5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5
WAVES

5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

TEXT BOOK : PAGE 172 - 183

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

5.1 Fundamentals of Waves CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES
What examples of
waves do you think of ?

water waves

ripples

sound waves

Mexican Waves CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

• Waves can be produced by an oscillating (berayun) or a vibrating
(bergetar) system.

• For example, the oscillation of an iron bob on the water surface
produces water waves.

• The vibration of a tuning fork in the air produces sound waves.

• Oscillation and vibration are repetitive motions about an equilibrium
position in a closed path.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Only the energy is
transfered, the

particles/matter/medium
vibrating about the
equilibrium position.

Anggap itik sebagai
zarah/medium,

ia hanya bergetar/berayun
pada kedudukan keseimbangan.

Yang dipindahkan ialah

Tenaga sahaja.

(Itik tidak berpindah/bergerak
mengikut tenaga)

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Waves are produced when a medium vibrates at a fixed position.
Propagation of the waves transfers energy from one place to another
without transferring the matter of the medium.

Perambatan gelombang memindahkan tenaga
dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain tanpa
pemindahan zarah medium.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Wave Profile CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

The shape of the slinky spring as waves
propagate through it is known as wave
profile.
Waves can be classified from the aspect of
propagation of the wave profile.

The wave profile in Figure 5.5 propagates
with time along the direction of
propagation of the wave.
This wave is known as a progressive wave.

Profil gelombang
merambat dengan masa
sepanjang arah perambatan

gelombang

Wave Profile CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Wave profile at five consecutive
instances (lima ketika) of a guitar string
that is being plucked.

Wave produced along a guitar string
being plucked is an example of a
stationary wave.

A stationary wave is a wave where the
profile of the wave does not propagate
with time.

Profil gelombang
tidak merambat dengan masa
sepanjang arah perambatan

gelombang

Types of Waves CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES
There are two types of waves : Progressive wave and Stationary wave

Progressive wave is a wave where the wave profile
propagate with time.
Two types of progressive wave :
Transverse waves and longitudinal waves

Gelombang progresif ialah gelombang di mana profil gelombang
merambat dengan masa.

Stationary wave is a wave where the wave profile
does not propagate with time.
Example : Waves that produced from musical
instrument

Gelombang pegun ialah gelombang di mana profil gelombang
tidak merambat dengan masa.
Contoh : Gelombang yang terhasil daripada alat-alat muzik

Types of Waves CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

There are two types of progressive waves : Transverse waves & Longitudinal waves

Transverse wave is a wave in which the vibration of
particles in the medium is at perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
Example : Water waves, radio waves, light waves

Gelombang melintang ialah gelombang di mana jirim medium
bergerak berserenjang dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibration
of particles in the medium is parallel to the direction
of propagation of the wave.
Example : Sound wave

Gelombang membujur ialah gelombang di mana jirim medium
bergerak selari dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Transverse waves and Longitudinal waves

Transverse waves Longitudinal waves

Wave direction is perpendicular to Wave direction is parallel to the
the direction of vibration of the direction of vibration of the particles
particles of the medium
of the medium
Made up of
crests and troughs Made up of
compressions and rarefactions
Water waves, electromagnetic (EM)
waves Sound waves

https://physicslens.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/08/longitu
dinal-transverse-waves.gif

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Waves also can be classified as :
Mechanical waves or Electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Comparison between
Transverse Wave and Longitudinal Wave

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Comparison between
Transverse Wave and Longitudinal Wave

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Comparison between
Transverse Wave and Longitudinal Wave

Transverse wave

Particles of the medium vibrate in the direction
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of
the wave.

Made up of consecutive crests and troughs.

Example : Radio waves, light waves, water waves

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Longitudinal wave

Particles of the medium vibrate in the direction parallel to the
direction of propagation of the wave.
Made up of consecutive compressions (compressed regions) and
rarefactions (stretched regions).

Example : Sound wave

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Characteristics of Waves

What changes can you observe as the wave propagates across
the water surface?

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

To answer this question, you need to know the definition
of terms related to waves.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Characteristics of Waves

Same Different Same amplitude Different
wavelength amplitude wavelength

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Characteristics of Waves

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Illustrates the amplitude, points in phase and wavelength
of a transverse wave. Identify several other distances that
are equal to one wavelength.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Can you define its wavelength in terms of compression
or rarefaction?

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

The figure shows the profile of a transverse wave at one instance and
aft era period, T of the wave. In time, t = T, the wave profile propagates
through the same distance as the wavelength, λ

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

One second CHAPTER 5 WAVES
completed 0.25 5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

cycles One cycle takes
4.0 s

One second CHAPTER 5 WAVES
completed 1.3 5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES
oscillations/cycles
One
oscillation/vibratio

n takes 0.77 s

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Sketch and Interpret Wave Graphs

Particles along the wave oscillate up and down about
the equilibrium position.

Simulation
of a wave

profile

Two types of graphs can be drawn to show the variation
of the displacement of wave particles, which are graph of
displacement against time and graph of displacement
against distance.

Graph Displacement against Time CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Graph Displacement against Distance CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Aim: To interpret graph of waves

Discuss and interpret the following characteristics of waves in both
the graphs:
(a) Amplitude, A
(b) Period, T
(c) Frequency, f
(d) Wavelength, λ
(e) Wave speed, v

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Determining Wavelength, λ, Frequency, f and Wave Speed, v

A ripple tank is used in
the laboratory to study
water waves.

It consists of a water
tank made from perspex
or glass, ripple
generator, digital xenon
stroboscope, mirror,
glass screen and dipper.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

There are two types of dippers that can be used

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

(a) Amplitude is maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position

(b) 0.4 s f = 1/ T
= 1 / 0.4
= 2.5 s -1

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Similarities

• Produced by an oscillating or vibrating system
• Produced when a medium vibrates at a fixed position
• The matter of the medium is not transffered

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

Differences

Progressive Wave Stationary Wave

Its profile propagates with time along the Its profile does not propagate with time.
direction of propagation of the wave

Transfers energy from one place to Does not transfers energy from one place

another to another

The amplitude of vibration of each The amplitude of vibration of the particles
particle is the same changes from zero at nodes to maximum

at antinodes.

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

(a) Longitudinal wave XXX
(b) X

(c) Wavelength, λ = 10/2 = 5 cm

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

4. Compare and contrast longitunidal wave and transverse wave.

Similarities

• Produced by an oscillating or vibrating system
• Produced when a medium vibrates at a fixed position
• Transfers energy from one place to another
• The matter of the medium is not transffered

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

4. Compare and contrast longitunidal wave and transverse wave.

Differences

Transverse waves Longitudinal waves

Wave direction is perpendicular to Wave direction is parallel to the
the direction of vibration of the direction of vibration of the particles
particles of the medium
of the medium

Made up of Made up of
crests and troughs compressions and rarefactions

Water waves, radio waves, light waves Sound waves

CHAPTER 5 WAVES
5.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVES

THE END