
typing and cross-matching, 261 occipital lobe, 182 cycles, 278–279, 279f
vessels, 98, 191t parietal lobes, 181 muscle, 81
structure, 293f pons, 176 notch, 348f
Blood-brain barrier, 167f role of in muscle motion, 139–140 output, 283–284, 284t
Body temporal lobes, 181–182 reserve, 284, 284t
cavities, 14f thalamus, 179 Cardiogenic shock, 314b
metabolism, 395–413 ventricles, 176 Carotid
structures, from primary germ layers, Brain stem, 176 arteries, 216
480t Breasts, 226f body, 285f, 360
temperature, 396–400 Breathing mechanisms, 347–351 sinus, 285f
effects of changes, 402f Broad ligament, 464f Carpals, 114f, 123, 124f, 125t
regulation, 398–399 Broca’s motor speech, 181 Carrier enzyme, 54
Body Mass Index, 412b Bronchial artery, 300t Cartilage, 79, 110f
Bone(s), 78–79, 226f; see also Skeletal Bronchial tree, 346 Catabolism, 401
system; Skeleton Bronchioles, 190f, 191t, 346, 348f Catalysts, 38
arm and shoulder girdle, 124f BSE. See Bovine spongiform encephalopa- Cataracts, 205b
classification, 106–108 thy Catecholamines, 238
collar, 110f Buccal cavity, 370–373; see also Oral cavity Cations, 26, 445
compact, 106, 110f Buccinator, 154f, 154t Cauda equina, 172, 173f
cranial, 112 Buffer systems, 32–33, 446–448 Caval veins, 275
fractures and repair, 111b Bulbospongiosus, 159f, 159t Cavernous tissue (penis), 432f
growth and maintenance Bulbourethral gland, 459f, 462 Cavernous urethra, 432f, 459f
hormones, 112t Bundle branches, 281 Cecum, 371f, 385, 385f
factors affecting, 108–112 Bundle of His, 285f; see also Celiac artery, 297f, 300t
hip and leg, 128b Atrioventricular (AV) bundle Celiac ganglion, 190f
leg, 127f Burns, 92b, 93b Cell(s), 4, 48–63, 245f
shoulder and arm, 125t Bursae, 128 aging, 63
tissue, 107f body, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f
Bony labyrinth (ear), 210 C division, 60–63
Botulism, 146b interstitial, 450, 460f
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Calcaneus, 125 membranes, 35, 48–49, 49f, 50f
39b Calcaneus tarsal, 127f nucleus, 57f, 245f
Bowman’s capsule, 423f, 424, 426f Calcitonin, 231, 233–234, 233t, 234f organelles, 50–52
Brachial artery, 297f, 300t bone growth, 112t functions, 52t
Brachial plexus, 173f functions, 234f respiration, 30, 401, 404f
Brachial vein, 298f, 302t Calcitriol, 430 summary, 405t
Brachialis, 152f, 153f, 156f Calcium, 410t, 447t stem, 60, 254, 255f, 476, 480
Brachiocephalic artery, 276f, 297f, 299f, Callus, 91 structure, 48–52
300t Calories, 405 transport mechanisms, 52–56, 54t, 55f
Brachiocephalic vein, 298f, 302t Calyces, 421, 422f Cell-mediated immunity, 330

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Cellulose, 34 Ciliary body, 204 Conduction deafness, 214b
Cementum, 372f Ciliary ganglion, 190f Condyles, 113
Central body (sternum), 122 Ciliated epithelium, 116 Condyloid joint, 116
Central canal (of spinal cord), 170f, 172, Circle of Willis, 296–299, 303f Condyloid process, 115f
178f, 185f, 186f Circular muscle, 387f Cones (retina), 204, 206f
Central deafness, 214b Circulation Congenital fetal infections, 483b
Central nervous system (CNS), 81, 166, fetal, 301–306 Conjunctiva, 203, 203f
174, 184 hepatic portal, 301 Conjunctivitis, 203
Central tendon, 159f hepatic portion, 304f Connective tissue, 6, 74–79, 75f, 76f
Centrioles, 50f, 51, 52t pathways, 296–306 membranes, 84, 84t
Cephalic vein, 298f, 302t pulmonary, 296 types, 77t
Cerebellum, 177f, 178, 178f, 186f, 303f systemic, 296–301 Contraception, 461b
Cerebral aqueduct, 176, 178f, 186f Circulatory shock, 92b, 314b Contraction (muscle), 140
Cerebral cortex, 177f, 179, 185f, 358, 359f Circumcision, 462 concentric, 140
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 172, 176–178, Circumflex artery, 276f eccentric, 140
184–186, 186f Cisterna chyli, 322, 325f Contrast (sensations), 198
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), 181b CJD. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Convolutions (brain), 180; see also Gyri
Cerebrum, 139, 179–184, 185f, 186f, 303f Classification (white blood cells), 262 Copper, 410t
Cerumen, 97 Clavicle, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t Coracoid process, 124f
Ceruminous glands, 97–98, 99t Cleavage (human development), 476 Cornea, 204
Cervical lymph nodes, 323, 325f Clinical infection, 501 Corona radiata, 478f
Cervical plexus, 173f Clitoris, 159f, 463f, 466, 467f Coronal suture, 115f
Cervical vertebrae, 114f, 119, 120f Clot Coronary arteries, 277, 277f, 300t
Cervix, 463f, 464f, 465, 483f dissolving, 268b disease, 280b
Cesarean section, 484 factors, 388 Coronary sinus, 278f
Chaperones (proteins), 63 preventing abnormal, 268 Coronary vessels, 277–278, 278f
Chemical, 4 retraction, 266 Coronoid process, 115f
bonds, 25–28 CNS. See Central nervous system Corpus albicans, 469f, 478f
clotting, 265, 266t, 267f Cobalt, 410t Corpus callosum (brain), 177f, 179,
defenses (immunity), 328 Coccygeus, 159f, 159t 183–184, 186f
digestion, 370 Coccyx, 114f, 119, 120f, 126f, 159f Corpus cavernosum, 459f
reactions, 28 Cochlea, 210–214, 211f, 212f, 213f Corpus luteum, 243, 464, 464f, 469f, 478f
regulation of respiration, 359–360 Cochlear, 211f, 212f, 213f Corpus spongiosum, 459f
Chemistry, 24–42 Codon, 57f, 58 Cortex (lymph node), 326f
Chemokines, 328 Coenzymes, 408 Corticospinal tract, 170f
Chemoreceptors, 200, 216, 284, 359–360, Cold-related disorders, 400b Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH),
360 Collagen, 75, 95 230, 242
Chemotherapy, 61b cosmetic, 78b Cortisol, 240–242, 242t, 406t
Chief cells, 377, 377f and vitamin C, 78b Costal cartilages, 123f
Chlamydias, 509–510 Collecting tubule (nephron), 423f, 426f Covalent bonds, 26–27
infection, 466b Colloid osmotic pressure (COP), 295 Cranial nerves, 186–187, 188f, 189t
Chloride, 447t Colon, 190f, 385; see also Large intestine Cranial venous sinuses, 184, 186f, 302t
Chlorine, 410t Color blindness, 209b, 429f Creatine, 141
Cholecystokinin, 379–381, 381 Columnar cells, 70f Cretinism, 235b
Cholesterol, 37, 37t, 407f, 408 Common bile duct, 379, 380f Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), 39b
Cholinesterase, 142, 143f, 169, 191 Common carotid arteries, 285f, 297f Cribriform plate, 117f
Chondrocytes, 79, 110f Common iliac artery, 301t Cricoid cartilage, 345f, 346f
Chordae tendineae, 275, 276f, 277t Common iliac vein, 298f, 302t Crista, 215f
Chorion, 476, 479, 479f Communicable disease, 504 Crista galli, 117f
Chorionic villi, 479 Compact bone, 106, 110f Cryptococcus, 513
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), 481b Compensated shock, 314b Cryptorchidism, 457
Choroid, 206f Complement, 328, 329f Crypts of Lieberkühn, 381
Choroid layer, 204 Complement fixation test, 334b CT. See Computed tomography
Choroid plexus, 176–178, 177f, 186f Compliance (lungs), 354 Cubital nodes, 325f
Chromatin, 49, 50f Computed tomography (CT) scanning, Cuboid tarsal, 127f
Chromosomes, 49, 487 18b Cuboidal cells, 70f
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Concentration gradient, 52 Cuneiforms, 127f
(COPD), 352b Concentric contraction (muscle), 140 Cushing’s syndrome, 242b
Chylomicrons, 384 Conchae, 116, 344, 345f Cutaneous senses, 199–200
Cilia, 50f, 51, 52t, 73 Conduction (heat loss), 397 Cyanosis, 357b

