The Science Book

INDEX 349

N optics 13, 19, 28–29, 32 photoelectric effect 205, 216–17
orbits 86, 87 photons 50, 88, 110, 182, 217, 228, 229,
Nagasaki 265
Nägeli, Carl von 168 atomic 212, 231, 256–58 231, 245, 247, 272–73, 292, 293,
Nambu, Yoichiro 272 elliptical 32, 40–41, 52, 64, 67 299, 304, 307, 317
nanotubes 141, 321 Oresme, Nicole, Bishop of Lisieux 37–38 photosynthesis 72, 73, 83, 85, 300, 301
Natta, Giulio 140 Organ, Charles 172 phylogenetics 74
natural selection 60, 109, 118, 133, organelles 300, 301 pi bonds 257, 258
organic chemistry 162–65, 256–59 Pictet, Raoul 82
142–49, 168, 172, 249 Oró, Joan 274 Planck, Max 50, 182, 200, 202–05, 212,
nebulae 238–41, 250 Ørsted, Hans Christian 15, 108, 120, 216, 217, 228, 229, 230, 232, 235, 304
Needham, John 156, 158, 159 planets 68, 86–87, 275, 315
Neptune 68, 86, 87 121, 182, 292 extrasolar 15, 127, 327
Neumann, John von 233, 252 Ostrom, John 172 motion of 13, 20, 26–27, 32, 34–41,
neutrinos 194, 306, 307 Owen, Richard 109, 116, 117 52, 58–59, 64, 67–69, 296
neutron degeneracy pressure 248 oxygen 14, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, plasmids 318, 319, 322
neutron stars 248, 251, 292 plastics 125, 140–41
neutrons 192, 193, 194, 212, 213, 231, 85, 105, 163, 301, 315 plate tectonics 188, 223
ozone 294 Plato 18, 23, 36, 45, 60
262–63, 304, 306 Playfair, John 99
Newlands, John 176–77, 178 P plutonium 194, 265
Newton, Isaac 13, 14, 24, 29, 32, 33, 40, Podolsky, Boris 317
Pace, John K. 318 Poincaré, Henri 296, 297
41, 42, 43, 45, 50–51, 59, 62–69, 72, Palade George Emil 337 Poisson, Siméon 44
86, 87, 88, 98, 102, 110, 119, 126, paleontology 15, 116–17, 118, 172–73 Polchinski, Joseph 89, 314
136, 137, 138, 183, 216, 296 Pangaea 223 pollination 73, 104
Nicholson, William 92, 95 Papin, Denis 332 polonium 109, 193, 213
Niepce, Nicéphore 333 parallax method 59, 238, 240 polymers 140–41
Nishijima, Kazuhiko 307 Paré, Ambroise 331 Popper, Karl 13, 45
nitrogen 79 Parkes, Alexander 140, 141 positrons 246, 247, 292, 304
nitrous oxide 78 Parkesine 141 Power, Henry 49
noble gasses 178, 179 particle accelerators 13, 268, 269, 292, Priestley, Joseph 72, 73, 76, 78, 79,
nuclear forces 292, 293, 299, 306, 307, 82–83, 84, 85, 92
310–12 293, 298, 299, 304–05, 306, 307, 311 primeval atom 201, 243, 244
nuclear power 194, 2606–5 particle physics 228, 269, 299, 302–13 prokaryotic cells 300
nuclear radiation 208, 210, 292 particles proteins 279, 280, 282, 283
nucleic acids 279, 280, 282 protists 33, 57
nucleotides 325 decay of 292 protons 193, 194, 212, 213, 231, 263,
nucleus force-carrying 298–99, 307 292, 299, 304, 306, 307
atomic 201, 208, 210–13, 229, 230, wavelike properties 226–33, 234, Proust, Joseph 72, 105, 112
231, 256, 260–65, 292, 304, 306, 310 Ptolemy of Alexandria 14, 19, 26, 29,
cell 170, 224, 283, 300, 301 246, 272 36, 37, 38, 40
Pascal, Blaise 46, 47, 49 pulsars 248, 327
O Pasteur, Louis 109, 156–59, 197 Pythagoras 13, 18, 22, 330
Patterson, Clair 98, 101
Ochia, Kunitaro 318, 319 Pauli, Wolfgang 230–31, 234, 248 Q
Odierna, Giovanni Battista 54 Pauling, Linus 162, 164, 201, 254–59,
Oldham, Richard Dixon 188–89 quanta 50, 200, 202–05
omega particle 304, 307 278, 280, 281 quantum chromodynamics 273, 310, 311
Oparin, Alexander 274, 275 Pavlov, Ivan 249, 336 quantum computing 269, 284, 317
Oppenheimer, J. Robert 201, 260–65 pendulums 32, 51, 102, 126, 137 quantum electrodynamics (QED) 182,
Penrose, Roger 338
Penzias, Arno 245 201, 246, 247, 268, 272, 273, 310
Périer, Florin 47
periodic table 15, 30, 109, 112, 162, 174–79
Perutz, Max 281
Phillips, John 98, 100
phlogiston 13, 14, 72, 79, 82, 83, 84

