The Astronomy Book (Big Ideas Simply Explained)

INDEX 349

Newton, Isaac 68, 90 Pauli, Wolfgang 178, 252 protostars 276–9
comets 75–7 Ptolemy, Claudius 18, 19, 21, 22, 23,
law of gravity 14, 22, 43, 52, 55, 66–73, Pauli Exclusion Principle 178
24–5, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37,
75, 92, 106, 118, 148, 268, 269, 328 Payne-Gaposchin, Cecilia 116, 124, 144, 38, 39, 46, 47, 64, 71, 79, 86, 87
laws of motion 70, 76, 148, 151 162–3 pulsars 181, 205, 236–9, 269
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia pulsating variables 134
Peebles, James 179, 224–7 Purcell, E. M. 210
Mathematica 20, 68, 70, 76, 92 Penrose, Roger 205, 255, 339 Pythagoras 18, 52, 71
reflecting telescope 58, 84, 326
on universe 169 Penzias, Arno 196, 204, 226 Q
NGC 4565 160 Perlmutter, Saul 158, 296, 300–303
night sky 12, 58, 100–101 quadrants 25, 45
Norton, Arthur 79 Perrin, Jean Baptiste 182 quantum mechanics 111, 144, 150
novae 180 quantum physics 111, 141, 145, 283
Noyes, Robert 213 perturbation 106–7, 152, 330 quantum theory 198, 225, 255, 258,
nuclear fusion 144, 166–7, 182–3, 199,
Philae lander 309–11 272, 303
252, 278–9, 302 quark 181
nucleosynthesis 196, 198–9 Philolalus of Craton 21 quasars 14, 185, 204, 205, 218–21,
photography 58, 99, 110, 118–19, 120–21,
O 236–9, 269, 296
192 Queloz, Didier 259, 290–95
observatories
early 13 photons 217, 282 R
in European capitals 44 Piazzi, Giuseppe 82, 83, 90, 96–9
space 192–5 radial velocity 115, 160, 175–6, 290,
see also by name Pic du Midi observatory (France) 117 291, 292
Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm/Olbers’ paradox Pickering, Edward C 120–21, 124, 125,
radiation 112, 140, 190–91, 282–3, 304
97, 99, 169, 171 128, 133, 135 radio astronomy 179, 190, 204–5,
Olympus Mons (Mars) 72
Oort, Jan 74, 164, 165, 204, 206, 268, 270, Pigott, Edward 48, 86 218–21
radio galaxies 185
286, 312 Pioneer spacecraft 232, 233, 234 radio waves 145, 179, 185, 190, 218,
Oort Cloud 204, 206, 286, 312
Öpik, Ernst 182, 206, 338 Plancius, Petrus 79 237, 239
Opportunity rover 320, 323–4, 325 radioactive decay 111, 252, 253
optical luminosity 135 Planck, Max 111, 138, 283 radioactivity 111, 140, 166
orange dwarfs 127, 279, 295 Ramsay, William 116
orbital resonance 92–3 Planck Space Observatory 174, 177, Reber, Grote 179, 190, 218, 338
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories red dwarfs 127, 279
282, 285 red giants 49, 126, 127, 128, 182
(OAO) 192–3, 205 redshift 102, 144, 159, 160, 174, 175, 176,
Orion nebula 110 planetary migration 312–13
220, 270, 274–5, 282, 284, 302
P planetary motion 18, 32–9, 42–3, 44–7, Rees, Martin 297
Reilly, Edith 200
Palermo Circle 97, 98 52–5, 92 Reines, Frederick 252
Palitzsch, Johann 77 relativity, general theory of 14, 68, 73, 106,
Palomar Observatory (California) 100, planetary nebulae 115
107, 144, 146–53, 154, 161, 167, 168,
175, 218 planetary science 15 169, 181, 182, 220, 259, 268, 303, 328
Papacosta, Pangratios 137 Rhea 65
parallax, stellar 36, 38, 46, 47, 63, 78, 83, planetesimals 313 Richter, Hermann Eberhard 230
Riess, Adam 296, 300–303
102, 132 planets Roberts, Isaac 110, 336
Pathfinder spacecraft 322 exploration of 260–67 robotics 14, 204, 233, 263, 320–25
extrasolar 195, 259, 288–95, 305
formation of 250–51, 279

