Roitt's Essential Immunology

LAT (linker for activation of T-cells)

latency, HIV
late phase reaction, atopic allergy
Lck (protein tyrosine kinase)

lectin pathway
lectins

calcium-dependent see C-type lectin receptors
leflunomide

Leishmania major
mice

vaccination
leishmaniasis
lentiviruses

vectors
leprosy

erythema nodosum leprosum
immunosuppression
Langerhans’ cells

leucine-rich repeats, Toll-like receptors
leukemia, treatment

leukocyte(s)
rolling

subpopulations, isolation
leukocyte adhesion deficiency

leukocyte Fc receptors see Fc receptors
leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1)
leukotriene(s)

leukotriene-B4
leukotriene receptor antagonists

LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1)
immunological synapses

“licensing”
dendritic cells

natural killer cells

LIF (cytokine)
Li–Fraumeni syndrome
ligand-binding systems, fractional occupancy

ligands
light chains

antibodies
genetics

pairing with heavy chains
limiting dilution analysis

limulin
linkage disequilibrium
linked suppression

linker for activation of T-cells (LAT)
lipid antigens, presented by CD1 molecules

lipid rafts
B-cell receptors and
lipopolysaccharide-binding protein

lipopolysaccharide endotoxins
CD14 scavenger receptors on

immune complex formation
immunofluorescence microscopy

neonates
lipoxygenase pathway, mast cells

Listeria monocytogenes
live attenuated organisms, vaccines
liver

fetus, B-cell precursors
transplantation

tolerance induction
living donors

LL-37 (antimicrobial)
long-acting thyroid stimulator

long-term nonprogressors, HIV infection

loratadine
loxP sites, for knockout mice
luminol reaction

lungs
Goodpasture’s syndrome

hypersensitivity
see also asthma

surfactants
transplantation, survival rates

lupus band
Ly49 NK-cell receptors
lymph

lymphatics
lymph nodes

follicular dendritic cells
immune complexes on
homing of naive lymphocytes

interdigitating dendritic cells
irradiation, multiple sclerosis

lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)
immunological synapses

lymphocytes
antibody production

chicken
functional assessment
inflammatory response

intraepithelial
large granular (LGL)

thymus
traffic

transplant rejection
trapping

tumor-infiltrating

see also naive lymphocytes; small lymphocytes; specific types
lymphoid tissue
HIV infection

mucosa-associated
see also gut-associated lymphoid tissue

lymphopenia
autoimmune diseases

for T-cell adoptive transfer
lymphoproliferative disorders

lymphotoxin (TNFβ)
prion infections
Lyn (protein tyrosine kinase)

lysins, intracellular bacteria
lysosomal-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs)

lysosomes
lysozyme
epitopes

MIIC (MHC class II-enriched compartment)
Mac-1

Mackaness, G. B., on cell-mediated immunity
macrochimerism, hematopoietic

macrophage(s)
alveolar

as antigen-presenting cells
bacterial defenses against
chronic inflammation

immune complexes and
intracellular bacteria in

killing intracellular bacteria
lymph nodes

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
rheumatoid arthritis

Th cells and

tumor enhancement
viruses and
macrophage activating factors

macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)
MAdCAM-1

MAGE-1, melanoma
magnets, cell separation

major basic protein
major histocompatibility complex proteins

autoimmune diseases
class I
intracellular antigen processing for

peptide binding
tumors

class II
autoimmune diseases
deficiency

extracellular antigen processing for
macrophages

peptide binding
class III genes

cytotrophoblast
down-regulation

gene map
genetics
graft rejection

inheritance
nonclassical see nonclassical MHC molecules

peptide binding
class I

class II
peptide complexes

see also immunological synapses

peptide tetramers
restriction
ternary complexes with TCR and antigens

tissue distribution
T-cells and

see also HLA; MHC-related molecules; self-MHC restriction
malaria

immunopathology
immunosuppression

nephrotic syndrome
vaccines
malnutrition

mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
deficiency

mannose receptor
Mantoux test
BCG vaccination and

hypnosis
MAPKKK (mitogen-associated protein kinase kinase kinase)

