Electrical Supply AVENUE K MALL Dr. Syed Ahmad Qusoiri Syed Abdul Karim BQS 554 - Building Services II - 7 July 2023 Prepared For: Prepared By: Farah Adlina Binti Bushral Karim (2022898226) Siti Norsyakira Binti Ramli (2022864214) Afiqah Izzati Binti Harbakin (2022787397) NurSakinah Binti Amran 1. 2. 3. 4. (2022494482)
GROUP MEMBERS Farah Adlina Binti Bushral Karim (2022898226) Siti Norsyakira Binti Ramli (2022864214) Afiqah Izzati Bt Harbakin (2022787397) NurSakinah binti Amran (2022494482)
NO ITEM PAGE 1. Introduction 2. Background proposed building 3. Application of the electrical system 4. Electrical distribution system 5. Process of how electrical distribution to a building 6. Benefits of electrical system 7. Problem in electrical system 8. Function of connections in the building 9. Principle and system of electricity 10. Recommendation for future improvement 11. Conclusion 12. References TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Electricity plays a crucial role in our daily lives, powering our homes, businesses, and industries. It has revolutionized the way we live, providing us with a wide range of applications and benefits. In this documentation, we will explore the application, system, installation process, benefits, problems, and relevant information related to electricity. Additionally, we will delve into the functioning of different electrical services, the principles and systems involved, space implications, building regulations, and offer recommendations for future improvement. Electricity finds application in various domains, such as residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. In commercial buildings, electricity is essential for lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), computers, communication systems, and machinery. Industries rely heavily on electricity to drive production processes, operate heavy machinery, and enable automation. The power plant, transmission lines, and distribution system are the three main components of an electric distribution system. Electric supply systems are divided into two categories: D.C. (Direct Current) and A.C. (Alternating Current) systems. The generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity form a complex system that ensures its availability to consumers. Power plants generate electricity through various means, such as burning fossil fuels, harnessing renewable sources, or utilizing nuclear energy. This electricity is then transmitted over long distances through an extensive network of power lines, substations, and transformers. Finally, it is distributed to individual buildings and homes, where it can be used safely and efficiently. The benefits of electricity are immense. It has transformed our lives, improving productivity, comfort, and convenience.
PROPOSED BUILDING Avenue K Mall is a high rise commercial shopping mall complete with high-rise condominiums on top of the commercial block . It is situated at Jalan Ampang, one of the busiest street in Kuala Lumpur and right next to Menara KLCC. Avenue K is Kuala Lumpur’s hottest urban hub where art and creativity is celebrated. As for public transportation, there is an adjacent KLCC LRT Station underground and tunnel to Suria KLCC. It comprises a six-storey shopping mall including the basement park. It was designed by Paris-based architect Christian Liaigre, and is trapezoid in floor plan. Avenue K is owned by City Properties Sdn. Bhd. The building design consultant firms are GP Studio and ZLG Sdn. Bhd. respectively. The mechanical and electrical engineering firm in charge of Avenue K is Jurutera Perunding Urus Jaya Sdn. Bhd.
