Using farm tools and equipment

TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Web Script for Agricultural Crop Production NC III

Objectives USE FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

Introduction At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
LESSON 1 1. Perform safety use of farm tools and equipment.
2. Identify tools and equipment use in farm operation.
3. Select appropriate use of farm tools and equipment.

Select and Use of Farm Tools

TOPIC 1 Farm Tools and uses

Hand Tools These are objects that are usually light and are used without the help of animals
and machineries. Farm Tools These are used in land preparations
• Bolo is used for cutting tall grasses and
weeds and chopping branches of trees.

• Crowbar is used for digging big holes and
for digging out big stones and stumps.

• Pick-mattock is used for digging canals,
breaking hard topsoil and for digging up
stones and tree stumps.

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

• Grab-hoe is used for breaking hard topsoil
and pulverizing soil.

Spade is used for removing trash or soil,
digging canals or ditches and mixing soil
media.

• Shovel is used in removing trash, digging,
loose soil, moving soil from one place to
another and for mixing soil media.

• Rake is used for cleaning the ground and
leveling the topsoil.

. • Spading fork is used for loosening the
soil,digging out root crops and turning over
the materials in a compost heap

• Light hoe is used for loosening and leveling
soil and digging out furrows for planting

• Hand trowel is used for loosening the soil
around the growing plants and putting small
amount of manure fertilizer in the soil.

• Hand cultivator is used for cultivating the
garden plot by loosening the soil and
removing weeds around the plant.

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

• Hand fork is used for inter row cultivation.

• Pruning shears is for cutting branches of
planting materials and unnecessary branches
of plants.
• Axe is for cutting bigger size post.

• Knife is for cutting planting materials and for
performing other operations in horticulture

• Sprinklers – used for watering seedlings and
young plants

• Water pails – used for hauling water,
manure and fertilizers

• Sprayers are for spraying insecticides, foliar
fertilizers, fungicides and herbicides

• Wheel barrow is used for hauling trash,
manures, fertilizers, planting materials and
other equipment

• Sickle is a hand- held agricultural tool with a
variously curved blade typically used for
cutting weeds.

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

ACTIVITY 1 Drag and Drop

LESSON 2 Spade, Wheel barrow, Hand pork, hand cultivator, pick-mattock, spading pork,
shovel
Operate Farm Equipment
Farm workers who learn from the start how to run all of the pieces of equipment on a farm
increase their chances of being offered full-time hours and pay raises.

Remember: farm equipment safety starts with you! Know how to properly use your
equipment and keep your farm buildings safe.

TOPIC 1 Basic Farm Equipment
Tractor

Tractors (one of which is pictured above) are available in sizes
appropriate for farmers with 1 acre all the way up to those
working 1,000 acres or more. As versatile as these pieces of
farm equipment are, a tractor is a pretty common-sense
purchase for small-scale farmers.

Cultivator

Cultivators are used for—you probably already guessed this—
soil cultivation. In particular, cultivators are used for weed
control before planting into a bed, as well as incorporating crop
or weed residues and preparing a seed bed. Cultivator tines
can be properly spaced to be used in a garden bed or crop field
after plants are growing to remove the weeds from around the
plants. It takes someone with a steady hand to drive the tractor in a straight line and not hit
the vegetable plants with the cultivator.

Plow

• Moldboard plows: These are most often used on
land that has not been in crop production before or has been
fallow for a long time. The large wings of the plow are
designed to cut into and turn over all of the soil in an area.
• Chisel Plow: This has long shanks that turn over the
soil to a depth of 12 inches. Chisel plowing after applying a
soil amendment can incorporate the amendment to 3 to 4 inches, and crop residues

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

that are turned over during the plowing are concentrated in that soil depth, as well,
according to Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. Chisel plowing still
leaves some crop residue on the soil surface and usually doesn’t create a seedbed
that’s smooth enough to plant into—you need further soil prep for that.
• Disk Plow: This cuts into the soil but doesn’t turn it over completely the way a
moldboard plow would.