350 INDEX

quantum entanglement 314, 317 Rovelli, Carlo 310, 313 special relativity 20, 200, 217–19, 221, 246
quantum field theories 234, 247, 272, 313 Rubin, Vera 251 species 33, 60–61, 72, 74–75, 116
quantum mechanics 123, 162, 164, 202, Rutherford, Ernest 12, 13, 98, 100, 192,
evolution of 23, 60, 75, 118, 142–49,
205, 212, 226–35, 247, 256, 262, 193, 194, 201, 206–13, 264, 304 172–73
269, 272, 273, 284–85, 292, 299,
314, 317 S gene transfer between 268, 269,
quantum theory 86, 185, 202, 203, 212, 318–19
216, 218, 228, 246–47, 284, 285, 317 Salam, Abdus 293, 298
quantum tunneling 232, 234, 235 salinity 315 spectroscopy 238
quantum wave function 213, 232 salts 108, 119, 124, 258–59, 274 spin 231, 246, 284, 310, 311, 317
quarks 292, 293, 302–07, 311 Samuel, Arthur 288 spiral nebulae/galaxies 238–41, 242
qubits 269, 317 Sanger, Frederick 278, 338 spontaneous generation 53, 109, 156,
Queloz, Didier 327 Saros cycle 20
satellites 67, 155, 327 157, 159
R Saturn 36, 51, 87 spontaneous symmetry breaking 299
Scheele, Carl-Wilhelm 78, 82, 83, 84 Sprengel, Christian 73, 104
radiation 109, 190–95, 202–05, 208–09, Schrödinger, Erwin 200–01, 202, Stahl, Georg 84
216–17, 229, 233, 242, 244, 245, standard model 269, 304, 306, 307
251, 269, 270, 292, 314 226–33, 234, 246, 247, 256, 284, 285 Stanley, Wendell 196
Schuckert, Sigmund 121 stars 15, 18, 26, 27, 36, 39, 40, 89, 127, 221,
radio telescopes 244, 245 Schwarzschild, Karl 88, 89
radio waves 182, 185, 251 Schwinger, Julian 246, 272, 273 238–41, 247, 248, 250–51, 270, 327
radioactive decay 194, 231, 233, 247, 292 scientific method 12–13, 32, 45 steam engines 18, 77
radioactivity 201, 210 Scott, Dave 42, 66 Steinhardt, Paul 313
radiometric dating 98, 100–01, 194–95 sedimentary rocks 99, 100 stellar nucleosynthesis 244
radium 109, 193, 195, 209, 211 seismic waves (seismology) 188–89 Steno, Nicolas 32, 55, 115
Ramsay, William 179 Sénébier, Jean 85 Stevin, Simon 42
Rankine, William 138 sex cells 171, 283 Stewart, F. C. 326
Ray, John 33, 60–61, 74 sex chromosomes 224, 225 storms 153, 154, 155