THE APPLICATION OFELECTRICAL SUPPLYSYSTEM Alternating Current (AC): The most prevalent type of electricity utilized for power distribution. It changes direction on a cyclical basis, reversing its polarity. AC is produced by power plants and distributed to households, businesses, and industries via power grids. The voltage and frequency of alternating current (AC) power varies based on location, however the most typically utilized frequencies are 50 or 60 Hertz (Hz). Direct Current (DC): A direct current flows in a single direction with no polarity change. It is frequently related with batteries, electronic devices, and renewable energy systems such as solar panels. DC electricity is utilised in applications that demand a constant and consistent flow of current, such as electronic circuits. We employ a three-phase alternating current (AC) system for the proposed project, Avenue K Mall, Kuala Lumpur. This is frequently referred to as a three-phase, four-wire system. It is made up of three live wires, each carrying an alternating current with a 120-degree phase difference. These three live wires are linked together with a neutral wire to make a four-wire system. The principal voltage level of a mall's electrical supply system is often high, ranging from 11,000 to 33,000 volts. This high voltage is delivered from the utility substation to the main electrical distribution center of the mall. The high power is then scaled down to a lower voltage level for distribution throughout the mall using transformers. The distribution system typically operates at 400 volts. Figure 1: Types of Electrical Supply System
THEELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The vertical supply system, also known as rising mains, is an electrical distribution system that transmits power vertically from the main electrical supply point (such as the TNB substation) to various levels of the shopping mall. This system is in charge of delivering power from the source to numerous distribution points throughout the building. Rising mains are typically made out of larger conductors and cables that carry higher current loads to suit the mall's total power requirements. These mains are normally routed through vertical shafts or riser ducts that are hidden behind walls or enclosures and are linked to electrical distribution panels on each floor. i) Vertical Supply System (Rising Mains) Figure 2: Vertical Supply System
THEELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The horizontal supply system is in charge of distributing electrical power throughout the shopping mall's floor levels. Power is routed from the vertical supply system to various electrical distribution panels on each floor. Each floor's distribution panels receive power from the rising mains and distribute it to individual electrical circuits, outlets, lighting fixtures, and other electrical loads. This system guarantees that power is routed appropriately to satisfy the needs and load requirements of each floor or zone inside the mall. In comparison to rising mains, the horizontal supply system often uses smaller-sized electrical cables and conductors. Its main focuses are to distribute power to specified locations or portions of the mall, to ensure efficient electrical distribution, and to minimize power losses. ii) Horizontal Supply System (Distribution at Each Floor Level) Figure 3: Horizontal Supply System
THEELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM The most suitable electrical distribution system for Avenue K Mall is vertical supply which is rising main. Rising electrical mains are a form of power and energy distribution system used in multi-story commercial buildings. Only one main line travels to the upper level in this arrangement, and it deliver power from the main supply source to the different floors actuality, it is not very popular, but it is simple to build and operate. Some of the advantages of this system is the different loads of individual floors are balanced out and only a small main L.V board is required. It also allows for effective management of power consumption and ensures a reliable and stable power supply for the smooth operation of the shopping mall. Figure 4: L.V Distribution Board
THE PROCESS OF HOW ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION TO A BUILDING STEP 1: Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) enters the TNB substation located inside the building which is the High Voltage Room consists of the Switch Gear Room & Transformer Room. STEP 2: Electricity is then transmitted to the Low Voltage Room, which is the Main Switch Room. It is functions as a distribution room that consist of main control switches, circuit breakers and meters. STEP 3: Electricity is then continued to the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room consisting of signal distribution frames connecting telecommunication wirings. STEP 4: Electric Risers connect the wirings to the Electrical Rooms in every floor to supply electricity to the upper floors. STEP 5: Electricity is then transmitted to the Distribution Boards for control switches of the electrical appliances. STEP 6: Gen-Set Room is connected to the LV Room (Main Switch Room) which has a backup generator in case TNB fails to supply electricity. Figure 5: Diagram of Building Electrical Distribution System
THE BENEFITS OF RISING MAIN Rising mains are designed with safety considerations in mind. Adequate insulation and protection measures are implemented to minimize the risk of electrical faults, such as short circuits or electric shocks. Safety devices, such as circuit breakers and protective relays, are incorporated into the rising main system to quickly detect and isolate any electrical faults, ensuring the safety of occupants and the protection of electrical equipment. The rising main supply system enables efficient distribution of electrical power from the main supply source (e.g., TNB substation) to various floors of the building, such as shopping malls. It ensures that power reaches different levels of the building without significant loss or voltage drop, maintaining a consistent and reliable power supply throughout. The rising main supply system offers flexibility and scalability for buildings, including shopping malls, that may undergo expansions or changes in electrical requirements over time. It allows for easy integration of additional electrical circuits, panels, or distribution points on each floor, enabling the building to adapt to evolving power needs without major disruptions. 1) ENHANCED SAFETY 3) EFFICIENT POWER DISTRIBUTION 2) FLEXIBILITY AND SCALABILITY
