GreenSciencePortfolio-2017-BrandtWeedClassof2021

Velocity at Bottom of Hill in m/s -
*Write about your results in a paragraph.

More resources:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSWl_Zj-CZs
Kinetic and Potential Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4V0NvUxRg
Kinetic and Potential Energy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btLU2lb3-xs
Bill Nye
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dpBVtAbKJU
Roller Coasters
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYEWIuQBVyg

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Inclined Plane Project

Due: April 19, 2017
1. Define the following vocabulary: Use pgs. 124 - 153

Simple Machine: a​ ny  Mechanical Work: a​ ctivity  Input Force: the force
of the basic  applied to a machine.
mechanical devices  Advantage: t​ he ratio  involving mental or 
for applying a force, 
such as an inclined  of the force produced  physical effort done 
plane, wedge, or 
lever. by a machine to the  in order to achieve a 

force applied to it,  purpose or result.

used in assessing the 

performance of a 

machine.

Compound Machine: Ideal Mechanical Power: ​supply (a  Output Distance: the
distance output force
A ​machine  Advantage: I​ deally,  device) with  is exerted through
mechanical or 
consisting of two or  the device 
preserves the input  electrical energy.
more simple 

machines o​ perating  power and simply 

together, as a  trades off forces 

wheelbarrow  against movement 

consisting of a  to obtain a desired 

lever, axle, and  amplification in the 

wheel. output force. The 

model for this is the 

law of the lever.

Efficiency: t​ he ratio of  Actual Mechanical Input Distance: the Output Force: the
the useful work  distance input force is force that a specific
performed by a  Advantage: ​Actual  exerted through object has as a result
machine or in a  mechanical  of the input force
process to the total  advantage ​ (AMA) is 
energy expended or  the force that a 
heat taken in. machine can 
multiply while 
subtracting losses 
from the machine 
having to overcome 
friction. M​ echanical 
advantage​ (MA), on 
the other hand, is 
the factor by which 
a machine 
multiplies applied 
force.

First Class Lever: Second Class Lever: Third Class Lever: Energy: t​ he strength 

Fulcrum in the  The effort is  A s​ ystem has its  and vitality required 
middle: the effort is  applied to the  applied force  for sustained 
applied on one side  handles, the axle of  situated between  physical or mental 
of the fulcrum and  the wheel acts as  the load and  activity.
the resistance (or  the fulcrum or pivot  fulcrum.
load) on the other  point, and the load 
side, for example, a  is found in the 
seesaw, a crowbar  middle.
or a pair of 
scissors.

Block and Tackle Fixed Pulley: ​A f​ ixed  Movable Pulley: A​  

Pulley: A​  b​ lock and  pulley ​ changes the  movable pulley ​ is a 
tackle​ is a system  direction of the 
of two or more  pulley​ that is free to 

force on a rope or  move up and down, 
pulleysw​ ith a rope  belt that moves 
or cable threaded  along its  and is attached to a 

between them,  ceiling or other 

circumference.  object by two 
usually used to lift  Mechanical 
or pull heavy loads.  advantage is  lengths of the same 

The ​pulleys​ are  rope. ​Examples 

gained by  ofm​ ovable pulleys 
assembled together  combining a f​ ixed  include 
to form ​blocks​ and  pulley ​ with a 
then ​blocks ​are  construction 

movable p​ ulley ​ or  cranes, modern 
paired so that one  another ​fixed pulley  elevators, and 
is fixed and one 
of a different  some types of 
moves with the 
diameter. weight lifting 
load.
machines at the 

gym

2. Experiment: How does the angle of an inclined plane affect:
A.​ Ideal Mechanical Advantage
The greater the angle is, the lower the Ideal Mechanical Advantage will be.
B. Actual Mechanical Advantage
The greater the angle is, the lower the Actual Mechanical Advantage will be.
C. Efficiency
The greater the angle is, the higher the efficiency will be.
*Think about the scientific Method
DATA TABLE
***Why is the Actual Mechanical Advantage always less than the Ideal Mechanical
It is less because friction makes the mechanical advantage worse. The IMA doesn’t take
frinction into consideration.