Rayleigh, Lord 204, 205 sexual reproduction 73, 168, 170, 271 Strassmann, Fritz 208, 262–63
Reclus, Élisée 222 Shapley, Harlow 240 stratigraphy 33, 55, 96–101, 115, 116, 118
Redi, Francesco 53, 156, 157–58 shellac 140, 141 string theory 269, 293, 310, 311, 312, 313
redshift 127, 240, 241, 242, 327 Shen Kuo 26, 27 strong nuclear force 269, 292, 293, 299,
reflection 51, 110, 137 shipping forecasts 155
refraction 28, 29, 50, 51, 86, 110, 136, 189 Shor, Peter 317 306, 307, 310–12
Rehn, Karl 140 sigma bonds 257, 258 Sturtevant, Alfred 224
relativity 15, 69, 88–9, 185, 200, 216, Simon, Eduard 140 subatomic particles 111, 112, 193, 208,
Slipher, Vesto 240, 241, 242
217–21, 242–3, 246, 247, 269, 313 Smalley, Richard 320, 321 228, 229, 230, 234, 269, 284, 292,
reproduction 53, 60–61, 73, 74–75, 104, Smith, Adam 101 304, 305, 307, 310, 314, 317
Smith, William 55, 115, 118 Suess, Eduard 222, 223
118, 144, 156–59, 283, 318 Smolin, Lee 310, 313 al-Sufi, Abd al-Rahman 19
and inheritance 168–71, 224, 225, 271 Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio 222 Sun 26–27, 64, 66, 68–69, 220
respiration 83, 85, 315 Soddy, Frederick 210 as black body object 203, 204
Rheticus, Georg Joachim 38 sodium chloride 258–59 distance from Earth 22, 52, 103
Richardson, Lewis Fry 316 Solander, Daniel 75 eclipses 18, 20, 221
Ritter, Johann Wilhelm 120 Sommerfeld, Arnold 256 fusion reaction 194, 270, 292
rockets 65, 220 sound waves 127 planetary motion 14, 32, 34–41, 43, 52
rocks 33, 55, 98–101, 103, 115, 128–29, 189 space-time 15, 64, 88–89, 200, 201, superforce 293
Roijen, Willebrord van 29 supernovae 13, 19, 40–41, 248, 251,
Rømer, Ole 32–33, 58–59, 127, 136 214, 220, 221, 313 270, 304
Röntgen, Wilhelm 108, 109, 186–87, 192 Spalding, Douglas 249 superpositions 233, 284, 285, 317
Rosen, Nathan 317 Spallanzani, Lazzaro 156, 158, 159 superstring theory 310, 312
Rosenblatt, Frank 288 Sutton, Walter 225, 271, 279, 324
Sverdrup, Harald 81
Swammerdam, Jan 33, 53
symbiosis 300–01, 315
synthesis/synthetics 124, 125, 140–41,
269, 324–25
Syvanen, Michael 268, 269, 318–19
Szilárd, Leó 54, 262, 264