THE PROBLEMS OF RISING MAIN Rising mains are susceptible to electrical faults such as short circuits or insulation failures. These faults can disrupt the power supply to the affected floor or even the entire building, leading to downtime and inconvenience. To minimize the impact of faults, proper insulation, regular maintenance, and the installation of protective devices like circuit breakers and residual current devices (RCDs) are crucial. These devices detect and isolate faults quickly, ensuring the continuity of power supply to unaffected areas. LACK OF REDUNDANCY In some cases, the rising main supply system may lack redundancy, meaning there is no alternative power source or backup system in case of a failure. A single point of failure in the rising main system can result in a complete power outage in the affected area. Implementing backup power sources such as generators or establishing alternative supply routes can help mitigate this risk and ensure uninterrupted power supply. In cases where the distance between the main supply source and the upper floors of the building is significant, voltage drop may occur along the rising mains. This can result in reduced voltage levels at higher floors, affecting the performance of electrical equipment. To mitigate this problem, proper cable sizing, considering the distance and load requirements, and the use of voltage regulation devices can help maintain stable voltage levels throughout the building. FAULTS OR INTERRUPTIONS VOLTAGE DROP 01 02 03
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 1. TNB ROOM ( HIGH VOLTAGE ROOM) The TNB substation is a direct connection to the transmission cables that receive a significant amount of power; the room is made up of highvoltage switchgear that directly regulates the electricity for the entire building. This room's contribution to an emergency is to sustain TNB power incoming. No one other than TNB-authorised personnel is allowed access to this TNB Substation since it is under TNB's control. The extensive usage of power at home, work, places of education, recreation, commerce, healthcare, etc. is made possible by substations, which are a component of the energy supply network. Substation sizes can vary significantly depending on whether they primarily serve residential properties or also serve commercial and industrial buildings, etc. It's common for schools and institutions to have their own substations, including hospitals and commercial buildings. Substations are used to convert high-voltage power lines across long distances into the voltages needed to power buildings. Combining switchgear, step-down transformers, auxiliaries, and busbar constitutes an electrical substation. These parts are wired together in a certain order so that a circuit may be turned off manually during normal operation and automatically under abnormal circumstances like a short circuit. A substation transfers electricity from generating stations to substations through outgoing transmission lines and receives electricity from producing stations via incoming transmission lines.
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 2. CONSUMER ROOM The TNB substation transformer sends 11 KV of electricity to the consumer room, which then transmits the 11 KV onto the consumer transformer, which steps the 11 KV down to 415 V and 240 V. A high-voltage switchboard is a place of assembly where electricity from the HV generators is supplied. The power sources are linked to the board through switchgear via a common busbar system. The busbar serves as a "manifold," and feeders are drawn from it to provide all powerconsuming services such transformers, motors, and interconnectors through circuit breakers or contractors.
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 3. EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEM An emergency power system is a separate source of electricity that keeps critical electrical systems running in the event of a power outage. A standby generator, batteries, and other equipment may be a part of a standby power system. To safeguard people and property from the effects of a primary electric power supply interruption, emergency power systems are established. Downed lines, problems at a substation, adverse weather, scheduled blackouts, and in severe situations, a collapse of the entire grid, can all result in the loss of mains electricity. The majority of emergency power solutions in modern buildings have been and continue to be based on generators. Normally, these generators are Diesel engine driven, although smaller buildings may use a gas engine driven generator and larger ones a gas turbine. With regular generators, an automatic transfer switch is applied to connect emergency power. One side is connected to both the normal power feed and the emergency power feed; and the other side is connected to the load designated as an emergency. If no electricity comes in on the normal side, the transfer switch uses a solenoid to throw a triple pole, single throw switch. This switches the feed from normal to emergency power. The loss of normal power also triggers a battery operated starter system to start the generator, similar to using a car battery to start an engine. The emergency electricity for the building is turned back on when the transfer switch has been activated and the generator has started. When compared to regular lighting, emergency lighting is a pattern of the building's regular lights that creates a trail of light to enable a safe departure or illuminates service facilities like mechanical and electrical rooms. The electric motor pumps for the fire sprinklers, exit signals, and fire alarm systems (without backup batteries) are almost usually powered by emergency power. The fire sprinkler electric motor pumps are often powered by emergency power. Elevators, doorways for the disabled, smoke evacuation fans, smoke isolation dampers, and service area outlets are examples of additional equipment that may be powered by emergency power. For the purpose of powering monitoring and life support devices, hospitals employ emergency power plugs. Even during regular business hours, certain structures may require emergency power, such as a theatre that uses it to run show equipment because "the show must go on."