Harrow
Harrows are pulled behind a tractor or ATV to level the
soil surface, redistribute crop residue and disturb weed
germination. You can attach a harrow to another
implement that’s attached to your tractor to save time and
expenses by making fewer passes through your field.
Harrows are also handy for breaking up manure in the

pasture and smoothing out riding-ring surfaces.

Sprayer

Sprayer is use for applying compost tea, pesticides or
herbicides (organic or synthetic), a sprayer is a necessary
piece of farm equipment. Backpack-size sprayers and
walk-behind sprayers are hand operated, while farmers
who have several acres of crops should use a tractor- or
ATV-mounted and operated sprayer.

Seed drill

Seed drills are tractor attachments that insert seeds into
the ground with minimal soil disturbance. They are most
often used for row crops (such as grains), cover crops,
and grasses or forage. There are no-till seed drills and
traditional seed drills.

No-Till Drills

No-till drills have coulter blades—a means of cutting through the existing crop residue—that
create a clear path for planting seeds. Farmers.gov has good information about no-till drill
options.

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Traditional Seed Drills
Traditional seed drills generally require tilling or planting-area preparation before seeding
because traditional seed drills do not have coulters to cut through the residue.

Broadcast seeder
Broadcast seeders—also called rotary spreaders
or seeders—come in many sizes, from a lawn seeder
that you can carry around your neck to industrial-
size seeders pulled behind the largest of tractors.
The idea behind these pieces of farm equipment all

is the same: As the plate inside the seeder turns, the seeds in the seeder’s
hopper are distributed across an area. Each model has its own broadcast area,
and this is usually adjustable. Broadcast seeders are ideal for planting cover
crops, grasses and forages, but they aren’t practical for garden crops that
require rows or organization.

Rake
Rakes are necessary pieces of farm equipment if
you make hay. Wheel rakes, parallel-bar rakes,
rotary rakes and belt rakes are pulled behind a
tractor, and each have advantages and
disadvantages, depending on the quality of the

hay-cutting job, the moisture content of the hay and the equipment-storage
area available to you.

TOPIC 2 Farm Machinery Safety Measures
Farm Equipment Safe Operating Procedures. These procedures must be reviewed with
employees operating farm field equipment at least on an annual basis. (Farm field
equipment is defined as: tractors or implements, including self-propelled implements, or
any combination thereof used in agricultural operations.)

Farm machinery safety measures
➢ Read and follow the manufacturers’ instructions for operation.

➢ Don’t remove or modify safety features.

➢ Ensure that everyone working on the farm is thoroughly familiar with operating
procedures and safety requirements for any machinery they use.

➢ If needed, replace and fit guards to cover the moving parts of machinery – for example, a
PTO guard.

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➢ Make sure that tractors are correctly ballasted or weighted for particular jobs.

➢ Fit falling object protective structures (FOPS) on front-end loaders.

➢ Keep a well-stocked, up-to-date first aid kit in an accessible area.
➢ Always wear appropriate protective and visible clothing.

Train workers thoroughly in farm machinery safety

Your farm is a workplace and you are responsible for the health and safety of workers and
visitors. Inexperienced workers are much more likely to be injured in farm accidents.

You can prevent injuries in many ways:

➢ Supervise inexperienced workers at all times.
➢ Make sure your workers are thoroughly trained in equipment operation and safety.
➢ Keep all equipment in good repair.
➢ Warn workers of potential hazards and insist they undertake training and use equipment

safely.
➢ Only allow a worker to perform a task when you are confident they can handle it.
➢ Keep visitors and children well away from operating machinery and warn them of

potential hazards.

Safe tractor operation

Keep your tractor in good repair and immediately fix or replace faulty parts. Make detailed
notes on services and repairs in a logbook and conduct a general maintenance check on the
tractor every day before use. If you are uncertain about how to properly service and
maintain your tractor, it is recommended you have a close working relationship with your
local machinery expert.