marginal zones
margination

mast cells
activation by antibodies, research

complement activation
degranulation
matching

tissue types, transplantation
maternal IgG

hypersensitivity
neonatal thyrotoxicosis

MBL-associated serine proteases (MASP)
deficiency

MCMV, gp34 protein

M-CSF
measles
Faroe Islands

immunosuppression
rash

subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
vaccination

Medawar, Sir Peter
megakaryocytes

melanoma, MAGE-1
membrane attack complexes (MAC)
inhibitors

membrane-localized antigens, B-lymphocyte activation
membrane receptors see B-cell receptor(s); T-cell receptor(s)

memory
acquired
graft rejection

memory response
memory T-cells

separation from naive T-cells
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD)

meningococcal disease
complement pathway defects

reverse vaccinology
vaccination
mesencephalic tissue

fetal, transplantation
mesenchymal stem cells

messenger proteins see chemokines; cytokines
metal ion-dependent adhesion site (MIDAS), integrins

Metalnikoff, S.
metastases

natural killer cells and

potential for, related molecules
Metchnikoff, Elie
methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

methotrexate
rheumatoid arthritis

MF59 (adjuvant)
MFG-E8 (integrin ligand)

MHC proteins see major histocompatibility complex proteins
MHC-related molecules

DM
DO
HLA-E


Qal b
MHC restriction
haplotype restriction, T-cells

MICA (protein)
MICB (protein)

microarray technology
CD28 co-stimulation of T-cell
microclusters

B-cell receptors
membrane receptors

microfold cells (M-cells)
milk (human)

IgG
secretory IgA

see aho breastfeeding
mimicry, molecular
T-cell epitopes

mimotopes
minibodies

minor histocompatibility antigens

“missing self”

mitochondrial apoptosis pathway
mitogen-associated protein kinase kinase kinase
mitogens

pokeweed mitogen (PWM)
mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR)

MLA (adjuvant)
molecular mimicry

T-cell epitopes
monoclonal antibodies

anti-CD3
anti-CD154
for autoimmune diseases

botulinum toxin
interleukin-21, for graft-versus-host reaction

passive immunization
tumor immunotherapy
tumor necrosis factor

see aho biologicals
monocytes

mononuclear phagocyte system
intracellular bacteria in

Montague, Lady Wortley
montanides

mouse
C5 deficient
chimeric

H-2 genes
T-helper cell restriction imprinting

H-2M3 molecule
knockout, “knocked-in”

Leishmania major
vaccination

nonobese diabetic

nude
pltlplt
SCID

mouse mammary tumor viruses, superantigens
M-protein (surface M-protein), streptococci

mRNA
analysis

monoclonal antibody production
MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus )

mucins, tumors
mucosa
IgG

mast cells
secretory immune system

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
mucosal immunization
adjuvants

mucus
multidrug resistance

multiple myeloma
multiple sclerosis

treatment
multivalency

antigen-antibody binding
bonus effect of
mumps, vaccination

mutans streptococci
mutations

cancer
class-switched B-lymphocytes

inflammation and
tumor antigens

viruses

see also hypermutation
mutual complementarity
immunoglobulins, evolution

myasthenia gravis
treatment

Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

antigens presented by CD1 molecules
mycophenolate mofetil

MyD88 adaptor protein, deficiency
myelin
epitopes, bystander tolerance

myelin-associated neurite growth inhibitory proteins
myelin basic protein

therapeutic peptides
myeloid dendritic cells
myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)

myeloma, multiple
myeloma proteins

myoglobin, epitopes
myxedema

naive lymphocytes
activation by DCs

circulation in lymph nodes
homing to lymph nodes
naked DNA

NAP-2
natalizumab, for multiple sclerosis

natural cytotoxicity receptors
natural killer cells

aging on
cytotoxic granules

extracellular killing, assessment

fungi and
liver
ontogeny

receptors
tumor metastases and

tumor therapy
type IV hypersensitivity

ulcerative colitis
viral infections, cell killing

natural Tregs
necrosis
Nef (gene product), HIV

negative selection
T-cell ontogeny

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
complement pathway defects
neonates

alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Fc receptor (FcRn)

hypogammaglobulinemia
immune response

lipopolysaccharide endotoxins
lupus erythematosus

thrombocytopenia, transient
thymus
thymus-independent antigens and

thyrotoxicosis
neovascularization see angiogenesis

nephelometric assay
antigen–antibody complexes

nephrotic syndrome, malaria
nerve growth, inflammatory response and

network hypothesis (Jerne)

