E-BOOK: DCG10013 BASIC SURVEYING

E-BOOK : DCG10013
BASIC SURVEYING

NABIHAH ANISAH SYAHIRA

A STUDENT REQUIREMENT
TO THE FACULTY OF

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 03
II. SURVEY EQUIPMENT 27
III. DATUM DETERMINATION 34
IV. CADASTRAL SURVEY 48
FIELD WORK
V. LAND AND SURVEY 55
AGENCIES
VI. MODUL QUESTION 72

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

WHAT IS SURVEYING?

Surveying is the science and art of making all essential
measurements to determine the relative position of points on the
Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the
position of points and/or details.

PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING

Apply the working principle of survey : From the whole to the part
Always start survey job from DATUM.
Survey traverse’s misclosure have to meet the job specification
(First class linear misclosure 1:8000)
The survey outcome need to be performed in proper form (CP,
plan, booking, etc)

BRANCH OF SURVEY

Plane Survey

Branch of art of the surveying with assumption the earth’s surface
is considered as a plane surface.
The earth’s curvature is neglected.
Involves relatively small areas:

(Area : < 250 km², Distance : < 55 km)
Computations made using the plane geometry and plane
trigonometry formula.
Measurement plotted will represent the projection on the
horizontal plane of the actual field measurement.
Plane surveys are used for the determination of legal boundaries,
for engineering surveys for the construction of buildings and
roads and for small-scale topographic surveys.
Horizontal plane can be defined as the normal plane to the gravity
line






Geodetic Survey

The study of the size and shape of the earth and its gravity field.
It also takes into account the true shape of the earth.
The surveys are typically carried out with great precision, often
over long distances (>250km²/>55km).
The discipline that deals with the measurement &
representation of the earth including its gravity field in a three
dimensional time varying space.
It also use to establish highly accurate Control Networks.

Activities involved in the planning and execution of surveys for
the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of
civil and other engineering projects.
It embrace all the survey work required before, during and after
any engineering works.
It related to the construction works such as constructions of new
routes (e.g.: roads and railways).
Also required to calculate the areas and volumes of land and data
for setting out curves for route alignment.
All engineering surveying work need to be referred to the LEGAL
survey mark such as boundary marks, triangulation monuments,
GPS monuments, bench marks, etc.

To obtain earth’s Establish new plan To determine the
spatial data for for the upcoming area and volumes
the purpose of engineering site. The of land and other
civil engineering scale of this plan related material
design works. usually will be larger that will be used
than other types of

surveying plan. during the
construction.




The Purpose

To make sure the To establish permanent To design and
structure is built control point for the provision of
horizontal and
in the right important project such as vertical control
relative and dam monitoring work in survey network
order to detect if there
absolute occurs any surface

position. movements.

SCOPE OF ENGINEERING SURVEY

a) Detailing Survey b) As-built Survey
Purpose : to collect natural Purpose : to verify that a
and artificial detail on earth’s particular improvement has
surface been built according to
Contour plan along with the design plans or codes (e.g.
physical features located, setbacks) and to ensure that
are shown on a plan the construction in a lot
Detailing survey is very The survey is carried out
important in every after the construction work
construction work complete
Result : Produce plan As-built surveys are
including topography plan sometimes requested by
lending institutions to

protect their interests or by
local municipalities to ensure
code compliance.
Result : Produce an as-built
plan

Tripod Level Measurement Staff
Instrument Tape

Cadastral is a field of measurement that will determine the position and area of
a piece of land as a person's property. In other words, the cadastre states on
land matters and other matters related to land ownership.

Comes from the Greek word "Katasikon" which means a notebook or record
book. There are also states derived from the Latin word "capistrastrum" related
to the word Capitatro Terrena which means land tax records.

Cadastre survey covers any survey work of land title, strata and stratum
required by written law relating to the registration of a title for land disposal,
boundary breaks, sub division, amalgamation and other survey work related to
ownership of the land include:

measuring, marking, replacing, refixation, confirming the boundary marks
where necessary;
Recording of survey work data;
Prepare a pre comp plan/calculation
Prepared a Certified Plan
Control Survey






*Refer to PKUP 5/2009

Theodolite EDM Total Station

Single Prism Prism Pole Mini Prism

Plum bob Tripod Hammer

Survey Pegs Umbrella Nails Spray Paint

Prismatic Handheld GPS
Compass

GNSS
Equipment

Hydrographic survey is the science of measurement and
description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine
construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/drilling and
related activities.
Purpose : mapping of the coastline and seabed for navigation,
engineering, or resources management purposes.
Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines, tides,
currents, sea floor and submerged obstructions that relate to the
previously mentioned activities. It is also used to define shore
line and under water features.
It was carried out to measure and determine characteristics of
streams and other bodies of water within an area, including
locations, area extent and depth of water in lakes or the ocean
(depth, width and course of stream), position and elevation of
high water marks, location and depth of well, etc
Recently, this surveying have been carried out for offshore, oil
and gas exploration and production.
Result : Produce navigational and bathymetric chart, etc.

Boat
GPS

Echo Trace

1.Method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using
aeroplanes, helicopters, UAVs, balloons or other aerial methods.