Conclusion:

*Write your OWN CONCLUSION HERE!
In conclusion, our hypothesis was correct. The greatest angle ramp had the lowest IMA and
AMA of 1.15 and 0.95. The least angle ramp had the highest IMA and AMA of 2.25 and 0.8. The
AMA of every angle is always less than the IMA. This is because friction of the ramp affects the
IMA by decreasing it. Also, the greater the angle is, the higher the efficiency of the ramp will be.
The greatest angle had an efficiency of 55.70% and the lowest angle had an efficiency of 91%.
So, the angle of the ramp affects IMA, AMA, and Efficiency
3. Critical Thinking (Include in Presentation):
A. How much WORK would be done to lift a 350 kg Piano to the top of the Empire State
Building using a ramp with an angle of 35 degrees?

1,945,496 joules
1. What is the length of the ramp to the top of the Empire State Building?
1418 meters
2. Suppose the Ideal Mechanical Advantage is 3.2
3. The Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is 2.5.
4. What is the Efficiency of this Machine?
78%
5. Provide a diagram of this example
Math:
Output Force = m * g
Output Force = 350 kg * 9.8 m/s
Output Force = 3430 newtons

AMA = Output Force / Input Force (x = Input Force)
2.5*x = 3430 n / x *x
2.5x / 2.5=3430 / 2.5
X = 1372

IMA = Input Distance / Output Distance (x = input Distance)
3.2 * 443.1792 = x / 443.1792 (height of Building) * 443.1792
1418 m = x

Input Work = Input Force * Input Distance
Input Work = 1372 n * 1418 m
Input Work = 1,945,496 Joules

Efficiency = Output Work / Input Work
Efficiency = 1,520,104.656 J / 1945496 J
Efficiency = 0.78

Efficiency = 78%

4. Explain how the Ideal Mechanical Advantage and Actual Mechanical Advantage is
determined for the following simple machines:
A. Inclined Plane
IMA = Output distance/Input distance
AMA = Output force/Input force
B. Lever
IMA = length of output arm/length of input arm
AMA = Force on input arm/force on the output arm
C. Pulleys
AMA = force applied to string/weight of the object
D. Wheel and Axle
IMA = small radius/large radius
AMA = force on wheel/weight pulled by wheel

5. Complete the Following Worksheet:

Worksheet 2
Effort Force = Input Force
Resistance Force = Output Force

6. Group: Video 1 Trial of the Lab that demonstrates the experiment and
the calculations
* Attach link to video here

Resources to Help:

QUIZ: Inclined Plane

Directions: A​ nalyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage?

Hypothesis: (​ Use proper form!)

If the angle of the inclined plane is tested, then the AMA will decrease when the angles
increase. This is because the the steeper the angle, the harder it is to drag up.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Label Diagrams)

Angle Chart: ​https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations (​ Examples):

IMA: 5 AMA: 3.5 Efficiency: 70
Efficiency: 77.78
IMA: 3 AMA: 2.33 Efficiency: 105

IMA: 1.67 AMA: 1.75

Graph:​ (​ Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:

Option #1 Write a Conclusion.

***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible

and why?

In conclusion, my hypothesis was incorrect. I thought that because
of the increased angle, the AMA would be less for the larger angles and
higher for the lower angles. I guessed this because it is harder to pull
something up a steep ramp than a shallow ramp. The AMA for angle 1
was 3.5, while the IMA was 5 and the efficiency was 70. For angle 2, the
AMA was 2.33, while the IMA was 3 and the efficiency was 77.78. For
angle 3, something was not right. The AMA was 1.75 while the IMA was
1.67 and the efficiency was 105, but that doesn’t make sense because
the AMA cannot be higher than the IMA and 105 isn’t a percent. The IMA
has to be higher than the AMA because the IMA doesn’t take friction into
account. It is merely a ballpark because the friction is 0. When the AMA is
higher, there would have to be negative friction and that is not possible.

Option #2 Building
Compare 2 famous buildings based on the following Inclined Plane Data.
A builder wanted to get a 6​ 0 kg bag​ of concrete to the top of the 2
buildings.
1. What would the length of the ramp be if the machine has:
IMA - 5.9
AMA - 3.7
2. What are the angles of the ramps?
3. Using Work Input and Output, what is the efficiency of the machines?