Neu see human epidermal growth factor receptor
neural tissue grafting
neuraminidase, influenza viruses

neuroectodermal tumors
neuroendocrine system

autoimmune diseases
neutralization, bacterial toxins

neutralizing antibodies, HIV vaccination
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)

neutrophils
functional assessment
phagocytosis by

see also polymorphonuclear neutrophils
NFAT (nuclear factors of activated T-cells)

nibrin, mutations
nickel salts, contact dermatitis
nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)

ELISA labeling
oxidase system, defects

Nijmegen breakage syndrome
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

nitric oxide
killing, inhibition

NK cells see natural killer cells
NKG2D receptors
NKT-cells

autoimmune diseases
estrogens and

+
with NK1.1 marker
N-nucleotides
junctional diversity and

NOD2 gene, mutations

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

NOD mouse
nonclassical MHC molecules
antigen presentation

classical MHC molecules from
recognition by γδ T-cell receptors

nonhomologous end-joining proteins
nonobese diabetic mouse

nonprogressors
long-term, HIV infection

nonsecreting heterohybridomas
nonself
self vs

see also rejection of nonself
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

norepinephrine
northern blotting, mRNA analysis
nosocomial infections

Notch-1
N-ramp gene

N termini, immunoglobulins
nuclear factor κB (NFκB)

immunofluorescence microscopy
tumor growth enhancement

nuclear factors of activated T-cells (NFAT)
nuclear replacement
nucleosomes, SLE

nucleotides see N-nucleotides; P-nucleotides
nude mice

“nurse” cells
nylon-wool columns, cell separation

Obese strain, chicken
occupational asthma

occupational exposures, autoimmune diseases

Oct-1 (transcription factor)
OKT3 (monoclonal antibody)
oligoadenylate synthetase

oligoclonality
oligonucleotides, as immunostimulants

omalizumab
Omenn syndrome

oncofetal antigens
oncogenes

oncogenic viruses see under viruses i.e. viruses, cancer
oncostatin M
ontogeny

opacity-associated proteins, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
opportunistic infections

opsonins
acute phase proteins as
opsonization

bacteria
HIV

oral tolerance, Th3 cells for
oral vaccination

organ clusters, transplantation
organ-related bystander tolerance, myelin epitopes

orphan genes
osteogenesis imperfecta, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
otelixizumab antibody

overdoses, antibodies to treat
p6 (protein), HIV and

p53 gene
p55 (Gag precursor protein), HIV

pain, histamine
pairing

immunoglobulin domains

with light chains
palindromic nucleotides see P-nucleotides
pancreas, transplantation

pandemics, influenza
pannus

paracortex
lymph node

parainfluenza virus
parasites

vaccines
see also malaria
Parkinson’s disease, neural tissue transplantation

paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

partial agonists, MHC–peptide complexes as
particulate antigens
passively-acquired immunity

Pasteur, L.
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

in adjuvants
bacteria

effect on dendritic cells
effect on NK cells

plant immunity
recognition deficiencies
pathogen-driven balancing selection

pattern recognition molecules, soluble
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)f

atopic allergy
for bacteria

plants
signaling deficiencies

Pavlovian conditioning

Pax5
peanut allergy
pemphigus foliaceus

pemphigus vulgaris
penicillin

anaphylaxis
immune complexes

Pentostam
pentraxins

peptide(s)
allergy treatment
allogeneic

antigen-antibody binding, inhibition
binding to MHC proteins

complexed with MHC proteins
invertebrate immunity
as T-cell epitopes

tumors
mutations

therapy, endothelial cell homing
vaccines

peptide analogs, for autoimmune diseases
peptide loading complexes

peptide–MHC tetramers, antigen-specific T-cell flow cytometry
perforin
perforin/granzyme signaling pathway

periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
perinatal transmission, AIDS

periodic fevers
peripheral blood stem cells

peripheral tolerance
pernicious anemia

diseases associated

familial aggregation
pertussis
combined vaccines

vaccination schedule
Peyer’s patches

PfEMP1, Plasmodium falciparum
PHA (phytohemagglutinin)

