BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets 5th Edition

Chapter 22 British and European Union legislation 392 These Regulations establish in UK law the prescribing cascade, and the requirements for minimum withdrawal periods and for record keeping by veterinary surgeons adopted by the EC in 1990. These requirements were incorporated in the Code of Practice for the Prescribing of Medicinal Products by Veterinary Surgeons introduced by the BVA in 1991 and, subsequently, in the RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct. In summary, when no authorized veterinary medicinal product exists for a condition in a particular species, and in order to avoid causing unacceptable suffering, veterinary surgeons exercising their clinical judgement may prescribe drugs for one or a small number of animals under their care in accordance with the following sequence: 1. A veterinary medicine authorized in the UK for use in another animal species or for a different condition in the same species. 2. If there is no such medicine, use either: (a) A medicine authorized in the UK for human use (b) A veterinary medicine from another Member State or country outside the EU in accordance with an import certificate from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD). 3. If there is no such medicine, a medicine prepared extemporaneously by a veterinary surgeon, pharmacist or a person holding an appropriate manufacturer’s authorization. There are additional requirements for treating food-producing animals: drugs must be authorized for use in food animals, otherwise the treated animal (or eggs) should not be eaten. General Medicines (restrictions on the administration of veterinary medicinal products) Regulations 1994 (SI 1994/2987) as amended by SI 199712884 (Amelia 8) Abandonment of Animals Act 1960 Protection of Animals Act 1911 The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 as amended states that regulated procedures causing pain, distress or lasting harm in live vertebrate animals and the octopus must be authorized. Researchers and premises must also be authorized. This Act applies to zoos and fieldwork. It does not apply to procedures which are recognized veterinary, agricultural and animal husbandry practices. Most behavioural observation is not covered by the Act. Animals Act 1971 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 This Act makes provision with respect to civil liability for damage done by animals. It places liability on the keeper, who at the time may not be the owner. References and further reading Cooper ME (1987) An introduction to Animal Law. Academic Press, London Greenwood AG, Cusdin PA and Radford M (2001) Defra Research Contract: CR0246. Effectiveness Study of the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2000) Common Zoonoses in Agriculture. HSE Books, London Roberts V and Scott-Park F (2008) BSAVA Manual of Farm Pets. BSAVA Publications, Gloucester Useful websites The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Animal Health: www.defra.gov.uk/animalhealth/cites Health and Safety Executive (HSE): www.hse.gov.uk Health Protection Agency: www.hpa.org.uk The ICUN Red List of Threatened Species: www.iucnredlist.org Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC): www.jncc.gov.uk United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre: www.unep-wcmc.org Veterinary Medicines Directorate: www.gov.uk/vmd 1911 to abandon an animal without reasonable excuse in circumstances likely to cause it suffering. For example, prosecutions have been sought in regard of pet cockatiels released when an owner moved house. The Abandonment of Animals Act 1960 makes it an offence of cruelty under the Protection of Animals Act www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 393 23 North American legislation Cathy Johnson-Delaney Introduction Veterinary surgeons within the United States (US) must be familiar with local, state, federal and international regulations pertaining to the exotic pet trade, zoological and wildlife species. This includes transportation, sale, animal husbandry, agricultural impact and public health implications, in addition to the legalities of private and public ownership of exotic species. Canadian veterinary surgeons have a smaller number of regulations and agencies that apply to exotic pets and wildlife. Both countries accept international policy concerning animals set by the ‘Washington’ Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (see Chapter 22). Air transportation of live animals Major airlines in both the US and Canada are members of the International Air Transportation Association (IATA), which was established to standardize air transport policies and sets humane guidelines for shipping animals. The Live Animal Regulations were developed to ensure the safety and welfare of all species of animal during air transportation. More than 230 airlines comply with these regulations, which are endorsed by CITES. IATA sets the standard for animal shipping crate design, size and material to ensure safe accommodation for the animal and safety for the airlines. In the US these crate standards are accepted as meeting or exceeding the transportation requirements of the Animal Welfare Act 1966. United States Several different federal government departments and agencies are involved with exotic animals and wildlife. • The 