FULL VERSION_BUKU ATH

PreHistory to Early Medieval Art

ART HISTORY
List of Artworks

Zahana Binti Yusoff
Nurhamizah Binti Misuan

ART HISTORY (PREHISTORY TO EARLY MEDIEVAL ART) ~ LIST OF ARTWORKS

Copyright 2016. All Right Reserved.
No part of this book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in
any form or by any means - graphics, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopy-
ing, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without permission
of the publisher / author.

Author
Zahana Binti Yusoff
Nurhamizah Binti Misuan

Publisher:
Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan
Km 10 Jalan Kong Kong
81700 Pasir Gudang
Johor

ISBN 978-967-10519-9-3

Preface

This book is based on the module of Art History were introduced by the
Ministry of Higher Education. It has been adapted to the needs of the modules
and can help students to learn and understanding the course. Besides, this
book serves as a guide and reference for lecturers and students in Art History
courses.

This comprehensive book contains artifacts of the history of art ranging
from Prehistoric until the Early Medieval art period. It is very helpful for students
to get to know the work of ancient artifacts. Thus, the work of ancient artifacts
should be emphasized that the public, especially the present generation know
the results of the heritage of their ancestors.

Finally, our appreciation for those involved in the preparation of this book, ei-
ther directly or indirectly. Hopefully this book will be useful and can be adopted
by all parties. Thanks to Allah SWT to be given the grace to produce this book
with great success.

Zahana Binti Yusoff
Nurhamizah Binti Misuan
Jabatan Rekabentuk & Komunikasi Visual
Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan

Content

Preface pages
Content
List of artwork 4
Pre History 5-8
Mesopotamian 9 - 13
Egypt Art 14 - 20
Aegean Art 21 - 24
Ancient Greece 25 - 30
Eutrascans Art 31 - 33
Rome 34 - 36
Bibliography 37

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

List of artwork

Bison with Turned Head pages pages
Venus of Willendorf
Hall of Bulls 7 Figurine of a woman, from Syros 20
Marching Worriors 22
Painting of Çatal Huyuk Turkey 7 La Parisienne 22
Stonehenge
White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk, Iraq 7 Fisherman from Santorini 23
Abu Temple of Tell Asmar 8 Harvesters Vase 23
Standard of Ur 8 Snake Goddess 23
Akkadian Head 8 Lion Gate 24
Victory Steele of Naram Sin 10 Worrior vase 24
Gudea 10 Doric, Ionic, Corinthian 27
Law Code Of Hammurabi 10 Greek Pottery 27
Lamassu 11 Lady of Auxere 28
Ishtar Gate 11 Mantiklos Apollo 28
Pallete of King Narmer 11 Dipylon Vase 29
Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser 12 Temple of Hera I 29
Great Pyramids,Giza 12 Temple of Hera II 29
Great Sphinx 13 Ajax and Achilles 30
Statues of Khafre 16 Theater Epidauros 30
Menkaure and wife 16 Stoa of Attalos II 32
Seated Scribe 17 Fibula 32
Freize of Gieze 17 Thomb of the Relief 32
Temples and tombs of Queen Hatshepsut 17 Capitoline Wolf 33
Painting from the tomb of Nebamum, 18 Chimera of Arezzo 33
(Musicians and dancers) 18 Hunting And Fishing 35
Queen Nefertiti Bust 18 Colloseum (Flavian Amphitheater 35
Death mask of Tutankhamen 19 Peaches and Glass Jar 35
19 Augustus from Primaporta 36

19 Flavian Women

20

4

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Pre History

Pre-historic art are divided into 3 phases that correspond to the periods of Stone Age culture.
These periods span roughly around 14,000 to 2000 BC ago. The phases are Paleolithic, Mesolithic
& Neolithic.

Paleolithic (the late years of the Old Stone Age)

Paleolithic art is art of the last ice age around 35,000 – 8,000 BC years ago, during
which time glaciers covered large areas of Northern Europe and North America. As
the climate got colder, people retreated into the protective warmth of caves and it
is here that we find their first attempts at artistic creation.