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Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 244, 245f Diglyceride, 34 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 282b
Cystic duct, 379, 380f, 382f Diploid number, 60 Electrolyte imbalances, 447b
Cystic fibrosis, 74b, 490t Discs (intervertebral), 120, 120f, 121b Electrolytes, 253f, 445–446
Cystitis, 435b Disease, 4 Electron, 24
Cytochrome transport system, 403, 405t diagnosis of, 4 Elements, 24–42
Cytokines, 328 self-limiting, 502 Embolism, 268
Cytoplasm, 50–52, 50f sexually transmitted, 466b Embryo, 477–480, 479f
Cytosol, 50 vectors, 499 Embryo-fetus growth, 482t
Cytotoxic T cells, 330 Disinfectant, 505 Embryonic development, 478f, 479f
Dissociation, 26; see also Ionization Embryonic disc, 477
D Distal convoluted tubule (nephron), 423f, Embryonic membranes, 477, 477–480
424, 426f Emphysema, 352b
Dead-end lymph capillaries, 324f Disulfide bonds, 27–28 Enamel, 372, 372f
Deafness, 214b Diverticula, 384b Encapsulated nerve endings, 199
Deamination, 388, 405, 407f DNA, 40f, 41–42, 42t, 56–60, 245f Endemic, 503
Deciduous teeth, 371 Dominant allele, 487 Endocardium, 274, 277t
Decubitus ulcer, 98 Dorsal arch (vein), 298f Endocrine system, 222–245, 224f
Deep fascia, 84t Dorsal cavity, 13 Endocytosis, 56
Deep femoral artery, 297f Dorsal column (spinal cord), 170f Endoderm, 477, 480t
Deep palmar artery, 297f Dorsal root ganglion, 170f, 172, 185f Endolymph, 212f, 213f
Defecation reflex, 386 Dorsalis pedis, 301t Endometrium, 464f, 465, 479f
Defensins, 90, 327, 329f Dorsiflexion, 150t Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 51, 52t, 245f
Defensive cells (immunity), 328 Double helix, 56 Endothelial cells, 293f
Dehydration, 98 Down syndrome, 458b Endothelium, 268, 292, 293f
Delta cells, 237t, 382f Drew, Charles, 252 Endotoxin, 509
Deltoid muscle, 149b, 152f, 153f, 155f, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, 148b, Entamoeba histolytica, 513
156f, 157t 490t Enteric nervous system, 376
Deltoid tubercle, 124f Ducts (exocrine glands), 73 Enteroendocrine cell, 383f
Dendrites, 81, 81t, 166, 167f, 170f Ductus arteriosus, 305, 305f Enzymes, 38–41, 40
postsynaptic neuron, 169f Ductus deferens, 459f, 460f, 461 Eosinophils, 253f, 255f, 262
Dendritic cells. See Langerhans cells Ductus venosus, 304, 305f, 486 Ependyma, 168t
Dentin, 372, 372f Duodenal ulcers, 384b Epicardium, 82, 274, 277t
Deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA Duodenum, 371f, 375f, 377f, 378, 382f Epicranial aponeurosis, 154f
Depolarization, 171, 172t Dura mater, 184, 185f, 186f Epidemic, 503
Dermis, 95–99 Dyspnea, 357b Epidemiology, 503–504
functions, 99t Dystrophin, 148b Epidermal growth factor receptor
Descending colon, 371f, 385f (EGFR), 61b
Descending tracts (nervous system), 172 E Epidermis, 90–93, 92f, 95t
Detached retina, 207 Epididymis, 459–461, 459f, 460f
Detoxification (by liver), 389 Ear, 210–215 Epiglottis, 345f, 346, 346f, 347f, 348f
Detrusor muscle, 431, 432f Eardrum, 210, 211f Epinephrine, 237, 237t, 239f, 310f, 396,
Diabetes mellitus, 236, 238b Ear wax. See Cerumen 397t, 406t
Diagnosis, fetal, 481b Eccentric contraction (muscle), 140 Epiphyseal discs, 108, 110f
Diagnostic tests, 334b Eccrine glands, 98, 99t, 397 Epiphyses, 106
Diaphragm, 155t, 348, 348f, 351f, 359f, ECF. See Extracellular fluid Epithelial membranes, 82, 83f
375f, 420f Ectoderm, 477, 480t Epithelial tissue, 4–6, 70–74, 375f
Diaphysis, 106 Ectopic focus, 282b Epithelium. See Epithelial tissue
Diastole, 278 Ectopic pregnancy, 465 Equilibrium, 210
Diastolic blood pressure, 307 Edema, 443 physiology, 215f
Diffusion, 52 Effector, 170, 174 ER. See Endoplasmic reticulum, 51
Digestion Effector muscle, 170f Erythroblastosis fetalis. See Rh disease
chemical, 370 Efferent arteriole, 421, 423f, 426f Erythrocytes, 253f, 254, 255f
completion, 381–385 Efferent lymphatic vessel, 326f Erythropoietin, 254, 430, 431b
end products, 370 Efferent neuron, 167f, 170 Escherichia Coli, 499–500
mechanical, 370 EGFR. See Epidermal growth factor Esophageal artery, 300t
organs, 371f receptor Esophagus, 345f, 371f, 373, 377f
process, 374t Ejaculatory duct, 459f, 461 Essential amino acids, 388
regulation of secretions, 381t Ejection fraction, 284, 284t Essential fatty acids, 408
types, 370 Elastic connective tissue, 78 Estrogen, 243, 468, 468t, 470t, 481
Digestive system, 369–389 Elastin, 75, 95 bone growth, 112t

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Ethmoid bone, 113, 115f, 117f, 201f, 345f Fiber, 34, 387b Fungi, 499, 512–513, 513f
Ethmoid sinus, 119f Fibrillation, 282–283 diseases caused, 522t
Eustachian tube, 211f, 345f Fibrin, 266, 267f
Exercise, 140–141 Fibrinogen, 252, 253f, 267f G
responses, 147–149, 148f Fibrinolysis, 266
Exhalation, 349–351, 351f Fibroblasts. See Connective tissue G cell, 377f
Exocytosis, 51 Fibrous connective tissue, 77–78 Gallbladder, 371f, 379, 380f
Expiration center, 358, 359f Fibrous pericardium, 84t, 274 Gallstones, 381b
Expiration. See Exhalation Fibrous skeleton (heart), 277f, 277t Gametes, 61, 456
Expiratory reserve, 353 Fibula, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b Gamma globulins, 332
Extension, 150f, 150t Filtration, 54–56 Ganglion, 172
External anal sphincter, 159f, 159t, 386, capillaries, 295 Ganglion neurons, 206, 206f, 209
387f Fimbriae, 463f, 464–465, 464f Gases
External auditory meatus, 115f, 116f, 210, Fingernail, structure, 96f diffusion of, 354–355
211f Fissures (brain), 180; see also Sulci exchange of, 354–355
External carotid artery, 297f, 300t, 303f Flagella, 51, 52t, 459 transport of in blood, 355–358
External elastic lamina, 293f Flexion, 150f, 150t Gastric pits, 376
External iliac artery, 297f, 301t Flexor carpi radialis, 156f Gastrin, 378
External iliac vein, 298f, 302t Flexor digitorum longus, 158f Gastrocnemius, 152f, 153f, 157t, 158f
External intercostals, 155t, 348, 351f, 359f Flexor reflexes, 175; see also Withdrawal Gender, inheritance of, 477f
External jugular vein, 298f, 302t reflexes Gene, 49–50, 58, 487
External muscle layer (digestion), 376 Floating kidney, 421b General sensory area (brain), 180f, 181
External oblique, 152f, 153f, 155f, 155t Floating ribs, 122 Genetic code, 42, 56–59
External respiration, 354, 356f Fluid-electrolyte and acid-base balance, Genetic disease, 58, 59b
External urethral sphincter, 431, 432f 441–451 Genetic immunity, 334–335
Extracellular fluid (ECF), 29, 442 Fluid regulation, aging, 450–451 Genetics, 486–493
Extrinsic factor, 256 Fluorescent antibody test, 334b Genital herpes, 466b
Extrinsic muscles, 203 Folacin. See Folic acid Genome, 56
Eye(s), 190f, 202–210 Foliate papillae, 201f Genotype, 487
Folic acid, 408, 409t Giantism, 230b
F Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 226f, Giardia lamblia, 513
230, 231, 231t, 243, 450, 460t, 467, Gingiva, 372, 372f
Facial artery, 297f, 299f 470t Glands, 73–74, 96–98
Facial bones, 116 Follicles, 95–96 apocrine, 98
Facial nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f Follicular phase, 468 ceruminous, 97–98
Facilitated diffusion, 54 Fomites, 504 eccrine, 98
Fallopian tube, 463f, 464–465, 464f, 478f Fontanels, 108 endocrine, 74
False ribs, 122 Food, 405–408, 407f epithelial, 70
Farsightedness (Hyperopia), 208b Food and Drug Administration (FDA), exocrine, 73–74
Fascia, 138, 144f 78b multicellular, 73
Fats, as energy sources, 403–405 Foramen magnum, 116f, 117f sebaceous, 96–97
Fatty acids, 408 Foramen ovale, 305, 305f, 486 sweat, 98
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Fovea, 204 unicellular, 73
Feces, elimination of, 386 Free nerve endings, 199 Glandular epithelium, 72
Feedback mechanisms, 11f Free radicals, 408 Glans penis, 459f
Female reproduction hormones, 470t Frontal bone, 109f, 112, 115f, 117f Glaucoma, 207b
Femoral artery, 297f, 301t Frontal lobes, 139, 177f, 180f, 303f Glenoid fossa, 124f
Femoral nerve, 173f, 174t Frontal sinus, 119f, 345f, 348f Glial cells, 166
Femoral vein, 298f, 302t Frontalis, 154f, 154t Gliding joints, 123, 129f
Femur, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b, 149b Frostbite, 400b Globulins, 252, 253f, 388
Fertilization, 62, 476, 478f Functional dendrite, 167f Glomerular filtration, 424–425
Fetus Functional layer representation, 426f
alcohol syndrome, 484b uterus, 465 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 424–425
circulation, 301–306, 305f Functions Glomerulus, 421, 426f
development, 483f platelets, 263–268 Glossopharyngeal nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f,
diagnosis, 481b white blood cells, 262–263 285f
full term, 485f Fundus Glottis, 346, 347f
infections, congenital, 483b stomach, 377f Glucagon, 235, 236f, 237t, 406t
Fever, 397, 399–400, 401f, 402f uterus, 464f, 465 Glucocorticoids, 240