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 3.1 GEN SET ROOM According to the 1999 version of NFPA 110, generators must be kept in a special room that is walled off from the rest of the building by 2-hour fire-rated barriers. Nothing else, including typical power distribution equipment, may be housed, stored, or mounted inside the generator room, according to NFPA 110. The 2-hour fire-rated barrier that separates the generator from the rest is there to safeguard it. According to traditional opinion, the generators will run for two hours if a fire begins on the exterior of the generator room before it spreads inside. That should give the firefighters plenty of time to put out the fire and, if necessary, evacuate the building. Energy converter (generator) Day tank of fuel Support equipment for the room (HVAC equipment, lighting equipment, etc.) Conductors Disconnecting means Overcurrent protective devices Transfer switches Control devices Supervisory devices Support devices needed for the system to operate as a safe and reliable source of electric power As a result, the generator room cannot be used for storing anything. However, NFPA 110 does allow the following emergency power supply system equipment there: The phrase "support devices" can be taken to mean the instructions and equipment required to run the generator safely, but not the tools required to do repairs, repair components, discarded materials, new filters, or oil. The room must include battery-operated emergency lights that are linked to the load side of the transfer switch so that they will turn on in the event of a typical power loss. Unless the generator is fitted with a water jacket heater that keeps the engine temperature at 90°F, the room must be kept at a temperature of at least 70°F. The chamber must be kept at a temperature of at least 40°F when the generator has a water jacket heater installed.
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 3.2 GENERATOR SET Avenue K uses a diesel generator for its needs. A diesel engine is coupled with an electric generator (typically an alternator) to produce electrical energy. An example of an engine generator is this. Most diesel compressionignition engines are made to operate on fuel oil, although specific models may also run on natural gas or other liquid fuels. Diesel-generating units are utilized in locations without access to a power grid or as an emergency power source in the event that the grid goes down. Modern electronics, particularly non-linear loads, make diesel generator sizing difficult and essential to prevent low load or a lack of power. An opencycle gas turbine is more efficient at full load and significantly more compact than a diesel engine array in size ranges of 50 MW and above, with comparable capital costs; however, for routine part-loading, even at these power levels, diesel engine arrays are sometimes preferred to open cycle gas turbines due to their superior efficiencies. The generator set will automatically create power using the petrol in the fuel tank if there is no electric supply from the TNB station. The electricity generated will be transferred to the low-voltage room to supply power. In the event that the building's primary power source goes down, the generator set provides backup power. Generator sets are typically placed in offices, commercial buildings, shopping malls, and other large-scale structures. This is due to the fact that when the main electrical distribution of energy is distributed, the generator will automatically start to create and offer emergency electric power.
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 4. MAIN SWITCH ROOM ( LOW VOLTAGE ROOM) The primary control panels are placed in the primary Switch Room (LV Room). The primary switches for the entire building are located in this room. The building's whole power supply can be turned off for maintenance purposes by authorized employees using the Main Switch Board. In order to generate a reduced current loss, the Main Switch Boards employed a bus bar system that links to the other distribution boards
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 5. SWITCH BOARD A switchboard is made up of several components. The list of components also includes a frame, buses, overcurrent safety equipment, service metering, and outside coverings. 5.1 SWITCHBOARD FRAME The remaining parts are supported by the switchboard house's structure. The frame of a typical switchboard is 90 inches in height and 32 or 38 inches in width. Additionally, a width of 32, 38, or 46 inches and a height of 70 inches are options. 5.2 BUS A bus is a conductor, or group of conductors, that connects two or more circuits collectively. According to NEC article 408.3, bus bars must be installed to be free from physical harm and secured firmly in place. In order for an installer to have the same fixed phase arrangement in each termination point in any switchboard, bus bars must have phases in the correct order. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association, or NEMA, formed this. The switchboard has to be noted if the phase sequence isn't NEMA-compliant. The frame is mounted with buses. Each switchboard portion receives electricity through horizontal bus bars. Power is distributed to the load devices using overcurrent devices and vertical bus bars. Bus bars are constructed of copper or aluminum with a silver or tin finish. Bus bars can be rated for either current density or temperature. The current density rating specifies the maximum current per square inch of a bus bar cross-section. The switchboard's rear view drawing displays the connections between the vertical and horizontal bus bars. The vertical phase bus bars are in the correct NEMA sequence when viewed from the front, despite appearing to be in reverse order when viewed from the back. A bus connector connects a vertical bus bar to the matching horizontal bus bar mechanically and electrically. The connection on the neutral bus is readily visible. this switchboard's compression lugs are equipped to take incoming power cables of the correct size.