Subject matter OF ART :
Bulls
Elephant
Deer
Birds
Fish

Type of Paleolithic Paintings
Naturism character as resembling the shape and color of natural objects
that are drawn.
A variety of subject in one painting.
Different viewpoints and irregular layout.
Usually, they paint of human figure or animals bigger than normal size and
emphasizes the naturalistic images.

Sculptors of art:
The old sculptors were found around 30,000 BC like freestanding sculptors in
the form. The drawing shows a religious ritual or practices them. Subjects of
their study focused on the figure that symbolizes fertility, the image of
women and animals.
Medium and technique they are used rock, Stone, Bone, Ivory & Horn.
Drawing of human figure emphasizes the natural colors compared painting
of animals.

Mesolithic (middle some age) 8,000-3,000bc

People in ‘the middle stone age’ were not stay in caves. They were moved and build
houses at stretch of river and beach. The historian was found the artwork at Mediter-
ranean, Africa, Italy and Sicily. People in the Middle Stone Age was made the artwork
in surface of rocks and recognized as a carved.

Medium and Technique
The medium of color usually used the egg, blood and using brush for
colored the paintings.
Priority focus to red color or black without mixed color.
The skill of drawings better than Paleolithic age.

Neolithic (new stone age) 7,000 – 1,500 BC

The Neolithic age known as a New Stone Age and the life become stable and pre-
dictable. People domesticated plants and animal for survive their life. The Neolithic
age become after Mesolithic age estimation around began 45,000 BCE and spread
throughout the world’s major river valleys between 6,000 – 2000 BC- the Nile in Egypt,
the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the Indus in India, and the Yellow in China.
Toward the end of the Neolithic period in some areas, crops such as maize, squash
and beans were cultivated, metal implements were fashioned and writing appeared.
About 40,000 BCE, significant architectural monuments were created.

5

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Pre History

Paintings
The Neolithic age were modern than previous age. The ceramic art
become after development of technology of art.
Otherwise, they engraving some motif on clay and known as an
‘embossment’ technique.
They were focus on geometric motif in ceramic art and the image
about domesticated plants including sun, moon and animal.

6

Pre History Pre History ~ Medieval Art

1 Bison with Turned Head
2 Paleolithic
Reindeer Horn
3 France

Venus of Willendorf
Famous prehistoric female figure.
Found in Willendorf Austria
c.a 28,000 – 25,000 B.C.
Not more than 5 inches tall.
It is suggested that this image served the
purpose of fertility due to its anatomical
exaggeration, but it is still only a specula-
tion.
Carved from naturally shaped rocks.

Hall of Bulls
Found on the walls of the Lascaux caves.
Believe that these images were pro-
duced as part of a magic ritual.
The purpose of the drawings was to lure
animals for the hunt (they ware scarce)
Images are often drawn far inside the
caves, away from entrances. (Sometimes
hundreds of feet from the entrances)

The caves of Lascaux demonstrate the two techniques used
in Paleolithic painting. Some of the walls consisted of outlines
only, whereas some of the other images contained a degree
of modeling through the use of colored silhouettes. These dif-
ferences in style and technique suggest that the images were
painted in different times.

7

Pre History ~ Medieval Art Marching Worriors

Pre History Paintng in Mesolithic period
Found in a cave in Remigia.
4 It is a group of warriors were marching to-
wards the battlefield or in the ritual.
5 Size 9 inches wide.

6 Painting of Çatal Huyuk Turkey

Landscape Painting in the Neolithic
period.
Created in 1650 BC.
Description of a town with a row of rect-
angular house.
The house was likely to represent the city
Catal Huyuk.
Background of the mountain with two
peaks known as the Mount Hasan Dag
(the volcano)

Stonehenge

Found in Salisbury Plain, England.
Built in phases around the year 2000 BC.
believed that produced by a sorcerer
named Merlin.
He got the idea from an island called
Ireland.
Some say that this is a giant work in the
past.
Also known as rock hanging.

