Voices from People to the Peace Negotiation Table: Lessons and experiences of sustainable peace building in the southern border provinces 2022-2025

In our society, there is no impartiality or justice in job or study applications. If you do not have insider connections, it is difficult to get in. Even if the applications are open and you pass the examinations, you still cannot get in because they have someone inside the organizations to take the positions (Interviewee no. 105, 27 November 2022).With injustices, vulnerable people are disheartened by many laborious problems. A person affected by political unrest in the area reflected their feelings through her interview. Her eyes were red. In pain and panic, she gave the following statement.Just after the incident, I was traumatized and wanted to fight for justice for myself and my family in the justice system. Until now, I have felt hopeless about the law and want nothing to do with it, even punishments or remedies. If possible, I do not want to be involved with anything law-related (Interviewee no. 108, 14 November 2022).4. Opinions on the status and role of vulnerable womenNowadays, women are playing more social and political roles. Interviewees stated that women play social roles equally to men. Some suggested that women be leaders and work at home and outside the home. This information indicated that women bear the burden of main and minor tasks. From the economic aspect, most informants viewed that women and men perform this duty equally. They help each other because the economic condition today forces both men and women to earn money for daily expenses.It is not that either men or women make more money. It depends on the skills and abilities of people. Some women run the whole business. We should not discriminate and say which gender is better than the other. We must admit it as it is. Women might not be as physically strong as men, but they are not inferior in terms of ideas and work performance (Interviewee no. 10, 14 November 2022). 99

Today, women are allowed to engage in social discussion. They are very enthusiastic. When women work with men, they can serve their duties and work together effectively.Today, women can do more. People have the same rights without discrimination. Women get to be leaders in their context, such as a housewife group. They can express their opinions freely. Their voices are fully heard (Interviewee no. 100, 15 November 2022). Women are enthusiastic and attentive to local people. Their volunteer spirit is highly admirable, especially their responsibilities for their jobs. They are particularly meticulous (Interviewee no. 15, 22 November 2022) and should assume a leading role, thanks to their sense of responsibility (Interviewee no. 20, 22 November 2022).Furthermore, informants suggested that women received the opportunity to work at various levels and played a role as mediators in the conflict. This is a key qualification of leadership and confidence to assume various roles.Women can find positive solutions to society in negotiation and care for the disadvantaged work on behalf of their leaders (Interviewee no. 14, 24 November 2022).Women earn confidence and are appointed by their leaders to work in teams at the community, subdistrict, and provincial levels to achieve the goal of working with men (Interviewee no. 17, 22 November 2022).However, some women bear more social burdens than men. With socially assigned house chores, women also need to work outside. A widow reported that she had to do all the housework by herself while her ex-husband was not responsible for making a living for the family. She finally decided to get a divorce. Other women do not have enough capital in life. They have to go abroad to work and have no choice but to leave their children at home.100

Women have many responsibilities. In the past, I had to take care of the family. I need to go to Malaysia to work. If I did not go to Malaysia, I would not have enough money for my family. Many women in the village go to work. Nobody just stays home. Everyone has their responsibilities. If we do not go to work, we will not have money. If we go to work, we can make a few hundred baht a day (Interviewee no. 6, 14 November 2022).Causes of the problemsThe problems the marginalized and vulnerable groups are facing are related to public administrations and regulations in the southern border provinces. Government officials reported that the government and private sectors do not have systematic assistance and data preparation. They do not genuinely understand and accept vulnerable groups. As a result, the assistance efforts are not comprehensive and not continuous. As such, the marginalized and vulnerable groups in the area have not received the protection that they are entitled to.1. Community and social leaders do not understand, accept, and give equal opportunities to the vulnerable groups.Thailand's southern border is a sensitive area that requires careful attention by all relevant parties because local people face multiple problems for many reasons. For one, social leaders or community leaders are not ready to take care of them inclusively and understandingly. Leaders fail to access vulnerable groups and give them proper opportunities. LGBT people in the southern border often lead a depressed life just like the widows, even though the latter should have been more valued according to Islamic belief (widows and orphans). On the other hand, some communities ignore them. An informant in a community reported that if a man knows that a woman is widowed, he will make fun of her with some words that make the other party feel awkward 101

(Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023). In another case, people with disabilities had to put up with a negative attitude of government officials when they used public services.One day, I took my wife, who was in a wheelchair, to have her photo taken for an ID card. At the district office, there was no ramp for wheelchairs, so we had to carry her. I was waiting outside for the officials to do their jobs. I overheard them gossiping, \"PWDs people do not need an ID card. Police officers would not arrest them anyway.\" This sentence reflects that people in the society do not view people with disabilities as human beings who have the same rights and needs as others.\"People in the society do not seem to understand the difficulties or needs of the marginalized and vulnerable groups. As a result, people ignore to give them equal opportunities. On the day when people in the village agree to wear clothes in the village's color theme on Eid al-Fitr day (Islamic religious day), the vulnerable and disadvantaged people are not allowed to join the activity, leaving them black sheep of the community (Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023). The four pillars (religious leaders, local leaders, area leaders, and natural leaders) admitted that raised funds to help orphans most of the part, but the others in the marginalized and vulnerable groups as well as people with disabilities, did not receive as much attention (Group Discussion no. 1, 2 February 2023). Worse than that, LGBT people are not given space to show their abilities. One of the informants informed that he was by all means disallowed to show his abilities during his high school years. He was not chosen to represent the school in the competitions in spite of the fact that he had a remarkable talent for clothing design. Therefore, he decided to do activities with some teachers who were more open to LGBT people (Group Discussion no. 7, 10 February 2023).The vulnerable group that receives the least attention is people with disabilities. When there are public activities, most public and private sectors focus on other vulnerable groups, such as senior citizens, women, children, and youths. 102

People in society still view people with disabilities as having no potential and unable to live normal lives. In public spaces of the community, there are not enough facilities for people with disabilities, such as wheelchair ramps or toilets at the temples or mosques. Therefore, many people with disabilities decide to stay home, do not want to participate, and have no motivation for self-development, making them less valuable to society (Group Discussion no. 5, 9 February 2023).Another issue that people in society take for granted is the education content specific to people with disabilities. People with disabilities reported that no institutions or religious experts guided them to a proper way of prayer. By comparing people with disabilities in the southern border provinces and in Songkhla, it was found that Songkhla province is more open to hiring people with disabilities than in the southern border provinces. This is because there are more companies in Songkhla than in the southern border provinces. Furthermore, many companies and agencies in the southern border provinces conceal the information to minimize the chance of hiring people with disabilities.Other provinces would promote employment and activities for people with disabilities. In contrast, there is no such thing here. We are pressed down to the grassroots level (Group Discussion no. 5, 9 February 2023). Similarly, young people outside the formal education system are overlooked by society. Strangely, in the campaigns to develop young people outside the education system or youths vulnerable to drug problems, most event organizers do not want trouble but yearn for smooth events. They choose to invite young children who do not have any problems. Therefore, troubled kids outside the formal education system do not access supportive opportunities. In the meantime, community leaders do not suggest great campaigns for troubled children because they do not want to lose face and reputation (Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023). 103

2. Assistance to vulnerable groups is not continuous and not comprehensive.Based on the focus-group discussions, assistance from the public and private sectors cannot be provided continuously because they do not have sustainable plans. In most cases, they only give out survival bags, such as during the floods. In fact, assistance to the marginalized and vulnerable groups should aim at making them continuously independent for at least a year (Group Discussion no. 3, 8 February 2023) (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). Not only assistant is not continuous, it is very redundant. More precisely, only relatives or supporters of local leaders receive such benefits.In some families, there are vulnerable groups, like people with autism, the elderly, and orphans. Because the coordinators or local leaders are not their relatives, or they have some personal conflicts, these families do not receive assistance despite many agencies' efforts. As a volunteer in the community, I found that the community has 100% of vulnerable groups, but assistance reaches less than 30%, while the other 70% do not have access to the help they need (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). Buddhist Thais observe that, in their community, senior citizens over 90 years old were not well attended to or visited because people thought they were doing fine with their offspring being government officials. In fact, assistance is not necessarily in the form of donation. A visit could be a very helpful moral support (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). Therefore, community leaders are crucial mediators to forward assistance to marginalized and vulnerable groups. However, most community leaders do not have a volunteer mindset. A group of female volunteers reflected that, during the flood in their community, relatives of religious leaders, including imams, mosque preachers, and announcers) got help. However, people who were in more serious problems did not get help (Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023).104