INDEX 351

T Universe 318, 324, 326
dark matter 201, 250–51 Watt, James 77, 79, 99, 101
Tansley, Arthur 132, 134, 315 expansion of 15, 127, 200, 201, wave function 230–33, 234, 284, 285,
Tatum, Edward 318, 319 236–41, 242–45, 250, 251 317
taxonomy 33, 60, 61, 74, 116, 319 future of 245 weak nuclear force 269, 292, 293, 306,
Tegmark, Max 284 multiple/parallel 269, 284–85
telescopes 15, 56, 86–87, 238, 241, 244, origin of 243–44, 245 307, 310
and relativity 216, 220, 221 weather
245, 268 string theory 310, 312, 313
Teller, Edward 264 uncertain 15, 235 forecasting 150–55
temperature gradients 122–23 and wave function 233 global warming 294–95
Thales of Miletus 13, 18, 20, 21, 44 wind patterns 80, 126
Theophrastus 18, 60, 132 uranium 192–93, 194, 209, 262, 263, weather stations 155
“theory of everything” 182, 269, 292, 264, 265 Wegener, Alfred 200, 222–23
Weinberg, Steven 293, 298
293, 308–13 Uranus 68, 86, 87 Wells, Horace 78
thermal radiation 202–05, 314 Urey, Harold 156, 159, 268, Wheeler, John Archibald 263
thermodynamics 15, 77, 122, 138, 203–05 Whewell, William 73
Thompson, Benjamin 76 274–75 white dwarf stars 247, 248
Thomson, J. J. 76, 112, 186, 187, 192, Ussher, James 98 White, Gilbert 333
vacuums 13, 46, 47–8, 216, 218, Wien, Wilhelm 204
200, 209–10, 211, 304 Wigner, Eugene 233
Thomson, William see Kelvin 298–99 Wilde, Kenneth A. 274
thorium 193 valency 119, 124, 162, 162–65, 256 Wilkins, Maurice 281, 283
three-bodies problem 297 van der Waals, Johannes 335 Willadsen, Steen 326
time dilation 216, 219, 220, 221 Veneziano, Gabriele 308–13 Willughby, Francis 61
Tinbergen, Nikolaas 249 Venter, Craig 268–9, 278, 324–25 Wilmut, Ian 269, 326
Titan 51 Venus 36, 39, 40, 103 Wilson, C. T. R. 336
Tombaugh, Clyde 86 Wilson, G. N. 165
Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro 246, 273 transit of 32, 52 Wilson, Robert 245
Torricelli, Evangelista 32, 46, 47, 48, 49, Vesalius, Andreas 14 wind 72, 80, 126, 153, 154
Virchow, Rudolf 300 Witten, Edward 311, 312
152 virtual particles 272 Woese, Carl 300
Towneley, Richard 49 viruses 196–97, 280, 318, 319, 322, Wöhler, Freidrich 108, 124–25
trade winds 72, 80, 126 Wolszczan, Aleksander 327
Turing, Alan 15, 201, 252–53, 288, 290 323 Woodward, John 85
Turner, Michael 339 vision 19, 28–29 Wrigglesworth, Vincent 53
Turok, Neil 313 vitalism 124
al-Tusi, Nazir al-Din 23 volcanic activity 99, 223 XYZ
twins, identical 168 Volta, Alessandro 15, 73, 90–95, 114,
Tyndall, John 294 X-ray crystallography 187, 256, 259,
119, 120, 121, 256, 259 279–80, 281, 283
UV voltaic pile 93, 114, 119, 120
volume 24–25 X-rays 108, 109, 186–87, 192, 203, 208,
ultraviolet catastrophe 204, 205, 216 248, 279–80
ultraviolet light 108, 203, 216 W
uncertainty principle 200, 232, Xenophanes 13, 18, 330
Wallace, Alfred Russel 23, 73, 109, 148 Yang, Chen Ning 292
234–35, 272 Walton, Ernest 262, 304–05 Young, Thomas 50, 108, 110–11, 182, 228
unified electroweak theory 293 Warming, Eugenius 132, 134 Zeilinger, Anton 320
uniformitarianism 99, 146 water 18, 21, 95 Zhang Heng 19, 26–27
universal computing machine (UTM) Zinder, Norton 319
boiling and freezing 76–77 zoology 61, 249
15, 201, 252–53 composition of 72, 79, 92, 95, 114, Zweig, Georg 306, 307
Zwicky, Fritz 201, 248, 250–51, 270
163, 259
displacement of 18, 24–25
speed of light in 108, 136, 137
Waterston, John 139
Watson, James 224, 268, 271, 276–83,

352

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