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Gluconeogenesis, 235 murmur, 279, 281b chemistry of, 225
Glucose, 142, 406 nervous regulation, 285f effects on kidneys, 428t, 429f
Gluteus maximus, 157t, 158f, 159f physiology, 284t female reproduction, 470t
Gluteus medius muscle, 149b, 152f, 157t rate, 283, 284t male reproduction, 460t
Glycerol, 408 regulation, 284–285 metabolism regulation, 406t
Glycogen, 34, 142, 406, 407f sounds, 278–279 other, 243–244
Glycogenesis, 236 valves, superior view, 277f placental, 480–481
Glycogenolysis, 235 Heat conservation, 399 reabsorption of water, 427
Glycolysis, 403, 405t Heat exhaustion, 398b secretion regulation, 225
Glycosuria, 434t Heat loss, 397–399, 399t steroid, 244–245
Goblet cell, 73, 383f Heat production, 396 Human body, 4–17
Goiter, 235b factors affecting, 397t abdominal cavity, 15
Golgi apparatus, 50f, 51, 52t, 58 Heat-related disorders, 398b, 402f cavities, 14f
Gonadal artery, 297f Helper T cells, 330 cavities and membranes, 12–15
Gonadal vein, 298f Hematocrit (Hct), 254 dorsal cavity, 13
Gonadotropin releasing hormone Hematuria, 434t general plan, 12–17
(GnRH), 230, 231, 243 Hemiazygos vein, 298f levels of organization, 4–7, 5f
Gonorrhea, 466b Hemocytoblasts, 254 location and position, terms, 14t
Graafian follicle, 463, 469f Hemodialysis, 425b parts and areas, 12, 13f
Gracilis, 152f, 153f, 158f Hemoglobin, 4, 142, 254, 355 pelvic cavity, 15
Gram stain, 508 Hemoglobin A (HbA), 59b planes and sections, 15–16, 15f
Graves’ disease, 235b Hemolysis, 261 terminology, 12–17
Gray matter, 170f, 172, 179, 185f Hemolytic anemia, 257b terms of location and position, 12t
Great cardiac vein, 278f Hemolytic jaundice, 259b thoracic cavity, 15
Great saphenous vein, 298f, 302t Hemophilia, 266b, 490t ventral cavity, 13
Greater curvature (stomach), 377f Hemopoietic tissue, 74, 254 visualizing the interior, 18b
Greater omentum, 375f Hemorrhoids, 294b Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG),
Greater sciatic notch, 126f Hemostasis, 263, 265f 480–481
Greater trochanter, 127f Heparin, 262 Human development and genetics,
Greater wing, 117f Hepatic 475–495
Growth hormone (GH), 112t, 226f, artery, 297f, 300t, 380f Human genetic diseases, 490t
228–230, 229, 231t, 406t duct, 379, 380f, 382f Human genetic traits, 491t
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone fixture, 385f Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), 263
(GHIH), 229 jaundice, 259b Humerus, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f,
Growth hormone releasing hormone portal, 298f 149b
(GHRH), 179, 225, 229 portal circulation, 301 Hunger and thirst, 202
Gluteus maximus, 155f vein, 298f, 302t, 304f Huntington’s disease, 490t
Gyri, 180 Hepatitis, 389b Hyaline membrane disease, 351
Hepatocytes, 380f Hydrogen bonds, 27–28
H Herniated disc, 121b Hymen, 465, 467f
Herpes simplex virus, 97b Hyoid bone, 345f, 346f
Hair cells (ear), 213f, 215f Heterozygous, 487 Hypercalcemia, 233, 447b
Hair follicles, 95–96, 95f, 99t High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 36b Hypercapnia, 360
Hamate, 124f Hilus, 326f, 347, 421 Hyperglycemia, 236
Hamstring, 157t Hinge joint, 122, 123, 125, 129f Hyperkalemia, 447b
Haploid number, 62 Hip, 123 Hypernatremia, 447b
Hard palate, 201f, 345f Hip bones, 123, 126f Hypertension, 307, 308b
Haustra, 385, 385f Hippocampus, 177f, 183 Hypocalcemia, 233–234, 447b
Haversian systems, 79, 106 Histamine, 92b, 241, 262 Hypoglossal nerve, 188f, 189t
HDL. See High-density lipoproteins HIV, 48, 504 Hypoglycemia, 235
Hearing, 210 circumcision, 462 Hypokalemia, 447b
Heart, 190f, 191t, 273–285, 323f Hodgkin’s disease, 327b Hyponatremia, 447b
aging, 286 Homeostasis, 7–12, 10, 11, 48 Hypophyseal portal, 228
anatomy, 277t Homologous pairs, 487 Hypotension, 307
anterior view, 276f Homozygous, 487 Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, 227f
chambers, vessels and valves, 274–277 Hormone, 74, 224 Hypothalamus, 10, 177f, 178–179, 186f,
conduction pathway, 281f action, 244–245, 245f 224f, 226f, 227f, 231, 358, 359f
location and pericardial membranes, anterior pituitary, 227f body temperature, 398, 402f
274 blood pressure, 309, 310f pituitary gland relationship, 227f