8

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Mesopotamian

MESOPOTAMIAN

Mesopotamians were started by end of the Neolithic period located between Tigris
and Euphrates rivers.
This is called as a ‘the land between the river’
This civilization are divided into 5 periods. The periods are Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia,
Assyria, and Persia.
The summer begins with Sumer, which flourished in the river valley of the Tigris and
Euphrates about 3,000 BCE.

There are five civilization in Mesopotamian;

Sumerian
Akkadian
Babylonian
Assyrian

Persian

9

Pre History ~ Medieval Art White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk, Iraq

Mesopotamian The temple is place on a great mound of
earth called Ziggurat, rising more than 12
7 meters above ground.
The Ziggurat and temple are built with mud
8 bricks. They were built so that the temple
could be built on top, meant to raise the
temple into the heavens.
The temple is rectangular in shape.
In the inner part of the temple was a long
sanctuary, that contains an alter and of-
fering table.
Residence of a King Uruk named
Gilgamesh.

Abu Temple of Tell Asmar

Is a Sumerian Art
Found in the Temple of Abu(Tell Asmar)
A group of small statues of religious.- 1-30
inches.
Using simple shapes such as cones and
cylinders.
Large eyes and thin fingers.
The highest figure was Abu who was the
GOD of PLANTS

9

Standard of Ur

Is a Sumerian Art
At the tomb of King Ur.
Triangular in shape,approximately 19.5
inches long by 8.5 inches high.
Decorated with precious stones such as
lapis Lazuli, a shell and red limestone.
On one side were scenes of war, on the
other scenes of peace.

10

Mesopotamian Pre History ~ Medieval Art

10 Akkadian Head
Is a Akkadian Art
Found in Nineveh, Iraq.
Created between the years 2250 - 2200
BC.
Size 1’2 3/8 “.
Political concept.
Is the head of the Akkadian ruler.

11

Victory Steele of Naram Sin

An artistic masterpiece of Akkadian Art
In the form of flat stone depicting the
victory.
Created by Naram Sin
Created around the year 2254 - 2218 BC.
Made from pink sandstone.
Dimensions - 6 ‘7 “.
Now located in the Louvre, Paris.
On this plate there is a picture grandson
of Sargon, who led the armed forces had
to climb a mountain.
There are also enemies of the fallen,
dead and seek forgiveness from him.
He is described wearing a horned

12

Gudea

Is a New Sumerian Art
Gudea was a ruler of Lagash.
Is one of the more than 20 statues of
Gudea
Made of hard black stone known as
‘doldomite and’ dolorite.
These statues are found in a sitting and
standing.
Carved in a long dress and sometimes
wearing a hat.

11

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Mesopotamian

13

Law Code Of Hammurabi

Babylon Art
Under the reign of Hammurabi
Code of Hammurabi laws have been
immortalized on a black piece of rock
‘basalt’ is derived from the mountains.
Size - 7 ‘4 “ height
Produced in the year 1780 BC.
Now located in the Louvre, Paris.
The top of this sculpture is Hammurabi
with the sun of god, Shamash.

14

Lamassu

ASSYRIA Art
Sculpture is located at the entrance to
the Palace of Khorsabad.
Made of limestone.
Size – 13’ 10” height.
Produced in 720-705 BC.
Is a human-faced cow.
Produced for the purpose of controlling
the Khorsabad palace from enemy at-
tack.
From the front view, Lamassu looks like
standing still.
viewed from the side, this sculpture looks
like ready to move forward against the
enemy.

12

Mesopotamian Pre History ~ Medieval Art

15 Ishtar Gate
NEO BABYLONIA Art
Produced in the year 575 BC.
The structure is still strong
Pictures of animals available at the gate,
produced using a printing technique while
the other surface is flat.
The animal is the Dragon of Marduk and
Bull of Adad.
The color of this gate is a yellow, brown,
red, and blue background.
Made of bricks.

