pdf_20221128_161041_0000

SOCIOLOGY

CONCEPT

Mohd. Shahril & Teckson

CONCEPT & EXAMPLE



A
Attitudes
“A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a
particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor” (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993, p. 1).
Example: During Covid 19 era, person in a society need to change
their attitudes that is to always stay at the home and wear face mask
when go shopping in order to stop the spreading of the Corona Virus.
C
Characteristic
The distinguishing features or quality of something.
Example: An unique characteristic in chameleon is it can change their
to look like the colour of wood when they on a branch.

Civilization
The process of teaching a community to foster a more developed
culture. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: As civilisation advances, we become a better person, and
no doubt made us more assertive and firm to a change.

Competition
A situation in which someone is trying to win something or be more
successful than someone else.
Example: Price are lower when there is competition among the
stores.

Conflict
An active disagreement between people with opposing opinion and
principles: (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: Employees already are in conflict with management over
job.

Conflict Theory
Theory states there is perpetual class conflict in society due to
unequal distribution of resources. ( Bartos & Wehr, 2002)
Example: Max Weber and Karl Max both have two different
approaches to the conflict theory

Cultural Diversity
A system of beliefs and behaviours that recognizes and respects the
presence of all diverse groups in an organization or society,
acknowledges and values their socio-cultural differences, and
encourages and enables their continued contribution within an
inclusive cultural context which empowers all within the organization
or society. (Rosado, 1996) Rosado, C. (1996). Toward a definition of
multiculturalism. Retrieved from.
Example: Cultural diversity is an attraction found in Malaysia where
there are many races such as Malay, Chinese, Indian, Iban,
Kadazandusun and so on.

D
Development
The process in which someone or something grows or changes and
become more advanced ( Cambrigde Dictionary, n.d)
Example: The documentary traced about the development of people
struggling with mental health during the Movement Control Order
(MCO) in Malaysia

Divorce
A separation: (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: She becomes a single mother after divorce with her
husband

E
Education
The process of teaching of learning especially in school or collage, or
the knowledge that you get from this. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.df)
Example: The school is devoted to the education of the children with
reading difficulties

Ethnography
Study of people in naturally occurring setting or field by method of
data collection, (Brew, 2002)
Example: The ethnography of ancient Italy is a very complicated and
difficult subject

Emigrate
The process of leaving the city permanently and settling in a new area
or the sate forever.
Example: Millions of Germans emigrated to America during 19th
century

Exploitation
The use of something in order to get an advantage from it.
( Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: Migrant worker are vulnerable to exploitation

F
Festive
Possessing or causing joyous emotions for a festival or other special
occasion. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: Christmas Day is a very joyful festival; where we can see
there is a lot of Christmas tree that decorate with colourful light and
during that day, we able to forgive each other and get together with
our family members.

Functionalism
Theory states that all aspects of a society serve a function and are
necessary for the survival of that society.(Durkheim 1975)
Example: Architectural and urban functionalism was to serve a
demands of a modern city.

H
Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. (World Health
Organization)
Example: Ibnu Sina was a figure who successfully discovered various
methods in the field of health and his method are really needed during
this era

Human Behaviour
The way humans intract and act.
Example: A polite and noble personality is one of the human behaviour
required to be a successful person.

I
Inequality
The unfair situation in society when some people have more
opportunities many than other people. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: They disscussed the problem of inequality between student.

Influencer
People who are built a reputation for their knowledge and expertise on
a spesific topic.
Example: Being an Instagram influencer require us to be more
confident and have a sense in responsibility.

Isolation
The state of being in a place or situation that is separate from others.
Example: The first thing to do when we are getting unhealthy is we
need to isolate ourselves from another people so that we cannot
spread the sickness.

K
Knowledge
The fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained
through experience or association.
Example: Lydia’s knowledge about the world history is very extensive.

L
Lifestyle
The process by which we perceive ourselves in the eyes of other.
Example: A person may say that they are attractive because another
person complimented of their body or their outfit.

Looking-glass self
The process by which we perceive ourselves in the eyes of others.
Example: A person may say that they are attractive because another
person complimented of their body or their outfit.

N
Neighbourhood
Area where people live and interact with one another.
Example: The community in the neighbourhood need to help each
other, such as food supplement and wood to make a fire especially
during the snow season.