Other safety suggestions include:

➢ Devise safety procedures that everyone on your farm must follow, such as only starting
the tractor when sitting in the driver’s seat and turning the tractor engine off before
leaving the driver’s seat.

➢ Install ROPS and seatbelts on all tractors.
➢ If using a front-end loader, install FOPS.
➢ Don’t allow anyone to stand near the tractor when it’s being started.
➢ Don’t operate your tractor close to dams, pipes, drains or powerlines, on steep slopes or

near other potential hazards.
➢ Remember that tractors have a high centre of gravity and are more likely to tip when

riding over hilly ground.
➢ Don’t carry passengers.
➢ Make sure that steps and control pedals are non-slip and kept clean.

Unguarded power take-off shafts are extremely hazardous

All moving machinery parts should be guarded so that clothing, hair or fingers can’t get
caught. Power take-off (PTO) shafts can cause serious injury and death. Safety suggestions

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

TOPIC 3 for PTOs include:
LESSON 3
➢ Guard the entire length of the shaft.

➢ Anchor the shaft guard to stop it from rotating.

➢ Enclose the joints with a guard.

➢ Keep shields in place when using the tractor.

➢ Always make sure all guards and shields are re-attached if removed during maintenance.

Pre-operational Check-up

Pre-operational Checks for Tractors

Whether you have been farming for 50 years or 50 days, you should start your work
day with a pre-operational check of your tractors before heading out to the field. By
checking your tractor before using it, you could prevent costly repairs, down time and
aggravation. Before even starting the tractor, go through the following checklist items:

• Fuel level - You always want to make
sure you have sufficient fuel in the tank.
• Check your battery - Make sure that the
battery terminals are not corroded.
• Check your tires - Not only should you
check the air pressure but also make sure that
the lug nuts are tight and look at the condition
(e.g., tread) of the tires. If you notice that you
have low tire pressure, look for air leakage from
around the valve stem.
• Loose or defective parts - Take time to really examine the tractor to look for loose
or defectives parts such as a frayed or worn fan belt. Replace, tighten or make
necessary repairs before heading out to the field.
• SMV Emblem - If your SMV emblem is faded or distorted in color or shape, it is time
to replace it with a new SMV emblem to increase your visibility to others.
• Fluid leaks - Look for any fluid leaks on the ground beneath the tractor. Also check
fluid levels for coolant, engine oil, and hydraulic oil levels as well. You can do some
very serious damage to your tractor if you run out of these fluids.
• Operator's platform area - You may spend much of your day on the operator
platform so check the steps to make sure you can get safely on and off of the
tractor. Examine the area around the seat to make sure it is clear of debris or tools
that could cause you to trip. You should have a ROPS on your tractor so always
make sure your seat belt is operable and that you buckle it.
• Fire extinguisher - Check your fire extinguisher to make sure it is charged.
• Lighting/flashers - Check headlights and warning lights/flashers to make sure all of
the lights are working and replace bulbs if necessary.
• Visibility from operator's seat - Clean any dirty cab windows to provide the best
visibility for you from the operator's seat.
You may think this will take too much time, but it is better to take the time rather than
have a break down in the middle of the road or to cause serious damage (e.g., engine
seizes) to your equipment.

Preventive Maintenance

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

TOPIC 1 Preventative maintenance is less stressful than reactive maintenance, which results in a
more efficient operation while contributing to profitability. When performing any preventative
maintenance or equipment repair, always refer to the model-specific owner's manual and/or
technical manual.
Preventive Maintenance Checklist

What is preventive maintenance? Any maintenance activity, such as an inspection, servicing
or replacement, that's performed as part of a scheduled plan, rather than as a response to a
breakdown, can be considered preventive maintenance. And what is the purpose of
preventive maintenance? By identifying components or parts that are wearing out and
repairing or replacing them before they fail, an effective preventive maintenance program
can help limit production downtime and extend the service life of equipment and facilities.

