2 Chapter 1 Teacher Copy

Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

CHAPTER 1

Organisation of

Plant Tissues and

Growth

" Atau siapakah yang telah menciptakan langit dan
bumi dan yang menurunkan air untukmu dari langit,

lalu Kami tumbuhkan dengan air itu kebun-kebun
yang berpemandangan indah, yang kamu sekali-kali

tidak mampu menumbuhkan pohon-pohonnya?
Apakah disamping Allah ada tuhan (yang lain)?
Bahkan (sebenarnya) mereka adalah orang-orang

yang menyimpang (dari kebenaran).”

Surah Yasin: Ayat 65

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

1.1 ORAGANISATION OF PLANT TISSUES Tree
PLANT TISSUE map

Meristem tissue Permeant tissue

Apical meristem Lateral meristem
tissue tissue

Ground tissue epidermal tissue Vascular tissue

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Xylem Phloem
tissue tissue tissue tissue tissue

Permanent Tissue

1. Mature tissue which has experienced or are experiencing differentiation
2. Three types of permanent tissues;

Epidermal tissue
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Types of Permanent Tissue and Their Function

Types of Structure Function
Permanent Tissue
Epidermal tissues Layering the outermost Function of cuticle;
surface of stems, leaves and o Reduces loss of water through
roots of young plants
Have a waxy and waterproof evaporation (transpiration)
layer called cuticle o Protects the leaf from mechanical

injuries
o Protects the leaf from pathogens
Some epidermal cell undergoes
differentiation
o To become specialise cell
o For examples;

Guard cells Control the opening of
the stoma
Root hair Increase the surface area
cells of the root for water and
mineral salts absorption
.

Root hair Stoma Stoma
close open

Soil particle

Guard cell
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Types of Structure Function
Permanent Tissue
Ground tissue Simplest living cells and do Providing support and maintaining the
a) Parenchyma not undergo differentiation shape of herbaceous plants
Have the thinnest cell walls Involved in photosynthesis
tissues Always in a turgid state Help in the storage of starch and sugar
Involve in gaseous exchange
b) Collenchyma Made of living cells which Involved in the repair and regeneration
tissues mature into cells that are of plant tissue and vascular system
flexible. Provide mechanical support and
c) Sclerenchyma Cell walls; elasticity to plants.
tissues
o Made of pectin and Provide support and mechanical
hemicellulose. strength to the parts of matured plants.
Help in the transport of water and
o Thicker than the nutrients in plants.
parenchyma tissues.

Consist of dead cells when
they are matured.
Cell walls are the thickest
among the three ground
tissues.

o Thickened by lignin

Parenchyma tissues Collenchyma tissues Sclerenchyma tissues

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Types of Structure Function
Permanent Tissue
Vascular tissue Made up of dead cells without the Transport water and mineral
a) Xylem cytoplasm. salt to all parts of a plant.
Cell wall contains lignin.
b) Phloem Consists of xylem vessels that are Transport sugars produced
elongated, hollow and connected to from the photosynthesis
each other from its roots to the leaves. From the leaves to storage
Made of companion cells and sieve organs
tubes. Such as;
Sieve tubes are; o Roots
o Made of living cells with the o Fruits
o Tubers.
presence of cytoplasm.
o Do not have any organelles such

as nucleus and ribosome
o Decompose at maturity stage.
o Arranged from end to end forming

elongated and continuous tube
structures.

Xylem Phloem

Sieve tube

Xylem Tracheid Xylem fibre Companion cell
vessel Sieve plate
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

1.2 MERISTEMATIC TISSUES AND GROWTH Tree
1. Cell in plant which does not undergoes differentiation map
2. Responsible for plant growth

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

Apical meristem Lateral meristem

Located Located
at tip of at

Plant shoot Plant Root Vascular cambium Cork cambium

Apical Vascular cambium
meristem
Cork
cambium

Plant shoot Plant root Plant stem

Zone of Cell Growth

1. Growth and development are the changes in organisms
2. Start from the zygote stage to an adult
3. Growth of cell in tips of shoots and roots can be divided into three zone

Zone of cell division
Zone of cell elongation
Zone of cell differentiation

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Zone: Cell division Zone: Cell differentiation
P Process: Mitosis S Process: Differentiation

Q Zone: Cell elongation Zone: Cell elongation
Proses: Vacuolation T Proses: Vacuolation

R Zone: Cell differentiation U Zone: Cell division
Process: Differentiation Process: Mitosis

Plant shoot Plant root

Zone of Cell Division

1. Zone of cell division takes place at the apical meristems
2. Consists of actively dividing meristem cells through mitosis
3. Increase of the number of cells causes the elongation of the plant stem
4. Cells formed previously are pushed to the zone of cell elongation when new cells are

formed

New cell

Cell division
Cell elongation

Previous new
cell

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Zone of Cell Elongation

1. Consist cell that are increasing in size
2. Caused by diffusion of water by osmosis and the absorption of nutrients into the cells
3. Stored in the vacuoles.
4. Small vacuoles fuse to form a large vacuole
5. This process is known as vacuolation.
6. Diffused water exerts pressure against the cell walls which pushes, elongates and widens

the cells

Water

Small vacuoles Vacuolation
Large vacuole

Zone of cell differentiation

1. Consists of differentiating cells that differentiate once they have reached their maximum
size

2. Form permanent tissues such as epidermis, cortex, xylem and phloem.
3. Cells change their shapes and structures to become specialised cells with specific

functions.
4. For example;

Epidermal cells in leaves differentiate and form guard cells
Epidermal cells in roots differentiate and form root hair cells.