phage libraries
in SEREX method

tumor probing
phagocytes
complement receptors

defects
see also mononuclear phagocyte system

phagocytosis
amoeba
antibodies and

apoptotic cells
assessment

bacterial defenses against
complement and

frustrated
historical aspects

immune complexes
phagolysosomes
phagosomes

Phlebotomus papatasi
phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)

phosphate groups
phosphatidylinositol

presented by CD1 molecules
signaling pathway, T-cell receptors

phosphatidylinositol biphosphate

phosphatidylinositol-kinase (PI3K), activation
phosphatidylserine
apoptosis measurement

phospholipase C, γ1 isoform
phospholipase Cγ2

physical barriers
see also mucosa

phytohemagglutinin (PHA)
PI3K (phosphatidylinositol-kinase), activation

PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT)
pigeon-fancier’s disease
“piggy-back” T-cell epitopes

pIgR (poly-Ig receptor)
pigs

liver transplantation into
xenografts
PkB/Akt kinase

placenta
MHC proteins

neonatal Fc receptor
see also trophoblast

plants
antibody production

immune response
plaque forming cells (PFC)
plaque techniques, antibody-secreting cell counting

plasmablasts
plasma cells

bone marrow
lymph nodes

plasmacytoid dendritic cells
plasma membrane, apoptotic cells

plasmids, in vaccination

Plasmodium falciparum
circumsporozoite protein, vaccine
PfEMP1

plastics, cell separation
platelet(s)

activation
aggregation

transfusions, refractoriness
platelet activating factor

platelet-derived growth factor, giant cell arteritis
pleiotropism, cytokines
plt/plt mouse

pluripotent stem cells
pneumococcal disease, vaccination

P-nucleotides
junctional diversity and
pokeweed mitogen (PWM)

poliomyelitis
vaccines

pollution, environmental
Pol polyprotein, HIV

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
polyarteritis nodosa

polyclonal activation
in autoimmune diseases
by Epstein–Barr virus

polyclonal antibodies, laboratory production
polyclonality

polyethylene glycol
adenosine deaminase with

immune complex detection
polyhalogenated compounds

poly-Ig receptors (pIgR)

polymerase chain reaction, mRNA analysis
polymorphic (term)
polymorphism

autoimmune diseases
MHC genes

polymorphonuclear neutrophils
secondary specific granules

see also neutrophils
pooled normal immunoglobulin

populations, antigen-specific
enrichment
localization in body

porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs)
Porter, R.

Portier, P.
positive selection
T-cell ontogeny

poxviruses, interferon homologs
precipitin reaction

precipitins
precursors

antigen-specific lymphocytes, frequency
B-lymphocytes, fetal liver

cytotoxic T-cells
frequency, limiting dilution analysis
dendritic cells, tolerance induction,

pregnancy
autoimmune diseases

rheumatoid arthritis
see also fetus

pre-hairpin intermediate
gp41, HIV infection

preintegration complex, HIV

pretibial myxedema, Graves’ disease
primary azurophil granules
primary biliary cirrhosis

primary follicles, lymph nodes
primary immune response

primary immunodeficiency diseases
primary infections, vs secondary infections

primary lymphoid organs
prime-boost protocol, DNA vaccination

prions
privileged sites
grafting

trauma to
probiotics

pro-drugs, immunoconjugates as
professional antigen-presenting cells
autophagy

prolactin
proliferative senescence

proline racemase, Trypanosoma cruzi
promoters

immunoglobulin loci
transgenic animals

properdin
prostaglandin(s)
prostaglandin E (PGE )
2
2
protease(s), bacteria

protease inhibitors, HIV
proteasomes

protectin
protein A

protein kinase(s)

protein kinase R (PKR)

protein microarrays
protein–protein interactions
immunoprecipitation

protein tyrosine kinases
Lck

protein tyrosine phosphorylation, T-cells
protein ubiquitin ligases, c-Cbl family

proteinuria
protozoa

provirus, HIV
P-selectin
pseudogenes

gene conversion
MHC

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
psoriasis
cyclosporine

psychology
PTPN22

polymorphism, autoimmune diseases
purine nucleoside phosphorylase, mutations

Purves, H.
b
Qa1 (MHC-related molecule)
Qa antigens

QKRAA sequence
R5 variants, HIV

rabies, vaccination
radioallergosorbent test (RAST)
radioimmunoconjugates

dosimetry
Raf (MAPKKK)