Any preventive maintenance program can be thought of as having four general components,
according to "The Complete Guide to Preventive and Predictive Maintenance" (2003). For a
program to be effective, each component has to be working well. "The Complete Guide"
describes the components as follows:

Engineering: Does the maintenance schedule include the right tasks, at the right frequency,
to identify and remedy critical wear?
Economic: Are the scheduled maintenance activities worth doing economically? When all
the costs associated with equipment failure are factored in, such as downtime and safety
considerations, does it cost less to keep maintaining the asset than to replace it?
People-Psychological: Are the employees who perform the preventive maintenance
sufficiently motivated and trained to do this detail-oriented work correctly?
Management: Is preventive maintenance built into business processes and operations, and
are operations systems designed to produce good preventive maintenance outcomes?

Consider these preventive maintenance checklists as a starting point as you think about the
maintenance activities that can help keep your facility functioning.

LIGHTING

• Inspect lighting on a regular schedule. Make sure your inspection list includes all the
lighting in your facility:

• Check all exit lighting for proper installation and function

• Check all interior lighting for proper installation and function

• Check all exterior lighting for proper installation and function.

• Replace any nonfunctional lamps you encounter. When lamps begin to fail,

consider relamping them as a group. You can create a schedule for relamping by

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estimating the average duration of lamp use in a week or a month and comparing that to
the expected service life of the lamp.
• When replacing lamps, check that the color temperature to maintain consistency.

• Dust and clean dirty lamps, and check that they're aimed as intended.

• Consider any luminaires that have transformers or control gear.
• For exterior lighting, check that hardware and cabling is intact.

SAFETY

• Check inventory and restock all first aid kits.
• Check eyewash bottles and stations.
• Ensure safety signs and equipment labels are in good condition.
• Inspect and clean respirators.
• Inspect fall protection harnesses and kits.

• Change batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, flashlights and test
instruments.

BUILDING INTERIOR

• Examine the floors, ceilings and walls for evidence of deterioration.

• Check for evidence of leaks.

• Inspect for safety hazards, including electrical hazards, slipping and tripping hazards,
and falling hazards.

• Check the condition and operation of toilets and showers.
• Test smoke and carbon monoxide detectors.
• Test the fire alarm system.

• Check fire extinguishers and any firefighting equipment.
• Check doors for proper operation and make sure that exits are not obstructed.

• Inspect door locks and closures.
• Ensure work areas and walkways are clearly and visibly marked.

• Check for garbage in storage areas.

• Check for evidence of insect or other pest infestation.
• Inspect cart casters for signs of wear.

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• Make sure that shelving is secure, organized and labeled.

• Inspect electrical receptacle cover plates for tightness and damage.
• Confirm that controls such as timers and photocells are functioning.
BUILDING EXTERIOR

• Check the condition of the paint and walls.
• Check for plants on the building and its foundation.

• Look for broken windows, doors and railings.

• Inspect the roof, cleaning it if necessary. Use the appropriate fall protection or prevention
measures when working in high places.

• Clean drains and gutters on the roof, testing downspouts and drains by flushing them with
water.

• Make sure gutters are appropriately anchored.

• Inspect the stack and all roof penetrations.

• Remove any plant life growing on the roof.

• Clean up any broken glass or other debris.

• Examine the condition of the sidewalk, driveway and parking lot.

• Check the storm drains.

• Check trees to make sure that no branches are about to fall.

• Check that the area around the trash bins is clean.

• Examine the condition of any fencing.
PLUMBING

• Inspect plumbing according to a regular schedule, and investigate any leaks or unusual
noises.

• Lubricate bearings in domestic water booster and circulation pump systems according to a
regular schedule.

• Inspect couplings and check for any leaks.
• Fire-test domestic water heaters and boilers according to a regular schedule. Optimize

efficiency using flue-gas analysis to adjust the flue draft and combustion air input.