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Hypothermia, 400b, 402f Inhibin, 243, 459, 460t, 468, 470t Isometric exercise, 140
Hypovolemic shock, 314b Inhibitory center, 284, 285f Isotonic exercise, 140
Hypoxia, 30b, 59b, 254 Injection sites, 149b
Innate immunity, 327–329, 329f J
I Inner ear, 210–215
Inorganic chemicals, 4 Jaundice, 259b
ICF. See Intracellular fluid Inorganic compounds (of importance), Jejunum, 378
Ileocecal valve, 385, 385f 28–33 Joints, 128
Ileum, 378, 385f Inspiration center, 358, 359f types, 129f, 129t
Iliac crest, 126f, 149b Inspiratory reserve, 353 Juxtaglomerular cells, 423f, 429
Iliac lymph nodes, 325f Insulin, 235–236, 237t, 406t
Iliacus muscle, 420f bone growth, 112t
Iliopsoas, 153f, 157t, 158f functions, 236f K
Ilium, 114f, 123, 126f Integumentary system, 90–101, 329f Kaposi’s sarcoma, 332b
Immune globulins (Ig), 332 Intensity (sensations), 198 Keratin, 90
Immunity, 262, 327–337 Interatrial septum, 275 Keratinocytes, 90
acquired, 336 Intercalated discs, cardiac muscle, 81 Ketoacidosis, 238b, 406b
active, 336 Intercostal artery, 297f, 300t Ketones, 405
adaptive, 330–334 Intercostal muscle, 467f Ketonuria, 434t
barriers, 327–328 Intercostal nerve, 173f, 174t, 349 Ketosis, 405, 406b
chemical defenses, 328 Intercostal vein, 298f Kidney, 190f, 226f, 420f, 421–424
defensive cells, 328 Interferons, 328, 329f acid-base balance, 428–429, 430f
genetic, 334–335 Interior nasal concha, 115f blood vessels, 424
innate, 327–329 Interlobar artery, 422f floating, 421b
passive, 336 Internal anal sphincter, 191t, 386, 387f frontal section, 422f
types of, 334–337, 337t Internal carotid artery, 297f, 300t, 303f hormones, 428t, 429f
Implantation, 476 Internal elastic lamina, 293f internal structure, 421
In vitro fertilization (IVF), 465b Internal iliac artery, 297f, 301t, 305f other functions of, 429–431
Inactivator (chemical), 168t, 169f Internal iliac vein, 298f, 302t stones, 433b
Incubation period, 501 Internal intercostal muscles, 348 Kilocalories, 405
for some infectious diseases, 502t Internal intercostals, 155t Krebs citric acid cycle, 402–403, 405t
Incus, 119, 210, 211f Internal jugular vein, 298f, 302t Kyphosis, 122b
Infant at birth, 486 Internal oblique, 155f
Infant botulism, 386b Internal respiration, 354, 356f L
Infantile Krabbe’s disease, 480 Internal urethral sphincter, 191t, 431,
Infections 432f Labia 463f, 466, 467f
reservoirs, 504 Interneurons, 170f, 171 Lacrimal apparatus, 203, 203f
spread, 504 Interphase, 60 Lacrimal bone, 115f, 116
types, 502–503 Interstitial cells, 459, 460f Lacrimal canal, 115f, 203f
urinary tract, 435b Interventricular septum, 275, 276f Lacrimal duct, 203f
Infectious disease, 500–503 Intestinal gland, 383f Lacrimal glands, 203, 203f
Inferior hypophyseal artery, 227f Intestines, 191t Lacrimal sac, 203, 203f
Inferior lobe (lung), 348f disorders, 384b Lactase, 382
Inferior mesenteric artery, 297f, 300t Intracellular fluid (ICF), 29, 30, 442 Lacteals, 322, 375f, 383f, 384
Inferior mesenteric ganglion, 190f Intrinsic factor, 256 Lactic acid, 142
Inferior mesenteric vein, 298f, 304f Involuntary muscle, 79 Lactiferous duct, 467f
Inferior phrenic artery, 300t Iodine, 410t Lactiferous gland, 467f
Inferior sagittal sinus, 298f, 299f Ion, 25 Lactose intolerance, 384b
Inferior vena cava, 275, 276f, 298f, 302t, Ionic bonds, 25–26 Lambdoidal suture, 115f, 117f
304f, 305f, 380f, 420f formation, 26f Landsteiner, Karl, 252
Inflammation, 51, 241, 328, 329f Ionization, 26 Langerhans cells, 93, 95t, 328, 329f
Infraspinatus, 152f, 155f Iris, 191t, 204 Large intestine, 190f, 385–386, 385f
Inguinal canal, 461 Iron, 410t Laryngopharynx, 345f, 346
Inguinal lymph nodes, 323, 325f Iron-deficiency anemia, 4, 257b Larynx, 235f, 345f, 346, 346f, 348f
Inhalation, 349, 351f Irregular bones, 106 Lateral condyle, 127f
Inheritance Irreversible shock, 314b Lateral hypophyseal vein, 227f
dominant-recessive, 487–489 Ischiocavernosus, 159f, 159t Lateral malleolus, 127f
eye color, 488f Ischium, 114f, 123, 126f, 127f, 159f Lateral ventricle, 177f, 186f
multiple alleles, 489 Islets of Langerhans, 74, 233–235, 238b, Latissimus dorsi, 152f, 155f, 157t
sex-linked traits, 489–492 382f Lazy eye. See Strabismus

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LDL. See Low-density lipoproteins Luteinizing hormone (LH), 226f, Melanocytes, 93–95, 95t
Left anterior descending artery, 276f 230–231, 231t, 243, 450, 460t, 468, 470t Melatonin, 243
Left atrium, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 305f Lymph, 322 Membranous labyrinth, 210
Left bundle branch, 281f capillaries, 322, 323f Membranes, 70, 82–84
Left colic vein, 304f nodes, 322–324, 323f, 326f Membranous urethra, 432f, 459f
Left common carotid artery, 276f, 300t, nodules, 322–324, 375f Memory B cells, 330–331
303f vessels, 322 Memory T cells, 330
Left common iliac artery, 420f vessels and nodes, 325f Meninges, 13, 84t, 184–186
Left common iliac vein, 420f Lymphatic system, 320–338 structure, 185f
Left coronary artery, 276f, 278f Lymphatic tissue, 254, 322–327 Meningitis, 187b
Left coronary vein, 276f Lymphatic vessels, 323f, 375f Menopause, 456
Left gastric artery, 297f, 300t Lymphoblast, 255f Menstrual cycle, 467–470, 469f
Left gastric vein, 298f, 304f Lymphocytes, 253f, 262, 326f Mental foramen, 115f
Left gastroepiploic vein, 304f Lysosome, 50f, 51, 52t Mentalis, 154f
Left hepatic vein, 380f Lysozyme, 203, 328, 329f Merkel cells, 90, 95t, 96
Left internal jugular vein, 276f Mesenteric lymph nodes, 325f
Left pulmonary artery, 276f M Mesentery, 15, 82, 83f, 375f, 376
Left pulmonary vein, 276f Mesoderm, 477, 480t
Left subclavian artery, 276f, 300t Macrophage, 255f, 262, 323, 326f, 350f Messenger RNA. See mRNA
Left subclavian vein, 325f Macula lutea, 204 Metabolic acidosis, 361, 449, 450t
Left ventricle, 275–277, 276f, 277t, 281f Magnesium, 410t, 447t Metabolic alkalosis, 361, 450, 450t
Left ventricular hypertrophy, 308b Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18b Metabolic rate, 7, 408, 408–412, 411b
Leg, 123 Malignant, 61b Metabolism, 7–12, 400–413
Lens, 204 Malleus, 119, 210, 211f Metacarpals, 114f, 123, 124f
Leptin, 76, 412b Maltase, 382 Metaphase, 60
Lesser trochanter, 127f Mammary plexus, 325f Metastasis, 61b
Leukemia, 263, 263b Mammary glands, 467, 467f, 468t Metastasize, 94b
Leukocytes, 253f, 261 Mammography, 468b Metatarsals, 114f, 125, 127f
Leukocytosis, 263 Mandible, 109f, 114f, 115f, 116, 201f Microbes, control, 504–507
Leukopenia, 263 Mandibular fossa, 115f Microbiology
Levator ani, 159f, 159t Manganese, 410t golden age, 498b
Levator ani muscle, 387f Manubrium, 122 human disease, 497–524
Levator labii superioris, 154f Marrow canal, 106, 108 twentieth century, 499b
Life span (blood cells), 256–259 Masseter, 153f, 154f, 154t twenty-first century, 507b
Lind, James, 78b Mast cells, 75, 99, 328, 329f Microglia, 166, 168t
Lingual tonsil, 201f, 345f Mastoid fontanel, 109f Micrometers, 48
Lipase, 379 Mastoid process, 115f, 116f Microorganisms, classification, 498–500
Lipid metabolism, 388 Mastoid sinus, 119, 211f Microvilli, 50f, 51–52, 52t, 72, 383–384,
Lipids, 34–37, 36f, 37t Mastoiditis, 119 383f, 425
metabolism, 388 Maternal blood tests, 481b Micturition (of urine), 431
Lithotripsy, 381b Maturing follicles, 478f Midbrain, 176–178, 177f, 190f
Liver, 191t, 371f, 374t, 375f, 379, 380f, Maxilla, 109f, 114f, 115f, 116, 345f Middle cerebral artery, 303f
386–389, 397t Maxillary artery, 297f, 299f Middle ear, 210
Liver lobule, 379 Maxillary sinus, 119f Middle lobe (lung), 348f
Long bones, 106 mDNA. See Mitochondrial DNA Middle nasal concha, 115f
Longitudinal fissure, 177f Mechanical digestion, 370 Middle sacral artery, 300t
Longitudinal muscle, 387f Medial condyle, 127f Mineralocorticoids, 240
Longitudinal muscle layer (stomach), 377f Medial malleolus, 127f Minerals, 410t
Loop of Henle, 423f, 424, 426f Median nerve, 173f, 174t Minute respiratory volume (MRV), 353
Lordosis, 122b Mediastinum, 348f Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA), 51
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 36b Medication, administering, 100b Mitochondrion, 50f, 51, 52t, 143f, 169f
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES), 373 Medulla, 176, 177f, 178f, 186f, 190f, 303f, Mitosis, 60–61, 62f, 90
Lumbar artery, 300t 360 Mitral valve, 275, 276f, 277t
Lumbar plexus, 173f heart, 284, 285f Mixed nerves, 171
Lumbar puncture, 187b respiration, 358 Molecules, 25
Lumbar vertebrae, 114f, 119, 120f, 420f Medullary cavity, 110f Monocytes, 253f, 255f, 262
Lumen, 460f Megakaryocyte, 255f, 263 Monoglyceride, 34
Lunate, 124f Meiosis, 61–63, 450–457 Mons pubis, 467f
Lungs, 346–347, 351f Meissner’s plexus, 375f, 376 Morula, 476, 478f
Luteal phase, 468 Melanin, 94, 95t Motility, 51