13

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Egypt Art

Egypt are located at Fertile valley and delta of the Nile.
Pre dynastic period – 4500-3300 BCE; Egypt was unified under a succession of power-
ful families or dynasties
Manetho (imam) – Egyptian priest and historian; drew up a list of rulers in the third
century BCE
Like Sumerian, Egyptian also religious concept.
The art and culture of Egypt are divided into 4 periods:
Early Dynasty:
Early Egypt became a consolidated state along the banks of the Nile River.
Evolved along into Upper Egypt (south) and Lower Egypt (north).
King-god Menes – merged the lands into a single kingdom (King Narmer,
Dynasty 1(c. 3150-3125 BCE)
During the Pre-Dynastic periods Egyptians created works that closely
resemble those created in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia.
The Old Kingdom:
In Old Kingdom period, the artists works of art that were found at that time
was a relief sculpture.
In Egyptian reliefs, the head, pelvis, and legs are presented in profile, where
as the upper torso and eye are shown from a frontal view.
The figures tend to be flat, and they are situated in a shallow space with no
use of foreshortening.
Sculpture in the round closely adhered to the block form.

The New Kingdom:
The art of the New Kingdom combined characteristics of the Old and
Middle Kingdom periods.
The monumental forms of the earliest centuries were coupled with the
freedom of expression of the Middle Kingdom years.
A certain vitality appeared in two-dimensional works like painting and relief
sculpture, although sculpture in the round retained its concentration on
solidity and permanence with few stylistic changes

14

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Egypt Art

MESOPOTAMIAN VS EGYPT

Mesopotamian Egypt

Tigris and Euphrates river Nile

Agriculture: basis of wealth Agricultures: basis of wealth

Kingship: government Kingship: government

Religion: central role in government and daily Religion: central role in government and daily
life life

Few natural defenses Mountains and sand

Repeated invasions and internal conflicts Remained a unified state for some 3,000 years.

Pictographs – simple pictures that represent a Hieroglyphs – earliest Egyptian writing system

thing or concept which employed symbols

Phonograms – representations of the sounds of Hieratic writing – shorthand version of hiero-

syllables glyphs

Cuneiform – Latin “wedge-shaped;” named Demotic writing – 18th C; from demos, “the
after the shape of the marks made by the sty- people;” less formal and easy to master
lus

15

Pre History ~ Medieval Art Pallete of King Narmer

Egypt Art Pre Dinasty Era
Used for grinding cosmetics
16 Among the first works of art found in that
era.
17 Made of about 3100 - 3000 BC.
25” height.
Found at Hierakonpolis.
Both sides of the Palette are decorated,
carved in raised relief.
Back side - the king wearing a Red Crown
of Lower Egypt, followed by his followers
who are holding his sandal and saw king
who tried to kill the enemy.
Showing the King Narmer wearing the
throne snake while watching the headless
corpse of his enemy.

Stepped Pyramid of King Zoser

Old Kingdom Era
Built in the 3rd dynasty in Saqqara.
The tomb of King Zoser built by the advis-
ers of Imhotep.
Imhotep was also a physician, monk,
author and architect of the king.
The building is a composition of several
mastaba to reach a height of 200 feet.

16

Egypt Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

18 Great Pyramids,Giza
Old Kingdom
19 Built in the 4th dynasty.
There are 3 built pyramid of Pharaoh
20 Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren) and
Menkaure (Mycerinus)
The construction took 75 years on the site
of 13 acres with 450 feet height.
A total of 2.3 million rock measuring 4x6
feet 41/2 tons each arranged into a pyra-
mid.

Great Sphinx
Old Kingdom
Large rock carving.
Image of the head of a pharaoh Khafre
and lion’s body.
Is a guardian of the pharoah Khafre
tomb from a nuisance evil spirits.