• Lubricate condenser fan motor bearings on remote drinking water. Check contacts

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for wear, and run system control tests. Remove the refrigerant according to manufacturer
instructions. Drain and replace oil in the compressor oil reservoir, including strainers, traps
and filters.
• Check function of sump and sewage ejection pumps. Lubricate exposed pumps according
to a regular schedule.

TOPIC 2 Preventive Maintenance Practices

I. Agricultural machinery and equipment help farmers produce the goods that consumers
want and need. Without the proper machinery and equipment, farmers would not be efficient
enough to provide the food, clothing, and shelter that we need.

A. Hundreds of years ago, the population was made up of primarily farmers and ranchers.
Now, a very small percent of the population is responsible for producing the food and fiber
used today. Machinery and equipment allow this to be possible.

B. Because of the high technology with machinery and equipment, in some countries one
farmer produces enough food to feed over 100 people. Using power only from humans or
horses would not produce nearly this amount.

C. Machinery and equipment reduce the amount of hard labor needed for farmers to do their
work. Jobs are easier and take less time when machinery and equipment are used.

D. Machinery and equipment also help farm

Importance of preventative maintenance on engines and equipment.
II. For agricultural equipment to operate efficiently it must be properly maintained.
A. Preventive maintenance is the performing of practices to keep equipment in good
working condition. These practices would include changing fluids, 3 cleaning components,
and replacing filters. Properly maintaining agricultural equipment requires skill, practice, and
quality management.

B. Know the equipment by reading the operator’s manual and follow the recommended
maintenance schedule. For future reference keep a history record on the equipment you are
maintaining. Follow all manufacturers’ recommendations to maintain the value and extend
the service life of the equipment.

C. It is important to keep equipment clean especially in the case of internal combustion
engines. Use only fluids, filters, and products that meet or exceed the manufacturers’
recommendations. Always be careful to measure the correct amount of fluids being added to
engines or gearboxes.

Safety practices to follow when servicing equipment.

III. Operator safety is always the first concern when dealing with agricultural equipment.

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QUEZON NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL

Whenever maintenance practices are undertaken the guidelines below should be followed:

A. Read and follow all instructions in the operator’s manual.

B. Always follow the recommendations to use protective eyewear, clothing, and footwear.

C. Use jackstands, engine stands, and other supports when working around raised or
dismantled equipment.

D. Observe caution around fuels and flammable materials while servicing equipment.

E. Operate internal combustion engines only in well-ventilated areas.

F. Place machines in park and lower implements before working on them.

G. Work in well-lighted and properly ventilated areas.

H. Regularly clean the floor and remove obstacles and fluids.

I. Handle batteries safely since they produce hydrogen gas which is very explosive.

J. Keep fire extinguishers and smoke detectors in shop work areas.

K. Use caution when working around high pressure, such as in the pressurized cooling and
hydraulic systems. 4

L. Use protective hearing devices when working in loud areas for extended periods of time.

M.Safely dispose of used fluids to protect people, animals, and the environment.

N. Know all the safety emblems and warning signs used for agricultural equipment. There
are nine safety colors recognized by national safety organizations.

These nine colors are:

1. Red = Danger
2. Orange = Warning
3. Yellow = Caution
4. Blue = Information
5. Green = Safety
6. Black and Yellow Diagonal Stripes = Radioactivity
7. White is used to mark the direction of traffic flows and to segregate work areas around
objects.
8. White and black stripes are used as traffic markings.
9. Gray is used on floors or work areas in the shop.

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ACTIVITY 2 Drag and Drop

Warning
Caution
Traffic Markings
Information
Danger
Traffic Flows/Segregate
Work areas
Radioactive
Safety
Floor and Work Areas

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E-Learning for Agricultural Crop Date Developed: Version No. 1
Production NC III May 2020
Page 15 of 15
Module Title: Developed by:

USING FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ROBERT R. SITJAR