Waltzing With a Dictator The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy by Raymond Bonner

SOURCES AND NOTES 529

p. 454. Evans and Novak: “Cory Aquino’s Zeal,” Washington Post, Jan¬
uary 22, 1986.

p. 454. “essentially conservative”: Robert Shaplen, “A Reporter at Large,
The Thin Edge—II,” New Yorker (September 28, 1987).

p. 454. World Bank report on Philippine land reform: “Agrarian Reform
Issues in the Philippines: An Assessment of the Proposal for an Ac¬
celerated Land Reform Program,” Report No. 6776-PH, May 12,1987,
Confidential. This report is available from the Institute for Food and
Development Policy, San Francisco.

p. 454-^155. Prosterman’s views on Philippine land reform: “Dear friends”
letter from Laura Lee Keogh, an aide to Prosterman who accompanied
him to the Philippines in June 1987; letter dated September 15, 1987.
For more about Prosterman, particularly his role in the Philippines,
see author’s Weakness and Deceit, pp. 190-96.

p. 455. “finding”: This was first reported by Phil Bronstein in the San
Francisco Examiner, March 22, 1987. It was confirmed to me by a
Philippine government official and an American intelligence source,

p. 455. Army War College symposium: The “Schedule of Events” and
“Symposium Participants” were provided to the author by a person
who attended. For more about Col. Wahgelstein’s background and
particularly his role in El Salvador, see author’s Weakness and Deceit.

p. 456. Gregor made his suggestion for a military government to replace
Mrs. Aquino on CNN’s Crossfire, in September 1987, on which I also
appeared.

p. 456. Laurel’s remarks were reported in the Honolulu Advertiser, Oc¬
tober 20, 1987.

1:

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CONGRESSIONAL MATERIALS

Senate
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Commitments Abroad. Hearings before the Subcommittee on United
States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad. Vol. I, 91st
Congress, September 30, October 1, 2, and 3, 1969. Printed in 1971.
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536 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Committee on Foreign Relations by the Subcommittee on Security
Agreements and Commitments Abroad, 91st Congress, 2d Session,
December 21, 1970.
-. Korea and the Philippines: November 1972. A staff report for the
Committee on Foreign Relations, 93d Congress, 1st Session, February
18, 1973.
-. Economic and Political Developments in the Far East. Report by
Senator Charles H. Percy to the Committee on Foreign Relations on
a study mission to the Far East, November 26-December 23, 1972,
93d Congress, 1st Session, March 30, 1973.
-. Foreign Assistance Authorization: Examination of U.S. Foreign
Aid Programs and Policies. Hearings before the Subcommittee on
Foreign Assistance, 94th Congress, 1st Session, June 3 and 13, July
17, 21, 23 and 29, and September 17 and 23, 1975.
-. Winds of Change: Evolving Relations and Interests in Southeast
Asia. A report by Senator Mike Mansfield, majority leader, U.S. Sen¬
ate, 94th Congress, 1st Session, October 1975.
-. Foreign Assistance Authorization: Arms Sales Issues. Hearings
before the Subcommittee on Foreign Assistance, 94th Congress, 1st
Session, June 17 and 18, November 19 and 21, and December 4 and
5, 1975.
-. Charting a New Course: Southeast Asia in a Time of Change. A
report by Senator Mike Mansfield, majority leader, U.S. Senate, 94th
Congress, 2d Session, December 1976.
-. United States Development Assistance Programs in Pakistan, the
Philippines, and Indonesia. Staff reports to the Subcommittee on For¬
eign Assistance, 95th Congress, 1st Session, February 1977.
-. United States-Philippine Base Negotiations. Staff Report to the
Subcommittee on Foreign Assistance, 95th Congress, 1st Session, April
7, 1977.
-. United States Foreign Policy Objectives and Overseas Military
Installations. Prepared for the Committee on Foreign Relations by the
Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, Congressional Re¬
search Service, Library of Congress, 96th Congress, 1st Session, April
1979.
-. Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Assistance: Experiences and Is¬
sues in Policy Implementation (1977-1978). Prepared for the Commit¬
tee on Foreign Relations by the Foreign Affairs and National Defense
Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 96th
Congress, 1st Session, November 1979.
-. Situation in the Philippines and Implications for U.S. Policy. Hear-

BIBLIOGRAPHY 537

ing before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs, 98th
Congress, 2d Session, September 18, 1984.
——- The Situation in the Philippines. A staff report for the Committee
on Foreign Relations, 98th Congress, 2d Session, October 1984.
-. Administration Review of U.S. Policy Toward the Philippines.
Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, 99th Congress,
1st Session, October 30, 1985.
-. Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the Philippines. Prepared
for the Committee on Foreign Relations by the Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division, Congressional Research Service, Library
of Congress, 99th Congress, 1st Session, November 1985.
-. The Presidential Election Process in the Philippines. A report to
the Committee on Foreign Relations by the Center for Democracy,
99th Congress, 2d Session, January 1986.
-. Visit to the Philippines, August 2-15, 1985. A staff report for the
Committee on Foreign Relations, 99th Congress, 2d Session, April
1986.

House of Representatives
Committee on Foreign Affairs. Our Asian Neighbors. Hearing before the

Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 93d Congress, 1st Session,
March 28, 1973.
-. Human Rights in the World Community: A Call for U.S. Lead¬
ership. Report of the Subcommittee on International Organizations
and Movements, 93d Congress, 2d Session, March 27, 1974.

Committee on International Relations. Human Rights in South Korea and
the Philippines: Implications for U.S. Policy. Hearings before the Sub¬
committee on International Organizations, 94th Congress, 1st Session,
May 20 and 22, June 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, and 24, 1975.

-. Shifting Balance of Power in Asia: Implications for Future U.S.
Policy. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Future Foreign Policy
Research and Development, 94th Congress, November 18, December
10, 1975; January 28, March 8, April 7, and May 18, 1976.

—-. Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1978 (Part 6). Hear¬
ings before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 95th Con¬
gress, 1st Session, March 10, 17, and 22, 1977.

-. Security Assistance to Asia for Fiscal Year 1978. Report of a special
study mission to Asia, April 8-21, 1977, by members of the Subcom¬
mittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 95th Congress, 1st Session, June
19, 1977.

538 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-. Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1979 (Part 6). Hear¬
ings before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 95th Con¬
gress, 2d Session, March 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, and 22, 1978.

Committee on Appropriations. Foreign Assistance and Related Programs:
Appropriations for 1980. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Foreign
Operations and Related Programs, 96th Congress, 1st Session, 1979.

Committee on Foreign Affairs. Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal
Years 1980-81 (Part 4). Hearings and markup before the Subcommittee
on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 96th Congress, 1st Session, February 27,
March 1, 6, 7, and 12, 1979.

-. Human Rights in Asia: Noncommunist Countries. Hearings be¬
fore the subcommittees on Asian and Pacific Affairs and on Interna¬
tional Organizations, 96th Congress, 2d Session, February 4, 6, and 7,
1980.

-. Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1981 (Part 4). Hear¬
ings and markup before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs,
96th Congress, 2d Session, February 11, 21, March 4 and 6, 1980.

-. Asian Security Environment: 1980. Report of a special study mis¬
sion to Asia, January 5-23,1980, 96th Congress, 2d Session, May 1980.

Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. Human Rights and
U.S. Policy in the Multilateral Development Banks. Hearings before
the Subcommittee on International Development Institutions and Fi¬
nance, 97th Congress, 1st Session, July 21 and 23, 1981.

--and Committee on Foreign Affairs. U.S. Policy Toward the Phil¬
ippines. Hearing before the subcommittees on Asian and Pacific Affairs
and on Human Rights and International Organizations, 97th Congress,
1st Session, November 18, 1981.

-. Reconciling Human Rights and U.S. Security Interests in Asia.
Hearings before the subcommittees on Asian and Pacific Affairs and
on Human Rights and International Organizations, 97th Congress, 2d
Session, August 10, September 21, 22, 28, and 29, December 3, 9, and
15, 1982.

-. United States-Philippines Relations and the New Base and Aid
Agreement. Hearings before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific
Affairs, 98th Congress, 1st Session, June 17, 23, and 28, 1983.

-. The Consequences ofthe Aquino Assassination. Hearing and markup
before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 98th Congress,
1st Session, September 13, October 6 and 18, 1983.

-. The Situation and Outlook in the Philippines. Hearings before the

BIBLIOGRAPHY 539

Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 98th Congress, 2d Session,
September 20 and October 4, 1984.
-. Recent Events in the Philippines, Fall 1985. Hearings and markup
before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs, 99th Congress,
1st Session, November 12 and 13, 1985.
-. The Philippine Election and the Implications for U.S. Policy.
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House Committee on International Relations by the Foreign Affairs
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House Committee on International Relations, by the Foreign Affairs
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Report on Human Rights Practices in Countries Receiving U.S. Aid. Sub¬
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Committee on Foreign Affairs by the Department of State, 96th Con¬
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Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1980. Submitted to the
Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs and the House Committee on
Foreign Relations by the Department of State, February 2, 1981.

-for 1981. Submitted to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs
and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations by the Department
of State, February 1982.

-for 1982. Submitted to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
and the House Committee on Foreign Affairs by the Department of
State, February 1983.

540 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress
Bowen, Alva M. Philippine Bases: U.S. Redeployment Options. No. 86-

44 F, February 20, 1986.
Erickson, R. Lynn. U.S. Assistance to the Philippines: Foreign Aid Facts.

Updated April 8, 1985.
Gannon, Edmund J. Alternative Sites for U.S. Philippine Bases. April 20,

1977.
Human Rights & U. S. Foreign Assistance: Experience & Issues in Policy

Implementation. February 27, 1979.
Niehaus, Marjorie. Aquino Assassination: Consequences for U.S.-Phil¬

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Niksch, Larry A. The Internal Situation in the Philippines: Factors Af¬

fecting Future Trends. February 10, 1980.
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October 28, 1985.
Niksch, Larry A., and Marjorie Niehaus. The Internal Situation in the

Philippines: Current Trends and Future Prospects. No. 81-21 F, January
20, 1981.

Comptroller General/General Accounting Office
Review of Military Assistance Provided to the Republic of the Philippines.

B-133359, March 26, 1965.
Review of Economic Assistance Provided to the Republic of the Philippines

for Development Purposes. B-146984, April 21, 1965.
Better Use Could Be Made of U.S. Assistance and Other Support to the

Philippines. B-133359, March 2, 1973.
Military Assistance and Commitments in the Philippines. April 12, 1973.
Economic Support Fund Assistance to the Philippines. GAO/NSIAD-84-

44, January 27, 1984.
Use ofSpecial Presidential Authorities for Foreign Assistance. GAO/NSIAD-

85-79, May 20, 1985.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 541

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Account of Torture, ‘Disappearances,’ Extrajudicial Executions and
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Barnes, Fred. “The Shaking of a President.” New Republic (February 10,
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Bello, Walden. “The Pentagon and the Philippine Crisis.” Southeast Asia
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Belluck, Pamela J. “Off-Base? The Impact of U.S. Security Policy on
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Berry, William E., Jr. “American Military Bases in the Philippines, Base
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Bethell, Tom. “The Making of Richard Holbrooke.” Washingtonian (Feb¬
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-. “Inside the Manila Embassy.” Foreign Service Journal (Septem¬
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-. “The Decline of Dissent.” Foreign Service Journal (February
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Boyer, Neil A. “The Dissent Channel: Who’s Using It?” Department of
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Branigin, William. “The Philippines: A Society Adrift.” Washington Post,
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Buckley, William F., Jr. “Marcos and the Philippines.” National Review
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Campbell, Alex. “The Philippines: ‘Sugar, Rice and a Great Deal of
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Campbell, Colin. “Looking Beyond Marcos.” The New York Times Mag¬
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Chappell, David. “U.S. Security and the Philippines: An Exchange.”
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Cheevers, Jack, and Spencer A. Sherman. “The Palace Plot.” Mother
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Clines, Francis X. “Putting It Together.” The New York Times Magazine,
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Cohen, Stephen B. “Conditioning U.S. Security Assistance on Human
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Drew, Elizabeth. “A Reporter at Large: Human Rights.” New Yorker
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Durdin, Tillman. “The Philippines: Martial Law, Marcos Style.” Asian
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-— -. “Philippine Communism.” Problems of Communism, Vol. 25
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Falk, Richard. “Views from Manila and Washington.” World Policy Jour¬
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I DEX