Statues of Khafre
Old Kigdom
Falcon bird as a symbol of the god Horus
which is pharoah khafre’s protector.
The statue’s head complete with kilts and
his body carved completely.

17

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Egypt Art

21

Menkaure and wife

Old Kingdom
A pair of figures in the left foot stepping
forward.

22

Seated Scribe

Old Kigdom
Using non-governmental figures as a
subject.
Scribe or writer is a important person
to the government.
They are advisor of Pharaoh
considered wise and sacred.
Describing the writer is writing while think-
ing.

23

Freize of Gieze

Painting - Old Kingdom
Typically, their paintings depict everyday
life of the dead.
This painting is a flock of geese.
There in the cemetery.
Using Fresco secco technique.
A stunning detailed paintings.

18

Egypt Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

24 Temples and tombs of Queen Hatshepsut

25 Architecture - Old Kigdom
Hatsheput was a first queen of Egypt
26 which is powerful and rich.
Designed by Senmut. He was an architect
and lover of queen Hatsheput.
The tomb consists of 3 terraced building
with colonnades shaped.

Painting from the tomb of Nebamum,
(Musicians and dancers)

Painting - New Kingdom
Found in the tomb of Nebamum.
Fresco technique
18th dynasty, between the years
1400-1350 B.C.
Measurement – 1’x 2’3”.
Depicting four female watch and partici-
pate in dance and music.
The painting is now at the British Museum,
London.

Queen Nefertiti Bust

Sculpture - Akhenaton and Amarna pe-
riod. Dynasty 18
It has been found in workshops Thutmosis
who is also favourite sculptor of Queen
Nefertiti.
The bust is made of limestone which is
covered with modelled gypsum.
The eye is inlayed with crystal and the
pupil attached with black coloured wax.
The second eye-inlay was never carried
out.
Now exhibited in the Egyptian Museum
of Berlin.

19

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Egypt Art

27

Death mask of Tutankhamen

AKHNETON and Post Amarna period.
From the innermost coffin of his tomb at
Thebes, Egypt
18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE.
Gold with inlay of semiprecious stones, 1′
9 1/4″ high.
Now exhibited in Egyptian Museum,
Cairo.

20

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Aegean Art

CYCLADES (3000-1100 BCE):

The Cyclades Island is part of an Archipelago in the Aegean Sea off the southern
coast of mainland Greece.
The Cycladic culture flourished on these six island during the Early Bronze Age, From
roughly 3000 to 1100 BCE.
The Cycladic culture flourished on these six island during the Early Bronze Age, From
roughly 3000 to 1100 BCE.

MINOAN (3000-1100 C.)

This civilization are rich in painting, sculpture and elaborate architecture.

Minoan civilization have been divided into 3 parts:

Early Minoan period:
Known as the Pre-Palace Period which survive some small sculpture and pottery.

Middle Minoan Period:
Period of the Old Palaces, Began around 2000 BCE and ended three
centuries later with because of earthquake.
During the Middle Minoan Period, the great palaces was constructed.
A form of writing based on Pictographs, called linear A, was developed.

Late Minoan Period:
Began during the 16th Century BCE and ended probably about 1400BCE .
It was a time where the western civilization shifted from Aegean to the
Greek mainland.
During the Late Minoan Period, a type of writing called linear B was devel-

MYCENAEAN (1600-1100 BCE)

The origins of the Mycenaean people are uncertain but we know that they came to
Greek mainland as early as 2000 BCE.

They were a Greek speaking people, sophisticated in forging bronze weaponry as
well as versatile in the arts of ceramics, metalwork, and architecture.

They were influenced by Minoans arts and cultures.

Much of the architecture and art of the Mycenaean civilization reflects the preoc-
cupation with defense.