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 5.5 OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES The front side of the switchboard is where the operator components are situated. This consists of circuit breakers and disconnect switches, as well as other overcurrent safety measures. Straps attached to the line side of the devices are used to mount them to the bus bars. 5.6 OUT COVERS The switchboard has cover panels built so that no active components are visible to the operator. The term "dead front" refers to the front cover. The panels are frequently utilized as trim to give the switchboard a polished appearance. 5.3 SPLICE PLATES As shown in Figure 3.3.5.3.1, splice plates are used to connect the horizontal bus bars of adjacent switchboard sections. The horizontal bus is expanded and predrilled to take splice plates, making it simpler to install additional distribution sections when they are required. A new section is positioned flat against an older one. Splice plates are used to join the old and new portions. 5.4 THROUGH BUS The through-bus is another name for the extended horizontal bus. The capacity of the through-bus is tapered to a minimum of one-third of the capacity of the incoming service mains since the load needs in downstream distribution sections are often lower than in upstream service sections. There are two options: full capacity or non-tapered, through
FUNCTION OF CONNECTIONSIN THE BUILDING 6. DISTRIBUTION BOARD A distribution board is a control board or enclosure that contains fuses, circuit breakers, and ground leakage protection devices used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points. The board typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit and a residual current or earth leakage protection device. Older distribution boards may include a series of fuses that supply the individual circuits; newer installations typically use ground leakage protection devices. The fundamental principles of "distributing" a single supply to different individual locations while guaranteeing safety and control for each remain the same, even when distribution board equipment, layouts, and statutory requirements vary from nation to country. In the majority of commercial and residential buildings as well as industrial installations, distribution boards are a typical sight. The majority include a control board or enclosure that is fed by a single incoming electrical feed line. The electricity is subsequently divided between multiple tiny circuit breakers or, in the case of older boards, fuses, which in turn supply power to various consumption points or circuits. Any distribution board's primary job is to enable individual circuits to draw power from circuit breakers that are appropriately rated for the circuits they are in and to allow those circuits to be separated without interfering with the rest of the supply. The distribution board protects people and equipment against electrical shock or fire brought on by ground faults, despite that being its most crucial function. Then, on the side of the supply cable opposite the supply cable, cables from the individual power outlets, light circuits, or machine terminals are put into the distribution board. Each cable's live leads are linked to appropriately rated circuit breakers, while the neutral and ground leads are attached to the proper busway bars. As a result, a distribution environment is created in which each circuit is fed by an appropriate circuit breaker and may be disconnected as needed without affecting the rest of the supply. The RCD is the most important part of any distribution board. This component is what protects the circuit user from deadly electric shocks and devastating flames. These devices ought to be fairly graded, constantly tested, and never bypassed in order to get this knowledge. Prior to resetting a breaker or fuse, it is usually advisable to look into the reason in order to prevent potential harm to the appliance or equipment and electrical shock.
PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OFELECTRICITY:SPACE IMPLICATIONS When designing a building, the space needs for standby and emergency power systems are not often at the top of an architect's priority list. Due to this, service employees may find themselves working in cramped quarters when power systems are crammed into spaces that only fulfil the bare minimum of safety criteria without taking into consideration the capacity to do maintenance. An advocate for the building service equipment must be present as early as possible in the design phase. It is far simpler and less costly to plan for appropriate space during the design phase of a project, rather than having to reduce the size of the unit or modify the equipment to fit in locations that are too crowded. 3.4 Electrical Room Space Requirements A person must be able to execute service chores with enclosure doors open in order to meet the minimum criteria established by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in the National Electric Code (NEC). Additionally, there must be enough space for two individuals to pass one another. In the event that maintenance work is to be performed on the back of the cabinet, comparable access space must be made available. In addition, the NEC mandates that there be a minimum of three to four feet (one metre to one and a half metres) of aisle space between live electrical components of less than 600 volts, and this distance requirement varies based on whether the live components are on one side or both sides of the aisle. Even if components are shielded by safety enclosures or screens, you still need to comply with this standard. 3.4.1 Basic Room Requirements Installations with voltages higher than 600 volts need aisle space that is much larger, ranging from 3 feet (1 m) for voltages below 75 kV to as much as 12 feet (4 m) for voltages beyond 75 kV. In the event of a fire or arcing, service rooms with 1,200 amps or more are required to have two exits. Because there is a wide range of transformers, you need to make sure that the minimum wall clearances that the manufacturer specifies are satisfied. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has published newly amended NEC guidelines, in which it outlines certain standards as well as exceptions.
PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OFELECTRICITY:SPACE IMPLICATIONS(CONT'D) According to the recommendations provided by Caterpillar, the amount of floor space that exists between an engine and parallel wall space or another generator set should not be less than the width of the engine. Overhead, there should be a sufficient amount of room allotted to permit the straightforward removal of any equipment that requires maintenance, including cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust pipes, and any other relevant components. You may want to mention that there is adequate space for a chain hoist or an overhead crane. It is necessary to have room in front of and behind the engine in order to remove the camshaft. 3.4.2 Gen Set Space Needs Batteries that start generator sets should be stored as close to the engine as is practical in order to prevent having to run lengthy wires, which drain energy. To avoid strain on gasoline pumps caused by lengthy fuel line runs, the fuel tank should be placed in close proximity to the generator sets. During the design phase, accessibility of this equipment for maintenance purposes is another factor that has to be addressed. Example image of Gen Set
PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OFELECTRICITY:SPACE IMPLICATIONS(CONT'D) When choosing a location for the enclosure, it is important to take into consideration the cfm air needs of the generator set(s) as well as the possible paths that exhaust gases may take. Take special note of the positions of the ventilation input openings in the building. Last but not least, think about the requirements that the system has for fuel storage, cooling, monitoring, and maintenance. Caterpillar offers a drop over enclosure that comes with the option of incorporating fuel tanks into the base of the enclosure an option which is available. Another worry is the security of the enclosure. The enclosure has to have a lock on it and be resistant to tampering and vandalism. 3.4.3 Things to Consider Regarding Switchgear Both EPG Designer and AutoCAD designs, which are both accessible from your local CAT dealer, provide the required minimum clearances. The enclosure has to have a structure that can be expanded, it needs to be able to endure high winds, it needs to give complete servicing access to the generator set, and it needs to be able to be lifted off the installation. It is recommended to place controls and switchgear in a separate room that is air-conditioned and located adjacent to the generator set that has a viewing port leading into the engine room. The switchgear that cannot be installed in a separate room should have its location chosen so that it may benefit from the incoming air and be cooled appropriately. The enclosure has to provide at least the same amount of area as the generator does within the structure, if not more. Because the cost per square foot of an enclosure is often cheaper than the cost of a completed structure, it is possible that you will have more finances available to increase the size of the enclosure area. Example image of Switchgear
PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM OFELECTRICITY: ANALYSIS Electric Power Supply Location TNB Substation Level 2 Consumer Room Basement 1 Main Switch Room Basement 2 Get-set Room Basement 2 Sun-board and Distribution Board Every floor 3.5 Analysis A substation owned and operated by Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) supplies the whole building with the electrical current that it requires. Avenue K. LEDs are supplied by a transformer that is positioned in the distribution circuits during the process that takes place at an electrical substation, when the voltage is lowered from the high levels that are employed for electricity transmission. The generator set will offer electric power in the event that the power supply is interrupted; this is done to avoid the suspension of day-to-day activities as well as the interruption of company operations. Transmission and distribution of electrical power: Tenaga National Berhad (TNB) Location of electrical supply system room UNFORTUNELY, We are not permitted to enter the TNB substation room, which is a really unfortunate restriction. Only authorised electrical technicians are permitted to access the substation in accordance with OSHA 1026.966(e)(3). This restriction is in place. According to OSHA 1926.966(e)(5) and OSHA 1926.966(e)(2), the substation is guarded by a wall and the entry is closed to prevent unauthorised access.
