Encyclopedia of Nursing Research

668 n REFERENCES



for management. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health van Dijk, T. A. (2001). Critical discourse analysis. In D.
Nursing, 13, 730–740. Tannen, D. Schiffrin, & H. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook
Ussher, J. M. (2010). Are we medicalizing women’s mis- of discourse analysis (pp. 352–371). Oxford: Blackwell.
ery? A critical review of women’s higher rates of Van Dover, L. (1986). Influence of nurse–client contract-
reported depression. Feminism & Psychology, 20, 9–35. ing on family planning knowledge and behaviors in
Ussher, J. M., Hunter, M., & Cariss, M. (2002). A woman- a university student population. Dissertation Abstracts
centred psychological intervention for premenstrual International, 46, 3787B.
symptoms, drawing on cognitive-behavioural and Van Leeuwen, P. A., Boermeester, M. A., Houdijk, A. P.,
narrative therapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Ferwerda, C. C., Cuesta, M. A., Meyer, S., et al. (1994).
9, 319–331. Clinical significance of translocation. Gut, 35(Suppl. 1),
Utz, S., Williams, I., Jones, R., Hinton, I., Alexander, G., S28–S34.
Yan, G., et al. (2008). Culturally tailored intervention van’t Veer-Tazelaar, P. J., Van Marwijk, H. W., Jansen, A.
for rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes. P., Rijmen, F., Kostense, P. J., Van Oppen, P., et al. (2008).
Diabetes Educator, 34(5), 854–865. Depression in old age (75+), the PIKO study. Journal of
UyBico, S. J., Pavel, S., & Gross, C. P. (2007). Recruiting Affective Disorders, 106(3), 295–299.
vulnerable populations into research: A systematic Vance, C. (1977). A group profile of contemporary
review of recruitment interventions. Journal of General influentials in American nursing (Doctoral disserta-
Internal Medicine, 22(6), 852–863. tion, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1977).
Vaccarino, V. (2003). Women and outcomes of coronary Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 37223B.
artery bypass graft surgery: Do we have an answer? Vance, C. (1982). The mentor connection. Journal of
American Heart Journal, 146, 935–937. Nursing Administration, 12, 7–13.
Vaccarino, V., Abramson, J., Veledar, E., & Weintraub, Vance, C. (2007, March 16). Nurse mentoring: A key to
W. S. (2002). Sex differences in hospital mortality retaining talent in the hospital. Nursing Spectrum, 12–13.
after coronary artery bypass surgery. Circulation, 105, Vance, C. (2011). Fast facts for career success in nursing:
1176–1181. Making the most of mentoring. New York: Springer
Valentini, L., Schindler, K., Schlaffer, R., Bucher, H., Publishing.
Mouhieddine, M., Steininger, K., et al. (2009). The first Vance, C., & Larson, E. (2002) Leadership research in
nutritionDay in nursing homes: Participation may business and health care. Journal of Nursing Scholarship,
improve malnutrition awareness. Clinical Nutrition, 34, 165–171.
28(2), 109–116. Vance, C., & Olson, R. K. (1998). The mentor connection in
Van de Mortel, T., & Heyman, L. (1995). Performance nursing. New York: Springer Publishing.
feedback increases the incidence of handwashing VandeVusse, A., & VandeVusse, L. (2008). Reality televi-
by staff following patient contact in intensive care. sion as a source of information about birth: The mes-
Australian Critical Care, 8(2), 8–13. sages and their implications. Journal of Midwifery and
Van de Velde, S., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010). Gender Women’s Health, 53, 482.
differences in depression in 23 European countries. Vanlaere, L., Coucke, T., & Gastmans, C. (2010).
Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depres- Experiential learning of empathy in a care-ethics lab.
sion. Social Science & Medicine, 71, 305–313. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 325–336.
van den Akker-Scheek, I., Zijlstra, W., Groothoff, J., van Varcarolis, E. M., & Halter, M. J. (2010). Foundations of psy-
Horn, J., Bulstra, S., & Stevens, M. (2007). Groningen chiatric mental health nursing (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO:
orthopaedic exit strategy: Validation of a support Missouri.
program after total hip or knee arthroplasty. Patient Varcoe, C., Hankivsky, O., Ford-Giboe, M., Wuest, J., Wilk,
Education and Counseling, 65(2), 171–179. P., & Hammerton, J. (2009). The health-related economic
van den Bergh, R. C. N., Essink-Bot, M. L., Roobol, M. costs of violence against women after leaving: Building
J., Schroder, F. H., Bangma, C. H., & Steyerberg, E. evidence for better prevention and supportive policies and
W. (2010). Do anxiety and depression increase dur- practices. Manuscript submitted for publication.
ing active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer? Varricchio, C. G., & Ferrans, C. E. (2010). Quality of life
Journal of Urology, 183, 1786–1791. assessments in clinical practice. Seminars in Oncology
van den Bergh, R. C. N., Roemeling S., Roobol, M. J., Nursing, 26, 12–17.
Roobol, W., Schroder, F. H., & Bangma, C. H. (2007). Ventura-Clapier, B., Mettauer, B., & Bigard., X. (2007).
Prospective validation of the active surveillance in Beneficial effects of endurance training on cardiac
prostate cancer: The PRIAS study. European Urology, and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in heart fail-
52, 1560–1563. ure. Cardiovascular Research, 73(1), 10–18.
van Dijk, T. A. (1985). Introduction: Discourse analy- Verdery, R. B. (1996). Failure to thrive in older people.
sis as a new cross-discipline. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44, 465–466.
Handbook of discourse analysis: Vol. I. Disciplines of dis- Vesel, L., Bahl, R., Martines, J., Penny, M., Bhandari, N.,
course (pp. 1–10). London: Academic Press. & Kirkwood, B. R. (2010). Use of new World Health

REFERENCES n 669



Organization child growth standards to assess how perinatology: Biobehavioral processes in human fetal
infant malnutrition relates to breastfeeding and mor- development. Regulatory Peptides, 108(2–3), 149–157.
tality. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(1), Wagner, D., & Bear, M. (2009). Patient satisfaction with
39–48. nursing care: A concept analysis within a nurs-
Vespa, P. M., Miller, C., Hu, X., Nenov, V., Buxey, F., & ing framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65,
Martin, N. A. (2007). Intensive care unit robotic telep- 692–701.
resence facilitates rapid physician response to unsta- Wagner, D., de With, K., Hulzy, D., Hufert, F., Weidmann,
ble patients and decreased cost in neurointensive care. M., Breisinger, S., et al. (2004). Nosocomial acquisi-
Surgical Neurology, 67(4), 331–337. tion of dengue. Emerging Infectious Disease, 10(10),
Vessey, J. A., Duffy, M., O’Sullivan, P, & Swanson, M. 1872–1873.
(2003). Assessing teasing in school-aged youth. Issues Wagner, E. H., Austin, B. T., Davis, C., Hindmarsh, M.,
in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 26(1), 1–11. Schaefer, J., & Bonomi, A. (2001). Improving chronic
Villareal, E. (2003). Using Roy’s Adaptation Model illness care: Translating evidence into action. Health
when caring for a group of young women contem- Affairs, 20, 64–78.
plating quitting smoking. Public Health Nursing, 20(5), Wagner, E. H., Grothaus, L. C., Sandhu, N., Galvin, M.
377–384. S., McGregor, M., Artz, K., et al. (2001). Chronic care
Villena, A. L. D., & Chesla, C. A. (2010). Challenges and clinics for diabetes in primary care: A system-wide
struggles: Lived experiences of individuals with co- randomized trial. Diabetes Care, 24, 695–700.
occurring disorders. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, Wagner, T. H., & Hibbard, J. H. (2001). Who uses self-care
24(2), 76–88. books, advice nurses, and computers for health infor-
Vincent, H., Vincent, K., & Lamb, K. (2010). Obesity and mation? International Journal of Technology Assessment
mobility disability in the older adult. Obesity Reviews, in Health Care, 17(4), 590–600.
11, 568–579. Wakefield, B. J., Bylund, C. L., Holman, J. E., Ray, A.,
Vincent, J.-L. (2003). Nosocomial infections in adult Scherubel, M., Kienzle, M. G., et al. (2008). Nurse and
intensive-care units. The Lancet, 361(9374), 2068–2077. patient communication profiles in a home-based tele-
Vinje, H., & Mittelmark, M. (2007). Job engagement’s health intervention for heart failure management.
paradoxical role in nurse burnout. Nursing and Health Patient Education and Counseling, 71(2), 285–292.
Sciences, 9, 107–111. Wakefield, B., Flanagan, J., & Pringle Specht, J. K. (2001).
Visiting Nurse Associations of America. (2008–2009). Telehealth: An opportunity for gerontological prac-
VNAA nursing procedure manual. Washington, DC: tice. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 27(1), 10–14.
Author. Walker, A. M. (1986). Reporting the results of epidemi-
Visram, S., Crosland, A., & Cording, H. (2009). Triggers for ologic studies. American Journal of Public Health, 76(5),
weight gain and loss among participants in a primary 556–558.
care-based intervention. British Journal of Community Walker, L. E. (1984). The battered woman syndrome. New
Nursing, 14(11), 495–501. York: Springer.
Vitale, E., Lotito, L., & Maglie, R. B. A psychoneuroen- Walker, L. O., & Avant, K. C. (1988). Strategies for theory
docrino-immune approach in the nursing treatment construction in nursing (3rd ed.). Norfolk, CT: Appleton
of anorexia and bulimia. Immunopharmacology and & Lange.
Immunotoxicology, 31(1), 39–50. Walker, L. O., Sterling, B. S., Hoke, M. M., & Dearden, K.
Volicer, L., Hurley, A. C., Lathi, D. C., & Kowall, N. A. (2007). Applying the concept of positive deviance to
W. (1994). Measurement of severity in advanced public health data: A tool for reducing health dispari-
Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Gerontology, 49, ties. Public Health Nursing, 24(6), 571–576.
M223–M226. Walker, S. N., Pullen, C. H., Boeckner, L., Hageman, P. A.,
Vollm, B., Taylor, A., Richardson, P., Corcoran, R., Stirling, Hertzog, M., Oberdorfer, M. K., et al. (2009). Clinical
J., McKie, S., et al. (2006). Neural correlates of theory of trial of tailored activity and eating newsletters with
mind ad empathy: A functional magnetic resonance older rural women. Nursing Research, 58(2), 74–85.
imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimaging, Walker, S., Pullen, C., Hertzog, M., Boeckner, L., &
29(1), 90–98. Hageman, P. (2006). Determinants of older rural wom-
Voukelatos, A., Cumming, R. G., Lord, S. R., & Rissel, C. en’s activity and eating. Western Journal of Nursing
(2007). A randomized, controlled trial of tai chi for the Research, 28(4), 469–474.
prevention of falls: The Central Sydney Tai Chi Trial. Walker, S., Waiters, E., Grube, J. W., & Chen, M. (2005).
Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 55, 1185–1191. Young people driving after drinking and riding with
Wadden, R. A., Brownell, K. D., & Foster, G. D. (2002). drinking drivers: Drinking locations—What do they
Obesity: Responding to the global epidemic. Journal of tell us? Traffic Injury Prevention, 6, 212–218.
Consulting Clinical Psychology, 70, 510–525. Wallace, M., Greiner, P., Grossman, S., Lange, J., &
Wadhwa, P. D., Glynn, L., Hobel, C. J., Garite, T. J., Lippman, D. T. (2006). Development, Implementation,
Porto, M., Chicz-DeMet, A., et al. (2002). Behavioral and Evaluation of a Geriatric Nurse Educator

670 n REFERENCES



Program. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, symptom management manual. Journal of Pain and
37(5), 214–217. Symptom Management, 36(3), 235–246.
Wallace, M., & McBride, M. (1996). Ethnogeriatric mod- Wantland, D. J., Holzemer, W. L., Moezzi, S., Willard, S.
ule for family nurse practitioner and physician assistant S., Arudo, J., Kirksey, K. M., et al. (2008). A random-
programs: A curriculum in ethnogeriatrics. Palo Alto, ized controlled trial testing the efficacy of an HIV/
CA: Stanford Geriatric Education Center, Stanford AIDS symptom management manual. Journal of Pain
University. and Symptom Management, 36(3), 235–246.
Wallhagen, M. (2010). The stigma of hearing loss. Warchol, G. (1998). Workplace violence, 1992–96 (No. July
Gerontologist, 50(1), 66–75. 1998, NCJ 168634). Washington, DC: U.S. Department
Walsh, E., Adams, S., Chernipeski, J., Cloud, J., Gillies, E., of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
Fox, R., et al. (2010). Iced vs room-temperature injectates Ward, M. J., & Lindeman, C. A. (Eds.) (1978). Instruments
for cardiac index measurement during hypothermia and for measuring nursing practice and other health care vari-
normothermia. American Journal of Critical Care, 19(4), ables. Volumes 1 and 2 (DHEW Pub. Nos. HRA 78–53
365–372. and HRA 78–54). Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Walsh, J. M., McDonald, K. M., Shojania, K. G., Sundaram, Printing Office.
V., Nayak, S., Lewis, R., et al. (2006). Quality improve- Ward, T. M., Archbold, K., Lentz, M., Ringold, S., Wallace,
ment strategies for hypertension management: A sys- C. A., & Landis, C. A. (2010). Sleep disturbance, daytime
tematic review. Medical Care, 44, 646–657. sleepiness, and neurocognitive performance in children
Walsh, S. M., & Banks, L. A. (1990). How to insert a small- with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Sleep, 33(2), 252–259.
bore feeding tube safely. Nursing, 20(3), 55–59. Ware, J. E., & Berwick, D. M. (1990). Patient judgments of
Walton-Moss, B., Morrison, C., Yeo, R., Woodruff, hospital quality: Report of a pilot study. Conclusions
K., Woods, A., Campbell, J. C., et al. (2003). and recommendations. Medical Care, 28 (Suppl.),
Interrelationships of violence and psychiatric symp- S39–S42.
toms in women with substance use disorders. Journal Ware, J., Jr., Davies-Avery, A., & Stewart, A. (1978). The
of Addictions Nursing, 14, 193–200. measurement and meaning of patient satisfaction.
Waltz, C., Strickland, O., & Lenz, E. (1984). Measurement Health & Medical Care Services Review,1, 1.
in nursing research. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Ware, N. C., Tugenberg, T., & Dickey, B. (2004). Practitioner
Company. relationships and quality of care for low-income per-
Waltz, C. F., Strickland, O. L., & Lenz, E. R. (2010). sons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services,
Measurement in nursing and health research (4th ed.). 55, 555–559.
New York: Springer Publishing. Warlick, C. A., Allaf, M. E., & Carter, H. B. (2006).
Wanberg, C., Welsh, E., & Hezlett (2003). Mentoring Expectant treatment with curative intent in the pros-
research: A review and dynamic process model. tate-specific antigen era: Triggers for definitive ther-
Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, apy. Urologic Oncology, 24, 51–57.
22, 39–124. Warren, W. B., Patrick, S. L., & Goland, R. S. (1992).
Wandersman, A. (2003). Community science: Bridging Elevated maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hor-
the gap between science and practice with commu- mone levels in pregnancies complicated by preterm
nity-centered models. American Journal Community labor. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Psychology, 31, 227–242. 166, 1198–1204.
Wang, J., Hsu, Y., & Cheng, S. (2005). The effects of rem- Waterreus, A., Blanchard, M., & Mann, A. (1994).
iniscence in promoting mental health of Taiwanese Community psychiatric nurses for the elderly: Well tol-
elderly. International journal of Nursing Studies, 42(1), erated, few side-effects and effective in the treat ment
31–36. of depression. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 3, 299–306.
Wang, J. L., Williams, J., Lavorato, D., Schmitz, N., Dewa, Watkins, A. L., & Dodgson, J. E. (2010). Breastfeeding
C., & Patten, S. B. (2010). The incidence of major depres- educational interventions for health professionals: A
sion in Canada: The National Population Health synthesis of intervention studies. Journal for Specialists
Survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123, 158–163. in Pediatric Nursing, 15(3), 223–232.
Wang, S., Rong, J., Chen, C., Wei, S., & Liu, K. (2007). A Watson, J. (2008). Nursing: The philosophy and science of
study of stress, learned resourcefulness and caregiver caring (Rev. 2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: University Press of
burden among primary caregivers of schizophrenic Colorado.
adolescents. Journal of Nursing, 54(5), 37–47. Watson, J., & Woodward, T. K. (2010). Jean Watson’s the-
Wang, W., Lee, H., & Fetzer, S. J. (2006). Challenges and ory of human caring. In M. E. Parker & M. C. Smith
strategies of instrument translation. Western Journal of (Eds.), Nursing theories & nursing practice (3rd ed., pp.
Nursing Research, 28(3), 310–320. 351–369). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis.
Wantland, D., Holzemer, W., Moezzi, S., Willard, S., Watson, J. (1979). Nursing: The philosophy and science of
Arudo, J., Kirksey, K., et al. (2008). A randomized caring. Boston: Little Brown. (Reprinted, 1985, Boulder,
controlled trial testing the efficacy of an HIV/AIDS CO: University Press).