21

Pre History ~ Medieval Art Figurine of a woman, from Syros (Cycla-
des)
Aegean Art Cycladic Art
This figurine was found in a grave on the
28 island of Syros.
The body is rendered in a highly sche-
29 matic manner with large simple triangles
dominating the form.
Speculation remains as to whether this
type of statuette represents a dead wom-
an or fertility figure or goddess but either
way the sculptor took great pains to em-
phasize the breasts, pubic triangle, and
slight swelling of the belly, which may sug-
gest pregnancy.

La Parisienne

Minoan Art
Minoan female or goddess.
ca. 1400-1370 BCE
Fragment of a fresco, 10″ high.
From the palace, Knossos (Crete)
Greece.

30

The Fisherman

Minoan painting
This fresco is from the north-eastern corner
of Room 5 in the West House.
A male figure holding a bunch of fish
in each hand tied together with yellow
string.
Even more convincing evidence that the
figures are giving an offering of fish is that
both figures are walking in the direction of
the north-west corner of the room precise-
ly where an offering table was found by
archaeologists. (National Archaeological
Museum, Athens).

22

Aegean Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

31 Harvesters Vase
Minoan Art
32 Most refined sculptural relief ever pro-
duced by Minoa group.
33 ca. 1500 - 1450 BCE.
A group of people singing and cheered
on the way home or to go to the paddy
fields.
They were led by an old man.

Snake Goddess
Minoan Art
From the palace, Knossos (Crete)
Greece.
ca. 1600 BCE.
Faience, 1′ 1 1/2″ high
This goddess is holding snakes in both
hands and there are cats or leopards on
his head.
Wearing clothes of minoan female.

Lion Gate
Mycenaean Art
ca. 1300-1250 BCE.
Limestone, relief panel 9’6″ high.
Located at the entrance of the palace.
The sculpture depicts two lions.

23

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Aegean Art

34

Worrior Vase (krater)

Mycenaean Art
A bowl for mixing wine and water.
Subjects who were soldiers were marching
into battle.
One part, the woman was saying good-
bye to a warrior.
ca. 1200 BCE.
1’ 4’’ high.

24

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Greece Art

ANCIENT GREECE

In this civilization, the arts such as ceramics art, paintings, and sculpture have been
spread while the theater and poems were introduced.

Greece philosophers are the first persons who introduce the thinking of humanity and
rationalism.

This era has produced a ‘sophist’ such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates.

Greece art have been divided into four phases:-

Geometric Ages:
More to ceramics art and sculptures.
There are various decorations on the surface mostly geometric form.
Figures in this decoration have been stylized with a frontal style.
This ceramics was colored and using an abstract sharp angle
geometrics motif.

Archaic Ages:
All the artworks in this ages have been influenced by “Deadalus”, which
shown the finest and details character also the fluency of Egypt Art.
Deadalus, is an architect that involved in the construction of a Temple in
Crete island, Memphis, Egypt and bring the influence on the
Orientalizing Art.

Classical Ages:
Broke the influence of Egypt Art. Deadalus, is an architect that involved in
the construction of a Temple in
The sculpture shows more research and needs to achieve the beautiful of
real life.
Not only show the reality and the sharpness of the figure but they starting
apply human feelings in the sculpture.

25

Pre History ~ Medieval Art There are three distinct orders in Ancient
Greek architecture:
Greece Art Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.

35 Doric

Doric columns are the simplest. They have the
capital (the top, or crown) made of a circle
topped by a square.
The shaft (the tall part of the column) is plain
and has 20 sides. There is no base. It is very
plain but powerful-looking in its design.

Example architecture: Parthenon

Ionic

Ionic shafts are taller Doric shafts thus mak the
columns look slender.
They also have flutesflutes, which are lines
carved into them from top to bottom.
The bases were large and looked like a set of
stacked rings.
Ionic capitals consist of aconsist of a scrolls
above the shaft.

Example architecture: The Temple of Athena
Nike

Corinthian

The Corinthian order is the most decorative.
Capitals have flowers and leaves below a
small scroll.
The shafts has flutes.
The base is like the Ionian.
Unlike the Doric and Ionian cornices, which
are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat.