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Motion sickness, 216b Necrotizing fasciitis, 99 Obturator foramen, 126f
Motor areas (brain), 140, 180, 180f Negative feedback mechanism, 10–11, 11f, Occipital artery, 297f
Motor nerves, 171 225 Occipital bone, 109f, 113, 115f, 116f, 117f
Motor neuron, 143f, 174 Neonatal herpes, 466b Occipital condyles, 116f
Motor speech area (brain), 180f Nephritis, 435b Occipital lobe, 177f, 178f, 180f, 182, 209
MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging Nephron, 421–424, 422f, 423f Oculomotor nerve, 188f, 189t
mRNA, 56t, 57f, 58 Nerve, 171 Olecranon process, 124f
Mucosa, 82 deafness, 214b Olfaction., 202
Mucosa (alimentary tube), 373–376, 375f fibers, 166 Olfactory areas, 181
Mucous cells, 377, 377f functions, 81t Olfactory bulb and tract, 201f
Mucous membranes, 82–84, 83f, 324, 329f impulse, 171, 172t Olfactory foramina, 117f
Mucus, 73, 84 tissue, 6, 81–82, 166–169 Olfactory nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 168b tracts, 171 Olfactory receptors, 201f, 202, 344, 345f
Muscle major peripheral, 174t Oligodendrocytes, 166, 168t
actions, 150f, 150t Nervous regulation, respiration, 358–359, Oligosaccharide antigens, 49f
arrangements, 138–139 359f Oogenesis, 62, 456–457, 458f
cardiac, 80t, 81 Nervous system, 165–192 Ophthalmic artery, 300t
cells, 144f Neural plasticity, 182 Opsonization, 333
contraction Neuroglia, 81t, 166, 168t Optic chiasma, 209, 227f
energy sources, 141–142 Neurohypophysis, 226 Optic disc, 206
sliding filament mechanism, 146–147 Neurolemma, 166, 167f Optic nerve, 177f, 188f, 189t, 206, 206f,
fatigue, 142 Neuromuscular junction, 142, 143f 209
fibers, 138, 144f Neuron structure, 167f Optic nerve fibers, 206f
microscopic structure, 142–145 Neurons, 81, 81t, 166 Oral cavity, 370–373
filaments, 144f structure, 167f Oral contraceptives, 461b
head and neck, 150, 154f, 154t types, 170–171 Orbicularis oculi, 154f, 154t
hip and leg, 151, 157t, 158f Neuropathy, 200 Orbicularis oris, 154f, 154t
major of the body, 149–159, 152f, 153f Neurotoxin, 146b, 509 Orbit (bones), 203
pelvic floor, 159f, 159t Neurotransmitters, 81, 81t, 168t, 169f, Orbitofrontal cortex, 180f, 181
sense, 141, 200 189–191 Organ of Corti, 212, 213f
shoulder and arm, 151, 156f, 157t Neutral fats. See True fats Organ systems, 6–7, 7t, 8–9f
structure, 138–140 Neutron, 24 Organic chemicals, 4
tissue, 6, 79–81, 80f, 80t Neutrophils, 253f, 255f, 262, 326f Organic compounds, of importance,
tone, 140–141 Niacin, 403, 409t 33–42
trunk, 151, 155f, 155t Night blindness, 209b Organs, 6, 226f
Muscular dystrophy, 148b, 490t Nitric oxide, 31b Oropharynx, 345, 345f
Muscular system, 137–159 Nodal artery, 326f Osmolarity, 444
Mutation (genetic change), 61b Nodal vein, 326f Osmoreceptors, 227, 443
Myasthenia gravis, 148b Nodes of Ranvier, 166, 167f Osmosis, 52–53
Myelin, 35–37 Non-essential amino acids, 388, 406, Ossification, 108, 110f
Myelin sheath, 166, 167f 407f Osteoarthritis, 130b
Myocardium, 81, 274, 277t Noncommunicable disease, 504 Osteoblasts, 108, 110f
Myofibrils, 142, 144f Norepinephrine, 191, 237, 237t, 239f, Osteoclasts, 108
Myoglobin, 142 310f Osteocytes, 78
Myometrium, 464f, 465 Normal flora, 386b, 500, 501t Osteons, 79, 106
Myosin, 142, 144f Normoblast, 254, 255f Osteoporosis, 113b
Myxedema, 235b Nose, 344 Otic ganglion, 190f
Nosocomial infection, 502 Otitis media, 210
N Nostril, 345f Otoliths, 214, 215f
Nuclear membrane, 49, 50f, 57f Outer ear, 210
Nails, 96, 99t Nuclear pore, 57f, 245f Oval window (ear), 210, 212f, 213f
Nasal bone, 115f, 116 Nucleic acids, 41–42, 42t Ovarian artery, 301t
Nasal cavity, 201f, 203f, 344, 348f Nucleolus, 49, 50f Ovarian follicles, 456
Nasal mucosa, 344 Nucleotide, 41 Ovarian ligament, 464f
Nasal septum, 344 Nucleus, 167f Ovarian vein, 302t
Nasolacrimal duct, 203, 203f Ovaries, 224f, 226f, 242–243, 462–464,
Nasopharynx, 344, 345f, 348f O 463f, 464f, 478f
Natural killer cells, 262, 328, 329f Ovulation, 478f
Navicular (bone), 127f Oblique muscle layer (stomach), 377f Ovum, 478f
Nearsightedness (Myopia), 208b Obstructive jaundice, 259b Oxygen debt, 142

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Oxygen saturation, partial pressures, 355t Perichondrium, 84t Plasmodium, 513
Oxytocin, 179, 226f, 228, 228t, 467, 468t, Perilymph, 210 Platelets, 75, 263–268
483 Perineum, 465 Platysma, 154f
Periodontal membrane, 372f Pleural membranes, 15, 82, 346–347,
P Periosteum, 84t, 106–108, 138 348f
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 81, 166 Pleural space, 348f
Palatine bone, 116, 116f, 345f Peristalsis, 34, 376 Plica circulares, 383, 383f
Palatine process (maxilla), 116f Peritoneum, 15, 82, 83f, 376 Pneumocystis carinii, 332b
Palatine tonsil, 201f, 345f Peritonitis, 378b Pneumocystis jiroveci, 332b, 513
Palpitations, 282 Peritubular capillaries, 423f, 424, 426f Pneumonia, 332b, 357b
Pancreas, 190f, 191t, 224f, 233–236, 237t, Pernicious anemia, 256, 257b Pneumotaxic center, 358, 359f
304f, 371f, 374t, 375f, 382f Peroneal artery, 301t Pneumothorax, 352b
Pancreatic duct, 379 Peroneus brevis, 158f PNS. See Peripheral nervous system
Pandemic, 503 Peroneus longus, 158f Podocyte, 423f, 424
Pantothenic acid, 409t Perpendicular plate, 115f Polarization, 171, 172t
Parotid gland, 371f PET. See Positron emission tomography Polypeptide, 37
Papilla of pyramid, 422f Peyer’s patches, 324 Pons, 176, 177f, 178f, 186f, 190f, 303f,
Papillae, 372 pH, 31–33, 32f, 252 358
Papillary duct, 422f aging, 450–451 Popliteal artery, 297f, 301t
Papillary layer, 95, 99t effects of changes, 450, 450t Popliteal lymph nodes, 325f
Papillary muscles, 275, 276f, 277t urine, 433, 434t Popliteal vein, 298f, 302t
Paralytic ileus, 384b Phagocyte, 329f Portal of entry (of pathogen), 503–504,
Paranasal sinuses, 116, 119f, 344 Phagocytosis, 56, 262 503f
Parasympathetic ANS, 187, 189, 190f Kupffer cells, 388 Portal of exit (of pathogen), 503–504, 503f
Parathyroid gland, 224f, 233, 235f Phalanges, 114f, 123, 124f, 125, 127f Portal vein, 304f, 380f
hormones, 234t Phantom pain, 198 Positive feedback mechanism, 10, 11f
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 112t, 233, Pharyngeal tonsil, 345f Positron emission tomography (PET),
234f, 234t, 428t, 429f Pharynx, 344–346, 371f, 373 18b
Parietal bone, 109f, 112, 115f, 117f Phenotype, 487 Posterior cavity, 207
Parietal cells, 377, 377f Phenylketonuria (PKU), 490t Posterior cerebral artery, 303f
Parietal lobes, 141, 177f, 180f, 181 Phlebitis, 294b Posterior communicating artery, 303f
Parietal pericardium, 274 Phosphate, 447t Posterior lobe vein, 227f
Parietal peritoneum, 375f, 432f Phosphate buffer system, 448 Posterior pituitary, 226f, 227–228, 227f
Parietal pleura, 83f, 347 Phospholipids, 35, 37t, 49f, 407f, 408 hormones, 226f, 228t
Parkinson’s disease, 184b Phosphorus, 410t Posterior tibial artery, 297f, 301t
Parotid glands, 372 Phrenic nerve, 173f, 174t, 349 Posterior tibial vein, 302t
Partial pressures, oxygen saturation, 355t Physiologic dead space, 354 Postganglionic neuron, 187, 190f
Parturition and labor, 481–486 Physiology, 4 Posthepatic jaundice, 259b
Passive immunity, 336 Pia mater, 184, 185f, 186f Potassium, 410t, 447t
Pasteurize, 505 Pigment cells, 206f Potassium pump, 143–145
Patella, 114f, 125, 127f Pilomotor muscle, 95–96 Precapillary sphincter, 293f, 294, 295f
Patellar reflex, 174–175, 175f Pineal gland, 224f, 243 Prefrontal cortex. See Orbitofrontal cortex
Pathogens, 507–515 Pinna (ear), 210 Preganglionic neuron, 187, 190f
Pathophysiology, 4 Pinocytosis, 56 Pregnancy, maternal changes, 482t
Pectineus, 153f, 158f Pisiform, 124f Prehepatic jaundice, 259b
Pectoralis major, 153f, 155f, 157t, 467f Pituitary dwarfism, 230b Premature birth, 485b
Pelvic bones, 128b Pituitary gland, 10, 177f, 224f, 225–231 Premotor areas (brain), 180, 180f
Pelvic cavity, 15 hormones, organs affected, 226f Prepuce, 459f
Pelvic inlet, 126f Pivot joint, 119, 122, 129f Presbyopia, 208b
Pelvis, 420f Placenta, 303, 305f, 479f, 480, 483f, 484f, Pressoreceptors, 216, 284
brim, 126f 485f Primary bronchi, 346, 350f
Pentose sugars, 406 Placental hormones, 480–481 Primary follicles, 463, 469f, 478f
Pepsin, 377 Plantar arches (arteries), 301t Progesterone, 243, 468, 468t, 470t, 481
Pepsinogen, 377 Plantar flexion, 150t Progressive shock, 314b
Peptidases, 382 Plantaris, 158f Projection, 198
Peptide bond, 37, 57f, 58 Plasma, 74, 252–253 Prolactin, 226f, 230, 231t, 467, 468t
Peptides, 225 cell, 255f, 323, 332 Pronation, 150t
Pericardial artery, 300t membrane, 48 Prophase, 60
Pericardial membranes, 15, 274 proteins, 252 Propagation of impulse, 172t
Pericardium, 82 synthesis, 388 Proprioception. See Muscle sense