RAG-1, RAG-2 (enzymes)

mutations

receptor editing
random combinations, for diversification
RANTES

Rap1 (small GTPase)
rapamycin

rare earth chelates, fluorescence assays
Ras (G-protein)

mutations
Ras/MAPK signaling pathway, T-cell receptors

rat cells, hybridoma technology
rat insulin promoter
RCAS1, tumors

reactive arthritis
reactive nitrogen intermediates

reactive oxygen intermediates
receptor(s)
activation by antibodies

of cytokines
effects of autoantibodies

receptor editing
B-lymphocytes

recombinases
for knockout mice

V(D)J recombinase
recombination
H-2 system

random
somatic, immunoglobulin genes

see also class switch recombination; homologous recombination; V(D)J
recombination
recombination signal sequences (RSS)

receptor editing

red pulp, spleen

regulators of complement activity (RCA)
regulatory idiotopes
regulatory T-cells (Tregs)

anergy
atopic allergy

autoimmune diseases
gastrointestinal tract, tolerization

glucocorticoids and
for graft-versus-host reaction

low-responder status and
pregnancy
rejection of nonself

avoidance by fetus
evolution

transplants
reproductive cloning
reproductive tract, antibodies

respiratory burst
neutrophils, assessment

restriction endonucleases
restriction factors

HIV and
reticular dysgenesis

reticuloendothelial system (RES)
retinal dehydrogenases
retinoic acid

retinoic acid receptors
retro-aldol reactions, abzymes for

retroviruses
endogenous

porcine (PERVs)
as superantigens

Rev (gene product), HIV

reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, mRNA analysis
reverse transcription, HIV
drugs inhibiting

reverse vaccinology
reversion, attenuated organisms

Rev response element, HIV
RGWY motifs, mutations

rhesus incompatibility
rheumatic fever

rheumatoid arthritis
diet
immune complexes

treatment
rheumatoid factors

rhinoviruses
Ribi (adjuvant)
Richet, C.

RIG-like helicase receptors
rituximab

Rivers, T.
RNA interference

Roitt, I.
rolling, leukocytes

Rose, N.
rosettes
rotavirus, vaccination

RTS,S/AS01E vaccine, malaria
rubella, vaccination

Sabin vaccine
salbutamol

salicylates, for immune complex diseases
Salk vaccine

salmeterol

Salmonella
complement activation diversion
as gene vector

reactive arthritis
sand flies

sandwich ELISA
saposins

sarcoidosis
sarcomas

scanning confocal microscopy
scanning mutagenesis
Scatchard equation, antibody affinity

scavenger receptors
scFv

Schistosoma mansoni, SCIP1
schistosomiasis
IgE deviation

immunopathology
type IV hypersensitivity

scleroderma
screening

for antibodies, serum
selection vs, monoclonal antibody production

tumor antigens
seals, phocine distemper
Sec61 channel

secondary follicles, lymph nodes
secondary immune responses

secondary infections, vs primary infections
secondary lymphoid organs

secondary specific granules, polymorphonuclear neutrophils
secretory component

secretory IgA

secretory immune system, mucosa
secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI)
sedimentation rates, leukocytes

sedormid, thrombocytopenic purpura
selectins, homing receptors

selection theory, antibody production
selection vs screening, monoclonal antibody production

selective IgA deficiency
self

“altered self”
“induced-self” recognition
“missing self”

nonself vs
T-cell receptor stimulation

normal recognition
self-association, rheumatoid factors
self-MHC restriction

self-reactive T-cells
semi-direct pathway, allo-MHC recognition

senescence
premature cellular

see also telomeres
Sepharose matrices

septicemia, Gram-negative
septic shock
sequestered antigens

see also privileged sites
serological analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries (SEREX)