Example architecture: Columns at Corinth

26

Greece Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

36 Greek Pottery

37 These diagrams are designed to provide
you with a context for some of the vessels
in this section. The Greeks were trained
from an early age to be able to identify
the vessels they used and the purpose for
them.
The names linked with each vessel tell us
something about them.
For example, a hydria with the root of hy-
dra sounds suspiciously like our words hy-
drate and hydrant, both of which deal
with water. This vessel is then used for wa-
ter.

Lady of Auxere

GEOMETRIC Periods
Much more naturalistic than before, but
still geometrically inclined with stylized
hair.
Hand over heart is probably a gesture of
prayer, marking this as a kore (girl) rather
than a goddess.

Notes:
Greek statue figure known as
Woman : KORE
Man : KOURUS

27

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Greece Art

38

Mantiklos Apollo

GEOMETRIC Period
From Thebes 700-680 B.C
8’ high
Bronze
Statuette of youth, dedicated by
Mantiklos to Apollo.
Beginning to try to render “real” human
figure.

39

Dipylon Vase
Geometric amphora with mourning
scene.
Amphora is a container that has two
handles that are believed to mark the
burial place of Athens.
From Dipylon cemetery, Athens, Greece.
5’1’’ high.
Now exhibited in Archaeological Mu-
seum, Athens.

28

Greece Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

40 Temple of Hera1
ARCHAIC Period
Doric Order.
Found in Paestum, Italy.
8’ x 170’.

41

Temple of Hera II

EARLY KLASIKAL Period.
Doric order.
Found in Paestum, Italy.

42

Ajax and Achilles

ARCHAIC Periods.
‘Red Figure’ @ ‘Bilingual Vase’ technique.
shows both black and red-figure painting,
same scene on each side shown in differ-
ent methods. However, not as masterful
as Exekias.
Found in Orvieto
525 – 520 BC.
1’ 9” high

29

Pre History ~ Medieval Art Theater Epidauros

Greece Art CLASICAL Period.
By Polykleitos The Younger
43 Orchestra, viewers’ areas.
The auditorium was carved into the side
44 of Mount Kynortio at an incline of 26 de-
grees.
Originally, the theatre had 34 rows. How-
ever, another 21 rows were added at the
top, probably during Roman times and it
can seat around 14,000 people.
But the cool thing about the theatre is its
acoustics. Even individuals sitting farthest
from the stage—about 60 meters—are
able to hear actors without any amplifica-
tion.

Stoa of Attalos II

HELLENISTIC Period.
159 BC.
Shops, civic offices housed here. Meticu-
lous reconstruction.

30

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Etruscans Art

ETRUSCAN ARTS

Etruscan art are influenced by the Greece. Focus on ceramics, accessories and
painting on the tomb walls.
Their ceramics style is influenced by the Greece ceramics. By the way, they have
their own styles & concepts to show their identity.

ARCHITECTURE

Etruscan Age – temple is he most important construction but has been renovated.
Plan has been added – podium, low-pitched roof, triple cellar and portico.
Rome architect ;Vitruvius – Etruscan temple plan based on Greece Prototype.

ETRUSCAN TEMPLE

Cellar or the in interior part separated with a wall to 3 rooms. Placed on the high
platform or a podium.
Followed by a stair at a certain angle. There are straight columns from wood for a
decoration inside the temple.

31

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Etruscans Art

45

Fibula

Found at tomb of Regolini-Galassi,
Cerveteri
Brooch
Gold

46

Tomb of the Relief
Cerveteri, Italy.
To place the corpses of family genera-
tions.
Covered in painted stucco reliefs.
Stools, mirrors, drinking cups - reminders of
living houses
Gouged from tufa bedrock.

47

Capitoline Wolf
From Rome, Italy, ca. 500-480 BCE.
Bronze, 2′ 7 1/2″ high.
Musei Capitolini, Rome.