SPACEIMPLICATIONS(cont'd) UBBL 240: Isolating switch for electrical systems Every level or zone of any floor that has a net area that is more than 929 square metres is required to include an electrical isolation switch that is housed inside a staircase enclosure. This switch allows for the interruption of electrical power supply to the floor or zone that is being serviced by the staircase. The switch must be of a kind that is comparable to the fireman's switch that is defined in the regulations that were in existence at the time for the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 1. 2. Due to the fact that the electrical system in Avenue K complied with the requirements set out by Tenaga National Berhad and the Uniform Building by Law, it has been determined to be both comprehensive and secure. As a result of the thoughtful layout of the plant configurations, we do not have any gearbox issues. The plant rooms are meticulously cared for and arranged in an appropriate manner. According to the findings of the research, the electrical distribution system is appropriate for Avenue K. This is because the system is a crucial component of the structure due to the fact that it houses a large number of users and, as a result, consumes a significant amount of electrical consumption. Electrical services on Avenue K are of a suitable quality, both in terms of the distribution of electricity and its use.
ANALYSIS(Cont'd) Emergency Lighting and Power Supply (UBBL 253) An emergency power system is required to be installed in order to automatically provide lighting and power in the event that the regular supply fails, or in the event that an accident occurs to parts of the system that supplies power and illumination that is important for the protection of life and property. Emergency power systems are required to provide electricity for smoke control systems, lighting systems, fire alarm systems, fire pumps, public speaker systems, and other emergency systems. Emergency systems are required to have sufficient capacity and rating to allow for the emergency operation of all equipment that is connected to the system, including the simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and at least one additional lift. All of the wiring for the emergency systems must be enclosed in metal conduit or be made of fire-resistant mineral-insulated wires, and it must be set out in the regions with the lowest potential for a fire. Storage Battery: A storage battery with a rating and capacity that are appropriate for delivering and maintaining at not less than 87.5% of the system voltage the total load of the circuits that offer emergency lights and emergency power for a duration of at least 1.5 hours; Generator set: A generator set that is powered by some kind of prime mover and has the capacity and the appropriate rating to provide a circuit that carries emergency lights or illumination and power and that also has acceptable mechanisms for automatically starting the prime mover in the event that the regular service fails to function. The current supply must be designed in such a way that, in the event that the normal supply to or within the building or group of buildings in question fails, either the emergency lighting or the emergency power, or both the emergency lighting and the power, will be available within ten seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. This requirement applies to both the building and the group of buildings. In the event of an emergency, the supply system must include at least one of the following categories of items that have been approved:
FUTURE RECOMMENDATION IImplementing smart grid technology in shopping malls can revolutionize their electrical services. Smart grids enable realtime monitoring and control of electricity usage, allowing mall management to gain insights into energy consumption patterns and make informed decisions for efficient energy distribution. With smart meters and sensors, power outages and faults can be detected and located more quickly, reducing response time and minimizing disruptions to shoppers. Smart grids also facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources and enable demand response programs, where electricity usage can be adjusted during peak periods to balance the load Deploying advanced energy management systems in shopping malls can significantly enhance their electrical services. These systems enable real-time monitoring and control of energy usage, allowing mall management to gain valuable insights into consumption patterns and identify areas of inefficiency. With the data provided by these systems, malls can develop more effective energy management strategies, optimize their energy consumption, and reduce wastage. Energy management systems can also help automate processes such as scheduling and controlling lighting, HVAC systems, and other electrical equipment, further improving energy efficiency. To improve the electrical services in shopping malls, it is essential to prioritize and enhance electrical safety measures. This can be achieved by implementing strict adherence to electrical safety protocols, including routine inspections and maintenance of electrical systems. Regular safety assessments should be conducted to identify potential hazards and address them promptly. Ensuring proper grounding and surge protection mechanisms are in place helps prevent electrical accidents and minimize the risk of equipment damage due to power surges. Implement Energy Management Systems Upgrade to Smart Grid Technology Enhance Electrical Safety Measures
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the most suitable electrical distribution system for Avenue K is vertical supply which is rising main that is suitable for high rise building. This building also use alternating Current (AC) which is the most prevalent type of electricity utilized for power distribution It is also the finest electrical supply option in term of technical, economic, environmental, and social factors and also makes it more consistent and suited for local development needs. According to the Uniform Building by Law (UBBL), every part in the electrical supply system is proposed in the proper location and each of the electricity components performs its function for Avenue K Mall . We can infer that the proposed electrical supply system for the Avenue K complies with the government' s requirements for running the building in terms of power, and that the voltage delivered is adequate.