PBL ACTIVITY 1 Chapter 8 Manifactured substances in industry Name: Koh Jia Yu Class: 4S3 Teacher: Pn Chan Yoke Bee
Sand - Silicon dioxide Major componen ts Main characte ristics Limestone - Calcium Carbonate Glass Mind Map Sodium Carbonate Hard but brittle Chemically inert Transparent Waterproof Electrical insulator Heat insulator GLASS
Fused Glass Made from silica (silicon dioxide) without adding any other chemical High melting point: 1800°C Does not expand nor contract much when there is a large change in temperature Used to make telescope lens Used to make glass containers Used to make most laboratory glassware such as beakers and flasks Used to make prisms Made from silica, soda (sodium carbonate) and limestone (calcium carbonate) Low melting point: 1000°C Easily moulded and used to make glass containers Cannot withstand high temperatures and can easily crack during sudden temperature changes Made from silica, soda, limestone, boron oxide and aluminium oxide Does not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress because of its low expansion coefficient Can be removed from the refrigerator and heated immediately without cracking Made from silica, soda and lead (II) oxide Lead replaces calcium to produce glass that is softer and denser Heavier and has high refractive index Lead Crystal Glass Borosilicate Glass Soda-lime Glass Uses Table Glass Properties GLASS
Kaolinite Major components Main characteristics Silicon Carbide Ceramic Mind Map Tungsten Carbide High thermal resistance Breaks easily Hard and strong Chemically inert Electrical insulator Heat insulator Traditional ceramic Advanced ceramics CERAMIC
Medicine Use temperatures up to 1000°C. Low thermal conductivity. Chemical inertness. Resistance to molten metals. Wear resistance. High fracture toughness. High hardness. Zirconia ceramic - Dental implants Silicon nitride - Turbochargers and diesel engines in jet planes Refractory ceramic fiber - Electrical insulators in high voltage areas such as power stations Low density. High temperature strength. Superior thermal shock resistance. Excellent wear resistance. Good fracture toughness. Mechanical fatigue and creep resistance. Oxidation resistance. Excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion High thermal conductivity High mechanical strength Low thermal expansion Outstanding abrasion resistance. Energy production Transportation Example Table Uses Properties CERAMIC
Tree Map COMPOSITE MATERIALS S T R E N G T H E N I N G S U B S T A N CE D E F I N I T I O N A M A T E R I A L M A D E F R O M C O M B I N I N G TWO O R M O R E N O N - H O M O G E N E O U S S U B S T A N CE S M A T R IX S U B S T A N CE
Reinforced comcrete Strengthening substance - Steel bars / wire mesh Matrix substance - concrete Very good strength in tension & compression Very versatile Durable & ductile Fire resistant Used in construction bridges, dams, and buildings Used to make helmets, car bumpers & printed circuit boards Used to transmit information and data in the form of light & connect computers in Local Area Network (LAN) Strengthening substance - Glass fibre Matrix substance - Plastic Heat resistant Good thermal conductivity Fire resistant Strengthening substance - Glass fibre Matrix substance - Glass / Plastic Flexible Brittle Faster speed compared to copper cable Long lifespan Optical fibre Fibre glass Uses Table Types Properties COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Photochromic glass Strengthening substance - Silver chloride and Copper (I) chloride Matrix substance - Glass When exposed to sunlight, the glass darkens and prevents the passage of light Protects its users from UV rays and is used in car windows, building windows and camera lenses Used to make electromagnets, and involved in MRI and NMR machines A composite material that has superconductivity properties other than alloys Superconductor magnets and light and have strong magnetic force Super conductor Uses Table Types Properties COMPOSITE MATERIALS