With an incapable government and community, social welfare to vulnerable groups is not comprehensive, resulting in more frequent complaints every day while the role of the government could be immensely improved (Group Discussion no. 3, 8 February 2023). For example, Buddhist Thais in the southern border provinces ask government officials for protection and security all the time. However, the officials only take care of them after an unrest situation occurs. When the situation is resolved, the officials have to secure other areas (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). Similarly, people with disabilities usually borrow wheelchairs from Narathiwat Wheelchair Club (a non-governmental organization) because it would take more time to ask for help from government agencies (Group Discussion no. 5, 9 February 2023). A group of women stated that help was particularly offered to people affected by national security cases that were approved by three parties. However, people in general who are affected, including people with disabilities and women who need jobs, did not access such privilege, despite how much they need help. They compare themselves as one-winged birds that must stay strong on their own (Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023). 3. Society lacks a database on the needs of marginalized and vulnerable groups.Informants from government agencies report that a database of assistance for vulnerable groups remains a problem for many agencies in both the public and private sectors. This makes the effort to help vulnerable groups not comprehensive and not sustainable. Only about 30% have access to help, while the other 70% remain out of reach. The main reason is a lack of data. Even if the data is available, it is not properly used (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). The urban area is inhabited by outsiders who move to work. Most are poor but cannot access the help they need (Group Discussion no. 1, 2 February 2023). Some local administrations only have a list of vulnerable people, but they do not have the data on what they need. As a result, the help is not comprehensive, not sustainable, and not relevant. Therefore, government officials should conduct 105

a field survey on the data. Otherwise, only relatives of local coordinators will receive help. In one example case, there was a project to build houses for the poor. As a matter of fact, people who were close to community leaders received the help, while many others who were in greater difficulties and deserved help did not get such benefits (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). Not only government officials, community leaders should create a database of vulnerable people in their areas by surveying the needs of vulnerable groups at least once a month to distribute help in a thorough and timely manner (Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023). Recommendations for change1. Promoting knowledge, rights, and skillsThere are some challenges to promoting knowledge, rights, and skills to vulnerable groups. For one thing, communication is not so effective. Vulnerable groups are often neglected by local leaders and neighbors. There are not enough facilities for them to access knowledge. Therefore, knowledge about relevant skills and laws should be trained specifically, depending on their expertise and interest. In addition, specific tools should be developed to facilitate understanding. Despite several handouts for the elderly, women, widows, and children, the language in these documents is too formal for villagers to understand. Therefore, it is crucial to consider that the potential building process should be inspiring to make them feel accepted. A person from the disability group viewed that knowledge should be provided to vulnerable groups so that they become empowered and independent and do not need help from others anymore (Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023). People with disabilities should be developed. Public services, such as sports and facilities for people with disabilities, should be effectively communicated. In addition, specific knowledge should be provided, such as praying format and educational institutions for people with disabilities. 106

With these facilities, people with disabilities can perform religious obligations and access education. Today, we have no teachers or religious schools for people with disabilities in the southern border provinces (Group Discussion no. 5, 9 February 2023). 2. Politics and political participationA safe space for marginalized and vulnerable groups is where they can express their opinions, do activities, and help each other to enhance their potential. As suggested by an informant, local administrative organizations should play a central role on this matter by collaborating with the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security. In addition, there should be KPIs for local leaders to assess that their services serve the need of development or address the problems in their communities. Crucially, vulnerable people should be allowed to join social mechanisms, such as the peace council. There are still some limitations as vulnerable people do not feel potential and are not confident in rising to this level. Therefore, it is necessary to empower vulnerable people to participate in a multicultural society and eliminate bias.A young informant stated that young Muslims are often viewed as suspects of national security offenses by government officials. If they express political opinions, they become the target of national security officials in spite of the freedom to peaceful political expressions. Therefore, the young informant recommended that the government should open a free space for political expression (Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023). Not only the conflict with national security officials, but young Muslims also have trouble working with people of other generations, especially adults. Therefore, the youths suggested a mechanism where young and adult Muslims do activities together, such as forming a public organization to campaign for the value, dignity, and differences of people from different generations. Notably, young people value reasons over fancy words (Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023). 107

Adults should know how to live with children and vulnerable people, specifically the awareness of child protection so that young people can express themselves freely and children's rights are protected (Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023) In addition, Buddhist Thais also recommended creating space for Buddhist and Muslim students in the southern border provinces to learn together. This initiative might start with an agreement between public and private schools for a camp for intercultural learning. They even suggested, if possible, to create a school that serves both Buddhists and Muslims for mutual love and understanding instead of having each other for the events created by people with ill intentions (Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023). 3. Creating a database An interviewee stated that assistance from the public and private sector should be systematic so that the help efforts are effective. The database should be able to identify the poor, the marginalized, and the vulnerable, and what kind of help each of them receives and when. The data should guide what aspects should be enhanced and how to encourage them to join the activities. Otherwise, the help would not be so comprehensive (Interviewee no. 5, 14 November 2022).People have different problems and needs. Some have health problems and want free treatment, effective and safe medicines, and even better living allowance. Some people need help with employment and income. The effort should aim to help them find jobs and create jobs for them. Some people are worried about the education of their children. They fear that their children will not be able to go to school or they will not have money for their children’s education. These people need the government or leaders to help them find scholarships for their children (Interviewee no. 1, 14 November 2022).108

In addition, stateless persons urge society to help get ID cards. There is no need to label people because all human beings are equal. A single mom suggested that (Interviewee no. 60, 12 December 2022) many men in the southern border provinces were not responsible for household expenses because they were addicted to drugs. Relevant parties should extend the survey to cover these vulnerable women as they seem to be disregarded by society (Interviewee no. 105, 27 November 2022).A database will make the assistance go continuously and thoroughly. A coastal fisherman added that the target group should also subdivided for their skills and for how long they need help to succeed or break free from vulnerability instead of being vulnerable all their lives (Interviewee no. 5, 14 November 2022). A representative of volunteers who take care of vulnerable groups in the community viewed that basic medical kits should be distributed. For example, one public health volunteer needs to distribute a blood pressure monitor to 20 families. In her experience, older people usually ask her to measure their blood pressure, but she does not have the equipment (Interviewee no. 106, 27 November 2022). Furthermore, if assistance is effective and reliable, it should not be provided only when vulnerable people request it, as reported by a female informant.It would be great if help is given without being asked. Vulnerable people can feel ashamed. They may develop low self-esteem if they have to ask for help frequently (Interviewee no. 97, 14 November 2022). 4. Integrated helpAn informant reported that we could not push them away from poverty and vulnerabilities even though there are poverty solution projects. The number of vulnerable people will keep rising. Integrated help (collaboration) is the aiding effort that local leaders need to create and develop for the marginalized and 109

vulnerable groups under a single policy. Village headmen, subdistrict headmen, imams, mosque announcers, schools, teachers, mosques, temples, civil society, subdistrict administrative organizations, and public and private schools should be urged to join. These leaders should work systematically with the same database and policy to help them break free from vulnerability. In addition, volunteer work should be promoted, starting from schools that are a place to cultivate knowledge and skills to facilitate children to escape the cycle of vulnerability as far as possible. Therefore, the principle of “collaboration” is that everyone must recognize that when it comes to helping marginalized and vulnerable groups, we must address the issue in the same direction, starting from small efforts to greater goals.5. Enhancing the economy and incomeIf one assistance effort is concrete, it must be economic and income support to the community. The community already has potential products. The missing jigsaw might be the market and product development for export. Local people are already skillful in making Budu (southern-style fermented fish), crisp rice, and organic vegetables, but they do not have the market. From the education perspective, more courses and programs should extend over the area so that people always have jobs to do, such as non-formal education schools and community colleges. Daily wages could be raised to increase the income of local people. There should be vocational development for the marginalized and vulnerable groups because it seems that these efforts are only aimed at housewives of local leaders. A former leader of fishermen and people with 110