Sertoli cells, sperm culture
serum, screening for antibodies

serum amyloid P component (SAP)
SET complex, granzyme A and

set point, HIV infection

vaccination
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
severe combined immunodeficiency disorders (SCID)

mice with
T-cell differentiation studies

treatment
gene therapy

stem cell transplantation
SH2-domain containing leukocyte protein ofkDa (SLP76)

shared epitope sequence
Shaw, G. B., quoted
sheep erythrocytes

antibody-secreting plasma cell counting
binding to T-cells

shift, influenza virus antigens
short-interfering RNA (siRNA)
SHP-1 (phosphatase)

down-regulation of B-cells
inhibitory role

shutdown phase
92-sialylated glycans, Fcγ with

side scatter, flow cytometry
signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)

signal transducers and activators of transcription see STATs
signal transduction cascades
cytokine receptors

T-cell receptors
silence, immunological

simian immunodeficiency viruses
vaginal transmission

single-positive cells
single radial immunodiffusion

six-helical bundles, gp41

skin
denervation
immune complexes

immune system
skin prick tests, atopic allergy

SLAM-associated protein (SAP)
SLC11A1 gene, tuberculosis and

sleep deprivation, effect on NK cells
SLF (colony stimulating factor)

SLP65 (B-cell linker)
SLP76 (SH2-domain containing leukocyte protein ofkDa)
small lymphocytes

adoptive transfer
antibody production

smallpox
bioterrorism
eradication

vaccination
smoking see tobacco

Snell, G.
SOCS (proteins)

sodium cromoglycate
for immune complex diseases

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)
solid-phase antigen, immunoassays with
soluble pattern recognition molecules

somatic hypermutation
somatic recombination, immunoglobulin genes

somatostatin, thymus
SOS (son of sevenless)

specific acquired immunity
specificity, antibodies

sperm, cryopreservation

spermatogonia, cryopreservation
sphingolipid activator proteins
sphingosine-phosphate (S1P)

spinal cord lesions, research
spleen

spreading response, B-lymphocytes
SSEA-1 antigen

stabilization, C3 convertase
staphylococcal protein A

staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
enterotoxins, as superantigens

septic shock
staple conformation, IgM

star conformation, IgM
STATs
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease

psoriasis
stem cell factor

stem cells
autografts

embryonic
transfection

see also bone marrow, stem cells; hematopoietic stem cells
sterile injury
sterile transcription

steroids see glucocorticoids
Steward–Petty modification

Langmuir equation, antibody affinity
stiff man syndrome

stimulatory hypersensitivity
stochastic (term)

stochastic/selection hypothesis, T-cell ontogeny

stomach, endogenous antimicrobials
streptavidin
peptide–MHC tetramer formation

streptococci
β-hemolytic

“nephritogenic”
rheumatic fever

stress
see also cell stress

stromal cells, lymph nodes
stromal stem cells, bone marrow
subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

subcapsular sinus, lymph node
sublingual allergen immunotherapy (SLIT)

subpopulations
leukocytes, isolation
subunit vaccines

tumor therapy
suicide gene therapy

sunlight, SLE
superantigens

streptococcal toxins as
thymocyte apoptosis

superoxide anions
suppression
T-cell mediated

see also regulatory T-cell (Tregs)
suppressor of cytokine signaling

surface immunoglobulins
surface markers see CD (antigens)

surface M-protein, streptococci
surface plasmon resonance

surfactants, lung

surrogate antigens
surrogate receptors, immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
switch (S) regions

Syk (protein kinase)
sympathetic nervous system

synergy, immunosuppressants
syngeneic (term)

systemic (term)
systemic acquired resistance, plants

systemic lupus erythematosus
autoantibodies, estimation
central nervous system

familial aggregation
interferon-γ and

sunlight
systemic sclerosis
T10, T22 (nonclassical MHC molecules)

TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin
ligand interactor)

tacrolimus
TAP1, TAP2 (transporters associated with antigen processing)
tapasin

herpes simplex virus and
Tat (gene product), HIV

TATA boxes, immunoglobulin loci
tBid (truncated Bid)

T-cell receptor(s)
antibodies vs

CD1-presented antigens, recognition
δ genes
diversification

mutations

NKT-cells

invariant
ontogeny
gene rearrangement

self vs nonself
signal transduction cascades

ternary complexes with MHC and antigens
see also γδ T-cell receptors

T-cell receptor complex, triggering
T-dependent antigens

telomeres
T-cells
temporal arteritis

teplizumab
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)

ternary complexes, T-cell receptors with MHC and antigens
tetanus
combined vaccines

vaccination schedule
tetherin

tethering, lymphocytes
tetramers (peptide–MHC tetramers), antigen-specific T-cell flow cytometry

