9 Chapter 8 Teacher Copy F5

Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 8: Biodiversity

CHAPTER 8

Biodiversity

“Dan Allah menciptakan tiap-tiap haiwan yang
bergerak itu dari air; maka sebahagian di antara
mereka menjalar atas perutnya dan sebahagian di

antaranya berjalan dengan dua kaki dan
sebahagian lagi berjalan dengan empat kaki. Allah
menciptakan apa sahaja yang Dia kehendaki (selain

dari yang tersebut), kerana sesungguhnya Allah
Maha Kuasa atas tiap-tiap sesuatu.”

Surah AnNuur. Ayat 045

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 8: Biodiversity

8.1 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND NAMING OF ORGANISMS
The Necessity of Classification System and Naming of Organisms

1 Biodiversity is the variety of living organisms such as microorganisms, animals and plants
that interact with one another

2 Organisms categorised and named by using taxonomy method
3 Field in biology which involves the classification, identification and naming of organisms in

an organised manner
4 Taxonomy strives to manage information and data which has been collected using a

systematic and methodical approach
5 To elucidate the scientific community

Tree
map

Necessity of Classification System and
Naming of Organisms

Facilitate studies Facilitate discussions

Taxonomic Classification System

Method Explanation
1. Classification
Organisms are categorised based on physical features
2. Identification in a taxonomic hierarchy system.
3. Naming
Organisms are identified using dichotomous keys.

Organisms are named using a binomial nomenclature
system

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Classification of Organisms Eubacteria
Kingdom Prokaryote
Unicellular organism
Archaebacteria Autotroph or heterotroph
Prokaryote Example: Salmonella sp.
Unicellular organism
Autotroph or heterotroph Fungi
Example: Sulfolobus sp. Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular
Protista organism
Eukaryote Heterotroph
Unicellular or multicellular Example: Mushroom
organism
Autotroph or heterotroph
Example: Ameoba sp.

Plantae Animalia

Eukaryote Eukaryote
Multicellular organism Unicellular or multicellular
Autotroph organism organism
Example: Cactus Heterotroph organism
Example: Hummingbird

Bio Terminology Cellular organism which lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and
Prokaryote membrane-enclosed organelles

Eukaryote Has a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

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The Main Features of Organisms in Each Kingdom

Archaebacteria

1. Unicellular prokaryote organism
2. Known as primitive bacteria
3. Has cell walls with no peptidoglycan
4. Can be divided into three groups based on their habitats:

Methanogen:
 Obligate anaerobic bacteria
 Found in swamps and the digestive tract of ruminants and humans
 Produces methane as a metabolic by product.
Halophile:
 Found in places with extremely high salt concentration
 Example: Dead Sea.
Thermophile:
 Bacteria that can withstand high temperatures
 Flourishes at an optimum temperature of 60 oc to 80 oc
 Found in hot springs and highly acidic locations
 Example: Yellowstone National Park in the U.S.

Eubacteria

1. Prokaryote unicellular organism
2. Organism usually form colonies
3. Also known as “true” bacteria
4. Has cell walls made up of peptidoglycan

Also known as murein
Polymer made up of sugars and amino acids.
5. Cytoplasm contains ribosome and plasmids
6. Absent of membrane-enclosed organelles like the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum
and others
7. Bacteria are classified according to their shape
8. Examples: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae

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Protista

1. Eukaryote organism
2. Can either be a unicellular or a multicellular organism
3. Can either be a heterotroph or an autotroph or both
4. Has a simple cell organisation without specialised tissue
5. The cells contain a nucleus that is bound by a nuclear membrane as well as other

membrane-bound organelles
6. Divided into three groups:

Protista group Tree
map

Protozoa Algae Slime mold

Example Example Example
Amoeba sp. Chlamydomonas sp. Physarum
Spirogyra sp.
Paramecium sp. polycephalum.