disabilities viewed that local leaders should help vulnerable people get a job, preferably in the community, so they do not need to travel outside (Interviewee no. 8, 14 November 2022). Job training should be based on individual abilities and practicality (Interviewee no. 42, 11 November 2022). In addition, there should be occupational groups in the community to develop extra jobs and share knowledge. A female interviewee added that a women's group should be established to gather people. Now, they are living separately. Gathering in a group will make the help efforts more accessible. They can talk, encourage, and empower each other, resulting in improved mental health (Interviewee no. 100, 15 November 2022). There could be some land for people who do not have land for farming (Interviewee no. 139, 11 December 2022). Most locals are rubber farmers who only work in the morning. After that, they have free time. Having a common area will encourage them to do activities together (Interviewee no. 155, 11 December 2022). 6. EpilogueThe peace process involves people's lives in many dimensions, including health, economy, society, and relationships of people in the community. Problems that people as individuals in society must face are a condition of social structure where oppression and discrimination are overlaid under the diverse identities of people in the three southern border provinces with direct violence in terms of social and cultural structures. As a result, ordinary people are pushed into vulnerable groups under discrimination and inequality. This study attempts to point out that there are not just the conflicting parties in long-standing conflicts. It also raises a question of where marginalized and vulnerable people, including women, children, people with disabilities, and the impoverished, stand in the peace process. Therefore, bridging the approaches between positive peacebuilding and inclusive approaches can answer the question of where marginalized and vulnerable groups stand in conflict and how they play an important role in 111

peacebuilding. The study shows that discrimination and injustice in the daily life of marginalized and vulnerable people are still something that people from the bottom deem necessary to fix. Crucially, people from the bottom should be allowed to participate in reflecting on problems for people of all social groups. This is seen as reinforcing the foundation of peace from below.Document ReferencesPeace Survey 7. (3 October 2023). Report of Peace Survey 7. https://cscd.psu.ac.th/th/node/536 Deep South Watch. (19 October 2023). Summary of Events in the Southern Border Provinces September 2023. https://www.facebook.com/deepsouthwatchGaltung, J. (1996). Peace By Peaceful Means. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.Shepherd, L. (2008). Gender, Violence and Security. London: Zed Book.People ReferencesGroup Discussion no. 7, 10 February 2023Group Discussion no. 7, 9 February 2023Group Discussion no. 6, 9 February 2023Group Discussion no. 5, 9 February 2023 Group Discussion no. 4, 8 February 2023 Group Discussion no. 3, 8 February 2023Group Discussion no. 2, 7 February 2023 Group Discussion no. 1, 2 February 2023Interviewee no. 97, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 96, 15 November 2022112

Interviewee no. 8, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 60, 12 December 2022Interviewee no. 6, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 51, 4 December 2022Interviewee no. 5, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 5, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 42, 11 November 2022Interviewee no. 20, 22 November 2022Interviewee no. 17, 22 November 2022Interviewee no. 155, 11 December 2022 Interviewee no. 14, 24 November 2022Interviewee no. 139, 11 December 2022Interviewee no. 108, 14 November 2022Interviewee no. 106, 27 November 2022Interviewee no. 105, 27 November 2022Interviewee no. 100, 15 November 2022Interviewee no. 10, 14 November 2022 Interviewee no. 1, 14 November 2022113

Reflections from a Female Researcher on Fieldwork with Marginalized/Vulnerable Groups (1)On January 11, 2022, the research project organized a meeting for researchers to reflect on their interviews at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus. This article, therefore, presents reflections from the perspective of a female researcher who conducted fieldwork and interviews with ten vulnerable groups.During the interviews, the researcher encountered a wide range of perspectives and opinions from the respondents, which can be summarized as follows:Perspective of the Female Researcher on Interviews with Vulnerable GroupsThe researcher serves as a key research instrument in this study, playing an important role in collecting and analyzing data from the sample groups. To this end, the project organized a meeting for the researcher to reflect on her y Parents with disabilities are often neglected by their family members, while their children with disabilities receive proper care from their parents.y Fishermen who use the traditional fishing tool called “Ai Ngo” often come into conflict with the state, as the government has prohibited the use of this long-standing fishing method.y Some elderly individuals do not receive adequate care because they live with sons struggling with substance abuse; fortunately, the community provides some support.y Widows who have lost their husbands to murderers in the village must live in fear, as the justice system is unable to address violence effectively within the community.y Community leaders are appreciated by vulnerable groups even for simple acts, such as taking them to see a doctor at the hospital.y Vulnerable groups with limited education require concrete examples when encountering difficult or unfamiliar vocabulary to facilitate understanding.114

experiences conducting interviews with ten vulnerable groups, encompassing more than 170 respondents. This process is essential for gathering valuable data to produce diverse and comprehensive findings, which enhance the clarity of the research and its practical applicability for development and problem-solving in the field.The meeting began with a presentation of the quantitative data analysis, after which the researcher reflected on the collected information and shared her fieldwork experiences. The session also included an exchange of experiences and insights gained throughout the research process, providing a deeper understanding of the perspectives of vulnerable groups.Vulnerable individuals frequently feel reluctant to express their views or make decisions. For example, some women often hesitate when asked questions, and most tend to simply agree rather than engage in discussion or express dissenting opinions. This is similarly observed among local state officials, such as members of the Border Volunteer Defense Corps (Or Sor) or Village Security Volunteers (Chor Ror Bor), who often state that, “Because we are part of the state, we must agree with the state.”Persons with disabilities living in households, particularly those who are parents with disabilities, often do not receive adequate care, as their family members are unable to provide close support. In contrast, children with disabilities usually receive good care from their parents. The female researcher observed that such situations are likely widespread in the southern border provinces.Fishermen in Pattani Province often experience conflicts with state authorities, particularly those who use a traditional fishing tool called “Ai Ngo.” The government recently declared this tool illegal, as it allows fish to enter but prevents them from leaving. The researcher 115

noted that community leaders reported that if this issue is raised with these fishermen, they tend to show dissatisfaction or strong emotions. However, the fishermen themselves explain that this tool has been in use long before the government imposed the ban, and without it, they have no alternative means or tools to sustain their livelihoods.Another poignant experience the female researcher reflected on occurred during an interview with a widowed woman who was also her relative, which proved to be emotionally overwhelming. While conducting the interview, the researcher had to pause immediately upon seeing the face of the murderer who had killed the woman’s husband walking past her.In one case, the widowed woman’s husband had been shot and killed. It was mentioned that “her husband was the 41st victim,” making him the last in a series of killings. Although the perpetrators were eventually apprehended and brought to justice, the husband did not receive any official recognition as a victim of the conflict, nor did he receive compensation or support from the state. During the interview, the researcher witnessed the widowed woman encountering the person accused of shooting her husband walking by while their conversation was still in progress.I observed the gaze of the widowed woman during the interview, which conveyed the emotions she was holding inside. I reassured her that if she felt uncomfortable sharing, she did not have to. She further explained, “Now the person who was accused has been released and returned home, and he continues to wield the same influence as before.” The female researcher noted that she had previously heard stories about this influential individual from the woman’s mother.Additionally, the researcher reflected on the community’s role in caring for vulnerable groups. One case involved a 98-year-old man with hearing impairment due to aging, who lived with a son struggling with substance abuse, creating a challenging home environment. The son often did not take responsibility 116

for his father’s care, but fortunately, nearby villagers frequently brought him food and other necessities. When asked about his situation, the elderly man was often unable to respond much due to his limited hearing.Similarly, the researcher observed that in some communities, PWDs individuals and widowed women who needed to visit hospitals were often assisted by community leaders. When asked about the role of these leaders, the vulnerable groups responded positively, expressing gratitude for the leaders’ ongoing care and support.In addition, the researcher reflected on the challenges encountered during the fieldwork. She noted that when explaining questions involving formal terminology, such as “justice,” even after translating them into Malay, participants often did not understand. Therefore, it was necessary to use concrete examples to make the concepts easier to grasp.Moreover, when questions involved opinions or suggestions, participants were frequently unable to respond. For instance, one case involved a youth who had not received formal education and spent most of his time at home, rarely going out. He mainly used his phone for leisure rather than following news or current events, which limited his ability to develop his own potential.Key Insights for Field Researchers:The lead researcher explained that some portions of the questionnaires were damaged and could not be used as valid samples due to two main reasons:1. The use of ink to mark answers, which resulted in unclear or unreadable responses.2. Respondents did not complete all questions, leading to incomplete data that could not be analyzed comprehensively.117