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600 Index


Prostaglandins (PGs), 244 Radius, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). See
Prostate gland, 432f, 459f, 461–462 Range-of-motion (ROM), 139 Hyaline membrane disease
Prostatic hypertrophy, 462b Reabsorption (of renal filtrate) Respiratory mechanisms, acid-base bal-
Prostatic urethra, 432f mechanisms, 425–427 ance, 448–450
Proteasome, 50f, 51, 52t Receptor, 170f, 174, 198, 244–245, 245f Respiratory muscles
Proteins, 37–40, 225, 406, 407f sites, 48, 49f, 99t, 169f, 170, 245f actions, 351f
buffer system, 448 skin, 96, 167f Respiratory pump, 308, 322
energy sources, 403–405 Recessive allele, 487 Respiratory system, 343–362, 348f
functions, 39t Recovery oxygen uptake, 142 aging, 361
hormones, 244 Rectal fold, 387f divisions, 344–347
prions, 39b Rectum, 190f, 371f, 375f, 385f, 387f, 459f, Respiratory tract
structure, 38f 463f heat loss, 398
synthesis, 56t, 57f, 245, 245f Rectus abdominis, 153f, 155f, 155t upper, 345f
Proteinuria, 434t Rectus femoris, 153f, 158f Rete testis, 460f
Prothrombin, 252, 267f Red blood cells (RBC), 75, 254–259 Reticulocyte, 254, 255f
Proton, 24 Red bone marrow (RBM), 106, 254, Reticulocytes, 255f
Proton pumps, 377 254–256 Retina, 204
Protozoa, 499, 513–514, 514f Referred pain, 200 detached, 207
diseases caused, 523t Reflex, 172 microscopic structure, 206f
Proximal convoluted tubule (nephron), Reflex arc, 174–175 Reuptake, 169
423f, 424, 426f Refraction (of light), 207 Rh disease, 261b
Psoas major muscle, 420f errors, 208b Rh factor, 259, 261
Pterygopalatine ganglion, 190f Regulation, body temperature, 398–399 Rheumatoid arthritis, 130b
Puberty, 450 Relaxin, 468, 470t Rhodospin, 207
Pubic arch, 126f Releasing hormones, 225, 227f, 228 RhoGAM, 261b
Pubic symphysis, 123, 126f Renal-angiotensin mechanism, 430t Rhomboideus major, 155f
Pubis, 114f, 123, 126f, 127f Renal artery, 300t, 420f, 422f, 424 Rib cage, 122, 123f
Pulmonary Renal corpuscle, 421–424, 422f Riboflavin, 409t
artery, 297f, 305f, 356f Renal cortex, 421, 422f, 423f Ribonucleic acid. See RNA
bronchus, 348f Renal failure, 425b Ribosomal RNA, 49
capillaries, 348f, 356f Renal fascia, 421 Ribosomes, 50f, 51, 52t, 56t, 57f, 245f
circulation, 296 Renal filtrate, 424 Ribs, 114f, 122
edema, 357b Renal mechanisms Rickettsias, 509–510
semilunar valve, 275, 276f, 277f, 277t acid-base balance, 450 Right atrioventricular (AV) valve, 275
surfactant, 347 Renal medulla, 421, 422f, 423f Right atrium, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 305f
veins, 275, 298f, 356f Renal pelvis, 421, 422f Right axillary artery, 299f
volumes, 351–354 Renal pyramids, 421 Right axillary vein, 299f
Pulp cavity, 372, 372f Renal tubule, 422f, 424 Right bundle branch, 281f
Pulse, 304b; see also Heart rate Renal vein, 298f, 302t, 420f, 422f, 424 Right colic vein, 304f
Punnett square, 487 Renin, 311, 312f, 429 Right common carotid artery, 299f, 300t,
Pupil, 204 Renin-angiotensin mechanism, 240, 311, 303f
Purkinje fibers, 281f, 282 312f, 312t Right common iliac artery, 297f
Pyloric sphincter, 376, 382f Repolarization, 171, 172t Right coronary artery, 276f, 278f
Pyloric stenosis, 378b Reproductive organs, 190f Right coronary vein, 278f
Pylorus, 377f Reproductive system, 455–470, 463f, 464f, Right external carotid artery, 299f
Pyridoxine, 409t 459f Right external jugular, 299f
Pyrogens, 399 Resident flora, 500 Right gastric vein, 304f
Residual air, 353 Right hepatic vein, 380f
Q Resistance, host, 500 Right internal carotid artery, 299f
Resorption, 108 Right internal jugular, 299f
Quadriceps femoris, 157t Respiration, 350f Right lymphatic duct, 325f
acid-base balance, 360–361 Right pulmonary artery, 276f
R chemical regulation, 359–360 Right pulmonary veins, 276f
nervous regulation, 358–359 Right subclavian artery, 299f, 300t
Radial artery, 297f, 300t regulation, 358–360 Right subclavian vein, 299f
Radial nerve, 173f, 174t Respiratory acidosis, 361, 449, 450t Right transverse sinus, 299f
Radial tuberosity, 124f Respiratory alkalosis, 361, 449, 450t Right ventricle, 275, 276f, 277t, 281f, 285f
Radial vein, 302t Respiratory compensation, 361 Right vertebral artery, 299f
Radiation, heat loss, 397 metabolic pH changes, 449–450 Right vertebral vein, 299f