5nited States Department of !griculture (5SD!) includes the !nimal and Plant Health Inspection Service (!PHIS). The mission of !PHIS is to promote the health and well being of US citizens and export customers through administration of federal laws and regulations (in cooperation with state governments), which pertain to animal and plant health, quarantine, humane treatment of animals, and the control and eradication of pests and disease. • The !nimal Health (!H, formerly 6eterinary Services) Division of !PHIS controls quarantine, importation of agricultural animals and birds, and interstate transportation. The !H Division also oversees the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Iowa, as well as programmes such as brucellosis eradication and bovine spongiform encephalopathy surveillance. • The !nimal Care (!C) Division of !PHIS is responsible for enforcement of the Animal Welfare Act 1966. • The 5nited States Department of the Interior (5SDOI) includes the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The FWS is responsible for enforcing US and international wildlife protection laws including: – CITES – Endangered Species Act 1973 – Lacey Act 1900 – Bald Eagle Protection !ct 10 – Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 – Feather Import Quota: Tariff Classification Act 1930 – Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918 – African Elephant Conservation Act 1989. The FSW is also responsible for permitting owning, selling and/or transporting captive-bred wildlife. • The 5nited States Department of Commerce (5SDOC) includes the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The NMFS in conjunction with the FWS is responsible for the enforcement of the Marine Mammal Protection !ct 172 and the Endangered Species Act 1973 as it pertains to cetaceans and pinnipeds. The NMFS is also responsible for administering the Fur Seal Act 1966, which prohibits the taking of northern fur seals as well as the sale, importation, transportation and possession of northern fur seals or their parts. • The 5nited States Department of Health and Human Services (5SDHH) oversees the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). • The CDCs office of Global Migration and 1uarantine enforces the Public Health Service !ct 1. Figure 23.1 provides a summary of US regulations and the animals to which they apply. www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 394 23.1 US regulations and the animals to which they apply. Animals Regulations Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates) Animal Welfare Act 1966 (AWA); CITES; Endangered Species Act 1973 (ESA); Lacey Act 1900 (LA); United States Department of !griculture (5SD!) quarantine and importation regulations (except hippopotamuses) Carnivora (carnivores) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,! (including inJurious animal regulations, ,! IN*)fl Marine Mammal Protection !ct 172 (MMP!fl e.g. polar bears, sea otters) Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,!fl MMP! Chiroptera (bats) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,!fl ,! IN*fl Public Health Service !ct 1 (PHS!) Dermoptera (flying lemurs) AWA; LA Eagles Bald and golden Bald Eagle Protection !ct 10 (BEP!)fl ES! Edentata (anteaters, sloths, armadillos) AWA; ESA; CITES; LA Hyracoidea (hyrax) AWA; LA Insectivora AWA; CITES; ESA; LA Lagomorpha (hares, rabbits, pikas) AWA; CITES; ESA; LA; LA-INJ (European rabbit) Mandarin duck Feathers only: Feather Import Quota (FIQ): Tariff Classification Act 1930 Marsupialia (marsupials) AWA; CITES; ESA; LA Migratory birds Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918 (MBTA); CITES; ESA Monotremata (platypus, echidnas) AWA; CITES; LA Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,!fl 5SD! quarantine and importation regulations (not rhinoceroses) Pheasants (5 species) Feathers only: FIQ Pholidota (pangolins) AWA; CITES; ESA; LA Pinnipedia (seals and sea lions) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl MMP!fl Fur Seal !ct 1 (FS!) (northern fur seal only, which is exempt from the MMP!) Primata (primates) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,!fl PHS! Proboscidea (elephants) AWA; CITES; ESA; LA Psittaciformes (parrots) Non 5S Wild Bird Conservation !ct 12 (WBC!)fl CITESfl ES!fl PHS!fl 5SD! quarantine and importation regulations Ratites (ostriches, emus, rheas, cassowaries) Eggs and chicks only 5SD! quarantine and importation regulationsfl CITESfl ES!fl PHS! Rodentia (rodents) !W! (except domestic rats, mice)fl CITESfl ,!fl ,! IN*fl PHS! Scandentia (tree shrews) AWA; CITES; ESA; LA Sirenia (manatees, dugongs) !W!fl CITESfl ES!fl ,!fl MMP! Testudinata (turtles and tortoises) PHS!fl CITESfl ES! (does not include leather back turtles or marine chelonians) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) AWA; CITES; LA www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 395 Quarantine, import and export regulations Animal quarantine, import and export regulations are administered by the !H Division of !PHIS. The regulations apply to all avian species, members of the order Artiodactyla (except hippopotamuses) and members of the order Perissodactyla. The 5SD! should be contacted for specific requirements prior to the import or export of any animal. In addition, prior to export, the country of receipt should also be consulted for requirements. Health