Aaron, David, 179, 232, 243 -44, 256, 504 Ang Manga (Mga) Maharlika guerrilla unit,
Abadilla, Rolando, 352, 518 16-17, 470
Abell, Elizabeth (“Bess”), 244, 504
Abramowitz, Morton, 131, 278, 516-17 ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand and
United States), 310
diplomatic career of, 337- 38
in 1986 Philippine elections, 429 Apollo II splashdown, 63, 69
in reshaping Philippine policy, 378, 383, Apple, R. W., Jr., 495-96
Aquino, Benigno S. (“Ninoy”), Jr.:
388, 438
Abramowitz, Sheppie, 338n assassination of, 14, 21, 68, 71, 73, 80-
Afghanistan, 89, 283, 330n 81, 107, 303n, 307, 342, 344-58, 367,
African Development Fund, 199n 459, 481, 518, 522
Agency for International Development
background of, 102-8
(AID), 110, 272, 413, 474, 508 Carter and, 290-91
Agnew, Spiro T., 77, 338n CIA and,104-106, 107
Agoncillo, Teodoro, 14, 21, 38, 470, 471, on communism, 104
Derian’s visit with, 229-30
473, 474, 475 funeral of, 345-47, 356-57
Agrava, Corazon J., 349, 353 Imelda’s relationship with, 21-22, 290-
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 28-29, 31, 472
Alfonsin, Raul, 299n, 455 91, 344, 356-57, 511, 518
Ali, Muhammad, 151-52, 492 Imelda’s warnings to, 344
Allen, Richard V., 296 imprisonment of, 102, 108, 147-53, 187,
Allen, Theodore, 375
Allende Gossens, Salvador, 117, 388 191, 229 - 30, 234 - 35, 244, 252, 253,
American Bar Association, 375 483
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Marcos compared with, 102-103, 106,
107, 342-43
99n, 151, 281-82, 296, 302, 317, 344, Marcos’s imposition of martial law and,
392-93, 407, 426, 509 98, 122-23
American Council for Judaism, 87 marriage of, 106
American Enterprise Institute, 472 1978 campaign of, 235-38, 242, 488
American Journal of International Law, Operation Sagittarius exposed by, 98
494, 502 Reagan administration’s coolness toward,
American Magazine, 482 301
American Newspaper Publishers Associa¬ release from prison of, 290- 91, 365n,
tion (ANPA), 287-88 510-511
Amin, Idi, 280 return to Philippines by, 342-45, 351-52,
Amnesty International (AI), 166- 68, 316- 517
17, 488 State Department’s Open Forum and,
Analysis of the Philippine Economic Crises, 291-93
An (De Dios), 515 Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco (“Cory”), xi,
Anderson, Jack, 338n, 461, 484 22, 125, 152, 173, 247, 264, 391, 404-
405, 489, 523, 526, 528, 529

549

550 INDEX

Aquino, Corazon Cojuangco (cont.) as corrupt and demoralized, 361, 363-64,
anticommunism of, 449- 50, 451, 455 448
attempted coups against, 11, 352n, 448-
51, 456 reform movement in, 372, 415, 439, 449,
background of, 106 450, 520, 528
Bosworth and, 430, 445
cabinet appointments of, 125, 247, 449, Arnold, Daniel, 338/j
479, 480 Arroyo, Joker, 247
on Communists and NPA, 397, 404 Asencio, Diego, 194n
conservatism of, 454 Asia Foundation, 40, 413-14
criticism of, 453-55, 456 Asian Affairs, 506
Evans and Novak and, 408- 409 Asian Development Bank, 199n, 272, 287
Habib’s meeting with, 434 - 35 Asian Thought & Society: An International
husband’s assassination and, 346-47, 348,
356, 517 Review, 484
land reform program of, 454-55, 529 Asian Wall Street Journal, 472, 516
Marcos criticized by, 404-405, 407-408 Associated Press (AP), 288n, 425, 427
New York Times and, 397, 398-401, 404 Association of Southeast Asian Nations
official U.S. policy toward, 445, 451, 456
political prisoners released by, 450 (ASEAN), 207, 217, 310
presidential campaign of, 148, 394- 97, Atlantic Monthly, 417, 454, 528
399 - 405, 406- 409, 426-28, 430, 434, Australia, 50, 217, 218-19
454 “Authorized Ceiling on Nuclear Weapon
Presidential Commission on Good Gov¬
ernment set up by, 476, 506 Deployments,” in the Philippines, 134
Reagan criticized by, 436-37 Averch, Harvey A., 482, 488
U.S. complicity suspected against, 450-
51 Bain, David Haward, 471-72, 525
on U.S. military bases, 397, 403 - 404, 442 Baker, James, 109
Baker, Richard, 494
Aquino, Kris, 235-36 Ball, George, 52
Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Bangkok Declaration (1967), 207
Bannerman, Graeme, 420, 524
Three Generations, The (Joaquin), Banzer, Hugo, 157
485 - 86 Barber, Edwin L., Ill, 131-32
Aquino vs. Marcos (Martinez), 469, 485 - 86 Barber, Stephen, 505
Araneta, Gregory, 338n Barletta, Nicolas Ardito, 408, 414
Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 118 Barnes, Fred, 403
Argentina, 184, 186, 231, 298 - 99, 338, 455, Barringer, Philip E., 502
497, 503 bases, see Clark Air Base; Philippines, Re¬
Armacost, Michael H., 179 - 80, 289, 352,
4%, 515, 516, 518, 522, 524, 528 public of the, U.S. military bases in;
background of, 333-35, 460 Subic Bay Naval Base
on Benigno Aquino assassination, 354 Bastone, William, 521
at Benigno Aquino’s funeral, 356 Bataan Death March, 14-16, 111
conservative criticism of, 432-33 Batista, Fulgencio, 410, 453, 459
on Corazon Aquino’s presidential bid, Bautista, Vilma, 202, 311
400, 401 Bay of Pigs invasion, 35, 170, 390
diplomatic career of, 335, 457 Beale, Betty, 55
on Marcoses’ 1982 Washington visit, 316, Beams, Dovie, 67-69, 478
322, 323-24 Bedell, Berkley, 250, 308
Marcoses’ relationship with, 279, 332-33, Beech, Keyes, 303, 490, 512
335, 339, 356-58 Bello, Walden, 507, 524
in reshaping policy toward Marcos, 357- Belluck, Pamela, 491
58, 368, 380, 383-84, 385, 388, 438, Benedicto, Roberto S., 145 - 46, 262 - 64,
442, 444 288n, 319, 327, 506
Armitage, Richard, 368, 371, 380, 384, 416, Benevolent Assimilation: The American
438 Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903
Armstrong, Neil, 63 (Miller), 472
Army, Philippine, 125 Berlow, Alan, 524
Berry, William E., Jr., 216, 472-73, 501-
502
Best and the Brightest, The (Halberstarn),
473, 496

INDEX 551

Bethell, Tom, 496 Bulletin Today, 248, 252, 505, 510
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 239, 299 Bumiller, Elisabeth, 514
Bing, Rudolf, 57 Bundy, William P., 23-24, 53, 57, 58, 83,
Biographic Register, 478
Bishop, Jim, 55, 476 457, 471, 476-77
Bishops-Businessmen's Conference for Hu¬ Burke, Yvonne, 251
Burma, 89, 103
man Development, 414 Burnham, Forbes, 151n
Black, Manafort, Stone & Kelly, 387, 403, Burton, Sandra, 344, 398n, 460
Bush, Barbara, 309, 513
417, 426, 521 Bush, George, 248, 299n, 302, 316, 338n,
“black propaganda,” 37n-38n
Blair, Catherine Gerlach, 54 513
Blair, William McCormick, Jr., 25, 50-51, Marcos supported by, 355-56, 384, 518
Marcos toasted by, 309-11, 365n
457, 471 Business Week, 280, 509
Bleakley, Kenneth, 336 Buss, Claude, 379-80, 435, 472, 490, 526
BLISS, 259 Butterfield, Fox, 240- 41, 269, 270, 504, 507
Blue Ladies, 25, 52, 58, 60, 62, 69, 93, 260 Byroade, Henry A., 73, 76, 213, 457, 468,
Bolivia, 157, 455
Bonner, Raymond, 511, 512, 516, 529 482, 483, 485
Boone, Pat, 302 background of, 3-4, 85-90
Borneo, 120 Imelda’s relationship with, 90, 320
Boston Globe, 510 Marcos’s friendship with, 4, 85, 91, 96-
Boston Phoenix, 502
Bosworth, Stephen W., 368-71, 400, 433, 97, 100-101
Marcos’s imposition of martial law and,
457, 519, 526, 528
background of, 369 3 - 4, 5 , 85 , 91, 96, 99-101, 109, 111-
on CPP and NPA, 399 12, 113, 120-21
on Guatemala human rights abuses, 370- on Symington subcommittee activities, 90

71 Cabranes, Jose, 194n
on Marcos’s failures, 363, 383-84 Cacayorin-Tayag, Jean, 167
as Marcos skeptic, 369-71, 387, 438 Caltex Petroleum, 280
1986 Philippine election and, 418, 419, Cambodia, 116, 149, 164, 209, 337, 401, 410

422, 424, 430 see also Kampuchea
on 1987 coup, 449 - 50, 451 Camcam, Edna Guiyab, 351
during Philippine crisis, 441, 443, 445 Came, Barry, 241
Boumediene, Houari, 157 Campbell, Alex, 471
Bradley, Bill, 403 Campbell, Colin, lOn, 461, 469
Bradley, Omar, 15, 470 Cannon, Carl M., 506
Bradley, Tom, 317 Cannon, Lou, 521, 525
Branigin, William, 514 Canoy, Reuben, 485
Brezhnev, Leonid, 114 Cardenas, Ramon, 528
Brier, Jack H., 417 Carey, Pete, 506-507, 521
Briggs, Ellis Ormsbee, 468 Carnegie Endowment for International
Brinkley, David, 423
Brinkley, Joel, 406, 506, 508 Peace, 472
Broad, Robin, 509 Carter, Hodding, Jr., 182
Brokaw, Tom, 426 Carter, Jeff, 289
Bronstein, Phil, 350n, 517-18, 523, 529 Carter, Jimmy, 69, 139, 179, 181-82, 232,
Brotherhood, Operation, 40, 321, 474
Brown, Frederick Z., 381-83, 412 315, 431
Brown, Harold, 284 Benigno Aquino’s release from prison
Brown, Mark Malloch, 401-402, 403-405,
and, 290, 291-92
407-408, 521 condemnation of, by Philippine opposi¬
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 172, 174, 177, 179,
tion, 254
203, 232, 256, 288 - 89, 379, 496 dictators supported by, 247, 255-56, 258,
Buchanan, Patrick, 417
Buell, Thomas, 40, 474, 475, 528 286-87, 453
Bulletin of the American Historical Collec¬ foreign policy initiatives of, 171
human rights commitment of, 164, 166,
tion, 66
171, 183-86, 188-90, 192-93, 194-95,
197-98, 201, 203, 221-22, 234, 236,
241, 248 - 49, 252, 254, 282- 83,

552 INDEX

Carter, Jimmy (cont.) see also Philippines, Republic of the,
289-91, 294, 297, 299n, 300, 494- 95, U.S. businesses in
498, 509
Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, 361
Imelda’s meetings with, 202-203 Chandler, Otis, 417, 524
Marcos’s 1980 U.S. visit and, 288-89 Chase, Robert A., 140, 142
Marcos’s rule sanctioned by, 169-70, 244, Cheek, James, 336
Chennault, Clare, 87
246-47, 252-53, 453 Chiang Ching, 158, 160, 493-94
on 1978 Philippine elections, 234-36, Chiang Kai-shek, 103, 170, 309, 335, 453
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 309
241-42 Chicago Sun-Times, 177, 490
Philippine military aid supported by, 284 Chicago Tribune, 518
quiet diplomacy of, 294, 510 Childress, Richard, 368, 444
Reagan compared with, 297-98, 300-301 Chile, 117, 164, 281, 298-99, 335
Reagan’s defeat of, celebrated by Mar¬ China, People’s Republic of, 52, 80, 86,

coses, 295 114, 149, 187, 216-17, 299
on U.S. military bases in Philippines, CPP ties to, 362
Imelda’s visits to, 157-59, 208, 251, 493-
204-205, 210-12, 217-18, 220-22,
224.-25, 253 94
Casey, William J., 267, 316, 368, 384, 441, China, Republic of, 131, 335
443, 466, 513, 520, 521 “Christianity and the ‘Beat’ Generation”
Philippine nuclear power project and, 267
Philippine visit of, 376-78, 387 (Armacost), 335
Castro, Fidel, 18, 35, 157, 161, 296, 329 Christian Science Monitor, 39, 111, 474, 486
Castro, Raul, 186 Christopher, Warren, 189, 232, 289, 498,
Catholic Association of the Philippines, 414
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philip¬ 499
pines, 430-31 human rights committee headed by, 198-
CBS, 302, 407, 426, 428
Center for Democracy, 412-13, 419 201, 242
Center for International Policy, 189 - 90, Chun Doo Hwan, 298
282, 498, 499, 510 Church, Roman Catholic, 325-26, 430-31
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 3, 9, Churchill, Winston, 89
66- 67, 76, 85 - 86, 111, 118, 126, 128, CIA and the Cult of Intelligence, The
143, 146, 150- 51, 153, 164, 206, 416,
451, 465, 466, 467, 468, 474 (Marks), 489
anti-Communist counterinsurgency tactics Citizens’ Assemblies, Philippine, 137
in Philippines, 34-35, 37n-38n, 113, Clark, William (“Judge”), 385-86
455 Clark Air Base, 32, 74-75, 134, 191, 205-
Benigno Aquino’s ties to, 104-6, 107
Enrile-Ramos rebellion and, 440- 41, 444 206, 208-10, 212-25
Marcos’s imposition of martial law and, Cliburn, Van, 140, 142, 309, 321
4-5, 93-95, 98-101, 115n Clift, Dennis, 505
1953 Philippine presidential campaign Clifton, Tony, 111
and, 39-44, 394, 413 Clines, Francis X., 421, 526
on 1965 Philippine elections, 25-26, 43- Cloud of Danger: Current Realities of
44
on 1986 Philippine elections, 420-21, American Foreign Policy, The (Ken-
429-30 nan), 213, 501
reports on Imelda by, 160, 162 - 63, 207 Cochran, Thad, 418n, 422
reports on Marcos by, 25-26, 128, 208, COCOPEC, 330
343, 416, 452-53, 471 Cohen, Stephen B., 187, 223, 494, 497, 502,
on reshaping Philippine policy, 378, 380, 508-509
384, 388, 452 background of, 275-76
Secret National Intelligence Estimates of, on shift in relations with Marcos, 276-77
452 Cohen, Stu, 503
U.S. military bases in Philippines used Cojuangco, Eduardo (“Danding”), 106,
by, 209 127, 146, 367, 468, 507, 515
Cerezo, Vinicio, 415 coconut industry controlled by, 264 - 65,
Chamber of Commerce, U.S., 135-36, 280, 329-30, 331-32
417, 435 Cojuangco, Marcos, 264
Cojuangco, Ramon, 271
Colbert, Evelyn, 66, 178, 478, 496
Colombia, 92-93, 194
Columbia Journalism Review, 525