2.Typical types of data collected are aerial photography, LiDAR,
remote sensing (using various visible and invisible bands of the
electromagnetic spectrum, (such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet)
and also geophysical data (such as aeromagnetic surveys and
gravity.

3.It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from
the air. Aerial survey should be distinguished from satellite imagery
technologies because of its better resolution, quality and
atmospheric conditions.

4.Today, aerial survey is sometimes recognized as a synonym for
aerophotogrammetry, part of photogrammetry where the camera is
placed in the air.

5.Measurements on aerial images are provided by photogrammetric
technologies and methods.

6.Aerial surveys can provide information on many things not visible
from the ground.

1.Satellite surveying is a form of land survey that uses location
information provided by the GPS satellite system to track the
location of each reference point.

2.Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object
or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object
and thus in contrast to in situ observation.

3.In modern usage, the term generally refers to the use of aerial
sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth (both
on the surface, and in the atmosphere and oceans) by means of
propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation).

4.The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite
navigation system that provides location and time information in
all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there
is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.

5.The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil and
commercial users around the world. It is maintained by the United
States government and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS
receiver.

Definition: can be classify as survey work conducted beneath
the earth surface with the depth of 100 meters.



Underground surveying is quite different from surveying on the
surface. In tunneling or mining operations it may be hot, wet,
dark, cramped, dusty, dirty and dangerous, and usually most of
these.



The importance of underground survey are:

-Providing accurate map showing the sections that contain
minerals that have been mined and are mined.

-Determine the location of land communication routes and airways.
-Determine the most suitable position to install the transport
machine.
-Determine the "level" and high standards for the purpose of
building an underground mine shaft.

What is map and plan?

1.A map is a visual representation of an area - a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships
between elements of that space such as objects, regions, and themes.

2.Many but not all maps are drawn to a scale, allowing the reader to infer the actual sizes of, and
distances between, depicted objects. A larger scale shows more detail, thus requiring a larger
map to show the same area.

3.Simply defined, maps are pictures of the Earth's surface. General reference maps document
landforms, national boundaries, bodies of water, the locations of cities and so on.

1.Plan is a set of two-dimensional diagrams or drawings used to describe a place or object, or to
communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper,
but they can take the form of a digital file.

2. Plans are usually scale drawings, meaning that the plans are drawn at specific ratio relative to
the actual size of the place or object.

3. Various scales may be used for different drawings in a set. For example, a floor plan may be
drawn at 1:50 (or 1/4"=1'-0") whereas a detailed view may be drawn at 1:25 (or 1/2"=1'-0"). Site
plans are often drawn at 1:200 or 1:100.

4.A plan generally works using a smaller scale while a map uses a larger scale as it generally
covers larger areas.

5.A plan is a true scale representation while a map is drawn such that some features on it cannot be
drawn to scale.

6.On a map many features are represented as symbols and generalization is carried out resulting in
changes in scale and displacement of features. e.g on a 1:1 million map, rivers and roads may be
shown but they cannot be drawn to scale. a 5m road would be 0.005mm wide if drawn according
to scale.



TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
TEMATHIC MAP
POLITICAL MAP

PHYSICAL MAP

CLIMATE MAP
ECONOMIC MAP

MINERAL RESOURCES MAP
ROAD MAP



CERTIFIED PLAN
CERTIFIED STRATA PLAN

STANDARD SHEET
GAZETTE PLAN

PLAN VS MAP

PLAN MAP

Graphical representation to some scale of the If the scale of the graphical representation on
features on near or below the surface of the a horizontal plane is small – map.

earth as projected on a horizontal plane.



A plan is drawn one a large scale. Small scale



Scale 1 cm = 10 m or < 10 m. Scale 1 cm = 100 m or > 100 m



On a plan : Horizontal distance and direction. On topographic map : vertical distance



Draw for small area : e.g : house, bridge Draw for a large area

CHAPTER 2:
SURVEY EQUIPMENT

OBJECTIVES
TOTAL STATION

Total Station Component
The combination of several tools:

Micro-Processor
Specification

Total Station model
Coordinate Measurement

Angle Measurement
Distance Measurement

Data Processing
Tunnel

CHAPTER 3:
DATUM DETERMINATION

Chapter 3: Datum Determination
TYPES OF NORTH

GRID NORTH
BEARING



ASSUME BEARING/ BEARING ANGGAPAN

AZIMUTH

ADOPTED AZIMUTH/ AZIMUT AKUI

Bering Akui / Certified Bearing:
THEORY OF DATUM

CERTIFIED PLAN

Datum

DATUM DETERMINATION ACCORIDNG TO PKPUP
BIL 3/2003

Setiap pengukuran kadaster hendaklah berasaskan kepada datum
yang memuaskan dan sebaik-baiknya terdiri daripada:

Datum determination according to 2009 Survey regulation



2. Condition of acceptable datum by using NDCDB in Cadastral surveying:

Datum Condition for Sabah

Condition of Datum for Sarawak according to the Article 17 (ii)
Sarawak Survey Regulations

Datum Limitation

CHAPTER 4:
CADASTRAL SURVEY FIELDWORK

Outcome for today:
INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF TRAVERSE
CLOSED TRAVERSE