Fungi

1. Eukaryote organism
2. Can either be a unicellular or a multicellular organism
3. They are also heterotrophs (saprophytes or parasites)
4. Cell wall is made up of chitin (fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides)
5. Body is made up of a thread-like network of hyphae called the mycelium
6. Examples: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and Agaricus sp. (mushroom)

J
Mycelium
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Plantae

1. Eukaryote organism
2. Includes all multicellular plants
3. Can synthesise own food via photosynthesis (photoautotroph)

Have chlorophyll
4. Can undergo sexual or asexual reproduction
5. Examples: seedless plants (ferns) and plants with seeds (all flowering plants)

Animalia

1. Eukaryote organism
2. Involves all multicellular animals
3. All animal are heterotrophs
4. Most animals can move
5. Most animals reproduce sexually
6. Examples: Invertebrate (starfish) and vertebrate (elephant

Summery:

Kingdom Number of Structure of Presence of Presence Example of
Archaebacteria cells cell wall chlorophyll of organisms
Eubacteria Halobacterium
Protista Unicellular No Absent nucleus salinarum
peptidoglycan
Fungi Unicellular Absent Lactobacillus sp.

Plantae Unicellular Contain Some Absent Paramecium
Animalia and sp.
multicellular peptidoglycan bacteria (unicellular)
Fucus sp.
Unicellular No cell (Multicellular)
and Yeast
multicellular wall Some (unicellular)
Multicellular Agaricus sp.
Multicellular (Protozoa) protozoa Present (Multicellular)
Pisum sativum
Cell wall All algae Panthera leo

(algae)

Chitin Absent Present

Cellulose Present Present
Absent Absent Present

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Taxonomy Hierarchy

1. Hierarchy system used in taxonomy is the Linnaeus hierarchy system
2. Classifies organisms according to hierarchy
3. Starting from species to domain
4. Orders of the hierarchy are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and

species.
5. Domain is the highest taxonomic rank in the hierarchical biological classification system
6. Each kingdom is divided into smaller groups called phylum which have mutual

characteristics
7. Phylum is further divided into class, while class is divided into order
8. Order is divided into family, while family is divided into genus
9. Genus is divided into species
10. Species is the smallest group used to classify organisms
11. Organisms of the same species are capable of interbreeding among themselves to

produce viable fertile offspring

The number of Domain
Organisms within each Eukarya
group increases
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Ursidae
Genus
Ursus
Species
arctos

The number of organisms
within each group decreases.
The genetic link between each
Organism becomes closer.

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Binomial Nomenclature System

1. Each scientific name consists of two words
2. The first word is the name of the genus
3. The second word is the name of the species.
4. The first letter of the genus is capitalised while the name of the species is not.
5. All scientific names must be printed in italics.
6. The two names must be underlined separately if handwritten

Common Genus Species Scientific name Scientific name
name name name
(hand written) (Printed)
Cat Felis
catus Felis catus Felis catus

Common Genus Species Common Genus Species
name name name name name name
Paddy Oryza sativa
Tiger Panthera tigris

Common Genus Species Common Genus Species
name name name name
Elephas name name
Elephant maximus annuus
Sunflower Helianthus

Scientific name

Common name Handwritten Printed

Paddy Oryza sativa Oryza sativa
Tiger Panthera tigris Panthera tigris
Elephant Elephas maximus Elephas maximus
Sunflower Helianthus annuus Helianthus annuus

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Dichotomous Key

1. Tool used by taxonomists to identify organisms
2. Based on similarities and differences
3. Dichotomous key is built by using a series of couplets
4. Each couplet is made up of two statements about the organism’s traits or its grouping
5. Different set of dichotomous keys is used when identifying other organisms
6. The traits chosen must be based on obvious and observable features.
7. Overlapping traits must be avoided.