INDEX 553

Commentary, 296, 397-98, 410, 511, Constitution, Philippine, 19, 29-30, 42,
522 235, 303

Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Amendment Six of, 304-305
413, 419, 421-22, 427 martial law provision of, 30, 31
referenda on, 136-37, 307-308
Committee for Free Asia, 40 U.S. Constitution and, 29-30
communism: Constitutional Convention (“Con-Con”),

Benigno Aquino on, 103-104 81-82, 83 - 84, 98, 128-29, 321
Imelda on, 251 Marcos’s subversion of, 80 - 82, 84- 85,
Nach on, 360-61, 362-63, 398-99
softness on, as feared label, 170, 449-50, 93-94, 131-32, 135-37
as U.S. concern, 85
453 Construction and Development Corporation
as threat to Philippines, 31, 33, 113, 117—
of the Philippines (CDCP), 328
18, 133, 362-63, 366-67, 378, 397-98, Convissar, Shelley Taylor, 331-32
448, 449 - 50, 451-53 Conyers, John, 414, 523
“Communist Movements in the Philippines: Cooke, Terence, Archbishop, 62
Background, Present Status, and Out¬ Corpuz, Victor, 481
look” (Nach), 360-61 Corro, Rommel, 486
Communist New People’s Army (NPA), 31, Cosell, Howard, 151, 492
92, 94- 95, 149, 271, 333, 397-99, 410, Cosmopolitan, 162, 494
473 Cost of Living Council, 149
Corazon Aquino on, 397, 404 Council on Foreign Relations, 149, 179,
creation of, 118-19, 359-60
growth of, 363, 451-52, 453 317, 437
Marcos on strength of, 119 Countercoup: The Struggle for the Control
1986 elections and, 397-400, 410, 428-29
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), of Iran (Roosevelt), 482
119, 399 Counterfeit Revolution: The Philippines
Benigno Aquino assassination blamed on,
354 from Martial Law to the Aquino Assas¬
Marcos’s loss of control to, 359 - 60, 363, sination, The (Canoy), 485
409 Crane, Kent B., 338n
Comrade Chiang Ch’ing (Witke), 493 Cranston, Alan, 403, 412, 447
Conason, Joe, 521 Critchfield, Richard, 111
Concepcion, Jose, 279, 523 Crittenden, Ann, 507
Congress, U.S., 31, 32, 40, 52, 96, 152-53, Croghan, Allan, 366
154n, 234, 394, 405 Cross, James U., 488 - 89
Holbrooke’s relationship with, 179-80 Crossfire, 529
human rights policy activities of, 164- 66, Crossroads, 497
183, 186, 190, 198 - 99, 282 - 83 Crowe, William J., 361, 384, 387-88, 409,
Imelda grilled by members of, 250-52, 442 - 43
505 Cuba, 35, 296, 329, 362, 410, 473
Marcos’s imposition of martial law and, Imelda’s visit to, 157
4, 111-12 Cuenca, Rodolfo, 53, 328, 507
1978 Philippine elections and, 234-36, Curtis, Charlotte, 57
250-51 Curtis, E. R., 470
Philippine bases and, 204, 205-206, 211, Custer, George A., 87
217-18, 219-20, 224, 253 Custodio, Luther, 353
on Philippine military aid, 284- 86 Cycles of American History, The (Schlesin-
on reform in Philippines, 372, 386-87 ger), 494, 495, 511
see also House of Representatives, U.S.;
Senate, U.S. Daley, Richard, 56
Congressional Record, 320, 486, 488 “Damaged Culture, A” (Fallows), 448n,
Congressional Research Service, 169, 225,
248, 378 528
Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Daniel, Clifton, 175
Imelda Marcos, The (Mijares), 484, d’Aubuisson, Roberto, 337
485, 489 Davies, John Paton, Jr., 131, 335
Connors, Michael, 221, 223 Day in the Life of President Johnson, A
Conroy, Sarah Booth, 526
(Bishop), 55, 476
Dean, John, III, 116
Deaver, Michael, 73, 354-55, 518
De Carvalho, George, 471

554 INDEX

De Dios, Emmanuel S., 515 Eagleburger, Lawrence, 358, 517
Dee, Dewey, 328 East Asian and Pacific Interdepartmental
Defense Department, U.S., 84, 86, 87, 110,
group, 125
131, 338, 375, 443, 451, 465 Economist, 402
on Philippine crisis, 379, 384, 388 Economist Development Report, 4^2
U.S. military bases in Philippines and, Egypt, 88
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 32, 40, 88, 118,
207, 211, 215-19, 221-23, 284, 502
Defense Intelligence Agency, 259, 378, 506 145, 164, 175, 205, 472
Deng Xiaoping, 254 elections, Philippine:
Denton, Frank H., 482, 488
Derian, Patricia Murphy, 222, 223, 299n, of 1953, 38-42, 394
of 1965, 23-27
338, 497, 498, 499, 503, 511 of 1969, 65, 76-77
background of, 180-81 of 1978, 234-43, 250-51
on Benigno Aquino’s Open Forum invita¬ of 1981, 307-309
of 1984, 372-73
tion, 292 elections of 1986, Philippine, 373, 390-423
Benigno Aquino visited by, 229-31 Casey-Marcos meeting and, 376-78
Cohen and, 275-76 fraud and violence in, 408 -409, 410-11,
diplomatic career of, 181-85, 186- 91,
415-23, 424- 31, 433 - 37, 439- 40, 442
197, 199-200, 202-203 Laxalt on, 391, 393, 407, 424
effectiveness of, 282-83 Marcos’s public announcement of, 391-94
Enrile’s encounter with, 228 organizational monitors of, 412-15, 419-
Evans and Novak and, 231, 298
Holbrooke’s differences with, 171-72, 21, 426-27, 429
press coverage of, 399- 401, 406-409,
187-91, 231-33, 242, 252, 291-92, 433
Marcoses’ discomfort with, 228-31 426-27
Marcoses’ encounters with, 226-29, 248 Reagan’s statements on, 425-26, 427-28,
on Mondale’s Philippine trip, 231-33,
430, 432, 434-37, 442
243, 245/i U.S. funding for, 413-15
Reagan on, 298 U.S. observers of, 411-14, 415-22, 424-
Schneider’s advice to, 227
Derian, Paul S., 180-81 25, 427-30
Destler, I. M., 494-95 Ellison, Katherine, 506-507, 521
Dewey, George, 28, 32, 272 El Salvador, 117, 127, 170, 174, 255, 297,
D. H. Sawyer & Associates, 402-403
Diaz, Tomas, 468, 483 301, 335-37, 361-62, 455, 519, 529
“Dictatorships and Double Standards” U.S. aid to, 308, 362, 380- 81, 454, 487
Engelberg, Stephen, 406
(Kirkpatrick), 295-96 Enrile, Christina, 101, 265
Diem, Ngo Dinh, see Ngo Dinh Diem Enrile, Juan Ponce, xi, 71, 81, 128, 288n,
Diokno, Jose, 253, 489
319, 367, 374, 377, 503, 515
imprisonment of, 129, 147 break with Marcos by, 438-39, 485
Disini, Herminio, 267-70, 328, 507, 508 coconut industry controlled by, 264, 327,
Dixon, Ymelda, 55
Dodd, Christopher, 368 329, 450
Dole, Robert, 417, 427 coup attempts of, 449- 51, 456
Donaldson, Sam, 392 Derian’s confrontation with, 228
Dow Jones & Company, 288 Honasan and, 449-51
Dragnich, George S., 292 Marcos’s imposition of martial law and,
Drinan, Robert, 250- 51
Duarte, Jose Napoleon, 117, 301 95 - 96, 98, 101, 102n, 146, 243, 449,
468
Corazon Aquino likened to, 455 1986 rebellion led by, 439- 41, 444, 449-
Dulles, Allen, 39 51
Dulles, John Foster, 40, 88-89, 134, 490 wealth acquired by, 264 - 65, 327, 439,
Dunning, William, 280 450
Duran, Jose, 281 Espino, Romeo, 468
Durdin, Tilman, 487-88 Evans, Rowland, Jr., 231, 293, 298, 408,
Duvalier, Jean-Claude (“Baby Doc”), 418- 432-33, 438, 454, 503, 526, 529
Export-Import (Ex-Im) Bank, 267, 270, 328
19
Duvalier, Michele, 418-19 Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, 157
Falkland Islands, 298-99

INDEX 555

Fallows, James, 448n, 454, 528 Franco, Francisco, 204
Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front Fraser, Donald, 165, 188-89, 192-93
Frazier, Joe, 151-52
(FMLN), 361 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), xi,
Far Eastern Economic Review, 25, 221,
459, 465, 466, 467-68, 475, 478, 480,
244 - 45, 270, 282 - 83, 288n, 299 - 300, 490, 491, 493, 494, 495, 500, 505, 507,
310, 461, 462, 465, 469, 471, 484, 485, 510, 512, 513, 515, 516, 517, 518, 523,
492, 502, 503, 505, 508, 511, 514, 519 524, 527
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Fulbright, J. William, 110, 158, 182, 336,
466- 67 516
Feinstein, Dianne, 317 Funston, Frederick, 472
Feinstein, Lee, 500
Fernando, Rafael, 329, 515-16 Gagarin, Yuri, 249
Ferrer, Jaime, 72, 448, 479 Galman, Rolando, 345, 349
Fielding, Fred, 417-18, 420, 424, 525 Gandhi, Indira, 158
Fineman, Mark, 527 Gannon, Edmund, 501
Finney, John, 418 Gatan, Romeo, 102, 468
First Quarter Storm, 78-79 Gates, Robert M., 442
Fleck, Benjamin A., 492, 499 Gelb, Leslie H., 170, 179, 220, 276, 432,
Flick, Rachel, 521
Floirendo, Antonio O., 263 - 64, 326, 507, 438, 460, 494, 495, 526
515 General Accounting Office (GAO), 75-76
Food Terminal Inc., 319 General Electric (GE), 267
Ford, Carl W., Jr., 378, 381-82, 384 General Telephone and Electronics (GTE)
Ford, Cristina, 57, 84, 142, 143, 157, 306
Ford, Gerald R., 163, 165, 169, 315, 366, Corporation, 271
385, 431, 510 Georgetown Center for Strategic and Inter¬
Imelda rebuffed by, 153, 493
Philippine military bases and, 207, 209- national Studies, 472
10, 222-23, 240 Gerald R. Ford Library, 465
Philippines visited by, 154-56, 209-10, German Democratic Republic (East Ger¬
495, 500
Ford, Henry, II, 84, 142 many), 187
Ford Foundation, 143 Germany, Federal Republic of (West Ger¬
Foreign Affairs, 40, 41, 123-24, 143, 474,
487, 511 many), 301-302
Foreign Policy, 176 Germond, Jack, 386, 521
foreign policy, U.S.: Gershman, Carl, 414, 524
anticommunism as factor in, 117-18, 169- Gerth, Jeff, 405 - 406, 461, 508, 514, 520,
70, 450-51, 452
as call for reform, 371-72, 383-85 522
toward dictators, 117-18, 255-58, 286- Gigot, Paul, 328, 507, 515
87, 294, 2%-300, 336-37, 366-72, Gillego, Bonafacio H., 321-22, 325
375-76, 380, 383-85, 447, 453, 459 Giron, Julius, 281
economic interests and, 33-34, 133-34 Glaser, Vera, 476, 479
human rights emphasis in, 164 - 66, 171, Gleeck, Lewis, Jr., 66, 478
183 - 90, 191-93, 194-201, 203, 221-22, Glenn, John, 286-87, 510
224-33, 236, 241, 243, 246-49, 252, Gleysteen, William, 336
275, 281-85, 289 - 92, 294, 380 - 81 Goldwater, Barry, 296-97, 386
ideology vs. national interest in, 297 Gonzalez, Felipe, 404
overseas military bases central in, 204-25 Gore, Brian, 326
of quiet diplomacy, 289-90, 294 Government Services Insurance System
Foreign Relations of the United States, 473
Foreign Service Institute, 77n, 502 (Philippine), 245
For Every Tear a Victory (Spence), 10-11, Graham, Katharine, 288, 510
469 Grand Alliance, 43
Formosa Strait resolution, 104 Granta 18, 527
Fortune, 265, 471, 507 Great Britain, 30, 103, 298-99
France, 35, 104 Greece, 204, 404
Green, Marshall, 83, 115, 185, 457, 481,