REFERENCES n 671



Watson, J. (1996). Watson’s theory of transpersonal car- Weber, N. S., Cowan, D. N., Millikan, A. M., & Niebuhr,
ing. In P. H. Walker & B. Newman (Eds.), Blueprint for D. W. (2009). Psychiatric and general medical condi-
use of nursing models: Education, research, practice and tions comorbid with schizophrenia in the national
administration. New York: NLN. hospital discharge survey. Psychiatric Services, 60(8),
Watson, J. (2000). Reconsidering caring in the home. 1059–1067.
Geriatric Nursing, 21(6), 330–331. Weber, S., Crago, E. A., Sherwood, P. R., & Smith, T.
Watson, J. (2003). Metaphysics of virtual caring communi- (2009). Practitioner approaches to the integration of
ties. International Journal for Human Caring, 6(1), 41–45. clinical decision support system technology in crit-
Watson, J. (2005a). Caring as a sacred science. Philadelphia, ical care. Journal of Nursing Administration, 39(11),
PA: F. A. Davis. 465–469.
Watson, J. (2005b). Caring science as sacred science. New Webster, D. (2010). Promoting empathy through a cre-
York: Churchill-Livingstone. ative reflective teaching strategy: A mixed method
Watson, J. (2008a). Assessing and measuring caring in nursing study. Journal of Nursing Education, 49(2), 87–94.
and health sciences. New York: Springer Publications. Webster, J. (2003). The reminiscence circumplex and
Watson, J. (2008b). The philosophy and science of caring autobiographical memory functions. Memory, 11(2),
(Rev. ed.). Boulder: University Press of Colorado. 203–215.
Watson, J., & Foster, R. (2003). The Attending Nurse Webster-Stratton, C., & Reid, M. J. (2010). Adapting The
Caring Model: Integrating theory, evidence and Incredible Years, an evidence-based parenting pro-
advanced caring-healing therapeutics for transform- gramme, for families involved in the child welfare
ing professional practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 12, system. Journal of Children’s Services, 5, 25–32.
360–365. Wei, C. C., & Brackley, M. (2010). Men who experienced
Watson, J., & Smith, M. C. (2002). Caring science and the violence and trauma as children or Adolescents and
science of unitary human beings: A trans-theoretical who used violence in their intimate relationships.
discourse for nursing knowledge development. Journal Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31, 498–506.
of Advanced Nursing, 37(5), 452–461. Weibley, T. T., Adamson, M., Clinkscales, N., Curran, J., &
Watson, L. C., Lewis, C. L., & Fillenbaum, G. G. (2005). Bramson, R. (1987). Gavage tube insertion in the pre-
Asking family about memory loss. Is it helpful? Journal mature infant. MCN: American Journal of Maternal Child
General Internal Medicine, 20(1), 28–32. Nursing, 12(1), 24–27.
Watters, E. (2010, January). The Americanization of men- Weiden, P. J., & Olfson, M. (1995). Cost of relapse in
tal illness. New York Times. Retrieved from http:// schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 21, 419–429.
www.nytimes.com Weiner, J. M., Squillace, M. R., Anderson, W. L., &
Watts, S. A., Gee. J., O’Day, M. E., Schaub, K., Lawrence, Khatusky, G. (2009). Why do they stay? Job tenure
R., Aron, D., et al. (2009). Nurse practitioner-led mul- among certified nursing assistants in nursing homes.
tidisciplinary teams to improve chronic illness care: Gerontologist, 49(2), 198–210.
The unique strengths of nurse practitioners applied to Weinert, D. (2005). Ontogenetic development of the mam-
shared medical appointments/group visits. Journal of the malian circadian system. Chronobiology International,
American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21(3), 167–172. 22(2), 179–205.
Waugh, E. J., et al. (2009). Risk factors for low bone mass Weintraub, D., Raskin, A., Ruskin, P. E., Gruber-Baldini,
in healthy 40–60 year old women: A systematic review A. L., Zimmerman, S. I., Hebel, J. R., et al. (2000). Racial
of the literature. Osteoporosis International, 20(1), 1–21. differences in the prevalence of dementia among
Way, B. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). The serotonin trans- patients admitted to nursing homes. Psychiatric
porter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) is asso- Services, 51(10), 1259–1264.
ciated with cortisol response to psychosocial stress. Weir, C., Hoffman, J., Nebeker, J. R., & Hurdle, J. F. (2005).
Biological Psychiatry, 67, 487–492. Nurse’s role in tracking adverse drug events: The
Weaver, T. E., & Sawyer, A. M. (2010). Adherence to impact of provider order entry. Nursing Administration
continuous positive airway pressure treatment for Quarterly, 29(1), 39–44.
obstructive sleep apnoea: implications for future Weiss, M., Fawcett, J., & Aber, C. (2009). Adaptation, post-
interventions. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 131, partum concerns, and learning needs in the first two
245–258. weeks after caesarean birth. Journal of Clinical Nursing,
Weber, J. A., & Waldrop, D. P. (2000). Grandparents rais- 18, 2938–2948.
ing grandchildren: Families in transition. Journal of Welch, L. C., Teno, J. M., & Mor, V. (2005). End-of-Life
Gerontological Social Work, 33, 27–46. care in Black and White: Race matters for medical
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of inter- care of dying patients and their families. Journal of the
pretive sociology (E. Fischoff, H. Gerth, A. M. Henderson, American Geriatrics Society, 53(7), 1145–1153.
F. Kolegar, C. W. Mills, T. Parsons, M. Rheinstein, et al., Wellenius, G. A., Mukamal, K. J., Kulshreshtha, A.,
Trans., Vol. 2). Berkeley, CA: University of California Asonganyi, S., & Mittleman, M. A. (2008). Depressive
Press. symptoms and the risk of atherosclerotic progression

672 n REFERENCES



among patients with coronary artery bypass grafts. Whitlatch, C. (2008). Informal caregivers: Communication
Circulation, 117(18), 2313–2319. and decision making. American Journal of Nursing,
Wells, M., & Sarna, L. (2006). Nursing research in smok- 108(9), 73–77.
ing cessation. Nursing Research, 55(4S), S16–S48. Whitley, D. M., & Kelley, S. J. (2008). Developmental
Weng, L., Dai, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, H., & Chiang, Y. screening and evaluation results of young African
(2008). Effects of self-efficacy, self-care behaviours on American grandchildren raised by grandparents:
depressive symptom of Taiwanese kidney transplant Thoughts for research and practice. Aretê, 32 (1),
recipients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(13), 1786–1794. 38–57.
Werley, H. H., & Lang, N. M. (Eds.). (1988). Identification Whitley, D. M., Kelley, S. J., & Sipe, T. A. (2001).
of the nursing minimum data set. New York: Springer Grandmothers raising grandchildren: Are they at
Publishing. increased risk of health problems? Health & Social
West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Work, 26, 105–114.
Gender & Society, 1, 125–151. Whitman, G. R., Davidson, L. J., Sereika, S. M., & Rudy, E.
West, E. (2001). Management matters: The link between B. (2001). Staffing and pattern of mechanical restraint
hospital organisation and quality of patient care. use across a multiple hospital system. Nursing Research,
Quality in Health Care, 10(1), 40–48. 50(6), 356–362.
West, M. M. (2002). Early risk indicators of substance Whittemore, R. (2006). Editorial: Top 10 tips for begin-
abuse among nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, ning a program of research. Research in Nursing and
34(2), 187–193. Health, 30, 235–237.
West, M. M. (2003). A kaleidoscopic review of litera- Whittemore, R., & Dixon, J. (2008). Chronic illness: The
ture about substance abuse impairment in nursing: process of integration. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17,
Progress toward identification of early risk indicators. 177–187.
Journal of Addictions Nursing, 14(3), 139–144. Whitten, P., Cook, D. J., & Doolittle, G. (1998). An analy-
Westra, B., Subramanian, A., Hart, C. & Matney, S. (2010). sis of provider perceptions for telehospice. American
Achieving ‘meaningful use’ of electronic health records Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 15(5), 267–274.
through the integration of the Nursing Management Whitten, P., Mair, F., & Collins, B. (1997). Home telenurs-
Minimum Data Set. Journal of Nursing Administration, ing in Kansas: Patients’ perceptions of uses and ben-
40(7/8), 336–343. efits. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare, 3(Suppl. 1),
Wetherill, J., Kelly, T., & Hore, B. (1987). The role of the 67–69.
community psychiatric nurse in improving treatment Whitten, P. S., Mair, F. S., Haycox, A., May, C. R., Williams,
compliance in alcoholics. Journal of Advanced Nursing, T. L., & Hellmich, S. (2002). Systematic review of cost
12, 707–711. effectiveness studies of telemedicine interventions.
Whall, A. L., & Fawcett, J. (1991). The family as a focal BMJ, 324, 1434–1437.
phenomenon in nursing. In A. L. Whall & J. Fawcett Whittmore, R., & Roy, C. (2002). Adapting to diabetes
(Eds.), Family theory development in nursing state of the sci- mellitus: A theory synthesis. Nursing Science Quarterly,
ence and the art (pp. 7–29). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis 15, 311-–317.
Company. Wiig, J. K. (2001). Legal issues. In R. Loeber & D. P.
Whitby, M., Slater, K., Tong, E., & Johnson, B. (2008). Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development,
Three successful interventions in health care work- intervention and service needs (pp. 323–338). Thousand
ers that improve compliance with hand hygiene: Is Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
sustained replication possible? American Journal of Wikby, K., Ek, A. C., & Christensson, L. (2006). Nutritional
Infection Control Epidemiology, 36(5), 349–355. status in elderly people admitted to community resi-
White, J. E., Nativio, D. G., Kobert, S. N., & Engberg, dential homes: Comparisons between two cohorts.
S. J. (1992). Content and process in clinical decision- Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging, 10(3), 232–238.
making by nurse practitioners. Image—The Journal of Wikstrom, B. (2001). Work of art: An educational tech-
Nursing Scholarship, 24(2), 153–158. nique by which students discover personal knowledge
White, J. H. (2000). Developing a CNS role to meet the of empathy. International Journal of Nursing Practice,
mental health needs of the underserved. Clinical Nurse 7(1), 24–29.
Specialist, 14, 141–149. Wilder, D., Cross, P., Chen, J., Gurland, B., Lantigua, R.
White, M. H., & Dorman, S. M. (2000). Online support A., Teresi, J., et al. (1995). Operating characteristics of
for caregivers analyses of an Internet mailgroup. brief screens for dementia in a multicultural popula-
Computers in Nursing, 18(4), 168–176. tion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 3(2), 96–107.
Whitehead, N. S., Callaghan, W., Johnson, C., & Williams, Wilkins, V. M., Bruce, M. L., & Sirey, J. L. (2009). Caregiving
L. (2009). Racial, ethnic, and economic disparities in tasks and training interest of family caregivers of med-
the prevalence of pregnancy complications. Maternal ically ill homebound older adults. Journal of Aging and
and Child Health Journal, 13(2), 198–205. Health, 21(3), 528–542.