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth
In roots In leaves

Structure: Epidermal cell Structure: Epidermal cell
Function: Protect the plant from Function: Protect the plant from
mechanical injuries mechanical injuries

Differentiation

Structure: Root hair cell Structure: Guard cell
Function: Function: Control the opening and
Increase surface area to
absorb more water and closing of stoma
mineral salts

TYPE OF GROWTH Tree
map

Primary growth Secondary growth
Occur at Occur at
Eudicot and some monocot
All plant
Function to
Function to Increase diameter of stem
Elongate stems and roots

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Primary Growth Leaf
primordia
1. Growth that occurs after germination
2. Growth takes place in the apical meristems at the shoot tips and Bud
primordia
root tips.
3. Starts when the meristem cells in the zone of cell division of apical

meristems are actively dividing
4. Followed by elongation and differentiation of the cells.
5. Leaf primordia and shoot primordia will grow at the shoot tips
6. Form new leaves and shoots
7. Enables the plants to increase in height
8. Root cap will become exhausted at the root tips when they

penetrate the soil.
9. Causes the cells of the root cap to be replaced by the meristem

cells.

Secondary Growth

1. Secondary growth does not happen at non-woody plants such as herbaceous plants
2. Results from the division of lateral meristem cells located in the and root.
3. Lateral meristems consist of;

Vascular cambium – located between xylem and phloem in vascular bundle
Cork cambium - located under the epidermal layer

Cork cambium Epidermal
Xylem

Vascular cambium

Phloem

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Secondary Growth at the Stem

1 1. Secondary growth starts when the

J Primary phloem vascular cambium divides actively

2. Through mitosis.

K Cambium
vascular

L Primary xylem

2 M Epidermis 3. The cells in the cambium ring divide inwards
to form new xylem and outwards to form new

phloem.

N Cambium ring 4. New xylem tissues become secondary xylem
and the new phloem tissues become

secondary phloem

3 O Cortex 5. Secondary growth causes primary xylem is
pushed towards the pith
Secondary phloem Vascular cambium
Q U 6. whereas primary phloem is pushed towards
the epidermiy
T Pith
R Primary 7. Causing the primary xylem tissues are
compressed to form a stronger wood layer.
xylem
8. because the walls of xylem are thickened
with lignin

9. provides mechanical support to plants.

PS
Primary phloem Secondary xylem

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

10. Circumference increas when the secondary

4 Epidermis xylem layer is compressed to stem
Z
11. Causes the epidermis of the stem to stretch

V and crack.
Cork

cambium 12. Cork cambium actively divides to form cork

W cells on the outer side and cortex on the inner
Cork side

13. The cork layer protects the stem from insect

and pathogen attack when the epidermis is

cracked.

Y
Secondary cortex

Secondary Growth at the Root

1. Root undergoes secondary growth to increase the circumference ff the root.
2. Secondary growth process at the root is the same as the secondary growth of a eudicot

stem
3. Vascular cambium cells divide actively and combine to form a complete ring.
4. Cells in the cambium ring divide inwards to form secondary xylem and outwards to form

secondary phloem.
5. Root becomes thicker
6. Cork cambium located under the epidermis divides actively to form cork cells
7. cork cells provide protection to the root tissues.

Xylem Phloem Primary phloem

Cambium vascular Primary xylem
undergoes cell division

Cambium vascular Secondary xylem

Secondary phloem

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

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J Primary phloem

L Primary xylem M Cambium ring

K
Cambium vascular

Secondary phloem

3U 4 W Cork

Q Primary xylem V Cork
R Primary phloem cambium

T
Secondary phloem

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

The Effect of Season Toward the Growth Rate of The Plant

1. Growth rate can be observed via annual growth ring
2. Cross section of tree trunk shows alternating pattern which are light and dark region
3. Caused by different season

Spring/ summer wood
Fall/ winter wood

Spring/ Summer Wood Fall/ Winter Wood

1. Plant receives optimum light intensity 1. Plant receives less light intensity and

and temperature temperature

2. Promotes the growth rate 2. Decreasing the growth rate

3. Vascular cambium actively divides by 3. Vascular cambium less actively divides

mitosis by mitosis

4. Produce xylem which have; 4. Produce xylem which have;

Large in size Small in size

Light in colour Dark in colour

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

The Necessity of Primary Growth

1. Allows maximum elongation of plants to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis
2. Primary phloem can transport the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts

of the plants
3. Primary xylem can transport water and mineral salts from the soil via the roots to the

leaves.
4. Primary xylem provides support to herbaceous or young plants.