487, 497
Greene, Graham, 34
Gregor, A. James, 456
Gromyko, Andrei, 315
Guam Doctrine, 64

556 INDEX

Guatemala, 118, 371, 415-16 Derian’s differences with, 171-72, 187-
Guevara, Ernesto (“Che”), 455 91, 231-33, 242, 252, 291-92, 433
Guyana, 150-51, 251
Gwertzman, Bernard, 166, 348, 495, 505, Derian’s visit to Manila and, 226-27,
229-30
517, 527
diplomatic career of, 175-80
Haberman, Clyde, 345 Evans and Novak and, 231, 431-33
Habib, Philip, 152-53, 177, 194, 278, 457, on human rights policy, 190, 248, 282-83
Iran-Philippines comparison and, 257-58
492, 526, 528 Marcoses’ meetings with, 191-92, 252,
background of, 431-32
on Philippine crisis, 441-43, 445 258, 290, 291
Philippine mission of, 432-35, 436 Marcoses’ relationship with, 191, 292-94
Haig, Alexander M., Jr., 278, 297, 310, Marcos seen as “soft dictator” by, 280
on Marcos’s 1980 U.S. visit, 288-90
438, 511 on Mondale’s Philippine trip, 232- 34,
Haiti, 418-19
Halberstam, David, 174, 473, 496 243-44, 245n
Haldeman, H. R., 109, 116 Murphy and, 278-79, 290
Hall, Tony P., 283-86, 308, 509 on 1978 Philippine elections, 233-35,
Hallford, Scott, 356, 395, 429
Hamilton, George, 312 241-42
Hamilton, William, 489 1986 Philippine elections and, 394-96,
Hand, Lloyd, 58, 194, 320, 356, 498
Handel, George Frederick, 311 397, 403
Hanes, W. M., 470 Pacific policy outlined by, 172-73
Hansen, LeRoy, 501 Philippine military aid supported by, 281-
Hard Choices (Vance), 497
Harkin, Thomas, 165, 251 83, 284- 86
Harper’s, 174, 496 political orientation of, 172-75
Harriman, W. Averell, 50, 176 Stull’s clashes with, 196-98
Harris, F. Allen (“Tex”), 186, 497 U.S. military bases in the Philippines
Harvard International Review, 143
Hatfield, Mark, 356, 427, 518 and, 204-205, 215, 222-24, 232, 253-
Hayakawa, S. I. (“Sam”), 320, 381 54
Hayes, Peters, 507 Wenzel’s conflicts with, 223-24, 247, 275
Heart Center for Asia, 260, 290-91 Holdridge, John, 110, 300-301, 457, 516
Helble, John, 492 Holland, 104
Helmke, Mark, 411, 417, 523, 524 Holt, Harold, 53, 61
Helms, Jesse, 337, 411-12 Holtzman, Elizabeth, 177
Helsinki Accords, 187-88 Holyoake, Keith J., 62
Heng Samrin, 187 Honasan, Gregorio (“Gringo”), 448-51,
Herblock, 240, 504 453, 528
Heritage Foundation, 391 Hong Kong, 402
Herrera, Trinidad, 192 - 93, 249, 251, 498 Honolulu Advertiser, 529
Hersh, Seymour, 115, 276, 405, 482, 486, Hoover, J. Edgar, 129, 489
Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and
522-23 Peace, 472
Higgins, Marguerite, 103 Hope, Bob, 58
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 423 Hornet, USS, 63
Hoffman, David, 527 House of Representatives, Philippine, 9, 16,
Hogan, Ben, 51 22-23, 42-43
Hoge, James F., Jr., 177 House of Representatives, U.S.:
Hoge, Warren, 399 - 400, 522 Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asian
Holbrooke, Richard C. A., 170, 200, 203, and Pacific Affairs of, 180, 284, 308,
342, 347, 368, 371, 380, 394, 471, 488,
254, 256, 277, 457, 496-500, 502-503, 497, 498, 501, 502, 517, 519
504, 509, 511, 522 Human Rights and International Organi¬
background of, 173-77 zations Subcommittee of, 497, 498
on Benigno Aquino’s Open Forum invita¬ International Relations Subcommittee of,
tion, 291-93 504
on Benigno Aquino’s release from prison, Marcos commended by, 308-309
290, 291-92 see also Congress, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Hubbert, Edna Barr, 58, 84-85, 131, 477,
478, 482, 494
Hubert H. Humphrey Papers, 460, 465

INDEX 557

HUK: Philippine Agrarian Society in Revolt Iran-contra scandal, 34, 324, 451
(Lachica), 127n, 473, 480, 486, 487 Iranian hostage crisis, 199, 257-58, 283
Israel, 87-88
Huk Rebellion: A Study of Peasant Revolt Istomin, Eugene, 71
in the Philippines (Kerkvliet), 473
Jacoby, Tamar, 511-12
Huks (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), Jagan, Cheddi, 151/1
41-42, 74-75, 104-105, 118, 126, 127n, Japan, 11, 16-17, 31-32, 34, 36, 46, 125,
153
143, 221, 414
Lansdale’s operations against, 34-39, payments to Marcos by companies in,
104, 113, 175, 473-74
271/i
Human Rights and United States Policy To¬ Javier, Evelio, 427
ward Latin American (Schoultz), 494, Jeffords, James M., 282, 308, 509
495 Jenner, William, 88
Jennings, Peter, 426
Human Rights in South Korea and the Phil¬ Jewish Agency for Palestine, 87
ippines: Implications for U.S. Policy, Joaquin, Nick, 105, 485 - 86
484 John Paul II, Pope, 250, 303, 3%

human rights policy: Marcoses’ reception for, 305-307
Carter administration and, 164-203, 221- Philippines visited by, 303, 305-307
22, 224-25, 294 Johnson, Andrew, 82
diplomats’ resistance to, 185-88 Johnson, Lady Bird, 54-55, 61, 244, 477
Reagan administration and, 183, 297-98, Johnson, Lyndon B., 7, 47, 118, 128, 164,
324-27
U.S. Congress and, 164 - 66, 380- 81 170, 181, 204, 356, 475-76, 489
Imelda’s relationship with, 62, 133
Human Rights Violations in the Philippines: Manila Summit and, 58- 62, 477
An Account of Torture, “Disappear¬ Marcos’s demands for aid from, 52-53
ances, ” Extrajudicial Executions and Il¬ Marcoses’ visits with, 48-55, 476-77
legal Detention, 316-17 “More Flags” crusade of, 50
Vietnam visited by, 62
Hummel, Arthur W., Jr., 193-94, 457, 498 Johnston, David, 523
Humphrey, Hubert H., 50, 54, 77, 460 Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S., 110, 218, 301,

Imelda’s advice to, 23-24, 471 361, 384, 409
at Marcos’s inauguration, 45 - 46, 50 Jones, Brennon, 370
Hunt, E. Howard, 37n-38n Jones, Gregg, 481
Jones, Robert Trent, Jr., 148-50, 153, 321,
Ilagan, Bonafacio, 167
Ileio, Rafael, 125-26, 482 - 83, 488 430, 493, 522, 526
India, 46, 193 Benigno Aquino’s cause taken up by,
Indonesia, 46, 93, 96, 103-104, 105, 131,
148-50, 153
150, 207n, 217, 257, 310, 338, 398, 473, on Corazon Aquino’s campaign team,
483
Indonesia and the Philippines: American In¬ 401-403, 427, 434
terests in Island Southeast Asia (Prin¬ Jones, Thomas, 168n
gle), 472, 495, 499 - 500, 502 Jose P. Laurel Foundation, 13
Ingersoll, Robert S., 457 Journal of Asian Studies, 470
Inouye, Daniel K., 62, 110, 253, 467, 505 Justice Department, U.S., 331-32
Insight, 506
Inter-American Development Bank, 199n Kabataang Barangay, 253
Interim Batasang Pambansa, 235-237 Kahin, George McT., 242
Internal Situation in the Philippines: Current Kamm, Henry, 15n, 283, 305, 470, 509-10,
Trends and Future Prospects, The
(Niksch and Niehaus), 495-96 512
International Commission of Jurists, 304 Kampuchea, 187, 254, 338
International Development Association,
199n see also Cambodia
International Monetary Fund, 245, 270, 300 Kanematsu-Gosho Ltd., 271n
In the Midst of Wars: An American’s Mis¬ Kann, Peter, 120, 123-24, 483, 487, 488
sion to Southeast Asia (Lansdale), 473- Kaplan, Gabriel, 40
74, 528 Karagatan incident, 94-95, 117, 483
Invisible Government, The (Wise and Karagianis, Maria, 510
Ross), 486 Kamow, Stanley, 435
Iran, 39, 84, 256- 58, 281, 2%, 410 Kashiwahara, Ken, 344, 517

558 INDEX

Kashiwahara, Lupita, 344-45, 462 Korean War, 103
Kattanburg, Paul, 58, 77n, 129, 131, 215, Kosygin, Aleksei, 249
Kovach, Bill, 406, 522
476-77, 480, 489, 492, 501 Kraft, Joseph, 368
Benigno Aquino’s cause taken up by, Kram, Mark, 492
Kramer, Barry, 274, 508
152-53 Krause, Charles, 385, 428, 521, 525
diplomatic career of, 150-151 Krauthammer, Charles, 409n, 523
Kauffman, Draper L., 208, 500 Kroes, Ralph, 326, 515
Kawatetsu Bussan Co., Ltd., 271n Ky, Nguyen Cao, 35-36, 51, 376, 473
Kemp, Jack, 447
Kennan, George, 134, 490, 501 Laban (Lakas ng Bayan), 235 - 40, 242, 407
on removing U.S. military bases from Lacaba, Jose, 167
Lachica, Eduardo, 127n, 473, 480, 486, 487,
Philippines, 212-13
on U.S. policy in Far East, 33-34, 473 506-507, 516
Kennedy, Edward M., 62, 226 Lagdameo, Ernesto, 140-41, 491
Kennedy, Jacqueline, 45, 51, 454 Lake, Anthony, 175, 179, 199, 291-93, 460,
Kennedy, John F., 7, 45, 50, 118, 142, 170,
494, 498, 511
174, 379, 390, 473 land reform, 132, 272-73, 279
Keogh, Laura Lee, 529 “Langoni Nine,” 374
Kerkvliet, Benedict J., 473 Lansbury, Angela, 56
Kerry, John, 397, 420-21, 524, 525 Lansdale, Edward G., 35-36, 50, 104-5,
Kessler, Richard, 472, 506
Khmer Rouge, 397-98 131, 175, 378-79, 452-53, 528
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 255-56, in anti-Huk counterinsurgency war, 34-