REFERENCES n 673



Wilkinson, J. M. (1987–1988). Moral distress in nursing education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 16(3),
practice: Experience and effect. Nursing Forum, 23(1), 289–304.
16–29. Wilson, B. J. (2007). Designing media messages about
Willgerodt, M. A., Kataoka-Yahiro, M., Kim, E., & Ceria, health and nutrition: What strategies are most effec-
C. (2005). Issues of instrument translation in research tive? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 39,
on Asian immigrant populations. Journal of Professional S13–S19.
Nursing, 21(4), 231–239. Wilson, C., & Barker, S. (2003). Challenges in design-
Williams, C. A., Stanhope, M. K., & Sebastian, J. G. (2001). ing human–animal interaction research. American
Clinical nursing leadership: One model of professional doc- Behavioral Scientist, 47(1), 16–28.
toral education in nursing. Envisioning doctoral education Wilson, H., & Compton, C. (2009). Reentry of the addicted
for the future. Proceedings of the American Association certified registered nurse anesthetist: A review of the
of Colleges of Nursing’s 2001 Doctoral Education literature. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 20, 177–184.
Conference (pp. 85–91), Washington, DC: American Wilson, L. (2010). The American Association of Colleges
Association of Colleges of Nursing. of Nursing’s geriatric nursing education consortium.
Williams, D. O. (2004). Treatment delayed is treatment Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 36(7), 14–17.
denied. Circulation, 109, 1806–1808. Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1993). Spousal homicide risk and
Williams, D. R., & Mohammed, S. A. (2009). Discrimination estrangement. Violence and Victims, 8(1), 3–15.
and racial disparities in health: Evidence and Winkelman, C. (2010). The role of inflammation in ICU-
needed research. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 32(1), acquired weakness. Critical Care, 14(4), 186
20–47. Winkler, M. F., Ross, V. M., Piamjariyakul, U., Gajewski,
Williams, D. R., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (2008). B., & Smith, C. E. (2006). Technology dependence
Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: Findings in home care: Impact on patients and their fam-
from community studies. American Journal of Public ily caregivers. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 21(6),
Health, 98(Suppl. 9), S29–S37. 544–556.
Williams, L., Jacka, F., Pasco, J., Henry, M., Dodd, S., Winzelberg, G. S., Williams, C. S., Preisser, J. S.,
Nicholson, G., et al. (2010). The prevalence of mood and Zimmerman, S., & Sloane, P. D. (2005) Factors associ-
anxiety disorders in Australian women. Australasian ated with nursing assistant quality-of-life ratings for
Psychiatry, 18, 250–255. residents with dementia in long-term care facilities.
Williams, L. S., Weinberger, M., Harris, L. E., Clark, D. Gerontologist, 45(1), 106–115.
O., & Biller, J. (1999). Development of a stroke-specific Wise, F. M., Harris, D. W., & Carter, L. M. (2006).
quality of life scale. Stroke, 30(7), 1362–1369. Validation of the Cardiac Depression Scale in a car-
Williams, P. H., Schepp, K., McGrathe, B., & Mitchell, P. diac rehabilitation population. Journal of Psychosomatic
H. (2010). The stewardship model: Current viability Research, 60(2), 177–183.
for genetic biobank practice development. Advances in Wise, L. A., Heffner, J. R., & Rosenberg, L. J. (2010).
Nursing Scients, 33(1), E41–E49. Prepregnancy body size, gestational weight gain, and
Williams, S. A., Kasl, S. V., Heiat, A., Abramson, J. L., risk of preterm birth in African-American women.
Krumholz, H. M., & Vaccarino, V. (2002). Depression Epidemiology, 21(2), 243–252.
and risk of heart failure among the elderly: A prospec- Wisner, K. L, Logsdon, M. C., & Shanahan, B. R. (2008).
tive community-based study. Psychosomatic Medicine, Web-based education for postpartum depression:
64(1), 6–12. Conceptual development and impact. Archives in
Williamson, D. M., Abe, K., Bean, C., Ferre, C., Henderson, Women’s Mental Health, 11, 377–385.
Z., & Lackritz, E. (2008). Report from the CDC: current Witham, M., & Avenell, A. (2010). Interventions to
research in preterm birth. Journal of Women’s Health, achieve long-term weight loss in obese older people. A
17(10), 1545–1549. systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing,
Williamson, M. (2003). Challenging doctors’ orders. 39(2), 176–184.
Nursing New Zealand, 9, 26–27. Wittchen, H. U. (2010). Women-specific mental disorders
Willis, D. G. (2008). Meanings in adult male victims’ in DSM-V: Are we failing again? Archives of Women’s
experiences of hate crime and its aftermath. Issues in Mental Health, 13, 51–55.
Mental Health Nursing, 29, 567–584. Wodak, R., & Krzyzanowski, M. (Eds.). (2008). Qualitative
Wilmoth, J. M. (2001). Living arrangements among older discourse analysis in the social sciences. Basingstoke, UK:
immigrants in the United States. Gerontologist, 41, Palgrave MacMillan.
228–238. Wolf, R. (2003). Risk assessment instruments. Retrieved
Wilson, A., Rimpilainen, S., Skinner, D., Cassidy, C. January 5, 2004, from http://www.elderabusecenter.
Christie, D., Coutts, N., et al. (2007). Using a virtual org/default.cfm?p=riskassessment.cfm
research environment to support new models of col- Wolff, P. (1968). The serial organization of sucking in the
laborative and participative research in Scottish young infant. Pediatrics, 42(6), 943–956.

674 n REFERENCES



Wood, L. C., & DelPapa, L. A. (1996). Nurses’ attitudes, Woods, S. L., & Mansfield, L. W. (1976). Effect of body
ethical reasons and knowledge of the law concern- position upon pulmonary artery and pulmonary cap-
ing advance directives. Image: Journal of Nursing illary wedge pressures in non-critically ill patients.
Scholarship, 28(4), 371. Retrieved from CINAHL plus Heart and Lung, 5, 83–90.
with full text database. Woods-Giscombé, C. L., Lobel, M., & Crandell, J. L.
Woodgate, R. L., & Degner, L. F. (2003). Expectations and (2010). The impact of miscarriage and parity on pat-
beliefs about children’s cancer symptoms: Perspective terns of maternal distress in pregnancy. Research in
of children with and their families. Oncology Nursing Nursing & Health, 33, 316–328.
Forum, 30(3), 479–491. Woolf, L., & Jackson, B. (1996). “Coffee&condoms”: The
Woodley, D., Medvene, L., Kellerman, R., Base, M., & implementation of a sexual health programme in acute
Mosack, V. (2006). Do residents want automated exter- psychiatry in an inner city area. Journal of Advanced
nal defibrillators in their retirement home? Journal Nursing, 23, 299–304.
of the American Medical Directors Association, 7(3), Woolf, S. (2008). The meaning of translational research
135–140. and why it matters. JAMA, 299, 211–13.
Woodring, S., Polomano, R. C., Haagen, B. F., Haack, M. Woolf, S. H., & Atkins, D. (2001). The evolving role of
M., Nunn, R. R., Miller, G. L., et al. (2004). Development prevention in health care: Contributions of the U.S.
and testing of patient satisfaction measure for inpa- Preventive Services Task Force. American Journal of
tient psychiatry care. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, Preventive Medicine, 20(Suppl. 3), 13–20.
19, 137–148. Wootton, R., Loane, M., Mair, F., Allen, A., Doolittle, G.,
Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (1999). Anticipating meno- Begley, M., et al. (1998). A joint US–UK study of home
pause: Observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s telenursing. Journal of Telemedicine & Telecare, 4(Suppl.
Health Study. Menopause, 6(2), 167–173. 1), 83–85.
Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2005). Symptoms dur- World Alliance for Patient Safety. (2005). The global
ing perimenopause: Prevalence, severity, trajectory, patient safety challenge 2005–2006 “Clean Care Is Safer
and significance in women’s lives. American Journal of Care.” Geneva: World Health Organisation.
Medicine, 118(Suppl. 12B), 14–24. World Health Assembly. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata:
Woods, N. F., & Mitchell, E. S. (2010). Sleep symptoms International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-
during the menopausal transition and early post- Ata [Health for All by the Year 2000]. Author.Baradell,
menopause: Observations from the Seattle Midlife J. G., & Bordeaux, B. R. (2001). Outcomes and satisfac-
Women’s Health Study. Sleep, 33, 539–549. tion of patients of psychiatric clinical nurse specialists.
Woods, N. F., Mitchell, E. S., Percival, D. B., & Smith- Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 7,
DiJulio, K. (2009). Is the menopausal transition stress- 77–85.
ful? Observations of perceived stress from the Seattle World Health Organization. (1948). Preamble to the
Midlife Women’s Health Study. Menopause, 16(1), Constitution of the World Health Organization as
90–97. adopted by the International Health Conference, New
Woods, N. F., Mitchell, E. S., Tao, Y., Viernes, H. M., York, June 19–22, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the
Stapleton, P. L., & Farin, F. M. (2006). Polymorphisms representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the
in the estrogen synthesis and metabolism pathways World Health Organization, No. 2, p. 100) and entered
and symptoms during the menopausal transition: into force on April 7, 1948.
Observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health World Health Organization. (1976). Statistical indices
Study. Menopause, 13(6), 902–910. of family health report of a WHO study group (WHO
Woods, N. F., Smith-DiJulio, K., Percival, D. B., Tao, E. Y., Technical Report No. 587). Geneva, Switzerland:
Mariella, A., & Mitchell, E. S. (2008). Depressed mood Author.
during the menopausal transition and early post- World Health Organization. (1978). Declaration of Alma-Ata.
menopause: Observations from the Seattle Midlife Retrieved July 18, 2010, from www.who.int/hpr/NPH/
Women’s Health Study. Menopause, 15, 223–232. docs/declaration_alma-ata.pdf
Woods, N. F., Smith-DiJulio, K., Percival, D. B., Tao, E. Y., World Health Organization. (2002a). E. G. Krug, L. L.
Taylor, H. J., & Mitchell, E. S. (2007). Symptoms dur- Dahlberg, J. A. Mercy, A. B. Zwi, & R. Lozano (Eds.),
ing the menopausal transition and early postmeno- World report on violence and health. Geneva: Author.
pause and their relation to endocrine levels over time: World Health Organization. (2002b). Palliative care.
Observations from the Seattle Midlife Women’s Health Retrieved October 28, 2010, from http://www.who.int/
Study. Journal of Women’s Health, 16(5), 667–677. cancer/palliative/en/
Woods, S., Hall, R., Campbell, J., & Angott, D. (2008). World Health Organization. (2003a). Department of
Physical health and post-traumatic stress disorder Reproductive Health and Research. Kangaroo mother
symptoms in women experiencing intimate partner care: A practical guide [Booklet] (Order No. 1150508;
violence. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 53(6), ISBN 92 4 159035 1). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
538–546. Retrieved from http://www.who.int.bookorders

REFERENCES n 675



World Health Organization. (2003b). WHO definition of based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56,
health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/about/ 686–693.
definition/en/print.html Wu, T., & Pender, N. (2005). A panel study of physi-
World Health Organization. (2004). Prevention of mental cal activity in Taiwanese youth: Testing the revised
disorders: Effective interventions and policy options. health-promotion model. Family & Community Health,
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mental_health/ 28(2), 113–124.
evidence/en/prevention_of_mental_disorders_sr.pdf Wuest, J., Ford-Gilboe, M., Merritt-Gary, M., & Berman,
World Health Organization. (2005a). Guidelines for H. (2003). Intrusion: The central problem for family
hand hygiene in health care (Advanced draft). Geneva: health promotion among children and single moth-
Author. ers after leaving an abusive partner. Qualitative Health
World Health Organization. (2005b). Preventing chronic Research, 13(5), 597–622.
disease: A vital investment. Geneva: Author. Wuest, J., Merritt-Gray, M., Ford-Gilboe, M., Lent, B.,
World Health Organization. (2005c). WHO Guidelines for Varcoe, C., & Campbell, J. C. (2008). Chronic pain in
hand hygiene in health care [Advanced draft]. Geneva: women survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal
Author. of Pain, 9(11), 1049–1057.
World Health Organization. (2007). Everybody’s busi- Wurmser, T., & Hedges, C. (2009). Primer for success-
ness: Strengthening health systems to improve outcomes: ful grant writing. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 20,
WHO’s framework for action. Retrieved from http:// 102–107.
www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Health_Systems_ Wurzbach, M. E. (1992). Assessment and interven tion for
EverybodyBusinessHSS.pdf certainty and uncertainty. Nursing Forum, 27(2), 29–35.
World Health Organization. (2008a). Maternal mental Wysocki, S., Alexander, I. M., Schnare, S. M., Moore, A.,
health and child health and development in low and middle & Freeman, S. B. (2003). Individualized care for men-
income countries. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. opausal women: Counseling women about hormone
World Health Organization. (2008b). The global burden of therapy. Women’s Health Care: A Practical Journal for
disease: 2004 update. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. Nurse Practitioners, 2(12), 8–16.
World Health Organization. (2009a). Gender and women’s Wysocki, T., Green, L., & Huxtable, K. (1989). Blood glu-
mental health. Geneva, Switzerland: Author. cose monitoring by diabetic adolescents: Compliance
World Health Organization. (2009b). WHO guidelines on and metabolic control. Health Psychology, 8, 267–284.
hand hygiene in health care. Geneva: Author. Xakellis, G., Brangman, S., Hinton, W. L., Jones, V.,
World Health Organization. (2010a). Mental health: Masterman, D., Pan, C. X., et al. (2004). Curricular
Strengthening our response. Retrieved from http:// framework: Core competencies in multicultural geri-
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en atric care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,
World Health Organization. (2010b). Obesity. Retrieved 52,137–142.
August 27, 2010, from http://www.who/int/topics/ Xia, C., & McCutcheon, H. (2006). Mealtimes in hospi-
obesity/en tal—who does what? Journal of Clincal Nursing, 15(10),
World Health Organization Expert Committee on 1221–1227.
Physical Status. (1995). Physical status: The use and inter- Xiong, G. L., Jiang, W., Clare, R., Shaw, L. K., Smith, P.
pretation of anthropometry. Geneva, Switzerland: World K., Mahaffey, K. W., et al. (2006). Prognosis of patients
Health Organization. taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors before
World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s coronary artery bypass grafting. American Journal of
Fund. (2003). Global strategy for infant and young Cardiology, 98, 42–47.
child feeding. In Infant and young child nutrition Xu, Y. (2007). Strangers in strange lands: A metasynthe-
(A55/15of 16 April 2002), endorsed by the Fifty-fifth sis of lived experience of immigrant Asian nurses in
World Health Assembly in its resolution WHA55.25 of western countries. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(3),
18 may 2002. 246–265.
Wright, D. (2001). Hospice nursing: The specialty. Cancer Yach, D., Khan, M., Bradley, D., Hargrove, R. Kehoe,
Nursing, 24(1), 20–27. S., & Menash, G. (2010). The role and challenge of
Wright, L. M., & Bell, J. M. (2009). Beliefs and illness: A the food industry in addressing chronic disease.
model for healing. Calgary, Canada: 4th Floor Press. Globalization and Health, 6. Retrieved on September 1,
Wright, N., Bartlett, P., & Callaghan, P. (2008). A review 2010, from http://www.globalizationandhealth.com/
of the literature on the historical development of com- content/6/1/10
munity mental health services in the United Kingdom. Yadrich, D., & Smith, C. (2008). Using picture phones and
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental health Nursing, 15, the Internet to manage long-term HPN. Connection,
229–237. 5–6.
Wu, J. H., Haan, M. N., Liang, J., Ghosh, D., Gonzalez, H. Yanovski, J. A., & Yanovski, S. Z. (2002). Recent advances
M., & Herman, W. H. (2003). Impact of diabetes on cog- in basic obesity research. Journal of the American
nitive function among older Latinos: A population- Medical Association, 282, 1504–1506.