Rubric

Lab Rubric - Data Analysis Sections

1 234

Data/ ____Data is poorly ____Data is ____Data is ___Data is clearly
Observations organized or missing represented in a represented in the and accurately
altogether. table or graph, but table or graph with represented in a
No mention of it is incomplete or minor errors. More table or graph.
observations there are major complete discussion Observations
errors. Some of observations. include discussion
discussion of of both qualitative
observations and quantitative
observations.

Conclusion/ ____No conclusion is ____Somewhat ____Adequately ____Clearly explains
Analysis written in this report or it explains whether or explains whether or whether or not the
is very brief. No data is not the hypothesis not the hypothesis hypothesis was
cited. was supported. was supported. supported. Data
____No analysis is ____ Possible Data is cited to was cited to support
included or it is extremely sources of error are support hypothesis. the hypothesis.
brief no sources of error somewhat ____Possible ____Possible
are explained. explained. sources of error are sources of error are
____No discussion of ____ No discussion adequately clearly explained.
patterns or trends in the of patterns or explained.
data trends ____Some ____Trends and
discussion of Patterns in the data
patterns or trend in are clearly
the data discussed.

Thermal (Heat) Energy Project
Chapter 6 (pg. 156-180)
DUE: Friday May 16th

1. Vocabulary - Define and make note cards

Conduction - t​ he  Heat - ​the quality of  Insulator - ​ thing or  Calorie - ​the energy 

process by which  being hot; high  substance used for  needed to raise the 
heat or electricity is  temperature of 1 
directly transmitted  temperature. insulation, in  gram of water 
through a substance  through 1 °C
when there is a  particular.
difference of 
temperature or of 
electrical potential 
between adjoining 
regions, without 
movement of the 
material

Convection - ​the  Temperature - ​the  Second Law of Turbine - a​  

movement caused  degree or intensity of  Thermodynamics - turbomachine with 

within a fluid by the  heat present in a  the branch of physical  at least one moving 

tendency of hotter  substance or object,  science that deals  part called a rotor 

and therefore less  especially as  with the relations  assembly, which is 
between heat and  a shaft or drum with 
dense material to rise,  expressed according  other forms of energy  blades attached. 
(such as mechanical, 
and colder, denser  to a comparative 

material to sink under  scale and shown by a 

the influence of  thermometer or  electrical, or chemical 

gravity, which  perceived by touch. energy), and, by 

consequently results  extension, of the 

in transfer of heat. relationships between 

all forms of energy. 

Radiation - t​ he  Heat Engine - a​   Specific Heat - ​the  Generator - ​a thing 

emission of energy as  device for producing  heat required to raise  that generates 
the temperature of 
electromagnetic  motive power from  the unit mass of a  something, in 
given substance by a 
waves or as moving  heat, such as a  given amount  particular.

subatomic particles,  gasoline engine or 

especially high-energy  steam engine. 

particles that cause 

ionization.

First Law of Conductor - a​ n  Kinetic Energy -
energy that a body 
Thermodynamics - object or type of 

the branch of physical  material that allows  possesses by virtue 
science that deals  the flow of an  of being in motion.
with the relations  electrical current in 
between heat and  one or more 
other forms of energy  directions.
(such as mechanical, 
electrical, or chemical 
energy), and, by 
extension, of the 
relationships between 
all forms of energy

2. Provide a diagram showing molecular motion in Solids, Liquids, and gases.
*How are they different?

Solids have barely any motion, except for vibrating against each other. Their
Molecules are very close together. Liquid, on the other hand, moves more because its
molecules are further apart. Gas’s molecules are spread out and they can move virtually
freely.
3. Discuss the energy needed to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam. Use a
graph and one calculation from our unit on Phase Changes.
212 = M(x-t)SH
212 = 15(x-32).5
212 = 7.5(x-32)
28.27 Calories
It will take 28.27 calories to change a 15 gram ice cube into steam

4. What is the difference between Heat and Temperature? Provide a definition,
picture and video link to help you review.
The hotter a material is, the faster its molecules move. Therefore, heat is the total
energy of all the molecular motion inside of an object. Temperature, on the other hand,
is a measurement of heat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf_6fpNbaR0
5. Construct a graph showing the average monthly temperatures in Hartford, CT.,
a city on the equator and a city in the Southern Hemisphere.