Butterfly Snail Hibiscus Spider

Ant Earthworm Fern Pine
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Trait Dichotomous key

1a Animals Go to 2
1b Plants Go to 6
2a Has legs Go to 3
2b Does not have legs Go to 5
3a Three pairs of legs Go to 4
3b More than three pairs of legs Spider
4a Has wings Butterfly
4b Does not have wings Ant
5a Has shell Snail
5b Does not have shell Earthworm

Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 8: Biodiversity

6a Has seeds Go to 7
6b Does not have seeds Fern
7a Flowering plant Hibiscus
7b Non-flowering plant Pine tree

ORGANISM

1a 1b
Animals Plants

2a 2b 6a 6b
Has legs Has seeds
Does not Does not have

have legs seeds

3a 3b Fern 7a 7b

Three pairs More than three Flowering Non-flowering
of legs pairs of legs plant plant

4a 4b 5a 5b
Has shell
Has Does not Does not
wings have wings have shell

Butterfly Ant Spider Snail Earthworm Hibiscus Pine

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8.2 BIODIVERSITY Species diversity Ecosystem diversity
Concept of Biodiversity
Variation and variability of Refers to the biotic
Genetic diversity organisms on Earth. community and ecological
Includes the total number of process in ecosystems
Gene’s variation of an species in a community On the land, in the sea and
individual within a (species richness) and the other aquatic environments.
population and the genes species distribution in a Example:
variation between different community (species There are ecosystems rich
populations of the same evenness). with biodiversity that can be
species. Example: Tropical found in the ocean, in the
Due to individual isolation rainforests have large desert or even in the
and adaptation to different species diversities. swamp.
environments. There are 5-10 million of
No two individuals of the insect species while there
same species are identical. can be more than two
Example: the huge variety million species of flowering
in gene combination allows plants
for genetic variation in
plants such as paddy.

Phylogenetic Tree

1. Evolutionary history of a species or a group of organisms that are genetically linked
2. Phylogenetic tree is a diagram that represents hypotheses on evolutionary relationships

among a group of organisms
3. Phylogenetic classification is the classification system that shows the evolutionary

relationship and history of the studied organism
Used in many modern classification systems.
Classification is done using a homologous structure.

4. A homologous structure refers to a structure (body parts or body anatomy) that can be
observed across multiple organisms

5. Share the same ancestor even though the function of the structure may differ from one
organism to another

6. Human, cat, whale and bat share the same bone structure but differ greatly in size and
length

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2 2 2 2
13 3
3 3 4 1
1 1 5 4
4 4 6
5 5 6
6 6 Whale
Bat
Human Cat

Keys: 3 Ulna 5 Metacarpal
4 Carpal 6 Phalanx
1 Radius
2 Humerus

7. Limbs of the four animals originate from one common ancestor
8. Evolutionary relationship and history between different types of species can be depicted

via a phylogenetic tree
9. Branches in a phylogenetic tree show how a species or a group of organisms diverge from

the same ancestor.
10. Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from green algae
11. First land plants originated from non-vascular plants such as mosses
12. Followed by seedless vascular plants such as ferns
13. Vascular plants then advance into vascular plants with seed
14. Which are;

Gymnosperms - conifers
Angiosperms - flowering plants
15. Angiosperms most successful plants for species survival
16. Seeds are enclosed inside the fruits

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Non-vascular plant

Moss

Green algae Seedless plant
(common ancestor)

Fern

Vascular Non-flowering
plant

plant Gymnosperm

Seed Angiosperm
plant

Flowering
plant

Importance of Biodiversity on the Environment and Humans

Importance Explanation
Plant and animal provide food sources to sustain human
1. Source of food need
Plant provide fruit while animal provide meat
2. Maintain gases balance Plant absorbs carbon dioxide
3. Supply oxygen gases Reduce global warming
4. Medicine source Plant produces oxygen gases during photosynthesis
5. Economic value Used during cellular respiration
6. Knowledge Some plant has healing properties
7. Eco tourism
8. Recreational area Wood produces by plant
9. Artistic value Can gain more knowledge regarding earth by studying
different ecosystem
Generate income and providing more job opportunities