676 n REFERENCES



Ybarra, M. L., & Bull, S. S. (2007). Current trends in care and family care of mental-health consumers.
Internet- and cell phone-based HIV prevention and International Social Work, 49(6), 805–817.
intervention programs. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, Yonas, M. A., Burke, J. G., Rak, K., Bennett, A., Vera, K.,
4(4), 201–207. & Gielen, A. C. (2009). A picture’s worth a thousand
Yeatts, D. E., & Cready, C. M. (2007). Consequences of words: Engaging youth in CBPR using the creative
empowered CNA teams in nursing home settings: A arts. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 34,
longitudinal assessment. Gerontologist, 47(3), 323–339. 349–358.
Yeh, C. H. (2001). Adaptation in children with cancer: Yoon, I. Y., Kripke, D. F., Elliott, J. A., Youngstedt, S. D.,
Research with Roy’s model. Nursing Science Quarterly, Rex, K. M., & Hauger, R. L. (1085). Age-related changes
14, 141–148. of circadian rhythms and sleep–wake cycles. Journal of
Yeh, C. (2003). Psychological distress: Testing hypothe- the American Geriatrics Society, 51(8), 1085–1091.
ses based on Roy’s adaptation model. Nursing Science Young, T. K. (1998). Population health: Concepts and meth-
Quarterly, 16(3), 255–263. ods. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yehle, K. S., Sands, L. P., Rhynders, P. A., & Newton, G. Young, T. K. (2004). Population health: Concepts and meth-
D. (2009). The effect of shared medical visits on knowl- ods (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
edge and self-care in patients with heart failure: a pilot Young, Y. (2009). Factors associated with permanent
study. Heart & Lung, 38(1), 25–33. transition from independent living to nursing home
Yellen, E. (2003). The influence of nurse-sensitive vari- in a continuing care retirement community. Journal
ables on patient satisfaction. AORN Journal, 78, of the American Medical Directors Association, 10,
783–793. 491–497.
Yeo, G. (2009). How will the U.S. health care system meet Young, Y., Inamdar, S., & Hannan, E. (2010). Comparison
the challenge of the ethnogeriatric imperative? Journal study on functional outcomes and perceived qual-
of the American Geriatrics Society, 57, 1278–1285. ity of life between all inclusive and fee for service
Yeo, G. (Ed.). (2001). Collaborative of ethnogeriatric continuing care retirement communities. Journal of the
education. In Curriculum in ethnogeriatrics: Core cur- American Medical Directors Association, 11, 257–262.
riculum and ethnic specific modules. Palo Alto, CA: Youngblut, J. M. (1998). Integrative review of assess-
USDHHS, Ethnogeriatric Collaborative. ment models for examining children’s and families’
Yeo, S., Cisewski, J., Lock, E. F., & Marron, J. S. (2010). responses to acute illness. In M. E. Broome, K. Knafl,
Exploratory analysis of exercise adherence patterns K. Pridham, & S. Feethan (Eds.), Children and families
with sedentary pregnant women. Nursing Research, 59, in health and illness (pp. 115–141). Thousand Oaks, CA:
280–287. Sage Publications.
Yeoh, B., Woolfenden, S., Wheeler, D. M., Alperstein, Yu, D. S., Lee, D. T. F., & Woo, J. (2004). Issues and chal-
G., & Lanphear, B. (2008). Household interventions lenges of instrument translation. Western Journal of
for prevention of domestic lead exposure in children. Nursing Research, 26(3), 307–320.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2), CD006047. Yu, J., & Shackett, R. W. (1999). Drinking–driving and
Yeuh-Feng, Y. L., Austrom, M. G., Perkins, S. M., Bakas, riding with drunk drivers among young adults: An
T., Farlow, M. R., Feng He, M. S., et al. (2007). Depressed analysis of reciprocal effects. Journal of Studies on
mood in informal caregivers of individuals with mild Alcohol, 60, 615–621.
cognitive impairment. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Zaidi, A. K. M., Huskins, W. C., Thaver, D., Bhutta, Z.
Disease and Other Dementias, 22(4), 273–285. A., Abbas, Z., & Goldmann, D. A. (2005). Hospital-
Yeung, E. W., French, P., & Leung, A. O. (1999). The acquired neonatal infections in developing countries.
impact of hospice inpatient care on the quality of life The Lancet, 365(9465), 1175–1188.
of patients terminally ill with cancer. Cancer Nursing, Zalewski, K., Smith, J., Malzahn, J., VanHart, M., &
22, 350–357. O’Connell, D. (2009). Measures of physical ability are
Yildirim, Y., Parlar, S., Eyigor, S., Sertoz, O. O., Eyigor, C., unrelated to objectively measured physical activity
Fadiloglu, C., et al. (2010). An analysis of nursing and behavior in older adults residing in continuing care
medical students’ attitudes towards and knowledge retirement communities. Archives of Physical Medicine
of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). and Rehabilitation, 90, 982–986.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 19, 1157–1166. Zaloga, G. P. (1991). Bedside method for placing small
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research design and methods bowel feeding tubes in critically ill patients. Chest,
(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 100(6), 1643–1646.
Yin, Y. Q., Luo, A. L., Guo, X. Y., Li, L. H., & Huang, Y. G. Zander, M., & Hutton, A. (2009). Paediatric oncology
(2007). Postoperative neuropsychological change and nursing: Working and coping when kids have can-
its underlying mechanism in patients undergoing cor- cer—A thematic review. Neonatal, Paediatric, & Child
onary artery bypass grafting. Chinese Medical Journal, Health Nursing, 12(3), 15–27.
120(22), 1951–1957. Zauszniewski, J. A. (2006). Resourcefulness. In J. J.
Yip, K. (2006). A suggested push model for interpret- Fitzpatrick & M. Wallace (Eds.), Encyclopedia of nursing
ing the dilemmas of institutional care, community research (pp. 256–258). New York: Springer Publishing.

REFERENCES n 677



Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K., Lai, C. Y., McDonald, P. Ziegler, P., Briefel, R., Clusen, N., & Devaney, B.
E., & Musil, C. M. (2007). Effects of teaching resource- (2006). Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS):
fulness and acceptance on affect, behavior, and cog- Development of the FITS survey in comparison to
nition of chronically ill elders. Issues in Mental Health other dietary survey methods. Journal of the American
Nursing, 28(6), 575–592. Dietetic Association,106(Suppl. I), s12–s27.
Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K., & Suresky, M. J. Zielstorff, R., Hudgings, C., & Grobe, S. (1993). Next-
(2008). Factors associated with perceived burden, generation nursing information systems: Essential charac-
resourcefulness, and quality of life in female family teristics for nursing practice. Washington, DC: American
members of adults with serious mental illness. Journal Nurses Publishing.
of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14(2), Zielstorff, R. D. (1994). National databases: Nursing’s
125–135. challenge, classification of nursing diagnoses. In R.
Zauszniewski, J. A., Bekhet, A. K., & Suresky, M. J. (2009). M. Carroll-Johnson & M. Paquette (Eds.), Classification
Relationships among stress, depressive cognitions, of nursing diagnoses: Proceedings of the Tenth Conference
resourcefulness and quality of life in female relatives (pp. 34–42). Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott.
of seriously mentally ill adults. Issues in Mental Health Ziemer, M., & Carroll, J. S. (1978). Infant gavage reconsid-
Nursing, 30(3), 142–150. ered. American Journal of Nursing, 78(9), 1543–1544.
Zauszniewski, J. A., & Chung, C. (2001). Resourcefulness Ziliak, J., Gundersen, C., & Haist, M. (2008). The
and health practices of diabetic women. Research in causes, consequences, and future of senior hunger
Nursing and Health, 24, 113–121. in America. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky.
Zauszniewski, J. A., Chung, C., & Krafcik, K. (2001). Retrieved September 1, 2010, from http://www.
Social cognitive factors in predicting health of elders. mowaa.org/Document.Doc?id=13
Western Journal of Nursing Research, 23(5), 490–503. Zimmerman, L., & Barnason, S. (2007). Use of a tele-
Zauszniewski, J. A., Eggenschwiler, K., Preechawong, S., health device to deliver a symptom management
Roberts, B. L., & Morris, D. L. (2006). Effects of teach- intervention to cardiac surgical patients. Journal of
ing resourcefulness skills in elders. Aging and Mental Cardiovascular Nursing, 22(1), 32–37.
Health, 10(4), 1–9. Zimmerman, S., Williams, C. S., Reed, P. S., Boustani,
Zauszniewski, J. A., Lai, C. Y., & Tithiphumturong, S. M., Preisser, J., Heck, E., et al. (2005). Attitudes, stress,
(2006). Development and testing of the Resourcefulness and satisfaction of staff who care for residents with
Scale for older adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement, dementia. Gerontologist, 45(1), 96–106.
14(1), 55–66. Zitzelsberger, L., Grunfeld, E., & Graham, I. D. (2004).
Zauszniewski, J. A., Picot, S. J. F., Debanne, S., Wright, Family physicians’ perspectives on practice guide-
J., Roberts, B. L., & Wykle, M. L. (2005). Predictors of lines related to cancer control. BMC Family Practice,
resourcefulness in African American women. Journal 5(25), 1–7.
of Aging and Health, 17(5), 609–633. Zlotnick, C., Kohn, R., Keitner, G., & la Grotta, S. A.
Zelter, L., Recklitis, C., Buchbinder, D., Zebrack, B., (2000). The relationship between quality of interper-
Casillas, J., Tsao, J., et al. (2009). Psychological sta- sonal relationships and major depressive disorder:
tus in childhood cancer survivors. Journal of Clinical Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey.
Oncology, 27(14), 2396–2404. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59, 205–215.
Zemore, S. E. (2007). Acculturation and alcohol among Zlotnick, C., Shea, M. T., Pilkonis, P. A., Elkin, I., & Ryan,
Latino adults in the United States: A comprehensive C. (1996). Gender, type of treatment, dysfunctional
review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, attitudes, social support, life events, and depres-
31(12), 1968–1990. sive symptoms over naturalistic follow-up. American
Zeng, Y. (2009). Review of work-related stress in main- Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 1021–1027.
land Chinese nurses. Nursing & Health Sciences, 11, Zolfo, M., Lynen, L., Dierckx, J., & Colebunders, R. (2006).
90–97. Remote consultations and HIV/AIDS continuing edu-
Zerger, S. (2005). Research agenda homelessness and health cation in low-resource settings. International Journal of
care. Nashville, TN: National Health Care for the Medical Informatics, 75(9), 633–637.
Homeless Council. Zwarenstein, M., & Bryant, W. (2004). Intervention to
Zey, M. G. (1984). The mentor connection. Homewood, IL: promote collaboration between nurses and doctors.
Dow Jones-Irwin. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4.
Zhan, L. (2000). Cognitive adaptation and self-consis- Zwarenstein, M., Goldman, J., & Reeves, S. (2009).
tency in hearing-impaired older persons: Testing Interprofessional collaboration: Effects of practice-
Roy’s Adaptation Model. Nursing Science Quarterly, based interventions on professional practice and
13(2), 158–165. healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Systematic
Zhang, J., Meikle, S., & Trumble, A. (2003). Severe mater- Reviews, (3), CD000072.
nal morbidity associated with hypertensive disorders
in pregnancy in the United States. Hypertension in
Pregnancy, 22(2), 203–212.

This page intentionally left blank

Index












Abandonment Minnesota Model, 9 defined, 15
defined, 140 prevention of, 9–10 ethics, 17
Abuse evidence-based practice, 10 geriatric nursing, 16
defined, 140 professional nursing prejudice, 15–16
child, 531 organizations for, 8 quality of life, 15
elder, 532 research goals, 10 Agency for Healthcare
Acculturation, 1–2 theoretical approach to, 10 Research and Quality,
interacting phases, 1 Adherence/compliance, 11–12 10, 27, 367, 519
international nurse defined, 11 Aggressive subsystem, 270
migration, 1, 2 measurement, 12 Albert’s Delirium Symptom
measuring, 1–2 nonadherence, problem of, Interview, 110
push and pull factors, 1 11–12 Alcoholics Anonymous, 9
stress and, 2 patient adherence, 11 Alcoholism, 9, 497
Achievement subsystem, 270 patient autonomy, 11 Minnesota Model, 9
Action Design, 4 provider adherence, 11 diagnosis, 9
Action research, 213 research staff adherence, 11 prevention of, 9–10
Action science, 2–4 Adolescence, 9 Alzheimer’s disease, 17–19, 397
interventionist approach, 3 Adult-onset cardiovascular behavioral symptoms, 17, 19
philosophical premise of, 3 disease, risk factors care, 17
research process, 4 for, 348 diagnosis, 17, 19
theories in use Advance care planning, 14, 149 research, 18–19
Model I, 3 Advance directives, 12–15 treatment, 19
Model II, 3–4 advance care planning, 14 American Academy of
Active surveillance, for prostate capacity to create, 148 Husband Coached
cancer, 4–6 durable power of attorney Childbirth, 51
clinical trials, 6 for health care, 13 American Association of
contemporary practice, 5 instructive directive, 13, 14 Colleges of Nursing, 9
economic perspective, 5 living well, 13 American Association of Homes
guidelines, 5–6 Patient Self-Determination and Services for the
and monitoring, 4 Act of 1990, 14 Aged, 87
Acute care of elderly, 7–8 problems of interpretation, 14 American Heart Association,
ACE unit, 7 right-to-die, 13 34, 91
ethical issues, 8 Advanced practice nurse, 324, American Medical Association,
interdisciplinary studies, 7 325, 379 100
patient outcomes, “nurse Affiliative subsystem, 269 Relative Value Practice
sensitive” indicators for, 7 Age, Body Size, No Estrogen, Expense Advisory
Addiction care, 8–11 and the Osteoporosis Committee, 102
alcoholism, 9 Self-assessment Tool, 365 American Nurses Association,
diagnosis, 9 Ageism, 15–17 56, 101, 102

680 n INDEx



American Psychiatric basic sciences, nursing, link Breastfeeding, 27–29, 347, 348
Association, 46 between, 21 clinical issues, 28
American Psychiatric Nurses nursing research, origins of, 21 initiation, duration of, 28
Association, 8 Beck Depression Inventory II, 113 Breitbart’s Memorial Delirium
American Recovery and Bedford Alzheimer Nursing Assessment Scale, 110
Reinvestment Act of Subscale (BANS), 290 Brown fat, 509
2009, 428 Bed rest, 419 Bulimia nervosa, 138
American Society of Pain Behavioral analysis, 382 Bureaucratic theory, 362
Management Nurses, 8 Behavioral research, 21–23
Analysis of covariance cognitive-behavioral Campbell Collaboration, 502
(ANCOVA), 484 models, 22–23 Cancer of prostate
Analysis of variance common sense model, 23 active surveillance for, 4–6
(ANOVA), 484 health belief model, 22–23 Cancer, in children, 30–32
Anderson Behavioral State health-promoting behaviors, 23 cause, 30
Scale, 316 interdisciplinary, 23 demographics, 30
Animal-assisted activities operant model, 22 fatigue, 31
(AAA), 395 psychosocial research psychological care, 31
Animal-assisted therapy behavioral research, survivorship issues, 31
(AAT), 395, 398 distinguished, 23 symptom management, 30–31
Anorexia nervosa, 137–138 roots of, 22 Carbon monoxide (CO), 476
Antepartum bed rest, 419 self-efficacy theory, 22 Cardiac Depression Scale, 113
Antiepileptic medications, for self-management, 22 Cardiac output technology, 217
epilepsy, 155 theory of reasoned action, 22 Cardiovascular disease, 32–34
Antiretroviral therapy, for HIV, therapeutic behaviors, 23 cardiac risk factors, 32–34
231–232, 233 Bettin’s Delirium Severity coronary heart
Anxiety, 90–93, 232, 244, Scale, 110 disease, 32–33
276–278, 416 Biculturalism, 1 Cardiovascular risk factors,
Applied research, 19–20 Biofeedback, 23–26 32–34
defined, 20 body function, self-regulation health-related lifestyle
etymology of term, 20 of, 24 behaviors, 33
intervention research, 20 EEG, 24 pharmacological therapy,
nonintervention research, 20 light/sound stimulation, 24 33–34
Army Nurse Corps, 227 neurofeedback, 24, 25 risk reduction therapy, 34
Assaults, workplace, 553–555 neurogenesis, 24 therapeutic lifestyle change,
Assessment of Preterm Infant’s neuroplasticity, 24 32, 33
Behavior, 316 programs of care, 25–26 Care-oriented model of
Assimilation, 1 Biofeedback Certification illness, 54
Association for Applied Institution of America, 24 Caregiver, 34–37, 507
Psychophysiology and Biological agents, exposure culturally related aspects, 36
Biofeedback, 24 of, 340 defined, 34
Association of Critical-Care Biomedical research, 215 health, 482
Nurses, 96 Bipolar disorder, 461, 465 problem-solving ability, 35
Association of Nurses in AIDs Bone density, 364 role of, 35
Care, 8 Bone mineral density (BMD) step-by-step guidelines, 36
Attachment subsystem, 269 test, 364 Caring, 37–39
Attending nurse, 270 “Boundaryless” organization, 363 defined, 37
Boykin and Schoenhofer theory future research, 39
Balanced Budget Act (1997), 101 of nursing as caring, 26–27 instruments to assess,
Bandura, A., Dance of Caring Persons, 26 measure, 38–39
social cognitive theory middle-range theoretical multidimensional approach, 37
of, 471 models, 27 outcomes of, 38
Basic research, 21 nursing situation, 26 perspectives of, 37