356, 453 39, 104, 113, 473-74
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 175 Magsaysay’s presidential campaign run
Kilusan Bagong Lipunan (KBL), 236-39,
by, 39-40, 394, 413
429-30, 526 Laos, 126, 153
Kim Dae Jung, 116-17, 487 La Prensa, 325, 361
Kipling, Rudyard, 29 La Rocque, Eugene R., 216, 501
Kirkpatrick, Jeane J., 414, 511, 523 Latin American and Caribbean Affairs Bu¬

on authoritarian vs. totalitarian regimes, reau, 455
295-% Laurel, Jose P., 13-14, 470
Laurel, Salvador (“Doy”), 14, 396- 97, 456
as champion of Marcos, 409-10 Laurel-Langley trade and economic agree¬
dictators embraced by, 298-99
foreign policy standards of, 2%-97 ment (1954), 135
Kirkpatrick doctrine, 296, 300, 324, 339 Laurie, Jim, 344
Kissinger, Henry, 18, 73-74, 82, 86, 89 - 90, Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 520
Laxalt, Paul, 377, 520, 521, 523, 528
114-15, 154, 164 - 65, 168n, 183, 210-
12, 288, 355, 483, 490, 500, 501 Marcos advised to resign by, 444-45
dictators supported by, 116-17 on 1986 Philippine elections, 391, 393,
Imelda’s courting of, 155-56, 493
on Marcos’s seizure of power, 4, 96-97, 407, 424
99n-100n, 110, 114-16, 125, 132-33, Philippine mission of, 386-87, 391
136 Leach, James, 381
Philippine policy established by, 138-39 Leary, R. H., 471
U.S. military bases in the Philippines Le Due Tho, 114-15, 211n, 501
and, 204, 207, 210-12, 222 Lee Kuan Yew, 93, 182, 310, 320
Klitgaard, Robert E., 482, 487, 488 Lelyveld, Joseph, 145 -46, 274, 460, 487,
Koehler, John E., 482, 488
Komer, Robert, 176 492, 508
Kondracke, Morton, 364 Lenin, V. I., 362
Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Lescaze, Lee, 469, 485
(North Korea), 95 Lewis, Anthony, 516
Korea, Republic of (South Korea), 50, 93, Libya, 120
112, 116-17, 188-89, 255, 257, 290,
298, 336-37, 398, 486 Imelda’s visit to, 161, 494
Korea and the Philippines, 486, 490 Life, 51, 61, 174, 265n, 471, 476, 506
Korean Airlines Flight 007, 405 Lincoln, Abraham, 62
Lindsay, John, 56
Locsin, Mrs. Teodoro, 68, 478

INDEX 559

Locsin, Teodoro, 68 as Habib’s aide, 433, 442
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 175 Philippine policy influenced by, 347-48,
Lohr, Steve, 519
Long, Clarence, 224 366, 382, 383
Long, Robert L. J., 421-22, 525 Malaya, British, 103
Lon Nol, 116, 410 Malaysia, 310
Look, 3, 468 Malloy, Michael T., 240, 504
Lopez, Eugenio (“Geny”), Jr., 144-46, Manafort, Paul J., Jr., 387, 403, 422-23
“Mandate for Greatness, A” (Marcos), 45-
191, 224n, 492, 502
Lopez, Eugenio, Sr., 24, 145-46 46
Lopez, Fernando, 24, 145, 471 Manglapus, Raul, 99, 143 - 44, 451, 484, 492
Lopez, Mariquit, 471
Lopez, Presy, 145, 224n, 492 CIA and,143
Lopez, Salvador, 254 Ford Foundation and, 143
Lopez Portillo, Jose, 210 Wilson Center and, 143-44
Lord, Winston, 148 - 50, 492 Manila, description of, 92-93
Los Angeles Times, 270, 302 - 303, 405, 417, Manila Chronicle, 22, 24, 145, 465, 476
Manila Daily Bulletin, 469
505, 512, 527 Manila Summit, 58-62, 194
Lovett, Ralph B., 42, 474, 475 Manila Times, 103, 465
Lozano, Ignacio, Jr., 487 Mann, Jim, 527
Luce, Clare Boothe, 309 Manning, Robert, 368
Lugar, Richard G., 368, 382, 447, 520-21, Manotoc, Marie Imelda Marcos (“Imee”)

523, 524 (daughter), 45, 142n, 253, 313, 513
background of, 411-12, 415 Manotoc, Tomas (“Tommy”), 313-14, 513
1986 Philippine election and, 411-13, Manriquez, Romulo, 16, 321-22, 470
Mansfield, Mike, 62, 110-12, 142, 227
415-21, 422, 424-25, 427 Man Who Kept Secrets: Richard Helms and
Reagan briefed by, 424-25
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 465, 471, the CIA, The (Powers), 473
Mao Zedong, 79, 80, 86, 118-19, 158-59,
475-78, 489, 528
161, 170, 362
Macapagal, Diosdado, 23, 25-26, 43, 50, Marcos, Ferdinand, Jr. (“Bong Bong”)
109, 206, 246, 254, 471, 475, 505
(son), 45, 62, 478
Macapagal, Pacifico El, 489 Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin:
MacArthur, Douglas, 6, 14-16, 17, 21n, 31,
ambitions of, 9, 17-18, 22, 80- 82, 110—
60, 159, 302, 448, 470 11, 132-33
McArthur, George, 505
McCarthy, Eugene, 276 as “America’s Boy,” 134-36, 138-39,
McCarthyism, 170, 335 172, 279 - 80
McCoy, Alfred W., 405 - 6, 408, 523, 527
Maceda, Ernesto, 76, 480 anger of, 228, 240, 352-53
McFarlane, Robert, 368, 384, 385 anxiety of, 316-17, 369, 388-89
McGovern, George, 114, 177, 181, 295, arrest of, 12, 469
athletic activities of, 11, 47, 51, 58, 268,
338n
McKinley, William, 29 475
McLane, James W., 148 - 50, 492 authority of, 6-7, 17, 111, 218, 303-5,
McLaughlin, John, 403
McNamara, Robert, 52-53, 110, 476 307
MacNeillLehrer Newshour, 385, 428 Benigno Aquino as political opponent of,
Madison, Christopher, 520
Maestrone, Frank, 98 80-81, 102
Magellan, Ferdinand, 28 Benigno Aquino assassination and, 349-
Magsaysay, Ramon, 35, 38- 42, 59, 104-
53
105, 134, 143, 346, 394, 413, 474, 475 Benigno Aquino compared with, 102-3,
Maisto, Filipina, 347
Maisto, John F., 275, 418, 508, 510, 517, 106, 107, 342 -43
biographies of, 10-11, 469
519 birth of, 9
on Benigno Aquino assassination, 347- campaign tactics of, 76-78
charm of, 11
48, 354 cheerful nature of, 241
childhood of, 11
CIA views on, 25, 452-53
confidence of, 201
courage of, 47, 111, 340

560 INDEX

Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin (cent.) as selfless, 51, 111
cronies of, 46, 261-62, 327-33, 439, 507 as shrewd, 7, 13, 42-43, 47, 51, 56-57,
crony capitalism of, 261-62, 270, 327-33,
447-48 101, 110-11, 221, 259, 352, 376
demonstrations against, 78-80, 239-40, sincerity of, 110-11, 130
241-42, 342, 374 takeover tactics of, 146
dishonesty of, 10-11, 17, 46, 75-76, 100- as teenager, 6
101, 275, 317, 339, 423, 426-27 terrorism sponsored by, 126-28, 130
dynamism of, 51, 77-78 toughness of, 47, 221
economic policies of, 261-63, 327-43 twenty-fifth wedding anniversary of, 258-
elected president, 23-25, 45, 76-78, 452
father’s advice to, 390 59
flair of, 13 U.S. businessmen on, 280
friendliness of, 111, 132-33 U.S. visits by, 51-58, 287-89, 315-24,
heritage of, 18
hidden wealth of, 393 - 94, 405, 450, 506- 514-15
508 war medal claims of, 14-16, 51, 77-78,
honorary degrees received by, 57, 317
hunting trips of, 11, 49 111, 128, 310-11, 321, 325, 405-406,
illnesses of, 343 - 44, 352, 388, 409 408, 423, 470
inaugurations of, 45-47, 309-311, 356, war record of, 6, 14-17, 51, 52, 67, 77-
475 78, 111, 321-22, 323, 405 - 406, 409,
kidney operations of, 343-44, 352 423, 446, 470, 476
languages spoken by, 11 “will” of, 156
leadership potential of, 13 yacht of, 156, 191
legacy of, 447-56 Marcos, Imelda Romualdez (“Meldy”)
loss of popularity of, 63, 78-79, 82, 346, (wife):
393 ambitions of, 82, 139, 159-61, 162-63,
as marksman, 11-12 235-38, 353
miscalculations of, 340, 390, 392-93, 440 ancestral home of, 6, 20, 159
murder trial of, 11-14, 396, 469 anger of, 109, 194, 252, 353, 356, 357
as negotiator, 207, 211, 218, 220-21, 253 arm injury of, 140, 142
New Society of, 121, 155, 166, 238, 241, authority of, 18, 84, 109, 193 - 94, 259 - 60
262, 272-73 awards of, 20-21, 54
oratory skills of, 7, 11, 45-47, 51, 52, Benigno Aquino and, 21-22, 290-91,
206-207 344, 356-57, 511, 518
ouster of, xi, 437-38, 441-46, 447, 453, Benigno Aquino assassination and, 352-
476 53, 356-57, 367
payoffs to, 266-71, 287 biographies of, 18 -20
personal future of, 132, 168-69, 255, birth of, 20
258, 261-64, 271-72, 287, 450 as campaigner, 24-25, 236-39, 241
as philanderer, 67-69, 91, 478 Carter and, 202-203, 251-52
physical appearance of, 11, 13, 45, 77-78, Castro and, 157
111, 241, 352 charm of, 51, 71, 155-56, 162, 249-50,
political principles of, 18 339, 370
politicians opposed to, 112, 223, 245-48, childhood of, 6-20
253-54, 365-66, 370, 372, 384-85, civic projects of, 65 - 66, 112, 259 - 60,
414-15 354, 479
power and money craved by, 6, 154-55, confrontation with the U.S. Congress,
168, 265-66 250-51
public relations of, 387, 402-403, 417, as covetous, 145, 162, 339
422-23, 426 as cunning, 162-63
religion of, 111 education of, 20-21
as ruthless, 111, 130, 471 efficacy of, 155-57
seizure of power by, 3-6, 13-14, 30-31, ego of, 162, 238, 249, 293-94
85, 91-102, 108-17, 119-37, 146, 151, as energetic, 51, 332
168 - 69, 182, 447 estates purchased by, 311-13
self-control of, 228 extravagant displays of, 158-59
as self-deluded, 393 favorite color of, 54
as flatterer, 51, 55, 82-84
as governor of Metro Manila, 156-57,
259
heritage of, 6, 19

INDEX 561

high-level meetings of, 82- 84, 156- 61, Marks, John, 489
202- 203, 249 - 53, 302, 315-25, 390 Marshall, George C., 3, 33, 86, 87
Marshall Plan for the Philippines, 447-48
hobbies of, 20 martial law, imposition of (1972), 3-6, 92-
husband’s first meeting and courtship of,
112
22 American business community support

at husband’s inauguration, 45 for, 135-36, 280, 435
husband’s philandering and, 67-69 bombings in Manila preceding, 95, 97-99,
husband’s political campaigns helped by,
126-28
22-25 initial reaction to, Philippine, 121-23
hypocrisy of, 46 Kissinger and, 4- 5 , 96- 97 , 99n-100n,
jewelry purchased by, 36, 54, 55, 57, 202,
113-16
250, 261, 286 Marcos creates conditions for, 125-28
Malacanang renovation overseen by, 65- Marcos’s justification for, 101n-102n,

66 117, 119-20
miscarriage of, 124 Nixon and, 6, 96-97, 99-100, 109, 110,
mistreatment of, 141-42, 153, 250-52
musical talent of, 21, 22, 24, 51, 52, 54- 113-16, 133, 137, 483-84
Proclamation 1081, 3-4, lOln-102/i, 117
55, 56, 62, 305, 314, 320 Proclamation 1088, 479
New York City visits of, 55-56, 476 State Department’s Bureau of Intelli¬
nickname of, 20
Nixon and, 82, 84, 139- 43, 294, 302 gence and Research (INR) analyses of,
ostentatious ways of, 139- 40, 146, 255, 129-33, 137
U.S. advance knowledge of, 3-6, 92-94,
271-72, 293-94 95-101, 467-68
physical appearance of, 18, 22-23, 45, 51, U.S. reaction to, 4-5, 110-12, 467
martial law, lifting of (1981), 302-305,
54-56, 60-61, 73, 82, 133 308-309
political savvy of, 48, 54, 63, 83 - 84 Martin, Everett, 77, 480
propaganda on, 318 Martin, John, 281, 461
property purchased by, 261, 311-13, 393- Marx, Karl, 79, 362
Marxism, 36, 117, 119
94, 513 Mathews, Jay, 240-41, 270, 504
pushiness of, 139 - 40, 202, 305 - 306, 370, Matrix Policy in the Philippines, The (Av-
erch, Koehler and Denton), 482, 488
435-36 Mayaguez incident, 209
Qaddafi and, 161, 260 Meade, Frazier, 152
Reagan and, 73, 301-302, 303n Meet the Press, 56, 317
as ruthless, 162, 356-57 Meiselas, Susan, 400, 461
scientists entertained by, 313-14, 513 Melchor, Alejandro (“Alex”), 439, 486,
shopping sprees of, 58, 202, 249-50, 251, 527-28
background of, 109
286, 311-13, 445, 500, 505 Marcos’s imposition of martial law and,
society and money as obsessions of, 6, 102/j, 109-10
Marcos’s ouster and, 443-44
72-73, 320-21, 499 Meralco, 146
third world fascination of, 207, 493 Meredith, James, 181
vanity of, 54, 229-30, 260-61 Messiah (Handel), 311
video tapes of, 260, 294, 302 Metropolitan Opera House, opening of, 57-
wardrobe of, 54, 55-56, 57, 60-61, 83, 58, 477
Metzenbaum, Howard, 296, 511
158, 492 Mexico, 37n-38n
wealth acquired by, 162, 245 - 46, 251, Miami News, 511
Mijares, Primitivo, 484, 485, 489
258 - 63, 265, 286, 287, 312-13 Mikan, George, 334
Marcos, Irene (daughter), 45, 305 Miller, Stuart Creighton, 472
Marcos, Mariano (father), 9, 11, 12, 18 Mindanao State University, 120
Marcos, Marie Imelda, see Manotoc, Marie Minneapolis Star, 333
Mintz, Phil, 518
Imelda Marcos Missouri, USS, 31, 143
Marcos and Martial Law in the Philippines