certificates Animals transported across state lines are required by the !H Division of !PHIS to have a certificate issued by a 5SD! accredited licensed veterinary surgeon, certifying that the animal is free from infectious disease, including rabies. Most states have adapted the federal form (record of acquisition, disposition or transport of animals) for domestic animals, but for non-domestic species the federal form is required. The veterinary surgeon is responsible for submitting a copy of the certificate to the state of origin’s state veterinary office. Birds Birds imported for pet or zoological display must be accompanied by an import permit issued in advance of the shipment in compliance with the Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 and CITES. A health certificate issued by a government veterinary surgeon of the exporting country is required. Birds are inspected by a 5SD! veterinary surgeon at the designated port of entry, and are then quarantined for 30 days in a 5SD! approved facility (privately owned or government operated) at the port of entry. All birds are screened for Newcastle disease and fed an antibiotic diet to suppress Chlamydophila psittaci. Birds imported as pets are quarantined at the owner’s expense. Birds imported from Canada that have been in the owner’s possession for at least 90 days prior to importation, and pass a health inspection at a designated Canadian border port, are not required to undergo quarantine. In 1989 importation of ratites (cassowaries, emus, ostriches and rheas) was prohibited due to exotic ectoparasite arthropod infestation of ostriches arriving from Africa and Europe. In 1990 the ruling was modified to permit restricted entry of certified parasitefree chicks and hatching eggs. Ungulates A permit is required to import ruminants (including cervids), swine and horses from certain countries into the US. Elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses and tapirs must be treated for ticks. Animal Welfare Act 1966 The Animal Welfare Act became law in 1966 and has been amended several times. The intent was to ensure humane treatment of warm-blooded animals used for exhibition, research or as pets. The Animal Welfare Act 1966 excludes birds, rats and mice. It is administered by the !C Division of !PHIS, which issues registrations to animal breeders/dealers (including pet stores that sell non-human primates and other exotic small mammals such as sugar gliders or hedgehogs), transporters, exhibitors (zoos, collections open to the public, circuses, entertainment animals) and research facilities. The requirements for animal care as set down in the Act must be met or exceeded before registration is issued. In this context, exhibitors also includes aquariums that show mammals. Private zoos, collections and ‘sanctuaries’ are exempt unless they sell, trade or transport animals across state lines. Many exhibitors request inspection and registration to gain legitimacy for their programmes. The regulations cover humane health and husbandry standards (feeding, water quality, ambient temperature, space and furnishings, handling, transportation, detailed facility structure and veterinary care) along with requirements for environmental enrich ment and promotion of psychological well being. The Animal Welfare Act 1966 requires that institu tions conducting animal research have a review committee (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, IACUC) as well as documentation of all activities conducted under the Act. Bald Eagle Protection Act 1940 The Bald Eagle Protection !ct was enacted in 10 and has been amended several times. It prohibits the taking, possession or transportation of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) or golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) or their parts, nests or eggs without a permit. Sale, exportation and importation is also prohibited. This Act is administered by the FWS. Permits may be granted for scientific, exhibition or Native American religious purposes, or as part of depredation control. At the time of writing, the Act is being reviewed due to the population recovery of the two species. Endangered Species Act 1973 The Endangered Species Act was enacted in 1973 and continues to be challenged and amended. It is intended to prevent the decline of wild animals and plants by prohibiting or restricting import, export, possession or commerce of critical species. • Species in danger of extinction are listed as ‘Endangered’. • Species likely to become endangered are listed as ‘Threatened’. The two lists include wildlife and plants both native and foreign. If a species recovers, it may have its status changed or be removed from the list completely. For example, the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was listed as endangered in 1973, and removed from the list in 2007 as the population had rebounded and was deemed stable. The addition of species to the lists can be initiated by private individuals, the Secretary of the Interior or the Secretary of Commerce through the NMFS. The procedure is complex and requires scientific proof of www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 396 population decline. A critical habitat for the proposed species must be designated within 1 year of the listing. All proposals must be published in the Federal Register and are open to public