The following article presents a meeting in which the researcher synthesized data from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. On June 2, 2023, at the Faculty of Communication Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani Campus, the meeting aimed to allow the female researcher to gain insight into the issues and perspectives of sample groups identified as vulnerable in the area. Participants also collectively reviewed the data and provided additional feedback to enhance the depth and richness of the information.Reflections from a Female Researcher on Fieldwork with Marginalized/Vulnerable Groups (2)y The severe drug problem has become a driving force for women to take on greater social and economic roles.y Approximately 60% of men who were former fishermen have had to migrate to Malaysia for work due to declining natural resources.y Tourist destinations in the communityprovide economic opportunities, enabling both women and men to demonstrate their capabilities equally.y The ongoing conflict forces men and women to work together for safety, yet domestic chores still predominantly fall on women.y Women who play roles in the family, society, and economy often feel a sense of injustice, which is an issue they wish to discuss but currently lack a platform for exchange.y Village heads often appoint their wives as assistants to reduce personal costs. Among these female assistants, some neglect their responsibilities while others are genuinely committed to supporting the community.y Some individuals want to change but have not yet altered their behavior, and they do not fully understand that change must occur both at the individual and structural levels.y Research recommendations include: 1. Enhancing the knowledge, skills, and rights of vulnerable groups; 2. Promoting political participation and engagement; 3. Encouraging integrated work a p p r o a c h e s ; 4 . I m p l e m e n t i n g problem-solving strategies to help vulnerable groups break free and support sustainable livelihoods.118

The Burden of Women Amid Social ProblemsFrom the research questions regarding changes among women and men, the researcher received reflections on various issues. For instance, the current rise in drug problems predominantly affects men, resulting in the household burdens falling solely on women. In many households, if drug addiction occurs, both the father and children are affected, and naturally, when family members are addicted, they are unable to access quality education. Consequently, the responsibilities often fall on mothers and daughters.In most areas studied, approximately 80% of women are active in social roles. This phenomenon has also led to increasing divorce rates, as women decide that if there is no husband, they can sustain their livelihoods independently. As a result, marriages today often last only one to two years, especially among couples with one or two children, before separation occurs.Opportunities and Crises Foster Complementary Roles for Men and WomenNevertheless, some areas offer opportunities to create livelihoods for families and communities, especially areas with tourism, such as Laem Pho Subdistrict, Yaring District, Pattani Province. These areas can provide opportunities for family members—women, men, children, or relatives—to have occupations that support the family business.Women in the village who work in these professions play roles ranging from employees to resort owners. They often work together as a family; for example, the mother may take responsibility for preparing food, while the older brotherurning point that requires women and men to work together to make a living. Both women and men must go latex-tapping together because the unrest in the area makes them feel fearful. However, when they return home, the responsibility of taking care of the household remains primarily the duty of women, as before.119

“When men return from latex-tapping, they can rest, go to a tea shop, or take care of personal matters. Women, on the other hand, still have to continue working at home.”This means that women have double responsibilities because their traditional roles at home still remain.From the initial observation, women who take part in earning a living alongside men also begin to engage in social roles. Women’s participation supports and strengthens men’s roles as leaders. Female researchers reflect on this issue, noting that women take pride in being able to earn a living independently or even help solve problems in the village, especially those who serve as assistants to village elders.From the initial observation, women who take part in earning a living alongside men begin to engage in social roles and help strengthen men’s leadership roles. Female researchers reflect on this issue, noting that women feel proud of being able to earn a living independently or even help solve problems in the village, especially those who serve as assistants to village elders.“Women are important because they can perform multiple roles— they help solve village problems and assist leaders, but they do not take on the leadership role themselves.”The discussion revolves around the issue of gender equality, which can lead to feelings of injustice.In this issue, there is an interesting debate that when women take on both social and economic roles, some women feel that it is unfair. However, it remains a topic where women rarely have the opportunity to express their opinions or engage in much discussion.“One of the housewives we interviewed is a woman with few children, but she cooks and sells food every morning, about 30 items, which are all sold 120

quickly. In the afternoon, she opens a noodle shop. When asked about her income, she said she earns about 7,000 baht in the morning and 4,000–6,000 baht in the afternoon. She spoke as if she had something on her mind, saying that she never thought men would earn more than women, but in reality, women work harder.”The female researcher observed that some women seem dissatisfied with the issue of fairness between women and men. From their perspective, fairness has never truly existed in their household. Some said they are reluctant to express their opinions on this matter because they fear it could affect many things. “We are women, so we should know that fairness doesn’t really exist,” they said.Various perspectives of researchers on women leadersOne female researcher reflected that, currently in Bacho District, village heads appoint their wives as assistant village heads so that their wives can receive a salary while the husbands themselves do not have to pay them. The village heads only use their own salary for themselves. Additionally, they also recruit elder daughters-in-law and younger daughters-in-law to be members of the village security or administrative committees, which the researcher does not quite agree with.Another researcher had a different perspective. She said she liked appointing wives as assistant village heads because it makes it easier for women in the village to bring their complaints or requests. For example, in Yala Province, there is a case where a village head sits drinking coffee on the tower, but his wife has to sign documents when a villager comes regarding childbirth issues. Moreover, female students conducting research also tend to visit the wife of the village head, which makes it more comfortable for women to approach her rather than the male village head. Therefore, she prefers having the wife as the assistant because, in situations of vulnerability, people usually approach women more than men.121

Nevertheless, a female researcher working in another area reflected that the villages she visited had a similar pattern: the wives of village heads were appointed as assistant village heads, but these wives did not seem to have prominent roles or help villagers at all. It reached the point where villagers had to publicly expose that the village head receives this salary, the wife receives that salary, but no one actually works.All of this results from the power structure of village heads, which extends until retirement age, causing them to be unaware of the responsibilities they should fulfill. She added that, from her fieldwork in the community, people generally acknowledge that women have greater work potential than men, except in matters requiring physical strength, where men may have an advantage.However, the complex situation in some areas creates a dilemma: although the community wants a female leader, the need for security volunteers and nighttime patrols prevents women from performing these duties. This pressure leads to the selection of male leaders, even if women have better capabilities.These limitations prevent women from rising to leadership positions, resulting in leaders in some areas being chosen by default. Particularly in the context of unrest in the southern border provinces, groups of people cannot fully develop themselves. Consequently, society remains stagnant, as leaders do not work effectively and villagers cannot seek the assistance they need.Does true justice really exist?The MRG representative provided observations on this discussion, noting that at first, it seemed that everyone was treated equally, with no selective treatment. However, when delving deeper into the issue of justice—which does not truly exist—it becomes clear that women are actually perceived as capable of doing more than men. This issue can be viewed from two perspectives, or one must find a connecting point to understand how it relates.122