INDEx n 681



theory of nursing as, Certified nurse assistant, medical model, 54
Boykin and 524–528 societal perspective, 53
Schoenhofer, 26–27 Chemically-addicted vulnerable as spectrum of diseases, 53
transpersonal caring, popualtions, 537 Chronic mental illness, 179
theory of, 38 Child abuse, 531 Chronic pain, 369, 370
Caring science, 542 Child delinquents, 45–48 Classic management theory, 363
Caring theory, 83 early detection, public, 45 Classical test theory, 436
Carotid endarterectomy, 493 gender, 46–47 Clinical and Translational
Case study as method of locus of violence, home, 46–47 Science Awards
research, 39–41 prevention programs, 47 program, 519
case-in-context, 40 social factors, 47 Clinical care classification
data analysis, 41 treatment, 47 system, 56–58
defined, 39–40 violent behavior, risk coding framework, 57
measures of reliability, factors, 47–48 coding strategy for tracking
validity, 41 Childbirth education, 50–53 clinical care, 57
multiple-case designs, 41 adult learning principles, 52 design of clinical care
presentation, 41 contemporary, 51 pathways, 56
research process for, 40 expectant fathers, 52 standards of nursing
single-case design, 40–41 formal, 51 practice, 57–58
unit of analysis, 40 nurses, primary terminologies, 57
Causal modeling, 42–43 responsibility, 51 Clinical decision making, 58–60
analyzation of, 43 prenatal, 53 simulations, 59
latent concepts, 42 Child–lead exposure effects, various factors affecting, 60
measurement models, 42 48–50 Clinical depression, 112
nonrecursive models, adverse health effects, 50 Clinical information
42–43 earliest studies, 49–50 systems, 336
recursive models, 42, 43 environmental lead Clinical judgment, 60–63
stages of, 42 exposure, 48–49 aspects of, 62
structural model, 42 low-level lead exposure, 48–49 decision analysis, 61
Causative theory, evaluation, neurobehavioral development decision making, 61
163–164 of, 49 diagnostic reasoning, 60–61
Center for Epidemiological Children. See also Pediatric information processing,
Studies Depression primary care 60–61
Scale, 113 cancer in Novice to Expert Model,
Center for Substance Abuse cause, 30 61–62
Treatment, 9, 10 demographics, 30 phenomenological, 60
Central nervous system, 315 fatigue, 31 rationalistic, 60
Cerebral blood flow, reduction psychological care, 31 Clinical nursing research, 63–65
in, 43 survivorship issues, 31 conceptual models, 63
Cerebral ischemia, 43–45 symptom management, cumulative, evolutionary
cerebral blood flow 30–31 process, 64
measurement of, 44 with special needs, 200 development, research,
reduction in, 43 as vulnerable populations, relationship between, 63
cerebral blood volume, 44 537, 538 doctoral education, 63
focal, 43 Chi-square tests, 486 methodologies used, 64
future directions, 45 Cholesterol, 32–34 narrow definition, 63
global, 43 Chronic care model, 160, 228 nurse scientist program, 64
irreversible brain damage, Chronic fatigue syndrome, 183 Clinical perspective services,
threshold for, 45 Chronic illness, 53–54, 482 65–67
ischemic cell change, 44 adaptation of, 54 barriers to implementation, 65
Cerebrovascular accident, care-oriented model of consensus-building
stroke, 492 illness, 54 strategies, 65

682 n INDEx



Clinical perspective services Communication, 331. See set of defining
(cont.) also Interpersonal characteristics, 83
evidence-based guidelines, 65 communication, Concept-oriented
U.S. Preventive Services Task nurse–patient terminology, 193
Force, 65, 67 of research, 441–442 Conceptual model
Clinical trials, 67–69 Communities That Care, 47 (framework), 84, 319
biases, 67–68 Community mental health, Conceptual or philosophical
clinical drug trials, 68 77–79 inquiry, 482
ethical issues, 68–69 community psychiatric Conceptual system, 273
expensive and resource- nurse, role Confidence interval, 104
intensive, 68 differentiation of, 77 Confirmatory factor analysis, 170
mega-trial, 68 psychiatric home care Confounding bias, 357
nonrandomized, 67 nursing, 78 Confusion Assessment
randomized, 67 psychiatric nursing Method, 290
small sample sizes, meta- interventions, 79 Congestive heart failure
analysis, 68 social workers, 77 (CHF), 519–520
Cocaine, 498 Community psychiatric Consciousness, defined, 318
Cochrane Collaboration, 502 nurse, 77 Consensus-building strategies, 65
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Community Youth Development Consortial research, 84–85
Reviews of Interventions, 70 Study, 47 consortium, purpose of, 85
Cochrane Nursing Care Community-based/ coordinating center, 84
Field, 70 deinstitutionalized reasons for, 84
Cochrane review, 69–71 mental health care, 179 Construct validity, 530
collating evidence, 70 Companion animals, 397 Content analysis, 85–87
impact factor, 70 Comparative effectiveness domains of interest, 85–86
Cognitive-behavioral research, 79–80, 213 labeling, 86
techniques, 230, 370 Complementary, alternative reliability, validity issues
Cognitive-behavioral models, practices, 80–83 of, 86–87
22–23 categories of, 81 Content validity, 529
Cohort design, 71–72 complementary medicine/ Continuing care retirement
cohort, defined, 71 therapies, 81 communities, 87–89
cohort studies, 71 foods, 81 adjustment to community, 87
institutional cycles, 71 integrative medicine, 80 categories of, 87
quasi-experimental lifestyle, 81 health behavior variables, 89
design, 71 pharmaceuticals, 81 health promotion of
treatment partitioning, 71 products, 81 residents, 88–89
Collaborative governance Compliance Continuum of care, models
models, 343–344 adherence, defined, 11 bridging, 380
Collaborative research, 72–75 measurement, 12 Coronary artery bypass graft
accountability, 72 nonadherence, problem of, surgery, 90–94
advantages, 73 11–12 anxiety, 90–93
disadvantages, 73 patient adherence, 11 demand for, 90
participatory action research patient autonomy, 11 depression, 90–93
model, 74 provider adherence, 11 gender differences, 92
traditional model, 73–74 research staff adherence, 11 impact of psychological
Comfort theory, 75–77 Comprehensive care variables on, 90
comfort care, 75 models, 380 outcomes, impact of
comforting interventions, 75 Comprehensive Health- psychological
intervening variables, 75 Seeking and Coping variables on, 90
Committee for the Study of Paradigm, 538 postoperative
Nursing Education, 335 Concept analysis, 83–84 neuropsychological
Common sense model, 23, 228 discipline, language of, 83 deficits, 92

INDEx n 683



short-term preoperative worldview, 274 Delinquent, child
interventions, 93 Cumulative Index to Nursing and early detection, public, 45
Coronary heart disease, 32–33 Allied Health Literature gender, 46–47
Cost analysis of nursing care, (CINAHL ) database, locus of violence, home, 46–47
®
94–95 54–56 prevention programs, 47
“best practices” Current procedural social factors, 47
benchmarking, 94 terminology, coded treatment, 47
cost differences among services, 100–102 violent behavior, risk factors,
professional practice billable activities performed 47–48
models, 95 by nurses, 100–101 Delirium, 109–111
cost effectiveness, 94 criticism of, 101 with cognitive, functional
“costing out,” 94 impairments, 109–110
standard acuity measure, Dance of Caring Persons, 26 multicomponent
lack of, 95 Data analysis, 41, 103–104 interventions, 111
Cost–benefit analysis, 95 defined, 103 multifactorial interventions, 111
Criterion validity, 529–530 null hypothesis statistical, practice guidelines, 110–111
Critical care nurses, 217, 218 103–104 recognition, 110
Critical care nursing research, qualitative, 103 screening instruments, 110
95–98 quantitative, 103, 104 Delphi technique, 111–112
best practices, 98 measurement scales for, 280 defined, 111
coronary care, 95 statistical, 103 disadvantages of, 112
critical care environment, statistical computer mailed questionnaires, 111–112
96–97 programs, 103 DemTect, 297
interventions, 97 triangulation, 520, 521 Dependency subsystem, 269
outcomes, 98 Data collection methods, 99, Depression
physiological monitoring, 95 104–107, 444 and coronary artery bypass
practitioners of, 96 biophysiological measures, graft surgery, 90–93
research intensive 106–107 and fatigue, relationship
discipline, 97 description approach to, 196 between, 183
Cronbach’s alpha reliability observation, 106 during pregnancy, 416
coefficient, 435 preexisting data, 106 Depression in cardiovascular
Cultural Awareness Scale, 99 qualitative, 105 diseases, 112–114
Cultural competence, 464 quantitative, 104–105 behavioral risk factors, 114
Culturally congruent care, 274 self-reports, 105–106 biobehavioral research
Cultural Self-Efficacy Scale, 99 Data management, 107 models, 113–114
Cultural/transcultural focus, data entry, 107 biopsychosocial
98–100 new variables, creation of, 107 perspective, 114
community involvement, 99 Data stewardship, 107–109 increased risk for CHD, 113
culturally competent data, defined, 108 risk for cardiac morbidity, 113
research, application of measurement difficulties, risk for cardiac mortality, 113
existing guidelines, 99 108–109 screening instruments, 113
data collection strategies, 99 processing data, 109 shared biomarkers, 114
intervention studies, 99 relevant nursing data, 108 Depression in families, 115–117
methodological research, 99 time investment, 109 family transformations,
theory-based, 99 Death anxiety, 244 116–117
Culture Care Diversity and Decision analysis, 61 genetic-biological research,
Universality, Leininger’s Decision making, 61 115–116
theory of, 274–275 clinical simulations, 59 major depressive disorder, 115
culturally congruent various factors affecting, 60 psychosocial research, 116
care, 274 legal guidelines for, 148 systematic family
ethnonursing, 274–275 De facto mental health services interventions, 117
sunrise model, 274 system, 284 universal mood state, 115

684 n INDEx



Depression in older adults, Dixon’s Integrative substance abuse and, 138
117–119 Environmental Health in women, 138–139
diagnosing, 118–119 Model, 50 Edinburgh Postnatal Depression
later-life, risk factors, 119 Doctoral education, 63, 129–131 Scale (EPDS), 413
reasons for, 118 academic doctorate, 130 Education
symptomatology of, 119 history of, 131 nursing, 334–336
Depression in women, 119–122 practice-focused, 130–131 obesity, 355
biological factors, 120 professional doctorate, 130 Educational programs, types
evidence-based treatments, research-focused, 129–130 of, 335
121–122 Dokmen’s Scale of Empathic Effectiveness research, 216
gender-specific treatments, Skills, 147 Elder mistreatment, 139–141
120–122 Domestic violence, 131–134 abandonment, 140
hormonal factors, 120 etiology of, 132 abuse, 140
major depressive disorder, 120 long-term health problems assessment of, 140
social factors, 122 and, 133 exploitation, 140
Descriptive analysis, 205 risk for homicide, 133 neglect, 140
Descriptive research, 122–124 screening guidelines, 133–134 prevalence of, 140
federal traineeship situational couple violence, 132 signs and symptoms of, 140–141
money, 123 typology of, 132 theories for, 140
logical empiricist approach, 123 women’s responses to, Electronic fetal monitoring,
logical positivist view of 132–133 186–187
science, 123 worldwide, 132 Electronic network, 141–142
meta-analysis, 123 Donabedian’s structure– advantages of, 142
qualitative, 122–123 process–outcomes information exchange, 141
quantitative, 122 framework, 329, 368 Eliminative subsystem, 269
Development, research Double depression, 118 Emergency Nurses Association
and clinical nursing research, Drinking, driving among (ENA), 142–145
relationship between, 63 adolescents, 134–136 Emergency nursing, 142–146
Diabetes research, 124–127 decreasing rates of, 134 certification in, 144
adults, 124, 125 national trends in, 134 clinical specialty, 142
complications of, 125 nonpassenger interventions, for life-threatening
diagnosis of, 124–125 135–136 conditions, 143, 146
glycemic control, 125 sober passengers, for primary care and health
interventions, physiological interventions by, 134–135 promotion services, 143
benefits of, 126 Dual-energy x-ray research
youths, 126–127 absorptiometry findings in publications, 145
Dietary recommendations, (DExA), 365 funding for, 145
nutrition, 348 Ducation learning theories, 471 “research initiatives,” 144
Dilemma, defined, 299 DURABLE Power of Attorney partnering with nurse
Direct-effect model, social for Health Care/Health researchers, 145–146
support, 481 Care Proxy, 148 Emergency room, 266
Discourse analysis, 127–129 Dysthymia, in women, 119, 120 Empathic Tendency Scale, 147
anthropological Empathy, 146–148
approaches, 128 Early information systems, biological basis of, 146–147, 148
conversation perspective, 336–337 concept of, 146
128–129 Eating disorder, 137–139 developmentally, 146
historic origin, 127–128 anorexia nervosa, 137–138 historical perspective, 146
ideological/critical bulimia nervosa, 138 intervention program, 147–148
perspective, 129 cost of treating, 138 multidimensional
linguistic perspective, 128 with impaired psychosocial phenomenon, 147
sociolinguistics, 128 functioning, 138 sessions, simulation of, 147
speech act theory, 128 rate of occurrence of, 137 End-of-life care, 438–439

