Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
CHAPTER 13
Genetic
Technology
" Pada hari ini Kami tutup mulut mereka; dan
berkatalah kepada Kami tangan mereka dan
memberi kesaksianlah kaki mereka terhadap apa
yang dahulu mereka usahakan”
Surah An Naml: Ayat 60
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
13.1 GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
1. Genetic engineering is a gene manipulation technique
2. Genetic material of an organism’s is modified
By transferring of a DNA segment from one organism to another
To produce new combination of genes
Using DNA recombinant technology.
3. An organism or microorganism that is produced by recombinant DNA technology is
known as a genetically modified organism (GMO).
4. Organism that contains recombinant DNA is known as a transgenic organism
5. Biologists can recombine the DNA or genome of an organism
6. Genome is a complete set of DNA for and organism
Includes all the genes of that organism
Contains all information needed to build and carry out the life processes of an
organism
Genetically Modified Food (GMF)
1. Recombinant DNA technology has successfully produced many beneficial varieties of;
Crops (paddy, oil palm, pineapple, corn and soya bean)
Livestock (salmon, cattle and goat)
2. Genetically modified food (GMF) possesses DNA from other species of plant or animal
3. Consumption of GMF by humans may cause health implications which are still unknown.
Tree
map
Characteristics Of Genetically Modified Food (GMF)
Resistant to Resistant to Application Tolerance to Resistance
herbicide disease in medicine heavy metals to pest
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Organism Method of Genetic engineering Benefit
Salmon fish Super Salmon is created
Atlantic salmon genome is modified Grows at a faster rate
Potato By inserting a growth hormone gene Produced throughout the
from a Chinook salmon year
Corn Can grow well in cold
Potato genome is modified climates
By inserting a gene from Arabidopsis sp.
plant Corn plant can produce a
protein which are toxic to
o Which tolerate freezing condition pest
Corn genome is modified Increase its resistance
By inserting a gene from bacteria against insect pest
Bacillus thuringiensis
Advantages and disadvantages of GMF
Advantages Disadvantages
Overcome worldwide food shortage There possibility that the foreign gene in
o Producing high quality GMF may be transferred to humans,
transgenic crops and livestock Example antibiotic-resistance gene
Reduce cost of food production Endangered natural species
May have adverse effects on human
Reduce problems of crops related to health and genetic material
pests
Increase nutritional value of crops
Reduce usage of pesticides
Increase in production reduces price of
food
o Increase food availability
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Production of Insulin
1. Glucose level in blood of diabetes mellitus patients is high
2. Less insulin hormone is produced by pancreas
3. Insulin is produced by genetic engineering via gene manipulation
4. Insulin is injected into a patients
5. To stimulate liver cells to convert an excess glucose into glycogen
6. Glycogens are stored in a liver
7. Glucose level in blood return to normal
.
A spliced human DNA A plasmid is a circular DNA found
with insulin gene in bacteria which is used as a
cloning vector
Insulin gene
Restriction enzyme
Insulin gene is cut with The plasmid is cut with
restriction enzymes restriction enzymes
DNA ligase enzyme DNA ligase enzyme will join the wanted
gene at the end of both plasmid
A recombinant plasmid which is
successfully inserted with human
insulin gene
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Bacteria cell
Recombinant plasmid
The recombinant plasmid is
introduced into a bacteria
Transgenic bacteria
Insulin
Bacterial clone multiplies and produces insulin
Insulin is extracted from the transgenic bacteria and purified.
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13.2 BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition of Biotechnology
1. Field which utilises technology or method to manipulate organisms
2. Purpose of biotechnology are;
a. To produce or to modified a biological product
b. To improve the quality of livestock and crops
c. To develop the application of microorganisms for specific purposes
3. Each biotechnology disciplines are given a specific colour code
Colour Code Biotechnology Disciplines
1. Red Medicine and human health
2. Brown Biotechnology of desert and dry regions
3. Yellow Food and nutrition
4. Purple Law, ethics and philosophy
5. Blue Marine biotechnology
6. Dark Bioterrorism and biological warfare
7. Green Improving agricultural products
8. Gold Bioinformatics and computer science
9. White Industrial processes that involve microorganisms
10. Grey Environmental biotechnology
State Code Colour
White
Green Red
Brown. BIOTEKNOLOGY Blue
Gold Grey
Dark Purple
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Yellow
Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Applications of Biotechnology in Life
Gene Therapy
1. Used to treat or prevent genetic diseases
2. Normal gene is inserted into the patient to replace the abnormal gene
3. Diseases that can be cured by gene therapy are cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and
a few types of cancer.