In some areas, women’s roles are overshadowed because men are expected to work in Malaysia, which may provide higher income. The work men do there generates more money compared to the work women do in the community. Therefore, men often travel farther for work because they will earn more if they do so.A lecturer from the Peace Institute observed that, from the perspective of the women interviewed, justice is mostly seen as favoritism or partiality, depending on the individual being interviewed. When the topic of justice is discussed, it is often framed in terms of power relations, corruption issues, or lack thereof.The female researcher added that when questions about justice are raised, the conversation frequently turns to leaders. She explained that it is considered appropriate for leaders to be involved and take responsibility in these matters.The idea of “favoritism or giving special consideration” toward villagers arises because most of the people we interviewed have received opportunities from leaders. For example, in one village we visited, a mother with PWDs children had nothing. Initially, her son fell ill with COVID-19 and passed away at home, but she still received financial assistance and rice from the village leader, who provided help for people with disabilities or those affected by accidents, even though her house was far from the leader. She mentioned that she probably would not have received this opportunity because there are many PWDs people living closer to the leader.Another researcher noted that the issue of justice, which is often connected to “giving special consideration,” must also take social status into account. For instance, when interviewing women with good social and economic status, their roles are not limited to the household or kitchen. If there is a pressing community task, they will participate. However, if the interviewees have poor economic status or are not actively involved in social activities, they only take responsibility for their own family. Their roles are thus limited to the household because, when there is no food, they must go latex-tapping early in the morning to earn a living.123

From another perspective, the female researcher pointed out that when we ask about justice—“Does it really exist?”—responses vary depending on the interviewee’s relationship with the leader. People close to the leader tend to say that a good leader should share resources and provide help to everyone. In contrast, those not close to the leader often respond, “No, this project didn’t receive support, that project didn’t receive support,” implying that benefits are only distributed to the leader’s inner circle.A lecturer from the Peace Institute concluded that it is important to examine each interview in detail, especially in terms of the population group, position, or income. These factors can be linked to perceptions of justice, helping to show how an individual’s social status influences whether they feel oppressed or not.Communities and society must provide continuous support to vulnerable groupsFrom the information provided by the vulnerable groups interviewed, it is clear that their quality of life is still not being cared for equally compared to the general population, especially in terms of food and the safety of their living conditions. For example, in the case of families with PWDs children, their homes are often unsafe, and the pathways to their houses are muddy, making it difficult to access medical care during storms.The house was completely swept away, and by the beginning of the year, the subdistrict administrative organization (SAO) came to help repair it using bamboo. Continuous assistance must cover aspects such as housing, safety, and food security. This family receives rice every month, but they still have to wait until the end of the month to get it.Even though there is assistance from the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) in providing a wheelchair for a PWDs person, the muddy roads prevent its use. If we want to help them effectively, we must start by addressing basic problems, such as building accessible roads.124

At the same time, this family also receives help from neighbors who often bring them food. They say that if they wait for help from the authorities, they would probably starve, because the authorities only assist when it is officially scheduled.Another researcher agreed and added that various state welfare programs must be accessible universally and continuously, especially in communities where some people are still unaware of their own welfare rights.Therefore, government agencies—whether it is the Subdistrict Administrative Organization (SAO), village headmen, or other relevant agencies—need to publicize this information in mosques or find other ways to reach local residents. This will help people become more aware of their rights, because many still lack access to books, mobile phones, or relatives who can liaise with government agencies.Moreover, the officials responsible for these programs should be more diligent and attentive, because sometimes some staff do not perform their duties seriously and may only inform villagers when the deadline is almost up. This gives the impression that assistance is carried out merely to fulfill obligations, rather than to genuinely help the community.Vulnerable groups must develop their own capacities and drive change at the national levelVillagers or vulnerable groups still cannot clearly connect leaders with the state of society. For example, they may not understand how electing qualified leaders at the subdistrict (SAO), provincial (PAO), or governor level could impact their communities. They often focus only on immediate assistance, such as rice or cash handouts, which results in Thai society not changing as it should.An issue that villagers support under the banner of peacebuilding is usually limited to talks aimed at ending violence, with the hope of resolving conflicts, rather than focusing on long-term social development.125

Nevertheless, after 19 years of violence, social workers have been able to provide relief and assistance, but they have not focused on helping villagers or vulnerable groups understand the importance of decentralization or capable leadership that can bring change to their communities. If villagers understand the role of good leaders and the principles of decentralization, participating in the election of qualified leaders can help promote long-term community and societal development.Another researcher added that he was surprised that villagers demand change through the electoral system, yet they often accept money from votebuying. Even when villagers express a desire for change at local tea shops, when it comes time to vote, they may still support candidates who provide personal benefits or money. This conflict reflects the challenges in transforming community structures.A representative from the Srattha community emphasized that although people want to see change, if they do not change their own behavior, it is difficult to create societal transformation. For example, when electing leaders, villagers need to understand their own rights and how to exercise them in choosing leaders. This connects individual actions with collective efforts to transform societal structures.Society’s ongoing poverty does not stem solely from individual laziness, but from the administrative and developmental structures of the country, which fail to reach grassroots levels. However, villagers often still believe that poverty is caused by personal laziness. In reality, poverty results from ineffective governance and lack of opportunities, which make certain groups vulnerable.Currently, the political system is still influenced by patronage practices, such as vote-buying or exchanging political favors. This leads people to elect leaders who provide personal benefits rather than those capable of creating long-term societal change. Opening opportunities for small-scale individuals, marginalized groups, or those with local expertise to access markets and participate in social development is essential.126

Addressing this requires not only legal reform and administrative restructuring, but also creating connections that allow everyone in society to have opportunities and participate in change. Without clear explanations, villagers will not understand where change comes from or how it can be achieved.Recommendations from Field Research and Group Discussions: The following suggestions are derived from the analysis of group discussions and in-depth questionnaires.1. Enhancing Knowledge, Rights, and Skills for Vulnerable GroupsSince citizens often do not understand that social change must be driven by community efforts, it is crucial to strengthen their knowledge of rights and skills to empower themselves. This is especially important for encouraging people to express their opinions and engage in social critique in order to foster change. Without the opportunity to develop these skills, individuals may not seek additional knowledge or actively work toward societal transformation, particularly among vulnerable and marginalized groups who are often overlooked by society.These vulnerable groups often focus solely on earning a living, which may lead them to neglect or fail to understand the importance of participating in social change. For example, villagers engaged in fishing may follow a strict daily routine—leaving home early to work and returning home at night—without concern for broader societal transformation.Therefore, knowledge management for vulnerable groups should be tailored and appropriate. Training programs should target specific groups, such as women, or people with hearing or visual impairments, rather than being conducted in mixed-group settings, since each group faces different limitations. Additionally, creating user-friendly guides written in simple, non-formal language can help ensure that vulnerable groups access and benefit from the knowledge provided more effectively.127