INDEx n 685



End-of-life planning, choices, health belief model, 160 Expert-to-novice model, 291, 292
148–150 health beliefs and practices, 159 Exploitation, defined, 140
advance care planning, 149 health literacy, 159 Exploratory studies, 168–169
advance directive, capacity to heterogeneity, 159 flexible design, 169
create, 148 multidisciplinary intent of, 168–169
artificial nutrition and subspecialty, 158 qualitative or naturalistic
hydration, relationship–centered care designs, 169
withdrawing, 149 model, 160
decision making, legal Ethnography, 160–163 Factor analysis, 170–172
guidelines for, 148 anthropological origin, 161 assumptions, 170–171
Durable Power of Attorney for defined, 160 confirmatory, 170
Health Care/Health Care ethnoscience, 162 exploratory, 170
Proxy, 148 fieldwork, 162 factor extraction, 171, 172
family members, 149 functionalism, 161–162 factor matrix, 171
hospice care, 150 historical particularism, 161 factor rotation, 172
life-sustaining treatment, 150 institutional, 162 interpretation of factors, 172
living will, 150 symbolic, 162 planning for, 171
strategies to facilitate, 149 Ethnonursing, 274–275 Failure to thrive (adult),
Enriched Model of Dementia, 298 Ethnoscience, 162 172–174
Enteral tube placement, 151–154 Evaluation, 163–164 etiology of, 173
abdominal radiograph, causative theory, 163–164 multidimensional concept, 174
152–153 errors, 164 methodological approaches
aspirates, 153 intervention, impact and to, 173–174
enteral tube, defined, 151 benefits of, 163 Failure to thrive (child), 174–176
errors in, 151 normative theory, 163 ecological model, 176
insertion-length estimators in process evaluation studies, 163 foundling home infants, 175
children, 151–152 Evidence-based guidelines, infant nutrition, 175
methods of detection, 153 clinical perspective intact families, 175
Environment, 190, 313, 341 services, 65 maternal deprivation
health risks, 251 Evidence-based management framework, 175
lead exposure, 48–49 strategies, 386 nonorganic, 174
Epilepsy, 154–155 Evidence-based nursing, 96–97 nutritional deprivation,
antiepileptic medication, 155 Evidence-based practice (EBP), 175–176
quality-of-life problems, 155 10, 164–167 organic, 174
remission of, 155 external evidence, 164 Falls, 176–177, 403
seizures, defined, 154 internal evidence, 164–165 interventions,
Ethical issues models of, 166 multidimensional, 177
of acute care of elderly, 8 process elements, 165 multifactorial in nature, 177
of clinical trials, 68–69 rating systems for, 165–166 personal risk factors, 177
Ethics of research, 155–158, use of research findings, 164 prevention of, 176–177
442–444 Evidence-based treatments, screening, 177
animals, 157 121–122 Families, depression in, 116–117
ethical guidelines, 156 Expectant fathers, 52 family transformations,
informed consent, 156 Experimental research, 167–168 116–117
institutional review board, 157 control, 167 genetic-biological research,
interdisciplinary team, 158 design strategies, 167 115–116
nonmaleficence, 157 manipulation, 167 major depressive disorder, 115
policy documents, 156 quasi-experimental research, psychosocial research, 116
scientific misconduct, 158 distinguished, 432 systematic family
Ethnogeriatrics, 158–160 randomization, 167–168 interventions, 117
access to health care, 160 research designs, validity universal mood state, 115
chronic care model, 160 of, 168 Family caregivers, needs of, 243

686 n INDEx



Family caregiving, for seriously febrile-symptom Generalized theory,
mentally ill, 178–180 management, 189 reliability, 436
alliance building, 178, 179 hyperthermia, 188 Genetic-biological research,
barriers to care, 179 plateau phase, 188 115–116
chronic mental illness, 179 pyrogens, 188 Genetics
community-based/ symptoms, 189 human genome, 198
deinstitutionalized temperature regulation, set research topics, 198
mental health care, 179 point theory of, 189 Geriatric Depression Scale, 113
factors affecting, 178 Fitzpatrick’s rhythm model, Geriatric nursing, 16
physical needs of, 179 190–191 Global Deterioration Scale, 296
sibling perspective, 178 developmental correlate, 190 Grandparents raising
Family health, 180–182 environment, 190 grandchildren, 198–201
effective interventions, meaningfulness of life, 191 antecedents, 200
181–182 nonlinear temporal children with special
factors influencing, 180–181 patterns, 191 needs, 200
genomic era, 181 Formal nursing languages, increased financial
Family transformations, 116–117 191–195 pressures, 200
Fatigue, 31, 182–184 clinical terms vs. definition increased rates of
acute vs. chronic, 182 terms, 192 psychological distress,
chronic fatigue syndrome, 183 concept-oriented 199, 200
defined, 182 terminology, 193 social isolation, 200
and depression, relationship data elements specific to well-being of grandparents,
between, 183 nursing, 192 negative consequences
generic measures of, 183 defined, 191 for, 199
measures of, 183 motivation for, 192–193 Grantsmanship, 201–203
related to cancer, 183 reference terminology ability to handle
related to childbearing, 183 model, 192 criticism, 202
Febrile shivering, 188 standardized terminologies, first sentences of the
Federal funding, research on, 428 192, 194 proposal, 201
Federal traineeship money, 123 Fracture Risk Assessment Tool follow directions, 202
Feminist research methodology, (FRAx), 365 goals of particular
184–186 Frailty, 350 funding agency,
biopsychosocial model, 185 Framework for Simulation understanding, 202
class, 185 Learning in Nursing logical argument and plan,
disabilities, 185 Education, 472 constructing, 201–202
epistemology and methods Function Health Pattern repetition of important
of, 184–185 Assessment content, 202
ethnicity, 185 Screening, 196 soundness, importance, and
negative connotation in Functional health patterns creativity of proposal, 201
society, 185 (FHP), 195–197 Grounded Theory of Moral
sexual preference, 185 assessment framework, 195 Reckoning, 302, 303
socioeconomic status, 185 data collection, description Grounded theory, 203–204
Fetal monitoring, 186–187 approach to, 196 focus of, 204
electronic, 186–187 Function Health Pattern hallmarks of, 204
intermittent auscultation, 187 Assessment qualitative, non-mathematical
intervention used, 186 Screening, 196 analytic process, 203
Fever/febrile response, typology of, 195, 196 saturation, 204
188–190 Functionalism, 161–162
acute phase response, 188 Hallucinations, 460
chill phase, 188 Gate control theory, 370 Hamilton Depression Rating
defervescence phase, 188 Gender-based violence, 533 Scale, 113
febrile shivering, 188 Generalized seizures, 154 Handwashing, 321

INDEx n 687



Hart’s Cognitive Test for Health-related lifestyle Hepatitis C virus, 340
Delirium, 110 behaviors, 33 History of nursing research,
Health behaviors, addressing, Health-related quality of life 222–227
463–464 (HRQOL), 428 air force, 227
Health belief model, Health service delivery, 212–213 Army Nurse Corps, 227
22–23, 160 defined, 212 federal government, role
Health care delivery, 324 impact on health policies of, 222
Health care–associated on, 212 first public health policy, 222
infections, 252, 320 pyramid of, 212 major hallmarks, summary
Health Care and Social Health services research, 214–216 of, 223–226
Assistance (HCSA) biomedical research, 215 National Center of Nursing
employment sector, 339 challenges to, 216 Research, 226
Health care worker defined, 214 National Institute of Nursing
hand hygiene, role of, 252 effectiveness research, 216 Research, 226
noncompliance with hand framework, 215 Nightingale, Florence, 222
hygiene, addressing, 253 goals of, 214 Tri-Service Nursing Research
Health conceptualization, issues addressed, 214 (TSNR) Group, 227
205–206 levels of, 214 HIV/AIDS care and treatment,
descriptive analysis, 205 outcomes research, 214–215 228–229
holistic theories, 206 preparation to conduct, 215 Chronic Care Model, 228
innate process, 205 roots of, 214 common sense model, 228
practice of nursing, 206 Healthy aging, 283 guidelines for, 228
self-actualization, 206 Healthy People strategy, 209 HIV risk behavior, 229–231
visioning goals, 206 HELICS (Hospital in Europe behavioral contributors, 230
Health disparities, 207–211 Link for Infection cognitive-behavioral
causes of, 207–208 Control through interventions, 230
challenge in addressing, Surveillance), 320 environmental factors, 230
208–209 Helicy, 452 injection drug uses, 229
defined, 206–207 Hemodynamic monitoring, interpersonal factors, 230
eliminating, 208 216–219 measurement issues, 231
national policy initiatives, 207 accuracy, variables multiple sexual
in racial and ethnic affecting, 217 partners, 229
minorities, 206–209 cardiac output technology, 217 personal factors, 230
social determinants of critical care nurses, 217, 218 HIV symptom management and
health, 208 new technologies to monitor quality of life, 231–233
theoretical and cardiac output, 217–218 antiretroviral therapy,
methodological pulmonary artery catheter, 231–232, 233
approaches, 209–211 216–219 anxiety, 232
Health literacy, 159, 384 Hemorrhagic stroke, 493 lipodystrophic and depressive
Health On the Net Henderson’s model, 219–220 symptoms, 232–233
Certification, 535 basic nursing care, 219 symptoms, defined, 232
Health policy, 211–214 nurse dose, 219 Hogan Empathy Scale, 147
agenda setting for, 214 Hermeneutics, 220–222 Holistic theories, of health
defined, 211 interpretive conceptualization, 206
impact on health service phenomenology, 220 Home care aide, 524
delivery, 212 interpretive sessions, 221–222 Home care technologies,
international, 212 interview text, 221 234–236
public, 212–213 method of inquiry, 318 future directions for research,
researchers’ ability to effect team members, 221 235–236
change, 213–214 threefold structure of quality of life, 235
Health-promoting behaviors, understanding, 220 requirement for, 234
23, 416 time, centrality of, 220 systems-oriented, 234–235

688 n INDEx



Home health agencies Human rights. See Rights of expedited review, 255
(HHAs), 238 human subjects Instrument translation,
management of, 238 Hypertension (HTN), 245–248 257–259
Home health classification classification of, 246 defined, 257
systems, 236–237 control, strategies to equivalent, 257–258
design of clinical care promote, 247 establishment of, 258
pathways, 237 defined, 245 information,
terminologies, 237 increase with age, 246 determining, 259
Home health systems, 238–239 independent risk factors, 246 hierarchical categories of, 258
commercial vendors, lifestyle modification, 246 quality of, 258
developed by, 238 management strategies for, Instrumentation, 259–261
new technologies, 239 247–248 laboratory devices, 261
tele-health home monitoring treatment, 246–247 laboratory measures, 261
systems, 239 Hyperthermia, 188 processes, 259
Homeless health, 239–241 psychometrics, 260
defined, 239 Immigrant paradox, 2 revision, 262
future nursing research, 241 Immigrant women, 249–251 scaling, decisions about, 260
instruments for, 241 environments, increase health self-report measures, 260
life expectancy, 240 risks, 251 testing, 261–262
panorama of nursing future areas for Integration, 1
research, 240–241 scholarship, 251 Integrative medicine, 80
Homeodynamics, principles immigration as transition, Interaction, definition of, 273
of, 452 conceptualization of, 249 Interdisciplinary research,
Homosexuals, 537 nursing perspective focus, 250 23, 287
Hospice, 241–245 unique characteristics, 250 Intermittent auscultation, 187
death anxiety, 244 Immigrants, as vulnerable International Caritas
family caregivers, needs populations, 537 Consortium, 37
of, 243 Index of Work Satisfaction International Childbirth
hospice providers, philosophy (IWS), 267, 268 Education Association, 51
of, 243 Infants, nutrition, 175, 347 International Classification for
intensity of symptoms by Infection control, 252–254 Nursing Practice (ICNP),
nurses, perceptions, 244 health care worker’s hand 261–263
Medicare-certified, 243 hygiene, role of, 252 development in, 262
methodological hospital-acquired domain of, 261
approaches, 242 infections, 252 facilitate the use of, 262
patient and caregiver quality of care, 252–253 program
reports of symptom supportive work objectives and plans of, 262
intensity, congruence environment, 254 partnerships, 262
between, 244 Information processing, 60–61 use of standardized
quality of life, 243 Informed consent, 156, terminologies, 261
referral, 242 254–257, 451 vision of, 262
Hospice care, 150 elements of, 450 worldwide participation of
Hospice providers, philosophy Ingestive subsystem, 269 nurses, 261–262
of, 243 Inouye’s Confusion Assessment International Classification of
Hospital-acquired infections, 252 Method, 110 Diseases and Health
Hot Flash Daily Symptom Institute of Medicine (IOM), Related Problems, Tenth
Interference Scale, 283 10, 426, 372 Revision, 58
Housing First movement, 241 Institutional integrity, 75 International Health
Humanbecoming school of Institutional review board, Terminology Standards
thought, 376–377 254–257 Development
Human patient simulators complete review, 255–256 Organization
(HPSs), 470, 471 exempt from review, 255, 256 (IHTSDO), 480

INDEx n 689



International Nurses Society cerebral blood flow Long-chain polyunsaturated
on Addictions, 8 measurement of, 44 fatty acids,
International nursing research, reduction in, 43 supplementation, 347
263–264 cerebral blood volume, 44 Long-term health problems, and
commonalities in nurses’ defined, 43 depression, 133
reasons, 264 focal, 43 Longitudinal comparative
framework for, 264 future directions, 45 designs, 356
future research, 264 global, 43 Low birth weight, prevention of,
multicultural heritage, irreversible brain damage, 417–420
nurses of, 264 threshold for, 45 Low-level lead exposure, 48–49
International Society for ischemic cell change, 44
Neurofeedback and Ischemic stroke, 493 Magnet hospitals, 37, 387
Research, 24 Item response theory, 436 Major depressive disorder
International Society of Critical (MDD), 115, 120
Care Medicine, 96 Job satisfaction, 267–269, 323 Malignant hyperthermia, 510
Internet-based nursing care, measures of, 267–268 Malnutrition, 350
534–535 variables, 268–269 Mann–Whitney U test, 486
Interpersonal communication, and outcomes, relationship Marginalization, 1
nurse–patient, 264–266 between, 269 Marijuana, 497, 498
applications of, 266 Job search behavior, 323 Maternal anxiety, psychosocial
barriers in ventilated Johnson’s behavioral system adaptation during
patients, 265 model, 269–270 pregnancy, 276–278
defined, 264 couple intentions, 278
distinguished from Kangaroo care (KC), 271–273 families, strengthening, 278
therapeutic articles, journals publishing, perinatal depression and
communication, 264–265 271–272 anxiety, 277
in emergency room, 266 categories, 271 prenatal adaptation, 277–278
parameters of, 265 health benefits, 272 preterm delivery, 276
personal characteristics and Kansas City Cardiomyopathy relationship to husband/
interaction styles, 265 Questionnaire (KCCQ), partner, 278
of student undergraduate and 429–430 relationship to mother, 278
graduate nurses, 265, King, Imogene, 273 Maternal cognition, 306
Interpersonal systems, concepts Knowledge translation Maternal–infant interactions, 414
for, 273 models, 214 Maternity blues, 413
Interpretive orientation, 310 Kruskal–Wallis H test, 486 McCloskey–Mueller Satisfaction
Intervention research, 20 Scale, 267
Interventions Lamaze International, 51 McCusker’s Delirium Index, 110
critical care nursing Layton Empathy Test, 147 McNemar test, 486
research, 97 Lead exposure Measurement, scales, 278–281
groups, 333 adverse health effects, 50 borrowing from other
MHSR, 287 earliest studies, 49–50 disciplines,
multidimensional, 177 environmental lead limitations, 280
for nutrition in elderly, 351–352 exposure, 48–49 for data analysis, 280
physiological benefits of, 126 low-level lead exposure, 48–49 focus of, 278
Interviews neurobehavioral interval scale, 279
completely unstructured, 105 development of, 49 Likert scaling, 280
focused, 105 Lead poisoning, 48 nominal-level data, 279
focus group, 105 Leininger, Madeline, 274–275 ordinal-scale, 279
schedule, 105 Lifestyle, 81 patient care outcomes,
Irreversible brain damage, modification, 246 documentation of, 281
threshold for, 45 Likert scaling, 280 in qualitative analysis, 279
Ischemia, cerebral Loneliness, feelings of, 396 ratio-level measures, 279–280