habitable 294–5

shape of 72

see also by name

Plaskett, Harry Hemley 213

Plato 18, 20, 52

plutinos 287

Pluto 312

discovery of 84, 118, 145, 184, 286,

314, 315

exploration of 259, 262, 263, 264, 308,
314–17

moons 317

reclassification of 99, 184, 287, 314, 315

Poe, Edgar Allen 105

Poincaré, Henri 92

Pope, Alexander 70

positrons 140

pre-main-sequence stars (PMS) 279
primeval atom 170–71, 196–7, 224, 272

protogalaxies 241

protons 151, 166, 183, 196–7

350 INDEX

Roll, Peter 224, 225 Shoemaker, Eugene 212 Sputnik 1 204, 208–9, 244
Rømer, Ole 78, 148, 335
Röntgen, Wilhelm 111, 214 Shoemaker–Levy comet 212 standard candles 134, 301–2
Rosetta spacecraft 206, 207, 308–11
Rosse, William Parsons, Lord 27, 83, 87, shooting stars 20, 91 star clusters 82, 89, 101, 136

88, 104–5, 158 Shoushi calendar 28, 29 Stardust mission 308
Royal Observatory (Greenwich) 13, 85 Shu, Frank 258, 276–9
RS Puppis 136 stars
Rubin, Vera 164, 240, 258, 268–71 Simons, George 213
Rudolphine Tables 55 brightness 48–9, 86, 132–3, 138–9
Russell, Henry Norris 111, 125, 128, singular isothermal model 277, 278 cataloging 120–21
classification of 111, 113, 120, 122–7,
138–9, 141, 163 singularities 155, 171, 205, 255, 303
Rutherford, Ernest 144, 151 Slipher, Vesto 27, 87, 104, 144, 145, 158–61, 128, 138–9
Ryle, Martin 239, 338–9 composition of 116, 124, 144–5, 162–3,
164, 170, 174, 175, 176, 185, 274
S 166–7
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 118, 259,
Sabine, Edward 103 274, 296, 304 distance of 38, 132–7
Safronov, Victor 205, 250–51 formation 200–201, 258, 276–9, 283
Sagan, Carl 230–35, 267, 322 Small Astronomy Satellites (SAS) 205 life cycle of 178, 241
Sagittarius A 179, 297
Saha, Meghnad 162 Small Magellanic Cloud 100–101, 133, motion of 47
Sandage, Edwin 240 nuclear fusion 144, 166–7, 182–3, 199,
Saturn 134, 135
exploration of 263, 264, 266 Smoot, George 171, 282–5 278–9, 302
gravity 93 photographing 118–19
planetary migration 312–13 SOHO 213 planets orbiting 288–95
rings 43, 65, 265
Saturn V rocket 246 Sojourner rover 320, 325 position of 22, 24, 25, 31, 36, 44–5
Schiaparelli, Giovanni 117 southern sky 79, 83, 100–101, 119
Schmidt, Brian 296, 300–303 solar eclipses 14, 116, 144 spectra 110, 111, 113, 120, 124, 128,
Schmidt, Maarten 185, 204, 218–21,
solar physics 15 162–3
236, 296
Schmitt, Harrison 320 solar system subsystems 165
Schrödinger, Edwin 144 exploration of 260–67 stellar aberration 43, 78
Schröter, Johann 97, 98
Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich 103, 129 formation of 82, 92, 93, 99, 204, 205, stellar wind 278, 279
Schwarzschild, Karl 148, 154–5, 166, 255 250–51, 259, 290, 312–13
Schwehm, Gerhard 308 Steltzner, Adam 322
science fiction 55 gravitational forces 71–2, 83, 85, Stern, Alan 314–17
Scientific Revolution 39, 63, 118
Secchi, Angelo 110, 113, 117, 120, 124, 128 92, 106 Strömgren, Bengt 138, 162
Sedna 286, 287, 313
Seleucus of Seleucia 21 Kepler’s model 54–5 Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm 102
Selin, Helaine 26
SETI 210, 211, 232, 234–5 in Milky Way 89, 101, 164 Struve, Otto 290, 291
sextants 31, 45 Nice model 312–13
Seyfert, Carl 185 sun
Seyfert galaxies 185 Ptolemy’s model 24 emissions 116
Shapley, Harlow 136, 161, 164, 174
Shen Kuo 23 size of 64, 83, 184 formation of 250
Shklovsky, Iosif 204, 232, 338
Shmaonov, Tigran 224 structure of 96–7, 99 gravitational field 14
heliocentric model 18, 19, 21, 32–9, 55,
solar year 28–9
62–3, 291
solstices 25
nuclear fusion 252
Somerville, Mary 92, 93 oscillations 213
southern hemisphere 79, 83, 100–101, 119
planetary migration 312–13
space exploration 259 spectrum 112, 114, 116
Space Race 204, 208–9, 242–9
structure of 110, 166–7
space science 15 sunspots 49, 103, 190
properties of 129
Space Shuttle 193
super Earths 294
space stations 249
super Jupiters 293–4
spacetime 14, 68, 73, 168, 176–7, 329–30,
superclusters 275, 282, 296
331
supergiants 139
warping 148, 152, 154–5, 271, 328
dying 127
spectral lines 110
Supernova Cosmology Project 174
spectroheliograph 129 supernovae 45, 71, 174, 178, 180–81,