TGFβ
autoimmune disease model, treatment

immunoglobulin class switching
Th cells and
wound healing

TGF receptors
Th cells

atopic allergy
cross-regulation

macrophage activating factors
polarization

ulcerative colitis

Th cells
asthma
atopic allergy

with B-lymphocytes
cross-regulation

polarization
suppression, filariasis

type IV hypersensitivity
Th cells

Th cells
asthma
cross-regulation

polarization
type IV hypersensitivity

T-helper cells
activation
autoimmune diseases

B-lymphocyte activation
coreceptors

co-stimulation
cytotoxic T-cell activation

follicular helper T-cells (Tfh cells)
glucocorticoids and

H-2 restriction
innate immunity and
“licensing” of dendritic cells

peptides as epitopes
polarization

thymus-dependent antigens and
type IV hypersensitivity

theophylline
therapeutic immunoconjugates

thermodynamics, antigen-antibody binding

three-dimensional confocal microscopy
thrombocytopenic purpura
idiopathic

type II drug reactions
thrombosis, inflammatory response

thymectomy
animals

chicken
mouse

transplant rejection and
thymic-derived Tregs
thymic education

thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)
thymocytes

apoptosis, superantigens
thymulin
thymus

defective development
epithelial cells

evolution
T-cells, tolerance development

thymus-dependent antigens
thymus-dependent area see paracortex

thymus-independent antigens
B-lymphocyte activation
thyroid autoantigens, immunofluorescence microscopy

thyroiditis
atrophic

see also Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
thyroid-stimulating antibody

see also long-acting thyroid stimulator
thyrotoxicosis see Graves’ disease

tick-borne encephalitis, vaccination

T-independent antigens
tingible bodies
TIR domains

tissue damage, immune response
tissue engineering

tissue-specific knockout mice
tissue type matching, transplantation

titers
T-lymphocytes

activation
aging on
antibody production and

antigen recognition
antigen-specific populations, enrichment

apoptosis, tolerance induction
autoimmune diseases
treatments targeting

bacterial defenses against
B-lymphocytes vs

bone marrow transplantation with, leukemia therapy
CD4-positive see CD4-positive T-lymphocytes

CD8-positive see CD8-positive T-lymphocytes
co-stimulation of B-lymphocytes

cytokines and
expression staining in subsets
deficiency

diagnosis
primary

dendritic cells and
depletion in animals

diabetes mellitus
differentiation

arrest

down-regulation
see also regulatory T-cells
as effectors

killed by Tregs
epitopes, mapping

evolution
flow cytometry, peptide–MHC tetramers

gastrointestinal immune response
helper cells see T-helper cells

homing to lymph nodes
immunoregulation
see also regulatory T-cells

Ir genes on response
liver

lymph nodes
malaria immunopathology
ontogeny

peptide–MHC tetramers, flow cytometry
polarization

quantitative estimation
receptors on surface see T-cell receptor(s)

sheep erythrocyte binding
study methods

subsets
cytokine expression staining
suppression by

telomeres
tolerance

see also under tolerization
transplant rejection

tumor antigen screening
tumors, immunotherapy

type IV hypersensitivity

ultrastructure
vaccines, HIV infection
Vγ1 Vδ1 T-cells

see also γδ T-cell(s); cell-mediated immunity; cytotoxic T-lymphocytes;
regulatory T-cells

tobacco
autoimmune diseases
vaccine against addiction

tocilizumab
tolerance

B-lymphocytes, induction
bystander tolerance, myelin epitopes

deficiency in autoimmune diseases
induction

by HSC transplantation
for transplantation
infectious

liver transplantation in pigs
peripheral

Th cells for
T-cells
see also under tolerization

tumors
tolerization

regulatory T-cells, gastrointestinal tract
T-cells

tumors
tolerogenic dendritic cells

tolerogens
toll gene, Drosophila
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