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RNA, 40f, 41–42, 42t, 58–59 Senses, 197–216 Spermatozoa (sperm cells), 460f
Rods (retina), 204, 206f Sensory areas, 198 Sphenoid bone, 109f, 113, 115f, 117f,
Rotation, 150t Sensory association area (brain), 180f 201f
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 50f Sensory nerves, 171 Sphenoid fontanel, 109f
Round ligament, 464f Sensory neurons, 174, 198 Sphenoid sinus, 119f, 345f, 348f
Round window (ear), 212f, 213f, 214 Sensory pathway, 198 Spinal cord, 171–176, 173f, 177f, 186f
Rubrospinal tract, 170f Sensory tracts, 198 cross-section, 170f
Rugae, 376, 377f, 431, 432f, 464f Septic shock, 314b injuries, 176b
Ruptured disc, 121b Septicemia, 92b, 502 nerves, 173f
Serosa, 375f, 376 reflexes, 172–176, 174
S Serous fluid, 82, 274 Spinal nerve, 172, 185f
Serous membranes, 82 Spine curves, abnormalities, 122b
Saccule, 214–215, 215f Serratus anterior, 155f Spinothalamic tract, 170f
Sacral plexus, 173f Sex chromosomes, 476 Spinous process (of axis), 120f
Sacroiliac joints, 119, 126f Sex-linked trait, 266b Spleen, 304f, 324, 325f, 371f
Sacrospinalis group, 155t Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Splenic artery, 297f, 300t
Sacrum, 114f, 119, 120f, 126f, 420f, 459f, 466b Splenic flexure, 385f
463f Shingles, 174b Splenic vein, 298f, 304f
Saddle joint, 123, 129f Short bones, 106 Splenius capitis, 154t, 155f
Saliva, 328, 372 Shoulder, 122–123 Spongy bone, 106, 110f
Salivary glands, 190f, 191t, 372, 372–373, Sickle-cell anemia, 257b, 490t Squamosal suture, 115f, 117f
374t Sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS), 59b Squamous cell, 70f
Salmonella food poisoning, 384b Sigmoid colon, 375f, 385f carcinoma, 94b
Salt, 26 Sinoatrial (SA) node, 279, 281f, 285f Stapes, 119, 210, 211f
taste area, 201f Sinusoids, 294, 380f Staphylococcus aureus, 499
Saltatory conduction, 171 Skeletal muscle, 138 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 499–500
Sarcolemma, 142, 143f, 144f pump, 308, 322 Starling’s law of the heart, 283, 307, 311
depolarization, 145 structure, 144f Stem cell, 60, 254, 255f
electrical changes, 145t tissue, 79 implantation, 476
polarization, 143–145 Skeletal system, 105–131 placenta, 480
Sarcomeres, 142, 143f, 144f Skeleton, 112–128, 114f Stenosis, 281b
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 142, 144f Skin, 90–99; see also Integumentary system Sterilization, 461b, 505
Sartorius, 153f, 157t, 158f Skull, 112–119, 109f, 114f, 115f Sternal end (clavicle), 124f
Scala tympani, 212f bones, 118t Sternocleidomastoid, 153f, 154f, 154t,
Scala vestibuli, 212f Sliding filament mechanism, 142 155f
Scaphoid, 124f Small cardiac vein, 278f Sternohyoid, 154f
Scapula, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f, 149b Small intestine, 190f, 371f, 374t, 375f, Sternum, 114f, 122, 123f, 351f
Schwann cells, 81, 81t, 166, 167f 378–379, 381–383, 383f Steroids, 37, 37t, 225
Sciatic nerve, 149b, 173f, 174t sections, 15f hormones, 244–245, 245f, 408
Sclera, 204, 206f Small saphenous vein, 298f, 302t Stimuli, 198
Scoliosis, 122b Smell Stomach, 190f, 191t, 304f, 371f, 374t,
Scrotum, 457, 459f sense of, 202 375f, 376–378, 377f
Sebaceous glands, 96–97, 99t structures concerned with, 201f disorders, 378b
Sebum, 96 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 50f Strabismus, 210
Secondary follicles, 469f Smooth muscle tissue, 79–80, 293f Straight sinus, 298f, 299f
Secondary sex characteristics, 243 Sodium, 410t, 447t Stratum corneum, 90–93, 95t
Secretin, 379, 381 pump, 143 Stratum germinativum, 90, 95t
Selective permeability, 48 Soft palate, 201f, 344, 345f, 348f Streptococcus pneumoniae, 500
Sella turcica, 113, 117f Soleus, 152f, 153f, 157t, 158f Streptokinase, 268b
Semen, 462 Solutions, 53b Stretch receptors, 141
Semicircular canals, 211f, 212f, 213f, 215 Somatostatin, 229, 237t Stretch reflex, 175
Semilunar notch, 124f Somatotropin. See Growth hormone (GH) Striated muscle, 79
Semimembranosus, 152f, 158f Sour (taste area), 201f Stroke (cerebrovascular accident),
Seminal vesicle, 459f, 461 Sperm, 478f 146–147, 181b
Seminiferous tubules, 450, 459, 460f Spermatic cord, 460f, 461 Stroke volume, 283, 284t
Semitendinosus, 152f Spermatids, 460f Styloid process, 116f
Semispinalis capitis, 154t Spermatocytes, 460f Subarachnoid space, 184, 185f, 186f
Semitendinosus, 158f Spermatogenesis, 62, 450, 457f, 464f Subclavian artery, 297f
Sensations, characteristics, 198–199 Spermatogonia, 460f Subclavian vein, 298f, 302t, 323f

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602 Index


Sub-clinical infection, 501 Systemic veins, 298f, 302t Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH),
Subcutaneous tissue, 99–101 Systole, 278 230
functions, 100t Systolic blood pressure, 307 Thyroxine (T ), 230, 231, 231–233, 233t,
4
Sublingual gland, 371f, 372 396, 397t, 406t
Submandibular ganglion, 190f bone growth, 112t
Submandibular gland, 371f, 372 T disorders, 235b
Submaxillary lymph nodes, 325f functions, 232f
Submucosa, 375f, 376 T cell (blood), 255f, 262, 326, 330 Tibia, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b
Substrates, 38 T tubule, 143f, 145 Tibial tuberosity, 127f
Sucrase, 382 Tachycardia, 283 Tibialis anterior, 153f, 157t, 158f
Sulci, 180 Taeniae coli, 385, 385f Tissue, 4–6, 70–82
Sulfate, 447t Talus, 125, 127f subcutaneous, 99–101
Sulfur, 410t Tarsals, 114f, 125, 127f, 128b Tissue and aging, 84
Superficial fascia, 84t Taste Tissue macrophage system, 256
Superficial fascia. See Subcutaneous tissue areas (brain), 181 Titin, 142
Superficial palmar arch, 297f buds, 200 Titin filament, 144f
Superficial temporal artery, 300t sense, 200–202 Tongue, 201f, 371f, 372
Superior gluteal structures concerned with, 201f Tonsillectomy, 324
artery and vein, 149b Tay-Sachs disease, 490t Tonsils, 324
Superior hypophyseal artery, 227f Tears (Lacrimal glands), 203 Tooth structure, 372f
Superior iliac spine, anterior, 126f Tectorial membrane, 213f Toxoid, 335b
Superior iliac spine, posterior, 126f Teeth, 370–372, 371f Trace elements, 30–31, 31t
Superior lobe (lung), 348f Telomeres, 63 Trachea, 190f, 235f, 345f, 346, 347f, 348f,
Superior mesenteric artery, 297f, 300t, Telophase, 60 351f
382f, 420f Temporal bone, 109f, 112–113, 115f, 116f, Tracheal cartilage, 346f
Superior mesenteric ganglion, 190f 117f, 211f Trans fats, 35
Superior mesenteric vein, 298f, 304f, 382f, Temporal lobe, 177f, 178f, 180f, 181–182, Transamination, 388, 407f
420f 212, 303f Transcription (in genes), 58
Superior phrenic artery, 300t Temporalis, 154f Transfer RNA. See tRNA
Superior sagittal sinus, 185f, 298f, 299f Tendons, 138 Transient flora, 500
Superior vena cava, 275, 276f, 298f, 302t Teres major, 152f, 155f, 157t Transitional epithelium, 431
Supination, 150t Testes, 224f, 226f, 243, 457–459, 459f, Translation (in genes), 58
Supporting cells (ear), 213f 460f Transverse abdominis, 155f
Suprarenal artery, 300t Testicular artery, 301t, 460f Transverse colon, 371f, 375f, 385f
Suprarenal gland. See Adrenal gland Testicular vein, 302t, 460f Transverse perineus, 159f, 159t
Suspensory ligaments, 204 Testosterone, 141b, 243, 459, 460t Transverse process, 120f
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, 459, 460f bone growth, 112t Transverse sinus, 298f
Sutures, bone joints, 113–114 Tetanus, 146b Transverse tubule, 144f
Sweat glands, 98, 191t Tetanus (sustained muscle contraction), Trapezius, 124f, 152f, 154f, 155f, 155t
Sweet (taste area), 201f 146 Trapezoid, 124f
Sympathetic ganglion, 190f Thalamus, 177f, 179 Tricep, 139f, 156f
Sympathetic nerves, 285f Thiamine, 409t Triceps brachii, 152f, 153f, 157t
Sympathetic nervous system, 396 Thoracic cavity, 15 Trichinella, 515
Sympathomimetic, 238 Thoracic duct , 322 Tricuspid valve, 275, 276f, 277f, 277t
Symphysis joints, 120, 129f Thoracic lymph duct, 325f Trigeminal nerve, 188f, 189t, 201f
Symphysis pubis, 420f, 459f, 463f Thoracic spinal cord, 285f Triglyceride, 34
Synapse, 81, 81t, 142, 168–169, 170f Thoracic vertebrae, 114f, 119, 123f Trigone, 431, 432f
impulse transmission, 169f Thrombin, 267f Triiodothyronine (T ), 231, 231–233, 233t
3
Synaptic cleft, 143f Thrombocytes, 253f, 255f, 263 functions, 232f
Synaptic knobs, 170f Thrombocytopenia, 263 Triplet (DNA), 58
Synergistic muscles, 139 Thrombopoietin, 263 Triquetrum, 124f
Synovial fluid, 28 Thrombus, 181b, 268 Trisomy
Synovial joints, 128, 130f Thymus, 224f, 324–327 Down syndrome, 458b
Synovial tissue, 84t location in child, 327f tRNA, 56t, 57f, 58
Synthesis, 26 Thyroid cartilage, 345f, 346, 346f Trochlea, 124f
Syphilis, 466b Thyroid gland, 224f, 226f, 231–233, 232f, Trochlear nerve, 188f, 189t
Systemic arteries, 297f 234f, 235f Trophoblast, 476, 478f, 479f
major, 300–301t hormones, 233t Tropomyosin, 142, 144f
Systemic capillaries, 356f Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Troponin, 142
Systemic circulation, 296–301 226f, 230, 231t, 232 True fats, 34, 37t, 76, 407f