690 n INDEx



Measurement bias, 357 Mental status measurement, symptoms, 298
Measurement models, 42 mini-mental state transition state, 299
Medicaid, 212, 238 examination, 288–290 Mini-Mental State Examination,
Medical Expenditure Panel cognitive tasks comprising, 288–290
Survey, 288 288–289 Mini-Nutritional
Medical Home Model, 546 psychometric assessment Assessment, 351
Medicare, 212, 238, 243 of, 289 Minnesota Model,
Melanie Blocker Stokes reliability and validity of, 289 alcoholism, 9
Postpartum Depression sensitivity and specificity Mishel’s Uncertainty in Illness
Act, 285 of, 289 Scale, 295, 522
Menopause, 282–284 Mentoring, 290–293 Mixed-method research, 107
early menopausal transition collective, 292 Modified Mini-Mental State
stage, 282 expert-to-novice model, Examination (3MS), 290
and healthy aging, 283 291, 292 Montreal Cognitive Assessment,
holistic frameworks for individual, 292 290, 297
understanding women’s mentor, 291 Moral distress, 299–302
experience of, 282 novice nurses, 292 defined, 299–300
late menopausal transition peer-to-peer model, 291, 292 dilemma, defined, 299
stage, 282 programs, 292 institutional setting, 300
late reproductive stage, 282 for scholarship and moral judgment, 299
menstrual cycle, 282 research, 293 nursing workforce
menstrual period, 282 socialization into shortage, 300
nonhormonal profession, 291 occurrence of, 300
interventions, 283 Meta-analysis, 123, 293–294 outcomes, 301
normative experience of, biased conclusions, 294 physical and affective
282–283 effect size, 293 problems, 301
postmenopause, 282 nonindependence in, 294 physicians, relationship with,
among special populations, 283 of patient education, 384 300–301
symptom severity, factors quality scores, 294 psychological
associated with, 283 quantitative approach, 293, 294 consequences, 301
Mental health, in public sector size indicator, 293 quality of care, 300
primary care, 284–286 Middle-range theories, 273, Moral reckoning, 302–304
barriers to, 284 294–296, 392, 393 moral distress, 302
blended roles, 286 measurement tools, 295 situational binds, 303
de facto mental health services models, 27 Stage of Ease, 302–303
system in U.S., 284 paradigmatic perspective, 295 Stage of Reflection, 303
generation of new testing, 295–296 Stage of Resolution, 303
knowledge, 285 Mild cognitive impairment symbolic interactionism, 303
opportunities for nurse (MCI), 296–299 Moral rights, 450
researchers, 285, 286 amnesic multidomain, 296 Mother–infant/toddler
Mental health services research diagnostic criteria, 296 relationships, 304–306
(MHSR), 286–288 economic/noneconomic costs, biological factors, 304–305
funding, 287 298–299 genetic and constitutional
integrated care, 288 etiology, 297 factors, 304
interdisciplinary research, 287 isolated nonamnesic, 296 interventions to improve, 306
interventions, 287 management, 297 maternal cognitions, 306
public health services, 286 multidomain nonamnesic, psychosocial health of mother,
services research, 287 296–297 child, 305
Mentally impaired people, prevalence, 297 race/ethnicity, role of, 305
as vulnerable research, 298 relationship between parenting
populations, 537 supportive interventions, 299 environment, 305

INDEx n 691



Mothering, 464 National Institutes of Health health, defined, 318
Music therapy, 306–308 (NIH), 311 hermeneutic method of
contraindications for, 308 National Institutes of Health inquiry, 318
physiological effects of, 307 Stroke Scale, 290 nurse-patient relationship, 318
research, 308 National League of Nursing research as praxis, 318
sedative music, 307 Education, 335 unitary-transformative
stimulative music, 307 National Nursing Assistant paradigm, 318
Survey (NNAS), 525 Nightingale, Florence, 319–320
Narrative analysis, 309–311 National Nursing Home Survey Nonadherence, problem
critical, 311 (NNHS), 525 of, 11–12
defined, 309 National Quality Forum, 10, 367 Nonequivalent control group
hybrid forms of, 311 National Survey on Drug Use designs, 432
interpretive orientation, 310 and Health, 9 Nonmaleficence, 157
linguistic/cognitive, 310 Naturalistic inquiry, 423 Nonrecursive models, 42–43
research process, levels of NEECHAM Confusion Normative theory, of
representation in, 310–311 Scale, 110 evaluation, 163
sociocultural, 310 Need-Driven Dementia- Nosocomial infections, 320–322
storytelling orientation, 310 Compromised Behavior bloodstream infections, 320
structural orientation, Model, 298 handwashing, 321
309–310 Neuman Systems Model health care–associated
Narrative therapy, 436 (NSM), 313–314 infections, 320
National Center of Nursing environment, 313 HELICS (Hospital in Europe
Research, 226 health, 314 Link for Infection
National Cholesterol Education instrumentation, 314 Control through
Program Adult Treatment nurse, as intervener, 314 Surveillance), 320
Panel, 32 Neurobehavioral development, pneumonia, 320
National Comprehensive Cancer nutritive sucking, structural empowerment,
Network, 5 314–317 321–322
National Council of State Boards central nervous system, 315 surgical-site infections, 320
of Nursing, 335 developmental science, Novice to Expert Model, 61–62
National Database of Nursing perspective of, 315 Nurse and physician
Quality Indicators index of maturation, 316 interdisciplinary
(NDNQI), 268, 367 newborn behavior, 315 collaboration, 326–328
National Institute of Nursing nutritive sucking, future barriers to, 327
Research, 226, 272, development problems, research, 327–328
311–313 link between, 316 Nurse engagement, 322–324
advisory council, 313 sleeping and waking states, and burnout, 322–323
award mechanisms, 312 316–317 and job satisfaction, 323
BNC Fellowship, 312 sleep-wake states, measures and job search behavior, 323
grant applications, 313 of, 317 quantitative studies, 323
K22 Career Transition Synactive Model of research in, 323–324
Award, 312 Neonatal Behavioral and turnover cognition, 323
mission of, 312 Organization, 314 work engagement, defined, 322
research portfolio, 312 Neurofeedback, 24, 25 Nurse staffing, 328–330
Summer Genetics Neurogenesis, 24 Donabedian’s structure–
Institute, 312 Neuroplasticity, 24 process–outcomes
training, 312 Newman’s theory of health, framework, 329
National Institute on Alcohol 317–319, 483 empirical findings
Abuse and Alcoholism, 9 caring in human health related to, 329
National Institute on Drug experience, 318 research, 329, 330
Abuse, 9 consciousness, defined, 318 policy implications, 329

692 n INDEx



Nurse-led group clinical Nursing occupational injury Nursing-sensitive patient
visits, 324–326 and stress, 339–342 outcome, defined, 333
advanced practice nurse, biological agents exposure, 340 NutritionDay Initiative, 351
324, 325 environmental factors, 341 Nutrition in elderly, 349–352
cost of, 325 Health Care and Social frailty, 350
defined, 324 Assistance (HCSA) interventions, 351–352
of health-care delivery, 324 employment sector, 339 malnutrition, 350
Nurse-patient relationship, 318 hepatitis C virus, 340 economic impact of, 350
Nursing assessment, 330–332 incidence, 339–340 types of, 351
communication, 331 medications, chemical measurement of nutritional
diverse cultures, 332 exposure from, 340–341 status, 351
patients’ perspectives, 331–332 nursing shortage, 342 nutrient intake, 349
perceptions of symptoms, 331 physical agent exposure, 341 NutritionDay Initiative, 351
physical assessment psychological factors, 341 prevalence studies, 351
skills, 331 shift work and long work research, 352
purposes of, 330 hours, 342 sacropenic obesity, defined, 350
quality of life, 331 violence, 342 Nutrition in infancy,
Nursing data sets, 337 Nursing Outcomes childhood, 346–349
Nursing diagnosis, defined, 333 Classification (NOC), 281, adult-onset cardiovascular
Nursing education, 332–334, 427 disease, risk factors
334–336, 338 concept validation, 334 for, 348
continuing education, 336 development of, 333 breastfeeding, 347, 348
educational programs, types domains, 333 commercial formulas, 347
of, 335 format, 334 dietary recommendations, 348
licensure, 335 nursing-sensitive patient epidemic of overweight, 348
professional organizations, outcome, defined, 333 factors influencing dietary
335–336 outcomes use in practice, 333 intake, 349
university-level education, 335 refinement, 334 human milk, ideal source of
voluntary credential standardized languages, 333 nutrition, 347
mechanism, 336 Nursing practice models, 342–345 infant nutrient intake, 347
Nursing Education Simulation collaborative governance obesity, 346–348
Framework, 471 models, 343–344 long-chain polyunsaturated
Nursing information systems, goal of, 343 fatty acids,
336–339 organizing care around, 344 supplementation, 347
clinical information professional practice research, 349
systems, 336 environment, 343
early information systems, professional practice O’Keefe’s Delirium Assessment
336–337 models, 343 Scale, 110
models for viewing, 337 shared governance models, 343 Obesity, 346–348, 353–355, 391
modules, 337–338 theory-based practice defined, 353
nursing administration, 337 models, 344 education, 355
nursing data sets, 337 transition models, 344 epidemic, 543
nursing education, 338 Nursing practice, 4 health and economic
nursing practice, 338 Nursing process, 345–346 costs, 354
nursing research, 338–339 high value for, 346 life expectancy, 354
Nursing Interventions multidimensional concept, 345 negative attitude toward, 354
Classification (NIC), systematic identification, 345 in older people, 354
101, 332–334 Nursing research, 338–339 prevalence of, 353
defined, 333 origins of, 21 prevention programs, 355
interventions, groups, 333 on violence, 533 psychological
standardized nursing Nursing Theory, concepts consequences, 354
languages, 332 of, 358 research, 354

INDEx n 693



Observational research design, bone mineral density (BMD) mind-body experience, 370
355–357 test, 364 pharmacological
aim of minimizing bias, bone quality, 364 management, 369
356–357 causes, 365 physical modalities, 370
ambidirectional studies, 356 costs, 365 radiation therapy, 370
case-comparison study, 356 dual-energy x-ray surgical procedures, 370
confounding bias, 357 absorptiometry Palliative care, 371–374, 507
cross-sectional study, 356 (DExA), 365 hospice concept, 372
longitudinal comparative economic impact of, 365 IOM’s report, 372
designs, 356 pregnancy-associated, 365 quality outcomes of, 373
measurement bias, 357 prevalence of, 365 SUPPORT data, 371–372
selection bias, 357 prevention of, 365–366 symptom management, 373
use of, 357 diet, 365–366 Parenting, 374–376
Office of Juvenile Justice and pharmaceutical adolescent, 375
Delinquency treatment, 366 high-risk infants, 374
Prevention, 46 risk of fracture, 364 normal, healthy
Operant model, 22 Osteoporosis Risk Assessment children, 375
Opiates, 498 Instrument, 365 nursing diagnosis, 375
Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Otter’s Delirium Detection parents of ill children, 375
Nursing Theory, 357–359 Score, 110 problematic parenting, 375
Organization, definition of, 273 Outcome measures, 366–368 theoretical models of, 376
Organizational culture, Agency for Healthcare transition to parenthood,
359–361, 386 Research and Quality 374, 376
differentiation perspective, 360 (AHRQ), 367 Parse’s humanbecoming school
fragmentation perspective, 360 in Donabedian’s structure– of thought, 376–377
integration perspective, 360 process–outcomes Partial seizures, 154
leader/responsibility, 360 framework, 368 Participant observation, 106,
levels of manifestation, 359 defined, 368 377–378
qualitative tradition, 359 National Quality Forum continuum involvement, 378
quantitative approach, (NQF), 367 objective distance, 378
360–361 National Database of Participatory action research
relevance of, 361 Nursing Quality (PAR), 74, 210, 211
utility of concept, 360 Indicators, 367 Partnering, with nurse
Organizational design, 361–364 nurse sensitivity, 367 researchers, 145–146
basis of, 362 standardized measures, Patient care delivery models,
“boundaryless” need for, 367 379–380
organization, 363 Outcomes acute care models, 380
bureaucratic theory, 362 definition of, 273 advanced practice
centralization, 362 documentation of, 281 nurse, 379
classic management “nurse sensitive” indicators care transitions models, 380
theory, 363 for, 7 comprehensive care
“management” research, 214–215 models, 380
hospitals, 363 Overweight, incidence of, 543. continuum of care, models
organizational forms, 362 See also Obesity bridging, 380
Scientific Management nursing caring delivery
School, 362–363 Pain, 369–370 model, 380
structures and outcomes, acute, 369 primary nursing, 379
relationship between, 363 anesthetic, 369 professional nursing, 379
work activities, coordination chronic, 369, 370 registered nurse, 379–380
of, 362 cognitive behavioral Robert Wood Johnson
Osteoporosis, 364–366 techniques, 370 Foundation, 380
bone density, 364 gate control theory, 370 Team Nursing, 379

694 n INDEx



Patient contracting, 380–383 middle-range theory, 392 philosophical analysis
behavioral analysis, related variables, 392 inquiry, 401
foundation of, 382 strengths of, 393 philosophical inquiry, 400
directions for future research, Peplau’s theoretical model, philosophy, relationship
372–383 393–394 between, 401
effectiveness of, 381 historical significance, 394 questions to ask, 400–401
positive reinforcement, 382 middle-range theory, 393 Physical agents, exposure, 341
process of, 381 nurse-focused topics, 394 Physical assessment skills, 331
Patient education, 383–385 orientation phase, 394 Physical restraints, 402–404
critical issues, 384 patient-focused topics, 394 ability to do harm, 403
defined, 383 research-based theory, 394 acute care settings, 402
health literacy in, 384 termination phase, 394 behavioral symptoms, 403
meta-analyses of, 384 therapeutic process of fall risk, 403
use of Internet, 385 nursing, 393 legislation, 404
Patient Protection and therapeutic relationship, 393 nonpsychiatric settings, 402
Affordable Health Care clinical significance of, 394 restraint-free care, 404
Act of 2010, 210, 212–213, working phase, 394 restraint reduction, approaches
216, 241, 285 Perception, definition of, 273 to, 402, 403, 404
Patient safety, 385–387 Perinatal depression and staffing levels, links
care delivery, 387 anxiety, 277 between, 403
evidence-based management Personal care attendant, 524 treatment interference, 403
strategies, 386 Personal resourcefulness, Physician Payment Review
higher staffing levels, 386 448, 449 Commission, 100
magnet hospitals, 387 Personal systems, concepts Physiology, 404–407
organizational culture, 386 for, 273 Pilot study, 407
transformational Pet therapy, 394–399 opportunity to identify
leadership, 386 Alzheimer’s disease, 397 problems with study
Patient satisfaction, 387–390 animal-assisted therapy design, 407
identity areas for (AAT), 395, 398 preliminary work, 407
improvement, 389 animal-assisted activities refinement of data collection
psychometrically sound (AAA), 395 instruments, 407
measures, 390 bio-physiological effects, 395 results of, 407
refinement of methodological companion animals, 397 Pneumonia, 320
strategies, 389 children, 397 Population health, 408–410
Risser Patient Satisfaction institutionalized defined, 408
Scale, 389 elderly, 396 health indicators, 409
taxonomy of patient health benefits of, 399 template, 409
satisfaction, 389 loneliness and isolation, Populations, 410–412
Patient Self Determination Act feelings of, 396 aggregates, 410–412
(1991), 14 Phenomenology, 399–400 biostatistics, 410
Patient-centered attitude, 527 descriptive, 399, 400 epidemiology, 410
Patient-focused topics, 394 “doing,” 400 population approach to
Pediatric primary care, intentionality, 399 decision making,
390–392 perception, 399 410–411
childhood immunizations, 390 philosophical movement, 399 theory of probability, 410
obesity, 391 research method, 399, 400 Postmenopause, 282
Peer-to-peer model, 291, 292 Philosophy of nursing, 400–402 Postpartum depression, 412–415
Pender’s Health Promotion advancement nursing early detection of, 414
Model (HPM), 392–393 knowledge, 401 Edinburgh Postnatal
critiques of, 393 ethical inquiry, 402 Depression Scale
generalizability, 393 foundational inquiry, 401 (EPDS), 413
interrelated variables, 392 future directions, 402 future research directions, 414