Questions:
1. What do you notice about the temperatures?

In Hartford, the higher temperatures are in summer and spring, while the lower
temperatures are in fall and winter. In Pontianak, it is almost always hot. In Rio De
Janeiro, it is colder in the summer and spring and warmer in the winter and fall.

2. How is heat transferred throughout the Earth?
Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.

4. How is Steam used to create electricity in Power Plants?
A. Coal Plant - ​In a coal-fired steam station much like a nuclear station water is turned
into steam, which in turn drives turbine generators to produce electricity.
B. Natural Gas Plant -  ​ I​ n a natural boiler power plant,electricity is generated by heating
water to produce steam which, via a turbine, powers a generator.
C. Nuclear Plant - ​Fuel produces heat, which is used to boil water to make steam.
Steam spins a turbine
D. Where did Fossil Fuels originate? - ​were formed many hundreds of millions of years
ago before the time of the dinosaurs – hence the name fossil fuels. The age they were
formed is called the Carboniferous Period. It was part of the Paleozoic Era.
E. What is the difference between Renewable and NonRenewable forms of energy? -
Renewable means it never runs out, like the sun. NonRenewable means that it does run
out, like coal and oil.

Part II - Water, Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil
1. Conduct an experiment to determine the Heat Gained by 20 g of each substance
2. You must measure the mass of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil.
3. Research the Specific Heats of Orange Juice and Vegetable Oil in Calories/g C not in Joules.
4. Make a data table
5. Construct a 3 Line graph for 2 minutes of data collection - 1 pt every 10 seconds
6. Write a conclusion about your results.

Critical Thinking Questions
1. What happens to the molecules in each of the beakers as heat is added?
The molecules become more separated because the heat is starting to break away the polar
bonds making the molecules more free to move.
2. Which substance showed the greatest temperature change? Least? Use data

3. Which substance does research say should show the greatest temperature increase?
Least? Why? How does this relate to Specific Heat?

4. How does Average Kinetic Energy relate to this experiment?

5. Why is water a great substance to put into a car engine radiator?

Practice Calculation
1. How much heat was gained by a 50 g sample of Orange Juice that increased its
temperature from 35 C to 75 C?
Heat GAINED = m * temp * SH
Heat GAINED = 50 g * 40 degrees * 0.89
Heat GAINED = 178 calories

2. How much heat was gained by a 350 g sample of Vegetable oil that increased its
temperature from 24 C to 95 C?
Heat GAINED = m * temp * SH
Heat GAINED = 350 g * 71 C * .4 cal/g C
Heat Gained = 9940 calories

Lopez Lab
Water (32 - 23) Oil (39-23)
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm
Use this to help solve problems

6. Lab Experiment:
*Conduct an experiment that tests 3 different cups for their ability to insulate.
A. Conduct experiment
B. Create Data Table - Include Specific Heat
C. Write short conclusion paragraph that relates your data to research about the
effectiveness of the 3 materials to provide insulation.

Critical Thinking - Choose 2 out of 3 to research
Provide pictures
1. How did NASA protect the astronauts in their space vehicles from the harmful radiation
from space?
NASA protected astronauts with magnetic Bubble.
2. How is your home insulated? Research the “R” value system for insulation.
Houses are insulated by thermal resistance.

3. How does the atmosphere act as an insulator?
Greenhouse Gases act as an insulator for our environment because it helps keep the heat up.

7. Lab Experiment: April 28-30
*Conduct an experiment to determine the Specific Heat of 3 different metals.
A. LAB TEMPLATE
B. LAB RUBRIC - Focus on DATA ANALYSIS SECTION

8. SPECIFIC HEAT WORKSHEET
WORKSHEET LINK​ - Use this worksheet and show your work
Use this website for examples
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/Energy/SpecificHeat.htm

9. TEST REVIEW