Provide healthier lifestyle and can reduce a stress

Give inspiration to an artist to produce a masterpiece

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8.3 MICROORGANISMS AND VIRUSES

The Main Characteristics of Microorganisms and Viruses

Bacteria

1. Bacteria do not have nucleus due to the lack of nuclear membranes.
2. Genetic materials exist in the form of chromosomal threads (DNA)

Free-floating inside the cytoplasm
Known as the nucleoid.
3. Some bacteria have plasmid
4. Small DNA molecules that carry extra genes
5. Range from 1 to 10 µm long.
6. Can exist as a single cell, a diploid (a pair), in filaments, chains or clusters.
7. Bacteria can exist in a few basic shapes such as the coccus (sphere), vibrio (comma),
bacillus (rod/cylinder) and spirillum (spiral)

Ribosome N Q Cytoplasm
Plasmid O R Nucleoid

Flagellum P S T U
Rod shape Plasma Cell wall Capsule
membrane
Spiral shape Comma shape
Sphere shape

Bacillus Coccus Spirillum Vibrio
Lactobacillus sp. Streptococcus sp. Spirillum volutans Vibrio cholera

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Protozoa

1. Protozoa are animal-like unicellular microorganisms.
2. Move around using pseudopodia (false feet), cilia or flagellum
3. Usually found in aquatic habitats.
4. Protozoa are heterotrophs or autotrophs
5. Euglena sp. Is an autotrophic protozoon with chloroplasts

Can undergo photosynthesis.
6. Protozoa can be free-living or parasitic.

Pseudopodia Moving using Flagellum
Cilia

Ameoba sp. Paramacium sp. Euglena sp

Algae

1. Consist of;
Unicellular microorganisms - Chlamydomonas sp
Multicellular organisms - brown algae, Fucus sp.

2. Some algae have flagellum to move in water.
3. Have chloroplasts and are therefore autotrophs
4. Do not have leaves, stems, or roots like plants do
5. Live in ponds, lakes and ocean

Chlamydomonas sp. Fucus sp.

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Fungi

1. Unicellular microorganisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast)) or multicellular
microorganisms (Mucor sp.)

2. Do not contain chlorophyl
3. Fungi are heterotrophs, either parasites or saprophytes.
4. Do not contain roots, stems and leaves.
5. Cell walls created by chitin.
6. Exist in the form of mycelium

Made up of a network of threads called the hyphae.
7. Found in dark or moist places and on decomposing or dead organisms

Hyphae
P

Q Rhizoid

Yeast

Viruses

1. Not cellular organisms
Not included in any of the kingdoms
Virus exists as a crystal outside of the host
• Does not carry out any life processes

2. Reproduce using living cells by injecting their genetic materials into host cells.
3. Made up of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and capsids made from protein.
4. Size of a virus is too small (20 nm to 400 nm)
5. Can only be seen using an electron microscope.

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T4 Bacteriophage Tobacco mosaic virus HIV

The Role of Microorganisms in the Nitrogen Cycle

Atmospheric
nitrogen (N2)

Animal Nitrogen-fixing
protein process

Eaten Protein in Ammonification Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen fixing
body tissue Decomposer Ammonium (NH4+) bacteria

Plant Nitrosomonas sp. • Live in the root nodules of
protein Nitrification legumes- Rhizobium sp.

Synthesis of Nitrite ion • Free-living bacteria in the
(NO2-) soil - Azotobacter sp.

Nitrobacter sp.

Nitrification.