In this matter, there are practical summaries and actionable recommendations, including:1) Enhancing potential according to individual skills and interests:Efforts should be made to encourage and develop each person’s abilities based on their own skills and interests. For example, people with disabilities may have talents in various areas, such as ceremonial roles or other specialized skills, which can be fully developed to maximize their potential. This also helps build their confidence in performing activities or pursuing related careers.2) Creating inspiration: Organizing workshops tailored to each target group is an effective way to inspire them. It is particularly important to engage speakers with direct experience relevant to the target group. For instance, training for people with disabilities should involve speakers who have firsthand experience in similar contexts.People with similar life experiences share their experiences and sources of inspiration with them, so they can see that they too can achieve success in what they do.3) Establishing schools specifically for people with disabilities in the southern border region: It is recommended that the Ministry of Education collaborate with local agencies and private organizations to establish schools for people with disabilities in the southern border provinces, such as schools for the blind or deaf, similar to those in Bangkok. This would allow people with disabilities in these areas to realize their own potential, access learning opportunities, and develop various skills, which in turn would help build their self-confidence and increase social recognition.2. Politics and Participation: Based on discussions and in-depth interviews, there are practical, actionable recommendations to help vulnerable groups escape dependency and become more self-reliant. These include:1) Creating safe spaces for vulnerable groups to express and exchange ideas: Establishing safe spaces is crucial for vulnerable groups to share their opinions and exchange ideas. Support from local administrative organizations 128

is essential, as the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) still has limited capacity to fully care for these groups. Linking the MSDHS with local administrative bodies provides a practical approach to support and enhance the effectiveness of care for vulnerable populations.2) Setting KPIs for local leaders: Establishing Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for local leaders is important to ensure they effectively address development and problem-solving related to vulnerable groups. KPIs should include specific targets aimed at helping vulnerable groups become self-reliant and reduce long-term dependency on assistance.3) Participation of the four main pillars in the Peace Council: Allowing vulnerable groups to participate in the Peace Council ensures that their voices are considered in decision-making and problem-solving processes in society. Such participation helps strengthen collaborative efforts aimed at achieving peace and well-being.4) Empowering vulnerable groups to express their opinions:Local administrative organizations should enhance the capacity of vulnerable groups to have confidence in expressing their opinions and participating in decision-making across different aspects of the community. This empowers vulnerable groups to recognize their own value and take an active role in the development process.5) Promoting Soft Culture to reduce societal biases: Government agencies, particularly the Ministry of Social Development and Human Security (MSDHS) and local administrative organizations, should emphasize and introduce “Soft Culture” in communities. This approach promotes positive values, reduces biases and negative attitudes toward vulnerable groups, and fosters understanding and acceptance of social diversity.This recommendation helps strengthen vulnerable groups by providing opportunities for self-expression, skill development, and participation in decision-making related to their own lives and community development.129

3. Integrated Assistance: Leaders must integrate and build networks to provide effective support Integration should operate under unified policies and objectives for vulnerable groups. The network should include civil society, subdistrict administrative organizations, private and public schools, and the goal is for everyone to develop a volunteer spirit and help children escape poverty.The process involves establishing a Community Organization Council composed of the grassroots network, along with data and information on the problems faced by vulnerable groups, including issues related to housing, education, and proposed solutions, with clear responsibilities assigned. The concept of volunteering should be initiated at schools and within homes, rather than waiting for opportunities to assist only later.1) Civil Society: Organizations and sectors with expertise in working with vulnerable groups, such as nonprofit organizations, foundations, and volunteer groups.2) Subdistrict Administrative Organizations (SAOs): Agencies responsible for local community development that can coordinate assistance and support for the community.3) Private and Public Schools: Educational institutions play a key role in developing knowledge and skills for children and youth, as well as instilling the values of volunteerism.Goal: Everyone in this network should possess a spirit of volunteerism and be committed to providing assistance so that children can escape poverty.4. The Integration Process:1) Establishing a Community Organization Council: The council should include networks from the four sectors mentioned earlier. This structure will facilitate coordination and collaborative problemsolving for vulnerable groups, 2) Data collection and problem analysis:130

Gather and analyze information regarding vulnerable groups, especially issues related to housing, education, and poverty. Develop clear strategies for problemsolving and assign responsibilities to each sector, 3) Cultivating volunteerism: Volunteerism is a crucial element that everyone in the network must actively participate in creating, starting from schools and households. Instilling volunteerism in children helps build a collaborative society focused on mutual assistance and cooperation, 4) Proactive assistance: Support should be continuous and proactive, not waiting for special opportunities to begin.Through these processes, community leaders can establish networks that collectively work to address poverty and create sustainable opportunities for vulnerable groups.The education system should play a key role in helping children from vulnerable groups break the cycle of poverty and vulnerability. When asked about solutions to address vulnerability in communities, the response highlighted that solutions must start with the role of community leaders, who need to work together in a unified manner by integrating assistance from various sectors: 1) Community leaders, village heads, and guardians: Everyone must have a key role in caring for and addressing the problems of vulnerable groups in the community, 2)Schools and teachers: Schools and teachers should participate in enhancing the skills and knowledge of children, particularly those from vulnerable groups, to provide them with educational opportunities and social mobility, 3. Mosques: Mosques serve as community hubs, facilitating coordination and assistance from various sectors and playing a crucial role in building a support network for vulnerable groups.All sectors must agree and coordinate that solving the problems of vulnerable groups in their areas should be done in a consistent direction with unified approaches. For example, houses in communities facing issues should be incorporated into the community plan, and small-scale projects—such as repairing three houses in a village—can later be scaled up to address larger 131

problems in the future. Collaboration from all sectors will help create sustainable changes within the community. Example: Palas Village, Mayo District, Pattani Province Palas Village, which has received support from the Community Organizations Development Institute (Public Organization) – CODI, serves as a good example of establishing a Community Council. This council plays a key role in assisting vulnerable groups in the area, not only by providing welfare support but also by focusing on building the community’s capabilities and self-reliance through savings schemes and participatory development processes.Key practices include: 1) Welfare Assistance: For example, repairing houses for vulnerable groups. If there are 20 households in need, community leaders will set urgent priorities, such as house repairs or home improvements, 2) Savings for Sustainable Development: Every household is required to save money in personal savings boxes. After one year, the community members pool their savings into a community fund, which is then used for village development, such as repairing houses or investing in community activities, 3) Support from Government and Other Agencies: Once the community fund is established, the government or relevant agencies provide additional support to ensure that the projects can continue effectively, 4) Mindset Change for Leaders and Vulnerable Groups: Changing the attitudes of both leaders and the community is crucial for creating lasting transformation. Leaders and community members must understand that self-reliance and active participation help vulnerable groups gradually escape from their vulnerable status in the long term.In summary: Community development is not merely about prviding assistance. It must focus on building knowledge and skills in saving and collaborative efforts, which enables the community to sustainably improve their living conditions and reduce dependence on external aid in the long term.132

5. Addressing issues to help vulnerable groups escape poverty: Promoting stable livelihoods and developing community products and occupations within each community is an effective way to enhance competitiveness and generate income for vulnerable groups. At the same time, creating markets or branding for community products can increase their value and expand opportunities for domestic and international distribution. This approach provides a sustainable pathway that can be further developed and improved over time.1) Creating brands and markets for community products:Developing brands for each community’s products—such as budu sauce, organic vegetables, rice crackers, and others—should focus on producing high-quality and attractive products. This adds value to community products, enabling them to compete in both domestic and international markets. Market access can be expanded through connections with trade networks and relevant agencies, providing knowledge and support to broaden and strengthen the reach of community products.2) Promoting livelihoods for vulnerable groups:Livelihood promotion should not be limited to mothers under community leadership. Opportunities should be opened to all vulnerable groups, including the elderly and those with various skills. Training programs could include different occupations such as air conditioner repair, auto mechanics, sewing, baking, or organic vegetable farming, enabling vulnerable groups to acquire practical skills that generate real income. Special emphasis should be placed on occupations that are suitable for older adults based on their abilities.3) Aligning educational curricula with local market needs:Curriculum and course development should correspond with the labor market in the area. This requires collaboration with educational institutions such as non-formal and informal education centers (e.g., the Non-Formal and Informal Education Center – NFE), community colleges (Vocation and Community 133

Colleges – VCC), and other community-based learning institutions across the three southern border provinces. Courses should emphasize skills directly aligned with local market demands, such as vocational training, baking, or other professional skills related to products produced by the community. This approach allows students to access real employment opportunities and does not limit participation to nearby students, but also expands opportunities for anyone seeking to develop skills in their desired profession.4) Supporting livelihoods for the elderly:Promoting and supporting careers for older adults, particularly in fields where they have expertise—such as organic vegetable farming or healthy cooking—not only helps generate income but also creates opportunities for them to participate in community activities. This contributes to improving the quality of life for the elderly. Developing products and careers in these areas helps increase the sustainability of vulnerable groups and can enhance the overall quality of life within the community over the long term. Achieving this requires collaboration among government agencies, private sector organizations, and civil society to provide support and create opportunities for these groups.134