The Necessity of Secondary Growth:

Necessity Explanation
1. Increasing the stem and root diameters
2. Provides mechanical support to plants Provides stability to plants to suit the
height of plants
3. Produces more xylem and phloem
tissues Provides stability to plants to suit the
height of plants
4. Produces stronger and thicker bark
Providing a larger conducting vessel
5. Increasing the chances of seed Replace old and damaged xylem and
production and reproduction phloem tissue
Provide protection to the plants from
excessive water loss, physical injuries and
pathogen infections
Wood is used in construction and furniture

Able to live longer
For survival of species

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Comparison Between Primary Growth and Secondary Growth in Eudicots

Similarities
Both growths occur in woody plants
Both growths involve cell division by mitosis
Both growths can increase the size of the plants permanently

Differences

Aspect Primary growth Secondary growth

Meristem tissue Apical meristem Meristem tissue Lateral meristem
involve (vascular involved cambium and
cork cambium)
Parts of the plant Occurs on stems and roots in Occurs when primary growth has of
that undergo younger regions the plant ceased on matured stems
growth and roots

Direction of Growth occurs longitudinally Growth occurs radially
growth

Growth effects Increases the length of root or Increases the thickness or
stems of plant circumference of stems and roots
Tissues and of plant
structures formed Epidermis, cortex and primary Bark, periderm (cork cambium and
vascular tissue (primary xylem cork tissues), lenticels and
and primary phloem) secondary vascular (secondary
xylem and secondary phloem)

Presence of Do not have woody tissue Have woody tissue
woody tissue

Thickness of bark Thin Thick

Presence of Absence of annual growth Presence of annual growth rings the
annual growth rings at the plant stem
rings

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

The Economic Importance of Plants that Have Undergone Secondary Growth

Economic importance Explanation
High economic values Produce timber such as Shorea sp. (meranti) and
Have strong and hard woods Balanocarpus sp. (cengal).
Presence of annual rings Used in construction and furniture / timber
Produce resin and oil
Produce flower Makes furniture look attractive
Commercialised as varnish, adhesive substance,
Produce fruit perfume and medicine
Can be made as decorative plants
Commercialised fruits such as mangoes and
mangosteen
Generate income

2.3 GROWTH CURVES

Types of Plants Based on Life Cycles

Life Cycle Explanation
Annual Plants
Plants that have only one life cycle for a season or a
year.
Plants usually die after completing their biological
cycle
Starts from germination and ends with flowering or
producing seeds.
Examples of annual plants are paddy, pumpkin and
watermelon plants

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth
Life cycle
Explanation
Biennial plants
Refer to plants which take two years with two
Perennial plants seasons of growth to complete their life cycle.
Have two seasons of growth;
o First growth season is the vegetative growth

which is the growth of roots, leaves and stem
structures
o Second growth season is reproduction.
Most of the biennial plants grow in temperate regions
(4 season)
Plants briefly stop the growth process during winter.
Growth continues as preparation for reproduction by
flowering during spring and summer
The plants produce fruits and seeds and eventually
the plants will die.
Examples of biennial plants are cabbage, carrot and
silver cock’s comb.
Refer to plants which live more than two years.
Have longer lifespan depending on the species and
conditions.
Can be classified into two categories;
o Woody perennial plants
o Herbaceous perennial plants.
Most of these plants are able to flower and bear
fruits many times throughout their lives.
Have structures that are adaptable to their
surroundings and temperature change.
Examples of are grass, hibiscus plant and mango
plant

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

Growth Curve in Plants

The growth curve of annual plant

Dry mass(g) 1. Growth curve is a sigmoid curve
2. Stage A: Decreasing dry mass
Time (week)
Food stored in the cotyledon is used for
germination
Leaves not emerge to carry out
photosynthesis.
3. Stage B: Increasing dry mass
Rate of growth increases rapidly
Plant has carried out photosynthesis
4. Stage C: Constant dry mass
The rate of growth is zero
Plant is matured at this stage.
5. Stage D: Decreasing dry mass
Because of aging
Lower rate of photosynthesis
Shedding of leaves and flowers and
seed dispersal.

The Growth Curve of Biennial Plant

Dry mass(g) Second growth 1. The growth curve has two sigmoid curves
season which are combined
First growth
season Time (week) 2. First growth season:
Plants produce leaves
Photosynthesis takes place
Food is stored in tubers.

3. Second growth season:
The food stored is used to produce
flowers and seeds

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 1: Organisation of Plant Tissues and Growth

The Growth Curve of Perennial Plant

Height(m) 1. Growth curve is a series of small sigmoid curves
2. Every year the growth curve is a sigmoid curve
Time (Year) 3. Growth occurs throughout the lifespan of the

plant
4. The rate of growth is high during spring and

summer.
High light intensity increases the rate of
photosynthesis.

5. The rate of growth decreases in winter.
Low light intensity decreases the rate of
photosynthesis
Tree shed leaves during autumn

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