(Rosenberg), 487
Marcos’ Lovey Dovie (Rotea), 478
Marcos of the Philippines (Spence), lOn,

469-70
Marcos Regime: Rape of the Nation, The

(Rodriguez), 491
“Marcos Visit: The Plot Thickens, A”

(Thomson), 49

562 INDEX

Mitra, Ramon, 129, 253 Nach, James, 518
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, 3, 39, 118, background of, 360-61, 388-89
Marcos’s mistrust of, 388- 89
134, 281, 410. 453, 459 on Philippine communism, 360-61, 362-
fall of, 255-57, 2%, 388, 409 63, 398-99
Mohr, Charles, 479
Mondale, Joan, 243-44 Nader, Ralph, 216
Mondale, Theodore, 243 Nalundasan, Julio, 11-12, 396, 469
Mondale, Walter F., 179, 226, 364, 503 - 4, Napolitan, Joseph, 76-77, 480
Nasser, 482
511, 519 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 88, 482
Imelda’s meetings with, 202, 208, 252, Nation, 270
National Academy of Sciences, 313-14
499, 505 - 506 National Aeronautic and Space Administra¬
on Marcoses’ corruptness, 294, 365n
Marcoses’ exploitation of, 243 tion (NASA), 62
Philippine opposition leaders and, 245- National Archives and Records Service,

48 99n-100n
Philippine visit of, 231-34, 242-49, 281, National Citizens Movement for Free Elec¬

282, 287 tions (NAMFREL), 40, 372, 380, 523
presidential campaign of, 364-65 1986 elections monitored by, 413-15,
Mongoose, Operation, 35
Monjo, John, 222, 252, 399, 522 420, 429
Monkees, 127-28, 148, 488-89 U.S. funding of, for 1986 election, 413-
Montoya, Alfredo, 468, 483
Moorer, Thomas, 110, 301 15
Moose, Richard, 182 National Commercial Bank of Saudi Ara¬
Morales Ehrlich, Jose, 117-18
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), bia, 376
National Endowment for Democracy
120, 161
Morrell, James, 282, 509 (NED), 414
Mosbacher, Emil, 481 National Grain Agency, 270
Moser, Don, 477 National Intelligence and Security Adminis¬
Mossadegh, Mohammed, 39, 118, 482
Motion Picture Association of America, 49 tration (NISA), 351
Movement for a Free Philippines, 143 National Intelligence Coordinating Agency
Moyers, Bill, 497
multinational development banks, 198-200, (NICA), 126
National Journal, 520
204, 227, 287, 300 National Press Club (Manila), 25, 41
Multinational Monitor (Corro), 486 National Press Club (Washington, D.C.),
Mulvaney, Jim, 527
Munro, Ross H., 274, 397-99, 410, 317
National Public Radio, 516, 524
522 National Security Agency (NSA), 210-11
Murkowski, Frank, 368, 381, 412, National Security Archive, 465
National Security Council (NSC), 4, 34, 49,
418n
Murphy, Audie, 15 82, 84, 97, 110, 134, 140, 142- 43, 149,
Murphy, Caryle, 514, 515 378, 385-86, 451, 465, 491
Murphy, W. Richard, 221, 222, 253, 270, National Security Decision Directive, 367,
379-80
505, 509 National Security Decision Memorandum
on Benigno Aquino’s release from prison, (NSDM), 138-39, 210, 491
National Security Planning Group, 442-43
290 National Security Study Directives
diplomatic career of, 277-79, 457 (NSSDs), 366-67, 380, 519
on Marcos’s 1980 U.S. visit, 288 National Times, 527
Marcoses courted by, 279 National Times on Sunday, 527
on Philippine human rights, 282, 289 National War College, 378-83, 402, 455-
on Philippine military aid, 286 56, 520, 529
on shift in relations with Marcos, 277 Natzke, Herbert, 229-30, 258, 503, 506
Murtha, John P., 416-17, 421, 422, 525 Naughton, James, M., 155
Muskie, Edmund, 338n, 512 Naval Historical Collection, 474
Mutual Defense Board, 208 NBC, 56, 317, 407, 426
Mydans, Seth, 398, 400, 407, 461, 481, 523 Negroponte, John, 176, 293, 331, 336
Myrdal, Gunnar, 111 Negros, 274-75
Nelson, Craig, lOOn, 459- 60, 516

INDEX 563

Nemenzo, Francisco, 487 on Vietnam War, 63-64, 114-15
Neumann, Robert, 512 Nixon Doctrine, 64, 217-18
“New Khmer Rouge, The” (Munro), 397- Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 408
North, Oliver L., 34, 451
99 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
New Republic, 364, 403, 409n, 471
Newsday, 518, 520 (NATO), 41-42
Newsom, David D., 178, 193, 218, 221, Norton, Patrick M., 501-502
Novak, Robert, 231, 293, 298, 403, 408,
222, 234, 253, 271-72, 289, 457, 508
Derian’s Philippine visit and, 228-30 432-33, 438, 454, 503, 523, 526, 529
Murphy as replacement for, 278 Nuclear Barons, The (Pringle and Spigel-
Newsweek, 56, 77, 111, 240 - 41, 354, 376,
man), 507
465, 477, 486, 504, 518, 520 nuclear power plant, Philippine, 266-69,
New York, 520
New Yorker, 115, 342, 435, 486, 495, 517, 328
Casey and, 267
529 kickbacks and, 267-69, 328
New York Herald Tribune, 87, 103 Reagan administration support for, 328
New York Post, 57, 399 Westinghouse and, 267-70
New York Times, lOn, 15n, 16, 41, 57, 70, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),

77-78, 89, 99n-100?i, 111, 115, 145, 271
155, 166, 175, 240-41, 245n, 248-49, nuclear weapons in the Philippines, 67, 134,
269, 270, 274, 283, 288, 302, 305, 309,
319, 345, 348, 365n, 372, 388, 397, 401, 209
404, 405 - 408, 421, 432, 465, 467, 470, Nunn, Sam, 403, 427-28, 525
475, 477, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485 - 86, Nutting, Anthony, 482
488 - 89, 492, 493, 495, 496, 498, 505,
507-508, 509, 513, 514, 516, 517, 519, Oakley, Robert, 222, 277-79, 496, 509
522, 523, 525 Obbligato (Sullivan), 493
New Zealand, 218 Oberdorfer, Don, 368, 516, 527
Ngo Dinh Diem, 35, 104, 118, 134, 371, O’Brien, Lawrence F., 76-77, 480
379, 388-89, 410, 453, 459 O’Brien, Niall, 326
Nguyen Cao Ky, 35-36, 60, 376 Office of Strategic Services, 150
Nicaragua, 34, 170, 174, 256- 58, 294, 2%, Official Gazette, 479
300, 336, 410 Olander, Shelley Taylor Convissar, 516
U.S. approach in Philippines vs., 324-27, Ongpin, Jaime, 370, 402, 519
384 Operation Quick Count, 413-14
Niehaus, Marjorie, 247-48, 378, 380, 495- Oplan (Operation Plan) Sagittarius, 98
96, 505 Ople, Bias, 444, 528
Nightline, 296, 317 Orentlicher, Diane, 520
Niksch, Larry, 225, 247-48, 495 - 96, 503, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Coun¬
505, 506
Nitze, Paul, 174, 496 tries (OPEC), 330
Nixon, Pat, 69-70 Osmeha, Sergio, III, 144, 191, 224n, 502
Nixon, Richard M., 74, 76, 89, 109, 163, Osmena, Sergio, Jr., 77, 80, 144 -45
164 - 65, 193, 209, 387, 483 - 84, 510 Ottaway, David B., 521
anti-Communist administration of, 118 Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of
Daily Diary of, 99n-100n
dictators supported by, 116-17, 256 American Foreign Policy (Destler),
Imelda’s relationship with, 82, 84, 139- 494-95
43, 294, 302 Overholt, William H., 379 - 80, 402
Marcoses’ campaign contributions to,
lOOn, 140-41, 491 Pacific Affairs, 508
Marcoses’ friendship with, 140 Pacific Research and World Empire Tele¬
on Marcos’s seizure of power, 6, 96 - 97,
99-100, 109, 110, 113-16, 133, 137, gram, 490, 507
484 Pakistan, 4, 193, 299-300
1973 inauguration of, 139-43 Panama, 408, 414
Philippine visits of, 63-66, 69-70, 478- Pao, Y. K., 320-21
79 Papandreou, Andreas, 404
resignation of, 153-54 Parade, 51, 72, 476, 479
Paraguay, 335
Paris, Treaty of (1898), 28
Paris peace talks (1968), 176

564 INDEX

Park Chung Hee, 61, 93, 116, 134, 227, 93, 195 - 98, 199-200, 228, 248 - 49,
255, 388 281-84, 316-17, 371, 373-75, 455
impoverishment in, 70, 72, 83, 271-74,
Patton, George, 86 279, 306, 323, 452, 453, 454
Pauker, Guy, 257, 332-33, 435, 483. 486, Iran and Nicaragua compared With, 256-
58, 324-27, 384
506, 516 landed elite of, 30-31
Paulus, Norma, 417 multinational development bank loans to,
Paul VI, Pope, 82 199-200, 204, 227, 287
Paz, Ignacio, 96, 468, 483 political prisoners in, 102, 108-109, 129,
Peace Corps, 276, 278 136, 144 - 53, 166- 68, 191-93, 195 - 96,
Pear, Robert, 525 228- 30, 234, 239 - 40, 241, 248 - 49,
Pedrosa, Carmen Navarro, 18, 20, 470 281-82, 325-26
Pell, Claiborne, 412-13, 419 political violence in, 78-80, 92-93, 95-
Pentagon Papers, 89-90, 179, 482 99, 117, 126-29, 343
People’s Daily, 159 private armies in, 121-22
Percy, Charles, 142, 302, 411, 512 starvation and malnutrition in, 273-74,
Pezzulo, Lawrence, 336 323
Pfizer, Inc., 280 sugar industry of, 106-107, 262 - 64, 274,
Phelps, Robert H., 480 328-29
Philippine Airlines (PAL), 260, 270 threats to security of, 207-208
Philippine-American War, 29 tradition of loyalty in, 14
Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corpo¬ two-class system of, 272-74, 279, 306-
307, 454
ration (Pagcor), 262 U.S. businesses in, 32, 134-36, 279-80,
Philippine Civic Action Group (Philcag), 435
U.S. economic assistance to, 272-73,
50, 75, 480 447-48
Philippine Communist Party (PKP), 119 U.S. economic relationship with, 32, 85,
Philippine Constabulary (PC), 125-26, 324, 134-36
U.S. meddling in politics of, 38 - 44, lln,
374, 439 394, 412-16
Philippine Independence Act (1934), 31 U.S. military assistance to, 283-87, 375,
Philippine Long Distance Telephone Com¬ 397, 437, 442, 447
U.S. military bases in, 32, 41-42, 74-75,
pany, 271 85, 129, 134, 137, 172, 191, 203, 204-
Philippine Military Academy, 16, 149, 372, 25, 232, 243, 244, 249, 252- 54, 267,
339-40, 397, 403, 472-73, 500-503
448, 449 U.S. postindependence policy toward,
Philippine News, 321-22, 514 33-34
Philippine News Agency, 308-309 war devastation of, 31-32
Philippines: A Country Study, 473 World Bank loans to, 110, 197-98, 252,
Philippines, Republic of the: 272
see also elections, Philippine; elections of
anti-U.S. demonstrations in, 64- 65, 253 1986, Philippine; Marcos, Ferdinand
barrio people of, 58-60 Edralin; martial law, imposition of
causes of communist revolution in, 451- “Philippines: The Radical Movements”
(INR), 79
53 Philippines, University of the, 79
Christian-Muslim conflicts in, 119-20, Philippines Cultural Center, 71-73, 354, 479
Philippines Daily Express, 503
151-52, 160- 61 Philippines Free Press, 13, 68, 80, 108-109,
coconut industry in, 264 - 65, 328- 32, 167, 465, 479, 480, 483, 486
Philippines Herald, 469
515-16 Philippines Investment Systems Organiza¬
Communist-led insurgents of, 6, 31, 94- tion (PISO), 287
“Philippines Tries One-Man Democracy,
97, 113, 117, 202, 360-62, 363, 371, The” (INR), 131-32
377, 424, 428-29, 449-50, 451-53, 455
cost of labor in, 280
crime, official corruption, and smuggling
in, 25-26, 74-77, 92-93, 121-22, 124-
25, 136-37, 324, 365n, 448, 452
education in, 29
excesses in society of, 124, 155-56, 305-
306
family loyalty vs. nationalism in, 448«
foreign debt of, 376, 447
geographic regions of, 10
human rights violations in, 166-68, 191—