Absorb by Nitrate ion Atmospheric fixation
plant root (NO3-)

Denitrification
Denitrifying bacteria

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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 8: Biodiversity

1. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fixes the nitrogen from the atmosphere
2. Changes it to ammonium ions (NH4 +) via the process of nitrogen-fixing
3. Examples of nitrogen-fixing bacteria are;

Rhizobium sp. - Live in the root nodules of legumes
Azotobacter sp.- Free-living in the soil
4. Nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas sp. convert ammonium ions into nitrite ions (NO2-)
5. Via process of nitrification
6. Nitrifying bacteria Nitrobacter sp. convert nitrite ions into nitrate ions (NO3–)
7. Lightning in a thunderstorm oxidises nitrogen to nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
8. Known as atmospheric fixation
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dissolves in rainwater
Form nitrous acid and nitric acid
Both form nitrate salts in the soil.
9. Industrial fertilisers provide ammonium fertilisers and nitrates in the soil.
10. Nitrates absorbed by plant roots and used to synthesise plant proteins
11. Plant protein is converted into animal protein when animal eat the plant
12. Nitrogen gets transferred to the animal’s tissue
13. Decomposition occur when plants and animals die
14. Carried out by decomposers such as bacteria and saprophytic fungi
15. Protein in body tissue will be broken down into ammonium ions (NH4+)
16. via process of ammonification.
17. Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas
18. Through the denitrification process.

The Role of Microorganisms

Microorganisms as producers

1. Phytoplankton are usually found floating on the surface of the oceans, ponds or lakes
2. Such as green algae, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), dinoflagellates and diatoms
3. Can undergo photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll
4. Important to aquatic ecosystem as producers in food chains

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Microorganisms as decomposers

1. Decomposer decompose organic materials from dead organisms
2. Examples are saprophytic fungi and bacteria
3. Break down complex organic materials such as animal wastes, carcasses and rotting trees
4. Into simple compounds such as ammonium.
5. Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes into the decaying organic materials
6. Products are absorbed during the digestive process
7. Products contain important elements required by plants
8. Such as carbon, nitrogen and sulphur
9. These materials are then absorbed by plants when returned to the soil

Microorganisms as parasites

1. Parasite gain benefits from the parasitic relationship
2. Host is harmed or sometimes die from the negative effects caused by the parasite
3. Parasites will continue to benefit for as long as this interaction continues
4. Most parasites try not to kill their hosts
5. Examples of parasitic microorganisms is Plasmodium sp.
6. Protozoa that live inside the female anopheles mosquito
7. Malaria is transmitted to anyone who is bitten by the mosquito
8. Parasite is transferred into the blood circulation system of the person

Microorganism as symbionts

Symbionts

Ectosymbiont Endosymbion
1. Lives inside the host cells.
1. Lives outside the host cells. 2. Example: Protozoa Trichonympha
2. Example: Ectomycorrhiza
sp. which lives in the alimentary
Fungi which lives canals of termites.
around plant roots.

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Definition of Pathogens and Vectors

Pathogens

1. Pathogens is an organism that cause infectious disease
2. Enters the body, divides and multiplies
3. Examples of pathogen are virus, bacteria or any other microorganism
4. Disease caused by pathogens will occur when the cells inside the body are damage
5. Caused by the infection and the infected person shows the symptoms.

Vectors
1. Vectors are organisms which transmit pathogens and cause certain diseases

Pathogens Vectors Disease
Vibrio cholerae
Dengue virus Fly Cholera
Salmonella typhi
Plasmodium sp. Aedes mosquito Dengue fever

Cockroach Food poisoning

Anopheles mosquito Malaria fever

The Effects of Pathogens on Human Health

Pathogen Example of disease Symptoms of disease

Virus Hepatitis B Inflammation (hepatic cirrhosis)
Swollen chest
Bacteria Tuberculosis Skin and eyes sclera become yellowish
May cause fatalities
Protozoa Dysentery Loss of weight
Coughing blood
Fungi. Tinea versicolour Shortness of breath
Stomach ache
Diarrhoea
Vomit

Whitish or pinkish patches on the skin

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