FORUM: Experiences, Lesson and Learningtoward strategies promoting roles of PWDsand other vulnerable groups in the southern border provinces

Dreams, hopes for strategies of the network of PWDs in the southern border provinces Starting points, ideas and strategies for promoting roles of PWDs in the southern border provincesForum 1: y Problems and challenges faced by PWDs people in the southern border provinces are lack of equipment, lack of opportunities for empowerment and need for supports and medical services. y Strategies to enhance works for PWDs in the southern border provinces nclude long and short term planning for improving PWDs people’s quality of life, building mechanisms and structures that have negotiation powers against the central government, parti cipation of PWDs in important law and decision making about PWDs, and sustainable development of PWDs people’s quality of life, by applying strategies in accordance with SDGs, and building strong groups of PWDs. y There is a strong network of volunteers working for PWDs, led by PWDs people and supported by those who work for PWDs. Assembly of PWDs, and continuous and sustainable works for PWDs should emerge from collaboration of every sector, including PWDs, communities, g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s , r e l a t e d organisations. Collaborations with religious leaders and Islamic privateorganisations are especially needed. y Important points in working for PWDs are empowerment by considering their real circumstance and in accordance with their actual needs, reminding their honour and dignity as human beings. y In creating strategies for PWDs people in 4 dimensions, it was found that PWDs want to take part in politics, receive equal treatment similar to the ordinary people. In economics, PWDs people want to have occupations and incomes for their families, and sustainable happy life in a equal way, so that PWDs have values in themselves, better quality of life, facilities, and social equality. They want to interact with the society and live a life like other people. In regard with social participation, with a PWDs people’s assembly in the 3 southern border provinces shall enable them to access due legal rights. 136

Working for PWDs in the southern border provinces must face a lot of challenges, and should be dealt with jointly through collaborations of different sectors so that these works are based on clear strategies and conducted continuously and sustainably in order to bring about real benefits to PWDs. Lesson learnt from experiences in working with PWDs people in the southern border provinces by a variety of individuals and agencies are important in responding to the aspirations and hopes of PWDs people in the region, and in creating working strategies for PWDs people both in short and long term. Lessens taken from the forum Dream and hopes to strategies of PWDs people in the southern border provinces related a part of the experiences in working with PWDs people for those who are interested. The details are as follows. The workshop for creating strategies of the networks of PWDs in the southern border provinces was held on 25-26 July 2023 in C.S. Hotel, Pattani. A volunteer officer from an agency working for PWDs in the southern border provinces said about the experience that “At present works for PWDs people lacks medical agencies. It would be good if some medical agencies are added.” Apart from that, there was an additional opinion about this matter that at the initial stage of works for PWDs people, it started with foreign volunteers who came to assisted works in this field. In many places in Thailand there are many volunteers too. This work was joined by volunteers from the Rotary Club. They were determined to help PWDs in Pattani, and paid their own transport fee to join the event. They provided services for modifying wheel chairs. In working for PWDs people in different areas, government agencies made an MoU with the Rotary Club. The Utaradit Hospital was the first case, and wheel chairs were donated for those who were not able to make a travel to Chian Mai Province, because in the past they had to travel to Chiang Mai in order to receive wheel chairs. Stories told by the Rotary Group about working for PWDs people indicates that these works started from becoming volunteers. Later, they develop a working network for PWDs people, and the model was the Rotary club in Utaradit province. Works for PWDs was then extended to other places continuously. 137

Apart from that, the Utaradit Province Rotary Club provides assistance for patients in many other provinces, and this has become a model for Rotary Clubs in other countries to follow. Their network is acknowledged for providing helps, especially offering wheel chairs for patients, because many patients had problems with wheelchairs that do not fit with their physical conditions. As a consequence they cannot make full use of these wheelchairs. If they have wheelchairs that suit them, they do not have to suffer from bruises, and can be fully benefitted from them. Therefore, at present, Rotary clubs in many provinces, such as Phetburi, Khon Khaen, and Uthai Thani provide wheel chair services by inviting hospitals to join the project, because there are many patients in these hospitals. A representative of the Rotary Club from Utaradit Province mentioned their work for PWDs, especially about equipment for them that “We started our project from the institute, by asking for wheelchairs from the institute where I work. I saw the people working, especially the leader of the group who was PWDs. He modified wheelchairs for patients, and we had wheelchairs in Utaradit. When there were patients we could hand them out. Apart from that our group also had spare beds for bedridden people because in our visits we found many bedridden patients who were not properly cared. On the birthday The network of volunteers working for PWDs. Fr o m experiences to lessons to be shared with people in the southern border provinces 138

of my friend, he wanted to make merit, so he donated money to our group, and we purchased necessary medical supplies, such as paper disposable diapers or extra wheelchairs. So, personally I found this as a good timing for working in this field.” She mentioned about her works and her feelings in working with PWDs. Those who are involved in works for PWDs should aware of supports and helps that are suitable and in accordance with their actual conditions and responding their needs. This is a part of creating dreams and hopes for a better life of PWDs people in the southern border provinces.Even though there are some agencies and volunteers working for PWDs in the southern border provinces, advocating for their dreams and hopes must be planned both for a short and long time. Working strategies for PWDs in empowerment and development of their quality of life in the southern border provinces were proposed from those who have worked on organisations for PWDs for a long time. The strategies to enhance and develop PWDs in the southern border provinces have some interesting points as follows. From dream to hope: Working strategies for PWDs in order to enhance and develop PWDs people’s quality of life in the 3 southern border provinces 139

1) There should be leaders from PWDs people and staunch supporters for them (they could be those who work in local universities), and creation for spaces for PWDs, such as setting up an assembly for PWDs. 2) There should be mechanisms or structures at the regional level of the southern border provinces that have negotiation power against the centre, such as associations, assemblies, etc. so that these mechanisms can function as liaison between the centre and the region, in preparing proposals and awareness about Muslim PWDs people, and so on. This is important so that PWDs people have rights to speak in every matter related to them, especially agendas that must consider differences in services in different places. For example, in some areas where there are Muslim PWDs people, their needs might be different from the other regions. People in the other regions also have to understand the specific problems in the region properly. 3) PWDs must be allowed participations in the process of making laws, policies and important plans, such as the 6th Development Plan for the Development of PWDs, amendments of the laws for enhance and develop PWDs people’s quality of life, etc. The person who proposed this matter said, “Nowadays we are working for amendments of the 6th version of PWDs People Act, as this law has not considered religious contexts and contexts of different PWDs people. For instance, needs and proposals of PWDs in other regions are not considered yet. This is important because when there is no policy proposals, related government agencies do not have budgets to support us. If we have leaders and are able to make policy proposals, gathering data, Ministry of Social Development and Human Security also can bring about some changes, including amendments of the act.”140

4) There should be connections with religious leaders and Muslim private organisations, especially Muslim organisations that have negotiation power and involved in community development, facilities, education, vocational trainings, etc., such as provincial Islamic committees. 5) Strategis for development PWDs people’s quality of life in the three southern border provinces is in accordance with the Sustainable in the Deep South 2030. An interesting observation is that when the SDG is over, how the quality of life for PWDs will be. But if there are strong groups of PWDs, they can continue their works. If there are policy proposals based on the local people’s participation, there would be budget for PWDs too. Working strategies for PWDs in the three southern border provinces is just an orientation to enhance and develop the life of PWDs continuously and sustainable. In order that such strategies can function, they must come from collective brainstorming and analysis of real problems and needs of PWDs, reflecting experiences of those who have worked for the disable. The strategies proposed after the brainstorming are as follows. 141