INDEX 565

Philippine Trade Act (1946), 32 Radcliffe, Donnie, 496, 514
Phillips, Warren, 288 Radio Veritas, 415, 440, 524
Pimentel, Aquilino, 247 Radke, Galen W., 441, 527
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 117, 281, 298, Rafferty, James, 196, 478, 480

299n, 337 Carter administration and, 222
Platt, Nicholas, 457 Marcoses’ relationship with, 66- 69, 76,
Plaza Miranda bombing, 79-81, 127, 481
Poindexter, John M., 424, 442, 444-45 84, 98, 139-40
Poland, 33 Ramos, Fidel V., xi, 367
Policy Review, 377, 391, 407, 520
Politics of Torture, The, 281, 509 1986 rebellion led by, 439-41, 444, 468
Pol Pot, 187, 254, 278, 280-81, 399, 497 Rancudo,Jose, 468
Ponteras, Elegio, 373-74 Rand Corporation, 108, 119, 124-25, 257,
Pope, Allen L., 105
Portrait of a Cold Warrior (Smith), 473, 332, 435, 483, 487
Rangers, Philippine, 125-26
474, 475, 486, 521 Raphael, Victor, 450- 51
Portugal, 30 Rather, Dan, 426
Pound, Edward, 506-507 Read, Benjamin H., 475-76
Powers, Thomas, 473 Reader’s Digest, 56
Prensa, La, 325, 361 Reagan, Nancy, 309, 320, 407
Presidential Decree Number 731, 156
press: husband influenced by, 435
Imelda’s relationship with, 319, 339, 424,
freedom of, in Philippines, 372-73
on Marcoses’ hidden wealth, 393-94, 426, 435-36, 445, 526
Reagan, Patti, 73
405-406 Reagan, Ronald, xi, 34, 109, 118, 149, 169-
Marcoses praised by, 51, 55-56, 72, 77-
70, 174, 183, 241, 451, 455, 511, 524
78 on alternatives to Marcos, 364- 66, 372,
on Marcos’s 1982 Washington visit, 317
on Marcos’s seizure of power, 110-11, 384
Bosworth’s conference with, 368-69
123-24 Carter compared with, 297-98, 300 - 301
in Nicaragua vs. Philippines, 325 conservative economic principles of, 326-
on 1986 Philippine elections, 240-41,
27, 332
399 - 401, 406 - 409, 426-27 dictators supported by, 286-87, 296-300,
on Philippine army capitalism, 269-70
on Philippine human rights, 281 447
Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon election of celebrated by Marcoses, 295-

White House, The (Hersh), 482, 487 96
Pringle, Peter, 507 on Habib’s Philippine mission, 433, 436-
Pringle, Robert, 30, 169, 221, 472, 495,
37
499-500, 502 Imelda’s meetings with, 73, 301-2, 303n
Problems of Communism, 487-88 inauguration of, 303
Proclamation 1081, 3-4, 98, 101n-102n, Laxalt’s relationship with, 386 - 87
Lugar’s briefing of, 424-25
117 Marcoses invited to Washington by, 315-
Prosterman, Roy, 454-55, 529
Psinakis, Steve E., 224n, 303n, 492, 512 lb, 318-24
Public Diplomacy Office, 455 Marcoses’ relationship with, 295, 300-
Puckett, Robert, 24, 471
Putzel, Michael, 425 301, 322-23, 339-40, 355-56, 384-85,
437, 442-43, 453, 514-15
Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 18, 161, 280 Marcos offered asylum by, 443 - 44
Quality of Mercy, The (Shawcross), 338- Marcos’s correspondence with, 309, 386-
87, 445-46, 518, 528
39, 517 on Marcos’s 1981 “election,” 309
Quezon, Manuel, 214 1986 Philippine elections and, 394, 400,
Quiet American, The (Greene), 34 408, 410-11, 419, 424-28, 430, 432,
Quiet Warrior: A Biography of Admiral 434-37, 442
in Philippine base negotiations, 213
Raymond A. Spruance, The (Buell), Philippine crisis and, 442- 46
40, 474, 528 Philippine visit of 1969, 71, 73
Quirino, Elpidio, 39, 41, 394, 474 quiet diplomacy of, 289-90
Sandinistas opposed by, 324-25, 327
trip to Philippines canceled by, 355-56

566 INDEX

Reagan, Ronald (cont.) Rowan, Roy, 265, 461, 470-71, 506, 507
wife’s influence on, 435 Ruiz, Hilario, 468
Rusk, Dean, 54, 89, 175, 177, 289-90, 496
Reagan, Ronald, Jr., 73 Ryan, Leo, 251
Recto, Claro M., 41-42, 206, 475
Red Flag, 159 *
Redman, Charles, 524
Reform the Armed Forces Now Movement Sadat, Anwar el-, 157
Salas, Rafael, 141, 403, 491
(RAM), 372, 415, 439, 449, 450, 520, Salmon, Charles, 192, 498
528 Salonga, Jovito, 66, 80, 246, 253, 478, 505
Regan, Donald T., 109, 375-76, 442, 523 Saizberg, John 188 - 89, 223, 497
1986 Philippine elections and, 408, 424, Samuels, Fan Fox, 311
426, 437 San Diego Union, 355
Reilly, Peter E., 455 Sandinista National Liberation Front
Reminiscences (MacArthur), 14
Republicans Abroad, 414 (FSLN), 361
Reuter, James, 242, 246- 47, 462, 504, 505 Sandinistas, 34, 255-56, 296, 453
Reyes, Roberto, 102n, 485
Riding, Alan, 505 contra war against, 336, 450
Rivera, Vicente L., 322 Reagan’s opposition to, 324-25, 327
Robinson, Gwen, 527 San Francisco Chronicle, 523
Rockefeller, David, 56, 177 San Francisco Examiner, 350n, 414, 490,
Rockefeller, John D., Ill, 57
Rockefeller, Nelson, 56, 288 517-18, 529
Rodriguez, Filemon C., 490 San Jose Mercury News, 269, 393, 405, 506,
Rogers, William, 90, 115, 133
Rolex 12, 3, 468 521
Romero, Oscar Amulfo, Archbishop, 247, Sanjuan, Pedro A., 512
337, 351 Santos, Jose Fronda, Jr., 127, 488-89
Romualdez, Alfredo, 261-62 Santos, Rufino, Cardinal, 45
Romualdez, Benjamin (“Kokoy”), 49, 52, Saudi Arabia, 157, 376
56- 58, 62, 84, 139- 40, 163, 191, 264, Sawyer, D. H., 522
314, 476, 477, 528 Scanlon, John, 426, 525
as ambassador to U.S., 318-19 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 297, 494, 495, 511
as beneficiary of martial law, 145-46, 154 Schmidt, Helmut, 301
Benigno Aquino assassination and, 353 Schneider, Mark, 183, 201, 226-27, 232,
Romualdez, Daniel, 21
Romualdez, Miguel, 19 276, 299n, 497, 503
Romualdez, Norberto, 19 Schoultz, Lars, 494, 495
Romualdez, Remedios Trinidad, 19-20 Scowcroft, Brent, 210, 500, 501
Romualdez, Vicente Orestes, 19-20 Secret Service, U.S., 48, 260-61
Romulo, Carlos P., 69, 99, 194, 202, 210- Securities and Exchange Commission
11, 238, 484, 503
Derian’s conflict with, 230-31 (SEC), 271, 465
Ronquillo, Bernard, 471 Seiberling, John F., 251
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 51 Semple, Robert, 70, 479
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 29-30, 294 Senate, Philippine, 23, 42, 50, 98, 129, 143
Roosevelt, Kermit, 482
Rosellini, Lynn, 319 Appropriations Committee of, 16
Rosenberg, David A., 487 Marcos’s election to, 9
Rosenfeld, Stephen S., 398, 522 Senate, U.S.:
Rosenthal, A. M., 398, 522 Agriculture Committee of, 412
Corazon Aquino interviewed by, 397, Armed Services Committee of, 428
399 - 401 East Asian and Pacific Affairs Subcom¬
Rosenthal, James, 303-304
Ross, Thomas, 486 mittee of, 381, 412
Rossiter, Caleb, 498, 499, 509, 512 Foreign Assistance Subcommittee of, 501
Rostow, Walt W., 475-76, 479 Foreign Relations Committee of, 110,
Rotea, Hermie, 478
Roth, Stanley, 347, 517 182, 302, 336, 380- 83, 397, 411-12,
415, 420, 424, 473, 486, 521, 523
U.S. Security Agreements and Commit¬
ments Abroad, Subcommittee of, 73-
76, 90, 207-208, 479, 500
see also Congress, U.S.; House of Repre¬
sentatives, U.S.
Senior Review Group (SRG), 136, 138,
490, 491
Service, John Stewart, 131, 335

INDEX 567

Shahani, Leticia, 439, 462 Benigno Aquino’s tour of, 103-104
Shalom, Stephen Rosskaam, 472 Southeast Asia Chronicle, 501
Shaplen, Robert, 116, 342, 435, 454, 461, Soviet Union, 33, 38n, 89, 151n, 170, 187-

485, 487, 517, 529 88, 194- 95, 216-17, 254, 324-25, 362-
Sharkey, John, 15, 322, 405 - 406, 469, 470, 63
Afghanistan invaded by, 283, 330n
522 CPP and NPA ties with, 362-63, 398-99
Sharon, John, 142, 491 Imelda’s visits to, 208, 249, 251, 315-16,
Shawcross, William, 338-39, 517 390
Sheinbaum, Gilbert, 323-24, 326n, 332, 515 Spain, 28-30, 31, 42, 119-20, 204, 404
Shepherd, John C., 375 Spanish-American War, 28-29
Sherman, William, 281 Speakes, Larry, 310, 443
Short History of the Philippines, A, (Agon- Special Fund for Education, 71-72
Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 54, 56
eillo), 470, 471, 473, 474, 475 Spence, Hartzell, 10-11, 14-15, 18, 469-70
Shultz, George P., 320, 328, 333, 358, 384, Spigelman, James, 507
Sports Illustrated, 152, 492
438, 514-15, 517, 523 Springsteen, George S., 493
on Benigno Aquino assassination, 346-47 Spruance, Raymond A., 38-40, 42, 452-
Corazon Aquino’s presidential campaign 53, 474
Stalin, Joseph, 170
and, 400-401, 451 Stans, Maurice, 116
Habib and, 432-33 Stark, Fortney (“Pete”), 251
on Marcos, 322-23 State Department, U.S., 4, 39, 48-50, 53,
Marcoses as offensive to, 340-41 56-58, 62,11n, 149 - 50, 168n, 248, 451
1986 Philippine elections and, 400-401, on anti-Marcos demonstrations, 79
on Benigno Aquino assassination, 346-
408, 416, 424-25, 430 47, 349-50, 353-61
on Philippine crisis, 441-45 on Benigno Aquino’s imprisonment, 149-
on Philippine debt, 375-76 50, 252
Siervo, Corita, 374 on Communist movement in Philippines,
Sigur, Gaston, 438, 457 119, 363
Sihanouk, Norodom, 116 Enrile-Ramos rebellion and, 441
Silverio, Ricardo, 327 Human Rights Bureau of, 182- 86, 189-
Simon, Paul, 368 90, 199-200, 226, 232- 33, 242, 252,
Simons, Lewis M., 506-507, 521 276, 497
Sin, Jaime Cardinal, 244-45, 258, 282-83, Imelda’s Washington visits and, 82 - 84,
252
323, 345, 357, 361, 370, 505, 515, 518 Intelligence and Research (INR) Bureau
in Enrile-Ramos rebellion, 439-41 of, 58, 66, 85, 119, 129-33, 137, 144,
in 1986 Philippine elections, 396, 434 168, 363 - 64, 378, 452 - 53, 489, 491
Singapore, 93, 131, 182, 217, 310, 319-20 Interagency Group of Human Rights and
Singlaub, John, 450, 451 Foreign Assistance of, 198-201
Sitting in Darkness: Americans in the Philip¬ Inter-American Affairs Bureau of, 184
Kirkpatrick’s criticism of, 409-10
pines (Bain), 471-72, 525 on Manglapus’s fellowship nomination,
Smith, Joseph B., 35, 42-43, 105, 394, 473, 143-44
Marcos critiqued by, 128-33, 137
474-75, 486, 521 in 1969 Senate investigation of Philip¬
Smith, Terence, 245n, 505 pines, 74-77
Smith, Van P., 417 on 1986 Philippine election observation,
Smith, William French, 320 416-19, 426
Sneider, Richard, 189 1986 Philippine elections opposed by,
Solarz, Stephen, 285, 308, 342, 352, 368, 391-93
Open Forum of, 291-93
409, 416, 447, 517, 518, 520-21 on Philippine Army corruption, 364
background of, 380 on Philippine base negotiations, 221-24
congressional hearings held by, 394, 405 Philippine coconut monopoly antitrust
on 1986 Philippine elections, 397, 403 case settled by, 331-32
on reshaping Philippine policy, 380 - 81
Sommer, Jeff, 527
Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 134, 361, 410,