ligands as vaccine adjuvants

NK cells

tumors
Tonegawa, S.
tonic signaling, B-cell receptors

TOR (target of rapamycin)
toxic shock syndrome

toxins
anaphylatoxins

botulinum, monoclonal antibodies vs
Coley’s

enterotoxins
immunoconjugates
immunotoxins

neutralization
streptococci

superantigens
see also endotoxins; lipopolysaccharide endotoxins
toxoids

Toxoplasma gondii
Tr cells

trachea, engineered
traffic, lymphocytes

TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand)
transcription

sterile
see also reverse transcription
transcription factors

asymmetric cell division
immunofluorescence microscopy

T-cell ontogeny
see also STATs; specific transcription factors

transfection
of co-stimulatory molecules

embryonic stem cells

transforming growth factors
receptors
see also TGFβ

transfusion reactions
transgenic animals

study of cell clones in
T-cell differentiation

transgenic xenomouse strains, in monoclonal antibody production
transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy

transient neonatal thrombocytopenia
transition mutations
transmembrane antibodies see B-cell receptor(s); surface immunoglobulins

transmembrane heterodimers, T-cell receptors as
transmembrane regions, hydrophobic

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
transplantation
bone marrow

for leukemia
islet cells

see also under hematopoietic stem cells
trauma

Tregs see regulatory T-cells
Trichinella spiralis

Trim5α protein
trophoblast
antiphospholipid syndrome

Fas/Fas ligand signaling pathway
indoleamine-dioxygenase

MHC proteins
Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma cruzi
proline racemase

trypanosomiasis

tuberculosis
see also Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tubulin polymerization inhibitors

tumor(s)
antigens

“weak”
surveillance

natural killer cells
strongly immunogenic tumors

see also cancer
tumor necrosis factor(s)
monoclonal antibodies

receptors
SLE model, treatment

treatment targeting, rheumatoid arthritis
viral infections
see also lymphotoxin

tumor necrosis factor α
tumor growth enhancement

tumor necrosis factor receptor(s)
tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)

tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)
tumor suppressor genes

TUNEL assay
12/23 rule, recombination signal sequences
twins, autoimmune diseases

typhoid fever, vaccination
ubiquitination

ζ chains, CD3 complex
ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

ulcerative colitis
ultraviolet light, SLE

UNC93B (protein), deficiency

urticaria
V(D)J recombinase
V(D)J recombination

deficiency
receptor editing

vaccination/vaccines
as contraceptives

dental caries
development

diagnosis of immunodeficiencies
historical aspects
HIV

human papillomavirus
mice, Leishmania major

recommended schedules
tumor therapy
vaccinia virus

complement control proteins
as vector

vagina, HIV transmission
van der Waals forces

variable loci, immunoglobulin genes
variable lymphocyte receptors, lower vertebrates

variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
varicella-zoster, vaccination
variolation

vascular addressins
vascular endothelial growth factor

giant cell arteritis
inhibition

vaccination against
vascular leak syndrome

vasculitides, autoimmune

vasoactive amines
Vav (guanine nucleotide exchange factor)
Akt activation

Cbl-b suppression
spreading response of B-lymphocytes

VCAM-1
vectors

gene therapy
lentiviruses

as vaccines
Ventolin
vertical transmission, AIDS

veterinary vaccination
Vγ1Vδ1 T-cells

Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells
V gene segments
diversification mechanism

T-cell receptors
Vibrio cholerae

vif (HIV protein)
villi, gastrointestinal tract

viral entry inhibitors
viral FLICE inhibitory protein, human herpesvirus

virological synapses
viruses
cancer

vaccines
dsRNA detection

gene therapy
immunosuppression

infected cells, killing
interferons on

on MHC protein expression

superantigens
see also vectors
vitamin A

vitamin D
vitiligo

VLA-4 (integrin), immunological synapses
Voltaire, on smallpox

von Behring, E.
V preB gene

WASP gene, mutations
Wegener’s granulomatosis

Western blotting
weal and flare

white pulp, spleen
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome

Witebsky, E.
Wolff, J., on DNA vaccines

wound healing
mechanisms and tumor growth
nerve growth and

TGFβ
Wright, Sir Almroth

X4 variants, HIV
xenogeneic (term)
xenografts

xenomouse strains, in monoclonal antibody production
Xenopus

X-linked agammaglobulinemia
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease

XRCC4, in DNA repair machinery
yellow fever, vaccination

Yersinia

ZAP-70 (protein tyrosine kinase)

mutations
ζ chains
CD3 complex

ubiquitination
zinc deficiency