INDEx n 695



maternal–infant Prostate cancer, active Quantitative research, 122, 423,
interactions, 414 surveillance for, 4–6 430–432
maternity blues, Prostate-specific antigens, 4 continuous scales, 431
distinguished, 413 Psychiatric home care measurement scales, 430–431
risk factors, 413, 414 nursing, 78 qualitative research,
symptoms, 413, 414 Psychological care, 31 distinguished, 430
Practice Environment Scale of Psychometrics, 260 statistical inference, 431
the Nursing Work Index Psychosocial research, 116 statistical methodology, 430
(PES-NWI), 267, 268 Public health services, 286 triangulation, 431
Pregnancy, 415–417 Pulmonary artery catheter, Quasi-experimental research,
adolescent, 417 216–219 432–433
anxiety during, 416 Pyrogens, 188 experimental research,
-associated osteoporosis, 365 distinguished, 432
care during labor and birth, 417 Qualitative analysis, 103, 105, 279 nonequivalent control group
depression during the Qualitative research, 122–123, designs, 432
childbearing cycle, 416 423–425 preexperimental designs, 432
gestational weight, 416 naturalistic inquiry, 423 time series designs, 433
health-promoting behaviors phenomenology, 424–425 Questionnaire, 105
during, 416 positivist approaches, 423–424
obesity during, 416 quantitative research, Radiation therapy, 370
Prejudice, 15–16 distinguished, 423 Rape/sexual assault, 531, 532
Preterm birth, prevention of, Quality of care, 252–253, 300, Rapid eye movement sleep, 473
417–420 425–427 Reasoned action theory, 22
antepartum bed rest, 419 components of, 426, 427 Recurrent major
sociodemographic risk critical paths and care maps, depression, 465
factors, 418 426–427 Recursive models, 42, 43
tocolytic drugs, 419 Institute of Medicine Reed’s Self-Transcendence
treatment, 419 definition, 426 Scale, 295
variation in management, 419 Nursing Outcomes Registered nurse, 379–380
Prevention, of preterm and low Classification, 427 Reliability, 434–436
birth weight, 417–420 outcomes, 426–427 classical test theory, 436
bed rest, 419 process quality, 426 Cronbach’s alpha reliability
occurrence of, 417, 418 structural quality, 426 coefficient, 435
role of prenatal care, 420 Quality of life (QOL), 15, 235, equivalence, 434, 435, 436
smoking cessation 243, 331, 427–430 forms of, 434
programs, 418 challenges for measurement generalized theory436
Primary nursing, 420–422 of, 429 inter-class correlation,
new patient care delivery comparisons across studies, 434, 435
models, 421 difficulties in, 427 item response theory, 436
nurse–patient relationship at disease or population specific stability reliability434
center, 421 instruments, 429 test theory, 436
professional practice federal funding, research Religiosity, 483
model, 421 on, 428 Reminiscence, life review,
Problem-solving ability, 35 generic measures, 429 436–440
Problematic parenting, 375 health-related quality of life end-of-life care, 438–439
Process evaluation studies, 163 (HRQOL), 428 improving well-being, focuses
Professional nursing, 379 impact of uncertainty in on, 439
organizations, 8, 335–336 illness, 523 narrative therapy, 436
Professional practice models, Quality of Life Index as process for reaching
343, 421 (QLI), 429 integrity, 437
Progressively Lowered Stress research limitations, 429 oral history, 437
Threshold Model, 298 Quantitative analysis, 103–104 whole life story, 437

696 n INDEx



Replication studies, 440–441 Right-to-die, 13 Scientific Management
identical, 440 Rights of human subjects, School, 362–363
independent, 440 450–451 Scientific misconduct, 158
internal, 440 elements of informed Seattle Midlife Women’s Health
methods of replication, 440 consent, 450 Study, 282–283
pseudo, 440 human rights, 450 Secondary data analysis,
retest replication, 440 informed consent, 450, 451 461–463
systematic, 440 legal rights, 450 data restrictions, 462
theoretical replication, 440 moral rights, 450 sample biases, 462
virtual, 440 Risser Patient Satisfaction Sedative music, 307
Research Scale, 389 Seizure, defined, 154
as praxis, 318 Robertson’s Confusional State Selection bias, 357
basic sciences, nursing, link Evaluation, 110 Selective serotonin reuptake
between, 21 Robert Wood Johnson inhibitors, 94
designs, validity of, 168 Foundation, 380 Self-actualization, 206
dissemination, Robotic technology, 505 Self-care, concepts of, 358
communication of Rogers’s Science Of Unitary Self-care agency
research, 441–442 Persons, 206, 451–452 concepts of, 358
-focused doctoral education, energy fields, 452 and therapeutic self-care
129–130 helicy, 452 demands, relationship
nursing research, origins of, 21 integrality, 452 between, 358
Research in nursing ethics, openness, 452 Self-care demands,
442–444 pandimensionality, 452 concepts of, 358
ethics, nursing, 442–444 postulates, 452 Self-efficacy, 22, 463–465
moral reasoning in, 442 principles of homeody cultural competence, 464
Research interviews, 444–445 namics, 452 efficaciousness through, 463
as data collection strategy, 444 resonancy, 452 enactive mastery
focus of, 444 Roy adaptation model, 452–454 experience, 463
formal, 445 elements, assumptions of, 452 health behaviors, addressing,
informal, 445 Rural health, 454–457 463–464
qualitative, 444–445 mothering, 464
sequence of questions, 445 Sacropenic obesity, defined, 350 physiological, affective
structure, 445 Saint Louis Mental Status states, 463
structuring in phases, 444 Examination, 290 social cognitive theory, 463
tape-recording of, 445 Sampling, 458–460 verbal persuasion, 463
types of interviews, 445 defined, 458 vicarious experience, 463
Research utilization, 446–448 simple random sampling, 458 Separation, 1
models, 446–448 stratified sampling, 458–459 Serious mental illness, 465–467
Resident assistant, 524 types of, 458 bipolar disorder, 465
Resonancy, 452 Schizophrenia, 460–461, 466 institutionalization, 465
Resource-Based Relative Value alcohol use, 461 recurrent major
Scale, 100 bipolar disorder, 461 depression, 465
Resourcefulness, 448–449 criteria for diagnosis, 460 resulting in increased
contextual factors affecting, 448 family, caregiver burden, 461 homelessness increased
depressive cognitions, hallucinations, 460 numbers of incarcerated
lower resourcefulness relapse, 461 individuals, 466
behavior, 449 symptom management, 461 risk of transmission of
forms of, 448 treatment regimen HIV, 466
personal resourcefulness, adherence, 461 risk taking behaviors, 466
448, 449 unipolar disorder, 461 schizophrenia, 466
social resourcefulness, 448, 449 School-related violence, 533 Sexual subsystem, 269–270

INDEx n 697



Shift work/long work stress buffering model, 481 Study to Understand Prognoses
hours, 342 Social systems, concepts and Preference for
Shivering, 467–469 for, 273 Outcomes and Risks of
body heat loss, 467–468 Socioeconomic status, 185 Treatment (SUPPORT),
mandibular hum, 468 Sociolinguistics, 128 14, 331
Simulation, 469–472 Sorian, 58 Substance abuse among
human patient simulators Speech act theory, 128 registered nurses,
(HPSs), 470, 471 Spirituality, 482–484 497–500
Bandura’s social cognitive caregivers’ health, 482 alcoholism, 497
theory, 471 caring theory, 83 marijuana, 497, 498
challenges, 472 chronic illness, 482 marijuana/cocaine, 498
ducation learning theories, 471 conceptual or philosophical opiates, 498
Nursing Education Simulation inquiry, 482 tranquilizers, 498
Framework, 471 measurements, 483 Substance abuse and
Framework for Simulation Newman’s theory, 483 dependency disorders
Learning in Nursing and religiosity, 483 and treatment, 8–11
Education, 472 terminal illness, 482 Substance dependence, 97
Sleep, 472–475 Stage of Ease, 302–303 Summer Genetics Institute, 312
narcolepsy, 472 Stage of Reflection, 303 SUPPORT data, 371–372
rapid eye movement sleep, 473 Stage of Resolution, 303 Surgical-site infections, 320
slow wave, 473 Standardized nursing Symbolic interactionism, 303
stress, impact on sleep, 473 languages, 332 Symptoms, defined, 232
Sleeping and waking states, Statistical computer Synactive Model of
316–317 programs, 103 Neonatal Behavioral
Slow wave sleep, 473 Statistical inference, 431 Organization, 314
Smoking cessation, 475–477 Statistical techniques, 484–487 Systematic family
addiction, 477 analysis of covariance, 484 interventions, 117
biochemical verification, 476 Chi-square tests, 486 Systematic reviews, 500–502
tobacco use, 475 correlational techniques, 485 Cochrane Collaboration, 502
Smoking/tobacco as Kruskal–Wallis H, 486 Campbell Collaboration, 502
cardiovascular risk Mann–Whitney U, 486 Systematized Nomenclature of
factor, 477–480 McNemar test, 486 Medicine (SNOMED), 480
smoking, social burden, 478 multivariate analysis of
theories, models, smoking variance, 484, 485 Tanner Clinical Judgment
interventions, 475 nonparametric techniques, 486 Model, 62
tobacco, cardiovascular risk regression, 484, 485–486, Technology Informatics Guiding
among nonsmokers, 478 486–487 Education Reform
Transtheoretical Model, 475 t test, 484 (TIGER) initiative, 338
SNOMED (See Systemized Story theory, 487–488 Telehealth, 503–504
Momenclature of Stress, 2, 488–490 home monitoring
Medicine) management, 491–492 systems, 239
Social cognitive theory, 463 Stroke, 492–495 telenursing, 503, 504–505
Social integration and job carotid endarterectomy, 493 Telepresence, 505–506
satisfaction, 481–482 cerebrovascular accident, 492 robotic technology, 505
Social isolation, 200 hemorrhagic stroke, 493 Terminal illness, 506–508
Social resourcefulness, 448, 449 ischemic stroke, 493 caregivers, 507
Social support, 481–482 transient ischemic attack, 493 need for information, 507
direct-effect model, 481 Structural equation modeling needs for families, 507
models of, 481 (SEM), 495–497 nutrition and hydration, 506
social integration and job Structural model, 42 palliative care, 507
satisfaction, 481–482 Structural orientation, 309–310 Test theory, 436

698 n INDEx



Theoretical framework, 508–509 Clinical and Translational construct validity, 530
empirical system, 508 Science Awards content validity, 529
levels of theory, 508 program, 519 criterion validity, 529–530
Theory of Goal Attainment, 273 congestive heart failure Verbal persuasion, 463
Theory of nursing, Boykin and (CHF), 519–520 Vermeersch’s Clinical
Schoenhofer, 26–27 Transpersonal caring, Assessment of
Theory of probability, 410 theory of, 38 Confusion—Form A, 110
Theory of reasoned action, 22 Transtheoretical Model, 475 Violence, 531–533
Theory of self-care, 358 Tri-Service Nursing Research adolescent violence, 532
Theory of self-care deficit, 358 (TSNR) Group, 227 child abuse, 531
Theory-based practice Triangulation, 431, 520–521 elder abuse, 532
models, 344 data, 520–521 gender-based violence, 533
Therapeutic behaviors, 23 investigator, 520–521 nursing research on, 533
Therapeutic lifestyle methodological, 520 rape/sexual assault, 531, 532
change, 32, 33 theoretical, 520 school-related violence, 533
Therapeutic process of Trzepacz’s Delirium Rating structural-based
nursing, 393 Scale, 110 violence, 533
Thermal balance, 509–511 t test, 484 violence and abuse against
brown fat, 509 women (VAAW), 531
circadian rhythm, 509 Uncertainty in illness, 522–524 Virtual nursing care (VNC),
malignant hyperthermia, 510 determination of meaning, 522 533–536
set point, 509 impact on quality of life, 523 Health On the Net
temperature measurement Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Certification, 535
issues, 510 Scale, 522 Internet-based nursing care,
thermodynamics of as psychological stressor, 522 534–535
conduction, 509 role of personality, 623 Smith’s Web sites, 535
Thermodynamics of Unipolar disorder, 461 Voluntary credential
conduction, 509 Universal Declaration of mechanism, 336
Time series analysis, 511–513 Human Rights, 209 Vulnerable populations, risk for
Tobacco. See Smoking cessation Universal mood state, 115 health problems, 536–539
Tocolytic drugs, 419 Unlicensed assistive personnel, chemically-addicted, 537
Total cholesterol, 32 524–528 children, 537, 538
Transgenerational violence certified nurse assistant, Comprehensive Health-
theory, 140 524–528 Seeking and Coping
Tranquilizers, 498 duty to delegate or Paradigm, 538
Transitional care, 513–515 supervise, 524–528 elderly, 637
cost-effectiveness of, 513 home care aide, 524 ethnic people of color, 537
Transitions, health and, 515–517 National Nursing Assistant HIV-infected, 537
development transitions, 516 Survey (NNAS), 525 homeless, 537
health/illness transitions, 516 National Nursing Home homosexuals, 537
passage, transition as, 515 Survey (NNHS), 525 immigrants, 537
responses to, 516 Nurse Extender, 524 mentally impaired, 537
situational transitions, 516 patient-centered attitude, 527 national attention on, 537
Translational environmental personal care attendant, 524 theoretical perspectives of,
research in rural areas resident assistant, 524 537–538
(TERRA), 210 U.S. Preventive Services Task women, 537
Translational research, 517–520 Force, 65, 67
Agency for Healthcare Utrecht Work Engagement Wandering, 540–541
Research and Quality Scale (UWES), 323 Watchful waiting, 5
developed the Watson’s Theory of Human
Partnerships for Quality Validity of responses on Caring, 541–542
program, 519 self-report, 529–531 caring science, 542

INDEx n 699



components of, 542 Widows and widowers, Workplace violence, 553–556
Weight management, 542–546 546–549 assaults, 553–555
environmental influences, 543 Women’s health, 550–553 patient characteristic,
obesity epidemic, 543 Work engagement, history of violent
overweight, incidence of, 543 defined, 322 behavior, 555
Wellness, 546 Workforce shortage, in psychiatric settings, 555
Medical Home Model, 546 nursing, 300 violence prevention, 555–556