453, 459
overthrow of, 255-57, 296
wealth of, 258
Somoza Garcia, Anastasio, 294
South Africa, Republic of, 89, 300
Southeast Asia, 33-34

568 INDEX

State Department, U.S. (cont.) Taruc, Luis, 36- 37, 104-105, 486
on Philippine human rights, 165, 186, Taylor, John H., 99n-100n
190, 281-83, 284, 323 Taylor, Maxwell, 175
on Philippine martial law, 5, 110, 112, Tempest, Rone, 527
113, 115, 129-33, 168-69 Thailand, 50, 92, 116, 209n, 283,»310
on Philippine state capitalism, 327 This Week with David Brinkley, 391-92,
Policy Planning Staff of, 33, 149, 179,
199, 460 408, 423, 521, 523, 525
Politico-Military Affairs Bureau of, 179, Tho, Le Due, 114-15, 211n
220 Thomas, USS, 29
Reagan administration purge of, 335-38 Thomasites, 29
on Sheinbaum memo, 323-24 Thomson, James C., Jr., 48 - 49, 475
on shift in relations with Marcos, 275-78, Three-Mile Island nuclear accident, 270
281-83, 287, 366-72, 377-78, 382 - 86, Time, 18, 41, 51, 78, 176-77, 240-41, 274-
387-89
75, 302, 344, 397-98, 410, 426, 460,
Steinberg, Donald, 470 465, 470, 475, 476, 480, 4%, 504, 508.
Sternberg, David, 39-40, 41, 111, 474 512, 525
Stevenson, Adlai, 142, 143 Times Journal, 145 - 46, 154
Stilwell, Richard G., 337 Timmerman, Jacobo, 186, 497
Stockwin, Harvey, 221, 502 Toussaint, Donald R., 348, 517
Stone, Roger, 387 Trilateral Commission, 177, 496
Strategic Studies Institute, 455 Truman, Harry, 164, 170
Stroessner, Alfredo, 335 Trumball, Robert, 477
Stull, Lee T., 154, 221, 223, 498, 502 Tufts University, Marcoses’ donation to,
202-203
on human rights, 194-98, 225 Tull, Theresa, 237, 239, 274, 508
Marcoses’ meetings with, 195-97 20120, 393
on 1978 Philippine elections, 236-37 208 Committee, 388
policy clashes of, 192-93, 196-98 Two “Terrorists” Meet (Psinakis), 512
Subic Bay Naval Base, 32, 134, 191, 205- Tyler, Patrick E., 521

206, 208-10, 212-25, 267 Ugly American, The (Burdick and Lederer),
Suharto, General, 93, 310 34
Sukarno, 103-104, 105
Sullivan, William, 69, 114, 175, 191, 193, Underhill, Francis T., 93, 278, 482, 501
on Philippine bases, 213-15, 216-17
198, 222-23, 474, 479, 486, 492-94,
498, 501, 502, 527 Ungo, Guillermo Manuel, 301
on Benigno Aquino’s imprisonment, 153- United Coconut Oil Mills (UNICOM),
54
on Ford’s visit to Philippines, 154 329-31, 515-16
Imelda disliked by, 156-57, 159-61 United Coconut Planters Bank (UCPB),
in Philippine base negotiations, 210, 218,
221 264, 327, 329 - 30, 515
Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs, 288 United Nations, 52, 129, 141, 187, 202,
Sumitomo Corporation, 271n
Supreme Court, Philippine, 12-13, 135-36, 296- 97, 324, 387, 403
276, 3% United States:
Suter, George F., Jr., 280
Swearingen, John, 320 anti-Communist counterinsurgency wars
Swick, Gregory, 16, 470 of, 34-38
Symington, Stuart, 63, 73-74, 76, 90, 208,
479, 500 Marcoses’ popularity in, 51, 55-56, 63,
71-72, 77-78
Tabones Training Complex, 218-19
Taft, William Howard, 19 Marcoses’ welcome in, 317, 322-23
Tampa Tribune, 511 Philippine exiles in, 143 - 44, 283 - 84,
Tahada, Lorenzo, 239, 253-54
Taojo, Romraflo R., 374-75 316, 319, 321-22
Tarnoff, Peter, 175, 179, 184, 497, 505 Philippines as colony of, 28-31
United States and the Philippines: A Study

of Neocolonialism, The (Shalom), 472
United States and the Philippines: Back¬

ground for Policy, The (Buss), 472, 490
United States Security Agreements and Com¬

mitments Abroad, 479
United States v. Maurice H. Stans, 491

INDEX 569

United States v. Washington Post Co. et al., Warnke, Paul, 276
482 War Powers Resolution (1973), 164 - 65
Warren, Robert H., 207-8, 500
Untold Story of Imelda Marcos, The (Pe¬ Washburn, Lindy, 513
drosa), 18 Washingtonian, 496, 521
Washington Post, 15, 52, 55-56, 110, 142,
UPI, 344
U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Ex¬ 180, 240- 41, 270, 288, 320, 322-24,
386- 87, 398, 405 - 406, 425-26, 428,
ecutive and Legislative Roles and Rela¬ 465, 469, 470, 476, 480, 484, 485, 486,
tionships, 473 496, 503, 504, 508, 514, 517, 519, 521,
Usher, Richard, 83 - 84, 141-42, 491, 492 522, 523, 525, 527, 529
U.S. News & World Report, 417-18, 465, Washington Star, 55, 111, 465, 476, 486
501, 525 Washington Times, 355, 382, 465
Watergate break-in, 37n, 115-16, 140, 209,
Valenti, Jack, 49- 50, 54, 142, 180, 320 391
Marcoses’ friendship with, 47-48, 58, Wattenberg, Ben J., 417-18, 420
475-76 Weakness and Deceit (Bonner), 511, 512,
516, 529
Valeo, Frank, 112, 486, 488 We Belong, 372
Valeriano, Colonel, 175, 473 We Forum, 325
Vance, Cyrus, 172, 175-76, 184, 203, 232, Weinberger, Caspar, 144, 319-21, 384, 442
on Philippine crisis, 441-43
253, 276, 431, 4%, 497, 510 Weinstein, Allen, 412, 415, 419, 420-21
Holbrooke and, 177-79, 187, 189, 278 Wenzel, Robert, 221, 275, 508
on Marcos’s U.S. visit, 289 Holbrooke’s conflict with, 223-24, 247,
Philippine military aid supported by, 284 275, 503
Vanzi, Max, 344 Westinghouse, 266-71, 328, 507, 508
Ver, Fabian, 14, 52, 332, 338n, 444, 468, White, Robert, 131, 335-36
White, Theodore H., 174
518 Whitehead, Guy, 490
Benigno Aquino assassination and, 349, Whitehouse, Charles S., 481-82
White House Diary, A (Johnson), 477
350-51, 367 Wideman, Bernard, 270, 288n, 505, 506
Marcos’s relationship with, 350-51 Wilkinson, Marian, 527
Vessey, John, Jr., 368 Will, George, 391-92, 422-23, 426
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North Williams, G. Mennen (“Soapy”), 457,
459
Vietnam), 35, 46, 114 Wilson, James M., Jr., 74-75, lln, 457,
Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam), 35- 480
Winston, Harry, 261
36, 62, 150, 165, 251, 382, 410, 454, Wise, David, 486
477 Witcover, Jules, 386, 521
Vietnam, Socialist Republic of, 254 Witke, Roxane, 493
Vietnamization, 64 Wolff, Lester, 180, 497
Vietnam War, 118, 126, 131, 150, 154 Wolfowitz, Paul D., 368, 371, 416, 457,
Holbrooke and, 173, 175-76 519-20, 527-28
Kissinger’s negotiations on, 114-15, 210- congressional testimony of, 372-73
11 on Marcos’s ouster, 437-38, 442
Marcos’s positions on, 50, 52-53, 74-75, Woodrow Wilson International Center for
134 Scholars, 143-44
Nixon on, 63 - 64, 114, 115 Woodward, Bob, 521
Senate investigations on, 73-76, 90 World Bank, 106, 110, 197-98, 199n, 245,
U.S. payments to Marcos for, 52-53, 75- 252, 272, 273, 454, 499
76 World Court, 297
Vietnam War, French, 103
Village Voice, 394, 405, 521 Yamashita, Tomoyoki, 450
Viola, Roberto Eduardo, 298-99 Yan, Manuel, 483
Visayan Islands, 21 Yank, 10
Voice of America, 74-75

Waghelstein, John H., 455, 529
Walker, Richard L. (“Dixie”), 336
Wall Street Journal, 120, 123, 240, 270, 274,

286, 288, 328, 372, 465, 473, 483, 507,
508, 520
Warner, John, 320

570 INDEX

Young, Andrew, 247 Zeitlin, Arnold, 288n
Young Republicans, 387 Zhou Enlai, 3, 86, 158, 160, 493
Zia ul-Haq, Mohammad, 299
Zagala, Rafael, 468 Zimbalist, Efrem, Jr., 309
Zambales Amphibious Training Area, 218- Zionism, 87-88
Zuckerman, Mortimer B., 417-18, 421-22,
19
Zarsky, Lyuba, 507 524, 525

About the Author

This is Raymond Bonner’s second book about the making of U.S.
foreign policy. His first, Weakness and Deceit: U.S. Policy and El
Salvador, received the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award for 1985.

Time, in 1982, described Bonner as the “most energetic and
controversial reporter on the scene” in Central America. In 1983
he won the Latin American Studies Association Award for out¬
standing media coverage of Latin American affairs.

Mr. Bonner was graduated from MacMurray College in 1964
and Stanford Law School in 1967. After three years as an officer
in the U.S. Marine Corps, including a tour of duty in Vietnam,
he worked for Ralph Nader in Washington, D.C. He later estab¬
lished the West Coast office of Consumers Union, followed by two
years at the San Francisco district attorney’s office. He has also
taught law school.

In 1979 Mr. Bonner set out to travel in Latin America, be¬
ginning in Bolivia, where he launched what was to become a jour¬
nalism career, filing dispatches for Newsweek, the Washington Post,
CBS Radio, and National Public Radio. He was forced to flee from
Bolivia in July 1980, when the military government sought to arrest
him because of what he was writing about the army’s drug traf¬
ficking and brutality. In December 1980 Mr. Bonner went to El
Salvador on what was to have been a one-week assignment for
The New York Times. When “almost all of us went home for
Christmas,” Christopher Dickey, the Washington Post's Central
American correspondent wrote later, “Raymond Bonner stayed.”
In February 1981 he was hired by The New York Times as a full¬
time reporter. In July 1984 Raymond Bonner left The New York
Times. He currently writes for The New Yorker.





CURRENT EVENTS

m

Waltzing with a Dictator is a startling report on America's
twenty-year alliance with the “conjugal dictatorship” of Phil¬
ippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his wife, Imelda. ft is
a story of power and greed abroad and ideological warfare
in Washington over America's support of one of the world's
most avaricious rulers. Based on hundreds of interviews
and nearly 3,000 previously classified government docu¬
ments, this is the extraordinarily compelling and timely
account of how and why one of this century’s most corrupt
dictators was tolerated and even supported by five U.S.
administrations.

...a signal achievement.’ —Richard Ullman,

The New York Times Book Review, front page

“Filled with humanity and outrage, a meticulously docu¬

mented indictment of a national policy that automatically

sides with dictators.’ —Newsday

“An impeccably documented book...startling... Waltzing
with a Dictator is the most definitive account to date.”

—San Francisco Examiner-Chronicle

“...extraordinary detective work, interviewing scores of

officials and sifting through more than 12,000 pages of pre¬

viously classified U.S. documents...enormously readable:

a thorough, vivid account of 25 years of Philippine-U.S.

relations.’ Hiewswee,

“Entertaining and instructive.. .a riveting account.”
—Boston Sunday Globe

5 1195

9 780394 758350 v;:r"1 hv c
ISBN □“3c1Ll-75fl3S-fl
Cover photo © 1986 by Christopher Morris/Black Star