BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH and POST-BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH

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Approach

Post-behavioral Science Era

ED 419100 Fundamental of Educational
Administration

Ph.D. Student Educational Administration
Faculty of Education
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Our Team

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• Learning Objective Topics Presentation
• What is the Behavioral Science Outline

Approach ? Copyright (C) SlideSalad.com All rights reserved.
• Informal Organization Theory

• Efficiency / Effectiveness

• Psychologist's theory of motivation

• Motive characteristics
• Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of

needs theory
• Post-behavioral Science Era

• Literature review

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Question

What theories would you
use in organizational
management ?

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Learning Objective

01 Understand the behavioral approaches which maximize

potential within a company or organization

02 Analyse the behavioral approaches which maximize

potential within a company or organization

03 Synthetic the behavioral approaches which maximize

potential within a company or organization

04 Apply the behavioral approaches which maximize potential

and effective within a company or organization

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Behavioral Science 01

Approach

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What is the Behavioral Science Approach ?

Behavioral scientists considered both the

classical rational-economic model and the human
relation social model to be incomplete
representations of employees in the work setting.
Chester Barnard was one of the first authors to
take the behavioral science approach.

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CHESTER BRANARD

(7 November 1886 – 7 June 1961) was an American manager, public administrator
and author of various titles in management theory and organizational studies.

Principle 1

1. Information Organization

Principle 2

2. The Contribution Satisfaction Equilibrium

Source : https://rockfound.rockarch.org/digital-library-listing/-/asset_publisher/yYxpQfeI4W8N/content/portrait-of-chester-i-barnard

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Informal Organization Theory

Authority 1. Importance of individual of behavior
and 2. Barnard theory of compliance
3. Barnard theory of organization
Incentives

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Efficiency / Effectiveness Effectiveness

(Barnard, 1938)

Efficiency

Satisfaction of Working towards the

“individual motives” VS stated objectives and

of employees. goals

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Consists of Efficiency

Cost savings Save time Quality output

01 02 03 04 05

Save resources Timely completed

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Consists of Effectiveness

01 02 03

The result is The results The result is on target
as expected are objective • Both the quantitative go

al and qualitative goals

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Psychologist's theory of motivation

Michael Domjan (1971)

Motivation is a condition in which to increase a
person's behavior, actions, or activities. Where a
person deliberately acts on that behavior in order to
achieve the desired goal.

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Motive characteristics

Intrinsic Extrinsic - Need
motives motives - Drive
- Incentives
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- Expectancy
- Goal setting

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Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory

In the year 1970, Abraham Maslow a psychologist advanced a theory of human
motivation that was later adopted by many managers.

01 04 05

Physiological Needs Self - Esteem Needs

02 05 04
03
Safety Needs Self – Actualization Needs 02
01
03

Love and belonging needs

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Vroom Expectancy Theory

Victor H.Vroom (1964) 1. Extrinsic Rewards
2. Intrinsic Rewards

VIE Theory Main factor Vroom
V = Valance Expectancy Theory
I = Instrumentality
E = Expertancy 1. Expectation
2. Satisfaction
3. Result
4. Medium

Victor Harold Vroom (August 9, 1932, Montreal, Canada) is a business school professor at the Yale School of
Management. He holds a PhD from University of Michigan and an MS and BS from McGill University.

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Theory X and Theory Y

Theory X and Y of McGregor

VS

Theory X Theory Y

Source : https://www.businessballs.com/improving-workplace-performance/mcgregors-xy-theory-of-management/

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Differences between Theory X and Theory Y

Theory Theory

X Y

❖ Worker is lazy and dislikes work ❖ People are not lazy by nature buy the
treatment in organization makes them so
❖ They are unambitious and avoid
responsibility ❖ They are ambitious and they accept
responsibility under proper conditions
❖ They are not bothered about
organizational objectives – They ❖ They will exercise self control and self
should be directed direction – need not be directed

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Theory X Assumptions

1. The average human being has inherent
dislike of work and will avoid it if it is possible.
2. Because of his characteristic of dislike of
work, most people must be compelled,
controlled, directed and threatened with
punishment to get them put forth adequate
effort towards the attainment of the objectives.
3. The average human being prefers to be
directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has
relatively little ambition and wants security
above all.

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Theory Y Assumptions

1. The average human being does not have
inherent dislike for work.
2. People will exercise self direction and self
control in the service, or pursuit of
objectives to which they are committed.
3. Commitment to objectives is a function of
the reward associated with their achievement.
4. The average human being learns under
proper conditions, not only to accept
but to seek responsibility.

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Post-behavioral 02
Science Era

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Post-behavioral Science Era

(Gardner Murphy (July 8, 1895 – March 18, 1979) was an American psychologist specializing in social and personality psychology
and parapsychology.[1] His career highlights included serving as president of the American Psychological Association, and of the
British Society for Psychical Research.

Murphy (2002) Three interrelated concepts-that are
school improvement, democratic
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development of the next era of the
profession-that is the post-behavioral
science era.

Source : https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Gardner_Murphy

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School Improvement

In an ideal system, school improvement efforts focus educational policy, administration,
and practices directly on teaching and learning. School leaders can accomplish this by

1) clarifying purpose 2) encouraging 3) aligning with state
collective learning standards

4) providing support 5) making data-drive
decisions
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Literature review

Toward a Better Experience: Human Relations and
Examining Student Needs in Behavioural Approach to

the Online Classroom Management Thought
By Dr. Varish Chaturved
1 2through Maslow’s Hierarchy of
The Application of
Needs Model Motivation Theories in
Performance of Work
Theory X and Theory Y Type 4
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3 Impact on Organizational
Performance: Small Business
Owners in the Şishane Lighting
and Chandelier District

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QUESTIONS

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