32

Etruscans Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

48 Chimera of Arezzo
From Arezzo, Italy, first half of fourth cen-
tury BCE.
Bronze
2′ 7 1/2″ high.

49

Hunting and Fishing

The bright colours that the artist used
seems to reinforce the authenticity of the
painting and give it more movement.
Birds are flying, fish are jumping and the
ocean itself seems to have movement.
When people reach the point of death,
or when they look back over their lives
and reminisce, they often remember
those golden days of childhood summers
when everything seemed right with their
world.
Perhaps this is the significance of this wall
painting. Maybe the owner of the tomb
wanted those sweet days of his youth de-
picted, where he had fun with his friends
and perhaps his brothers, and wanted
those memories with him when he passed
on to his next world.

33

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Roman Art

Introduction

Identified by a combination of Greek and Hellenistic.
Devided into 2 part:

Republic:
Begin on 509 BCE.
The leadership was taking over by a patriarch and plebeians.
On 211 BCE, Marcellus a general was conqueror Syracuse from Greece.
More interest in fighting.
Combination of Greece & Etruscan architecture.
Based on religious and function as a temple for god & goddesses place.
Character – High podium with a single door in front of the construction.
Using white marble as a building material.
Most of the capitals using the Greece ionic.
Portrait sculpture is the Rome unique culture.
Character- Veristic or same like the subject with the personality & the
subject character.
Extreme Realism which shows a god portrait, heroes, patriots, Serious,
Matured, ages, experienced & confidence.
Focused on head & shape / with clothes.
Cloth is a symbol of a level of person in their social system.

Empire:
Devided into 3 chronology;

a. Early Age
b. Excellence Age
c. Ending Age

Begin with the murderer of Julius Creaser 44 BCE.
Bridge, forum, theatre, amphitheater, bathing place & market.
Form & style still the same but bigger & luxurious.
Motifs design details & basilica column form using Corinthian column head.
The most famous architecture is Pont Du Gard.
The piping system for water source to be delivered to the house around
the city.
3 Storey constructions made from bricks and covered with plaster.
The other famous architecture is Coliseums.
Made in Flavian Dynasty(69-96 CE).
Amphitheater with arena in the middle
Place for a warrior fighting.
Made with concrete & barrel concrete structure.
16 storey building and can place 12000 audiences in one time

34

Roman Art Pre History ~ Medieval Art

50 Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)
Rome, Italy, ca. 70-80 CE.
51 Roman amphitheater where Romans
watched gladiators fight.
52 Took 10 years to build and could hold
50,000 people.

Peaches and Glass Jar
Detail of Fourth-Stlyle wall painting
Romans were one of the few cultures that
made still lifes before the 17th and 18th
century Dutch examples.
62-79 CE.

Augustus from Primaporta
Portrait of Augustus as General
Kept himself looking young. Powerful ora-
tory gesture.
20 bce.

35

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Roman Art

53

Flavian Women

Copy from original bronze sculpture.
Marble.
Elegant, realistic coiffure (drilled holes
instead of simply chiseled).
Elegant, swan-like neck.
Ca. 90 CE.

36

Pre History ~ Medieval Art

Bibliography

Grand, P.M., 1967. Prehistoric Art. London:Studio Vista Ltd.
Higgin, Reynold , 1967. Minoan and Mycenean Art. London: Thames and Hudson
Cornbishley, Mike., 1989. Ancient Rome. Equinox (Oxford) Ltd.

Jenkin, Ian., 1989. Greek and Roman Life. London: British Museum Publication
Wahiza Abdul Wahid., 2011. Sejarah Seni Lukis & Seni Reka - Satu Pengenalan. Malaysia: FSSR
Mohamed Ali Abdul rahman, 1991. Sejarah Seni Dunia. Malaysia: Malindo Printers Sdn Bhd
Muliyadi Mahamood, 1993. Mendekati Seni Lukis dan Seni Reka. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka

37