P
Phenomena
Observable events that occur in a natural or designed system
Example: Aurora was a beautiful natural phenomena that display the
shimmers in the sky and usually appear in lower polar regions.

Power
Ability to control people and events. (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d)
Example: We believe in the power of pray.

Prejudice
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on
one’s membership in a partcular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown,
2010)
Example: People who are overweight are always prejudiced as people
who eat a lot and practices an unhealthy lifestyle, but obesity can also
happen due to genetics.

Psychology
The scientific study of people, the mind and behaviour which it is
both thrifting academic discipline and a vital.
Example: Psychology class should be taught in school and put it as an
important subject so that many young people understand of other
people’s communication styles and personality.

R
Religion
The belief in and worship at a God, or any such system at belief and
workship (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d).
Example: Thus the ancient Greek religion was especially disposed to
belief in heroes and demigods.

S
Social Structure
The distinction between people and classes is based on their social
roles. (Radcliffe-Brown 1940)
Example: People may change overtime, but social structure usually
remain relatively stable, at least over the short time.

Society
A large group of people who live together in an organized way, making
decisions about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to
be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries,
can be referred to as a society: (Cambridge Dictionary, n.d.)
Example: The couple quickly become a fixture of society pages.

Sociology
The study of the relationship between people living in groups,
especially in industrial sociaties. (Cambridge Dictionary,n.d)
Example: Fatimah and Aminah will study sociology at the university.

Social Imagination
The public problems that result from people's private
problems. (Brewer, 2004)
Example: C. Wright Mills defined social imagination as "the vivid
awareness of the relationship between personal experience
and the wider society".

U
Unemployment
People who would like to work but are unable to even look for
employment. (Bartley & Ferrie, 2001)
Example: Many people in Malaysia become unemployment
after a Covid 19.

T
Treatment
Management in the application of medicines, surgery, etc.
Example: Mental health need a psychology treatment to help
the patient to calm themselves.

Reference

Bartley, M., & Ferrie, J. (2001). Glossary: unemployment, job
insecurity, and health. Journal of Epidemiology & Community
Health, 55(11), 776-781.

Bartos, O. J., & Wehr, P. (2002). Using conflict theory. Cambridge
University Press.

Brewer, J. D. (2004). Imagining The Sociological Imagination: the
biographical context of a sociological classic. The British
Journal of Sociology, 55(3), 317-333.

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). COMPETITION | meaning in the
Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
competition

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). CONFLICT | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/conflict

Cambridge Dictionary. (2022b, November 23). civilization definition:
1.human society with its well developed social organizations,
or the culture and way of life of a. . .. Learn more.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/civilization

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). DEVELOPMENT | meaning in the
Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
development

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). DIVORCE | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/divorce

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). EDUCATION | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/education

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). EXPLOITATION | meaning in the
Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
exploitation

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). HEALTH | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/health

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). ILLNESS | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/illness

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). INEQUALITY | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
inequality

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). POWER | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/power

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). RELIGION | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/religion

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). SOCIETY | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/society

Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). SOCIOLOGY | meaning in the Cambridge
English Dictionary. Cambridge.org.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/sociology

Durkheim, E. (1975). Definition of moral fact. Durkheim, Texts, 2, 257-
288.

Definition of treatment. (n.d.-b). www.dictionary.com.
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/treatment
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive
definition of attitude. Social cognition 25(5), 582

Health and Well-Being. (n.d.b).
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-themes/health-and-
well-being

Homepage - The British Psychological Society. (n.d.).
https://www.bps.org.uk/

Isolation Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary, (n,d)
https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/isolation

Imagine Learning. (2022, June 21). What are Phenomena? Twig
Science. https://www.twigscience.com/blog/what-are-
phenomena/knowledge. (2022, November 22).

The Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/knowledge

Cambridge Dictionary. (2022d, November 23). lifestyle definition: 1.
someone’s way of living; the things that a person or particular
group of people usually do: 2. . .. Learn more.
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lifestyle

Neighborhood | National Geographic Society. (n.d.).
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/
neighborhood/
Rosado, C. (1996). Toward a definition of multiculturalism.
Retrieved from.