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Index 603


True ribs, 122 Vallate papillae, 201f Vital capacity, 353
Trypsin, 379 Valve, 293f Vitamin A, 409t
Tubal ligation, 461b Varicose veins, 294b Vitamin C, 409t
Tubular reabsorption (urinary system), Vas deferens, 461 Vitamin D, 409t, 430
425–427 Vascular spasm, 264 Vitamin E, 409t
Tubular secretion (urinary system), 427 Vascular system, 291–314 Vitamin K, 409t
Tunica externa, 292, 293f Vasoconstriction, 98, 397 Vitamins, 408, 409t
Tunica intima, 292, 293f Vasodilation, 92b, 98, 397 Vitamins and minerals, 408
Tunica media, 292, 293f Vasomotor center, 312t Vitreous humor, 207
Twins, 478b Vasopressin. See Antidiuretic hormone Vocal cords, 346, 346f, 347f
Tympanic canal, 213f (ADH) Vocal folds, 348f
Tympanic membrane. See Eardrum Vastus lateralis, 149b, 152f, 153f, 158f Voiding (urine), 431
Type I cell, 350f Vastus medialis, 153f, 158f Volar arch, 300t
Veins, 292–293, 293f, 356f Volar digital vein, 298f
U disorders, 294b Voluntary muscle, 79
head and neck, 299f Vomer, 115f, 116, 116f
Ubiquitin, 51 Vena cavae, 356f Vulva, 466
Ulna, 114f, 122, 124f, 125t, 139f Venous return, 283, 307–308
Ulnar artery, 297f, 300t Ventilation, 347 W
Ulnar nerve, 173f, 174t Ventral cavity, 13
Ulnar vein, 302t Ventral root, 170f, 172 Water compartments, 29, 29f, 442–443,
Ultrasound, 481b Ventricle (brain), 176, 177f, 178f, 186f 442f
Umbilical arteries, 303–304, 305f Ventricle (heart), 275–277 Water intake and output, 443–445, 443t,
Umbilical cord, 305f, 480, 483f, 485f Ventricular diastole, 279f 444f
Umbilical vein, 304, 305f Ventricular systole, 279f Weight loss, 411b
Upper respiratory tract, 345f Venules, 292–293, 293f, 348f, 375f White blood cells (WBC), 75, 261–263;
Urea, 98 Vermiform appendix, 371f see also leukocytes
Ureter, 420f, 422f, 431, 432f Vertebrae, 119 functions, 262–263
Urethra, 159f, 420f, 431, 432f, 463f Vertebral artery, 297f, 300t, 303f types, 264b
penis, 462 Vertebral body, 120f White matter, 170f, 171, 172, 179, 185f
Urethral opening, 467f Vertebral canal, 120, 120f Withdrawal reflexes, 175; see also Flexor
Urethral orifice, 432f Vertebral column, 119–122, 120f reflexes
Urinary bladder, 190f, 191t, 420f, 431, Vertebral vein, 298f Word blindness, 182b
432f, 459f, 463f Vestibular branch, 211f Word deafness, 182b
Urinary system, 5f, 419–435, 420f Vestibular canal, 213f Worms (Helminths), 499, 514, 515f
aging, 433–435 Vestibular membrane, 213f infestations caused, 523t
Urinary tract infections, 435b Vestibular nerve, 212f
Urination reflex, 431 Vestibule (ear), 211f, 214 X
Urine Vestibulocochlear nerve, 212f
abnormal constituents, 434t Vestigial organ, 385 Xiphoid process, 122, 123f
characteristics, 432–433 Villi, 383
characteristics of normal, 434t Virulence, 500 Y
elimination, 431 Virus, 498–499, 511–512 Yellow bone marrow, 106
formation, 424–425, 427–428 diseases caused, 520–522t
Urobilin, 258f shapes, 511f Yolk sac, 477, 479f
Uterus, 226f, 375f, 463f, 464f, 465, 483f Visceral effectors, 187
Utricle, 212f, 214–215, 215f Visceral motor neurons, 187 Z
Uvula, 345f Visceral muscle, 79 Z line, 142, 144f
Visceral pericardium, 274 Zinc, 410t
V Visceral pleura, 83f, 347 Zona pellucida, 478f
Visceral sensations, 202 Zygomatic arch, 114f
Vaccines, 334, 335b, 337b Visceral sensory neurons, 170 Zygomatic bone, 109f, 115f, 116, 116f
Vagina, 159f, 463f, 464f, 465–466, 467f, Vision, physiology, 207–210 Zygomatic process, 115f, 116f
483f Visual area (brain), 180f, 182 Zygomaticus, 154f
Vagus nerve, 188f, 189t, 190f, 285f Visual association area (brain), 180f Zygote, 457

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Copyright © 2007 by F. A. Davis.

12-2 Heart Murmur, 281
12-3 Electrocardiogram, 282
12-4 Arrhythmias, 282
13-1 Disorders of Arteries, 294
13-2 Disorders of Veins, 294
13-3 Pulse Sites, 304
13-4 Hypertension, 308
13-5 Circulatory Shock, 314
14-1 Hodgkin’s Disease, 327
14-2 Aids, 332
14-3 Diagnostic Tests, 334
14-4 Vaccines, 335
14-5 Allergies, 336
14-6 Vaccines That Have Changed Our Lives, 337
15-1 Asthma, 349
15-2 Hyaline Membrane Disease, 351
15-3 Pneumothorax, 352
15-4 Emphysema, 352
15-5 The Heimlich Maneuver, 353
15-6 Pulmonary Edema, 357
15-7 Pneumonia, 357
15-8 Carbon Monoxide, 357
16-1 Disorders of the Stomach, 378
16-2 Gallstones, 381
16-3 Disorders of the Intestines, 384
16-4 Infant Botulism, 386
16-5 Fiber, 387
16-6 Hepatitis, 389
17-1 Heat-Related Disorders, 398
17-2 Cold-Related Disorders, 400
17-3 Ketosis, 406
17-4 Metabolic Rate, 411
17-5 Weight Loss, 411
17-6 Leptin and Body-Mass Index, 412
18-1 Floating Kidney, 421
18-2 Renal Failure and Hemodialysis, 425
18-3 Erythropoietin, 431
18-4 Kidney Stones, 433
18-5 Blood Tests and Kidney Function, 434
18-6 Urinary Tract Infections, 435
19-1 Edema, 443
19-2 Electrolyte Imbalances, 447
20-1 Trisomy and Down Syndrome, 458
20-2 Contraception, 461
20-3 Prostatic Hypertrophy, 462
20-4 In Vitro Fertilization, 465
20-5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 466
20-6 Mammography, 468
21-1 Twins, 478
21-2 Fetal Diagnosis, 481
21-3 Congenital Fetal Infections, 483
21-4 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, 484
21-5 Premature Births, 485
21-6 Apgar Score, 486
21-7 Solution to Genetics Question, 492
22-1 The Golden age of Microbiology, 498
22-2 Microbiology in the 20th Century, 499
22-3 Microbiology in the 21st Century, 507