Continuous and sustainable works for PWDs must come from collaboration and participation of every sector, including PWDs, communities, government agencies and related organisations. Making strategies for PWDs is a part of a working plan, both in short and long terms, in order to solve the problems and enhance abilities, considering actual problems of PWDs. This leads to problem solutions and empowerment. Needs of PWDs should be aware of their honour and dignity as human beings like other people. The brainstorming for making strategies covered 4 agendas, namely political participation, economic ability, equal and sustainable happiness, and social participation. These are important strategies in advocating for PWDs in the southern border provinces and other places. The details are as follows. Roles of PWDs and political participation PWDs have occupations, incomes and happiness Goals PWDs are treated equally like other individuals, no discrepancies Goals PWDs have works, incomes for their families and take part in the society From problems to concepts and joint making of strategies for PWDs: Empowerment and creating participation for better quality of life with honour and dignity 142

Roles of PWDs and political participation PWDs have occupations, incomes and happiness Objectives 1. Empowerment of PWDs 2. Building special schools for PWDs, such as pondok schools and private Islamic schools for PWDs 3. Create spaces for political and social participation of PWDs Tactics 1. Strengthen PWDs people’s groups 2. Building a strong network for working with full capacity Products PWDs have roles in society and politics, values, and human dignity, no discrepancy, mutual respect for rights and freedom Objectives 1. Gathering groups 2. Organising workshop for vocational skills and entrepreneurship 3. Production of goods needed by the market, such as cosmetics 4. Education on marketing Tactics 1. Agencies supporting upgrading of the products, such as packaging 2. Use of online tools 3. Promotion of the productsProducts PWDs have incomes, known in the society, able to hire people in the community PWDs people’s sustainable, equal welfare and happinessPWDs people’s role in the society Goals Facilities Objectives 1. Government agencies and enterprises have slopes and restrooms for PWDs 2. Public places have routs for wheelchairs, parking lots, restrooms and resting spaces for PWDs. 3. Public transport conducive for PWDs, like a slide stairs Dreams Setting up a PWDs people’s assembly in the southern border provinces Goals 1. Access to various due rights (rights guaranteed by law) 2. Protect rights of PWDs according to PWDs People’s Act 3. Guarantee for all rights equally 143

Roles of PWDs and political participation PWDs have occupations, incomes and happiness Tactics Meeting of the network attended by represents in order to make proposals for related government agencies, and conduct monitoring of government enterprises Product 1. There will be slopes, restrooms and slide stairs for PWDs in government agencies, state enterprises and banks. 2. There will be spaces for PWDs to exercise. Values to be achieved PWDs people’s quality of life improve, and they can get in to the society like other people in general. Object1. Increasing every type of organisations of PWDs into the network of PWDs people’s organisations (Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat) 2. Strengthen the assembly of PWDs in the southern border provinces Tactics 1. Invite conferences of PWDs in the southern border provinces to a meeting to seek collaboration 2. Establish PWDs people’s assembly of the southern border provinces. 3. Public relations for organisations in PWDs people’s network in the southern border provinces 4. Guarantee PWDs people’s access to rights guaranteed by the law5. PWDs people’s organisation protect righs of PWDs 6. PWDs people have equal rights Products 1. Upgrading PWDs people’s quality of life 2. Creating jobs and occupations 144

Roles of PWDs and political participation PWDs have occupations, incomes and happiness 3. Policy proposals to governmental and non-governmental organisations 4. Improving perspectives about PWDs (positive) Values to be achieved 1. Eliminating discrimination against PWDs 2. Respect for human dignity 3. Enhancing ability of PWDs 4. PWDs have proud in their lives From: Workshop for creating strategies of PWDs people’s network in the southern border provinces, 25-26 July 2023, C.S. Hotel, Pattani Making strategies for PWDs in the southern border provinces started with advocating about works for vulnerable groups in identifying their problems, hopes, dreams and values. This is a starting point in promoting collaboration in jointly advocating these issues by every related sectors.145

Connecting networks of researchers and civil society for building peace of vulnerable people in the southern border provinces Forum 2:Ÿ Vulnerable people mean those who need other people’s assistance, not able to express their own thoughts or make their own judgements. Ÿ Vulnerable households mean those household that have small income and need assistants for their existence. Ÿ Data collected from communities for the socio-economic database were analysed, and development models for Pattani Province was proposed. Models for solving the problem of poverty found that in three sub-districts in Yaring District of Pattani Province the number of families in poverty is the highest. Ÿ Five guidelines for sustainable life include financial capital, physical capital (place of living), social capital, c a p i t a l f o r p e r s o n a l a b i l i t i e s (education, health) and capital for natural resources. Ÿ Poverty over generations is caused by lack of financial stability, lack of saving , debts, low education, occupations of the main income earners of the households, unhealthy developments of children below 5 years old, and elderly people in poor family who need assistance. 146

Ÿ Complexity of suppression occurs as people in the society have to face a v a r i e t y o f p o w e r, i n c l u d i n g discriminations in many aspects such as gender, social status, religion and vulnerable groups (women, PWDs people, the poor, etc). Suppressions are overlapping with other factors including poverty, poor health, neglect or lack of access to basic services, as well as consequences of domestic violence caused by drug addiction. Ÿ Due to suppressions such as problem of discrepancy, people in the southern border provinces have to face problems in many dimensions, including poverty, lack of access to the state welfare, and lack of economic opportunities. Ÿ Social developments and changes, peace process and development of concept of sustainable peace should consider structural changes, including viewpoints of social development and solution to the poverty problem. Ÿ Managements and assistance for PWDs in Malaysia includes dividing PWDs into 3 main groups, i.e. those who are physically PWDs, those who are mentally PWDs, and those who are mentally PWDs, including psychiatric patients. Ÿ The OKU (Orang Kurang Upaya) centre is a government agency in Malaysia that take care of PWDs in terms of education, rehabilitation, and vocational skill trainings. Those who are born PWDs are treated from their birth in order to develop their brain cells and build abilities to help themselves. Ÿ Domestic violence in both the southern border provinces and Aceh is a complicated problem, caused by many factors such as economic, social and cultural reasons. Even women who have important roles in the society also have to face domestic violence. In these two regions there are problems about interpretations of the religion, especially interpretation of Islam and cultural interpretations that are different among various tribes in Aceh and the southern border provinces. Ÿ In terms of roles of women in the Islamic society of Aceh and in their daily life, it was found that they have relatively high status and plays important roles in the family and society. They also have power as the owners of houses and are able to manage their family’s properties. Women in Ache in general respects Islamic principles and equal roles between men and women. But in actual life they have to face violence by their husband or family members. Even women with high social status have to face bodily damages from their husbands for religious or cultural causes. 147

Ÿ Ethnic diversity of women in the Aceh society and reactions to violence affected women’s roles and status differently. There are different ways of reacting to violence. Women from Aceh tribes tend to have higher roles in families and societies, whereas women from the other tribes such as Dayo, Jawa or Minankabau might have lower social status or limited roles. Ÿ Domestic violence in the southern border provinces of Thailand have similar characteristics to those in Aceh in relation to economic and social factors such as poverty, culture of male dominance in family and consequences of the unrest in the region. Ÿ In regard with denial of discrimination against women from Islamicperspective, notion of discrimination of women in Islam is not based on the influence of western concept, but they are wrong interpretation of religious laws about women’s role in family and society. The brainstorming for creating strategies for PWDs in the southern border provinces and representatives of related agencies led to connection of allies, networks of researchers, and networks of civil society in creating peace for vulnerable groups in the southern border provinces, and PWDs people are one of these groups. The activity named “Light peace for vulnerable people: Meeting of Networks of researchers and civil society for developing quality of life and building peace for vulnerable people in the southern border provinces” on 15 December 2023 at Sriwangsa Meeting Room, 3rd floor, Faculty of Political Science, Prince of Songkla Nakharin, Pattani Campus. Assoc. Prof. Bussabong Chaijaroenwatana, Director of Institute for Peace Studies, stated that the objective of this meeting is to encourage everyone and every sector to take part in the peace process and create participation of all the stake holders by gathering people from the grassroots level. In the past, works related with peace in the southern border provinces lacked meaningful participation of peripheral groups or vulnerable groups 148