Normal gene
A cell with an abnormal Insertion of normal gene to The cell performs
gene replace the abnormal gene normal functions
using a virus
DNA Profiling
1. Technique used in forensic based on their DNA to identify individuals
2. Because DNA in each individual’s is different
Except between identical twins
3. DNA of an individual can be obtained from his/her blood, semen (for male) or skin.
4. Applications of DNA profiling are;
Identify criminal
Solve paternity and maternity dispute
Identify genetic disease
Determine suitability of organ donor and recipient
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Blood, semen or skin sample is obtained from an DNA
investigation scene (e.g., a crime scene).
DNA is extracted from the sample.
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA into different Extracted
sizes of DNA fragments. DNA
ECoR1
Small pieces
of DNA
The DNA fragments of different sizes are then gel
separated by gel electrophoresis electrophoresis
Smaller fragments of DNA move faster compared
to larger fragments Nylon
membrane
DNA fragments of different sizes are transferred
from the gel to a nylon membrane.
Radioactive probes are added to the nylon X ray film
membrane
X-ray film is then placed on top of the nylon
membrane.
• X-ray film is processed to show the positions of
DNA bands that form the DNA profile.
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Solve the problem Crime scene investigation
Paternity dispute
Baby Mom Dad 1 Dad 2 Crime Kante Messi CR7
scene
Who is the father: Dad 2 Who is the offender: Messi
Production Of Microbial Metabolite
1. Metabolite is an end product of metabolic reactions in microorganism
2. Catalysed by various enzymes that naturally occur within cells
3. examples of metabolite are ethanol and lactic acid
4. Ethanol is widely use as;
Solvent for paint, varnish and perfume
Alcoholic drink
Antiseptic
Fuel for vehicles
Yeast + Glucose Zymase Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
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Production of Insect Tolerant Plants 2. DNA from bacteria
recombined with DNA
1. DNA from bacteria from corn cell
Bacillus thuringiensis
which can produce Bt
toxin is isolated and
cut by using an
enzyme
DNA corn
DNA bacteria
3. Recombination of DNA
inserted into corn tree
4. Tree can produce Bt toxin
which is toxic when consumed
by the pest
5. Caterpillar die when consume
leaves from the corn tree
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Jisrun Najaah Fi Ilmi Al Insan Chapter 13: Genetic Technology
Nanobiotechnology used in stem cell research
1. Stem cell is a master cells which can form various of tissues, organs and system in
human
2. Can divide by mitosis to increase the numbers of cells
3. Also can differentiate to form a specific cell which perform specific function
4. Stem cell is obtaining from blood umbilical cord of baby, bone marrow and embryo
5. Stem cell from inner cell mas in blastocyst of embryo is known as embryonic stem cell
1. Stem cells from embryo can be 2. The cells are cultured in the
isolated at the blastocyst stage laboratory under condition
such as the presence of
growth nutrients
3. Cells undergoes repeated
mitosis and differentiation
process
Nerve cell Muscle cell
(Alzheimer)
(Muscle Dystrophy)
Pancreatic cell
(Diabetes mellitus)
4. Become specific cell and transferred to the patient
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Bioinformatic
Integrative field in life sciences that combines biology and information technology
Its application includes the study of molecular sequences and genomics data
involves the application of computer technology to manage large volumes of biological
information
The human genome project is an example usage of bioinformatic
Caried out to;
Determine the sequences of the entire 20,000 gene to 25,000 gen base pairs
found in the DNA of the human genome.
Make maps showing the exact locations of genes for major sections of human
chromosomes.
Can identified the genes which can cause a disease such as cystic fibrosis,
ovarian cancer and breast cancer
Produce drugs to treat these diseases.
Cleaning of Oil Spills
1. Bioremediation is a method which uses bacteria to clean up environmental pollutants by
using a bacteria
Effective to treat oil spillage in the ocean
2. Most molecules in crude oil and purified oil products can be degraded by bacteria
3. Alcanivorax borkumensis is a bacterium to treat oil spills
Depends on oil for its source of energy
Break down the alkanes in oil and use them as food
Make the oil more soluble to water
4. Advantages of bioremediation;
Completely natural process with almost no harmful side effects.
Carried out in situ for most applications with no dangerous transport.
Quick turnaround time to make soil and water useful.
Minimal equipment needed except for specialized pieces
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Importance of Biotechnology in Life
Field Contributions
Agriculture
Produce the best livestock and crop breeds
Medicine Tissue culture method and cloning technique have expedited
plant reproduction.
Forensic Produce paddy varieties which give more yield and mature
Environment faster
Animal cloning enables mass reproduction and produces
disease-resistant clones.
Use of hormones expedite animal growth and maturity.
Can modify the genetic contents of an individual.
Reduce risk of mental disease.
Prevent specific diseases such as cancer and inherited
diseases.
Human with dwarf genetics can have normal children.
Assist mothers with difficulty to conceive.
Can identify criminal based on tissue or body fluid such as
blood, semen, skin or hair follicle
Microbes can expedite decay of waste products created by
humans
Microbes can degrade faeces completely.
Reduce pollution to protect humans and the environment
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