spectroscopy 110, 112, 113, 114–15, 116, 217, 274, 301–2

120, 124 explosions 87, 140, 145, 197, 198,

spiral galaxies 83, 89, 104, 105, 144, 199, 239
156–61, 174–5, 185, 240, 276
remnants 216, 217, 237
spiral nebulae 27, 144, 156–61, 164, 174–5
supersymmetry 271
Spirit rover 323, 324, 325
Spitzer, Lyman Jr. 145, 190–95, 200,

304, 326

Spitzer Space Telescope 190, 195, 200,

217, 276, 279, 304

INDEX 351

Swedenborg, Emanuel 92 cosmic inflation 272–3, 274, 282 white dwarfs 49, 111, 124, 126, 127, 138,
Swift, Jonathan 62 expansion of 137, 158, 168, 169, 170, 141, 145, 178, 180, 302

T 171, 172–7, 180, 199, 224, 240, 241, White, Ed 247
258, 259, 268, 274, 282, 284, 296, white holes 220–21
Tarter, Jill 339 298–303 Wilkinson, David 224, 225
Taylor, Joseph 236 future of 300, 301, 303 Wilson, Robert 196, 204, 226
Taylor, Matt 310 mapping 296 WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive
technology 15, 258–9 measuring 130–37
Tegmark, Max 339 multiple 271 Particles) 271
telescopes origin of 12, 15, 145, 168–71, 196–7 WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave
early 42–3 shape of 272–3, 274
Galileo 44, 55, 56–63 study of 14 Anisotropy Probe) 224, 227, 282, 285
improvements in 82, 258 Unsöld, Albrecht 162 Wolf, Rudolf 103
largest 326–7 Uranus Wollaston, William Hyde 112, 113
radio 179, 210–11, 234 discovery of 82, 83, 84–5, 96, 97, wormholes 220
reflecting 43, 58, 84, 85, 104–5 106, 184 Wright, Thomas 88
refracting 43, 58, 60, 61 exploration of 264, 266–7 Wu, Emperor 28
space 145, 188–95, 304–5 planetary migration 312–13 Wulf, Theodor 140
ultraviolet 205 Urey, Harold 187
X-ray 205 XY
see also by name V
Tereshkova, Valentina 208 X-rays 111, 214–17, 254
Thales of Miletus 18 variable stars 48–9, 86, 102, 110, 133 yellow dwarfs 127, 279, 295
Thorne, Kip 254, 258, 328, 330, 331 Venus yellow-white dwarfs 126–7
tides 13, 73 exploration of 262 Yerkes Observatory (Wisconsin) 126
timekeeping 13, 62 life on 230 York, Donald 296
Timocharis 22 phases of 34, 63 Yu Xi 22
Tinsley, Beatrice 240–41 transit of 42, 64
Titan 65, 262, 264, 266 Viking landers 322 Z
Titius, Johann 96–7 Voyager spacecraft 230, 234, 235, 258,
Tombaugh, Clyde 13, 84, 118, 145, 286, Zach, Franz Xaver von 97, 98
259, 262–7 Zeeman, Pieter 129
314, 315, 338 Zeeman effect 129
Trans-Neptunian Object (TNO) 184 W Zhang Heng 23
Triton 106, 266, 267 zodiac 13
trojans 96, 99 Walther, Bernhard 44 Zu Chongzhi 334
Tsiganis, Kleomenis 312–13 Wang Chun 28–9 Zwicky, Fritz 140, 141, 145, 176, 178,
Tully, Brent 240 water
twin paradox 153 comets 207, 308, 309, 311 180–81, 236, 268, 270
Tychonic model 44–7 Earth 308, 309, 311
Europa 266
U Goldilocks zone 294–5
Mars 117, 324, 325
Uhuru X-ray Observatory 190, 205, 214, Webb, James E. 244
216, 254 Weber, Joseph 328
Webster, Louise 254
Ulamec, Stephan 309 Weiss, Rai 328, 330
Ulrich, Roger 213 Weizsäcker, Carl 166
Ulugh Beg 19, 28, 30–31 Wheeler, John 255
universe Whipple, Fred 206, 207, 286
age of 282 Whirlpool galaxy 27, 83, 105

352

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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