comment. Permits for prohibited activities (e.g. scientific research, propagation programmes, zoological, horticultural or botanical exhibition) may be granted by the FWS. Captive-bred wildlife registration regulation of the Endangered Species Act became effective in 1979. This decreases the permit requirements for captive-born exotic, endangered or threatened species when prohibited activities enhance the propagation or survival of the species. ‘Enhancing the propagation or survival of the species’ includes activities that are shown not to be detrimental to the survival of wild or captive populations of the affected species. It provides for: • Healthcare • Management of populations (by culling, contraception, euthanasia, grouping or handling) to control of survivorship and reproduction, using similar practices of animal husbandry employed to maintain captive populations that are selfsustaining and possess as much genetic vitality as possible • !ccumulation and holding of living wildlife that are not immediately needed or suitable for propagation or scientific purposes • Transfer of wildlife between individuals to relieve crowding or other problems that hinder the propagation or survival of the captive population at the location from which the wildlife would be removed • Exhibition of living wildlife in a manner designed to educate the public about the ecological role and conservation needs of the affected species. Individuals, wildlife and zoological facilities are eligible to apply for captive-bred wildlife registration. Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 The Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 established a new federal system to limit or prohibit importation of exotic bird species. It imposed an immediate moratorium on certain exotic bird species identified by CITES, and provided the procedure for the Secretary of the Interior to suspend trade in any CITES-listed bird species and remove trade suspensions on other species. The Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to publish in the Federal Register the list of exotic bird species for which trade was allowed, and provided procedures for determining such species. The Act provided criteria to determine whether exotic bird breeding facilities in other nations ‘qualified’ to export species to the US. The Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 allows for the periodic review of trade in non-CITES species, and authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to impose emergency moratoria or quotas if necessary for species conservation. The Act also directs the Secretary of the Interior to request information from exporting nations on their conservation programmes for wild birds. It also designates purposes for which the Secretary of the Interior can issue permits (i.e. exemptions) for the importation of exotic birds. In addition, the Act has established guidelines for civil and criminal penalties for violations of the law, as well as enforcement guidelines and funding. It established an Exotic Bird Conservation Fund and directs the Secretary of the Interior to select, for assistance, projects in countries of wild bird origin. The Act also requires review of additional wild bird conservation programmes. Feather Import Quota: Tariff Classification Act 1930 This Act, administered by the FWS, sets limits on the importation of skins and feathers from six bird species (it does not apply to live birds): • Blue eared pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum) • Gold pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) • ,ady !mherst pheasant (Chrysolophus amherstiae) • Reeves pheasant (Surmaticus reevesii) • Silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera) • Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). Lacey Act 1900 The Lacey Act was originally passed in 1900 and has been amended several times. It includes provisions that prohibit the importation, transportation or acquisition of any wildlife or their eggs, designated as injurious (LA-INJ) to the environment, to people, or to wild or agricultural animals and plants, into the US without a permit. The Act also makes it illegal to ship injurious wildlife across state lines. Species considered to be injurious include those of the genus Pteropus, Atilax, Cynictis, Helogale, Herpestes, Ichneumia, Mungos, Suricata, Oryctolagus or Cuon. The Act also prohibits the transportation in interstate or foreign commerce of wildlife taken, transported, possessed or sold in violation of any state or foreign law, international treaty, US regulation or Native American tribal law. The Act is enforced by the FWS and assists foreign countries and individual states to enforce their wildlife conservation laws. Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918 The Migratory Bird Treaty Act was passed in 1918 and implements treaties between Great Britain, Canada, Mexico, Japan, the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the US to protect migratory birds. It makes it illegal to take, possess, buy or sell a listed species. Permits for banding, marking, scientific collection, depredation control, taxidermy, waterfowl sale and disposal, falconry, and special purposes may be granted by the FWS. Sport hunting of certain migratory game birds is permitted in accordance with federal hunting regulations. Public, scientific and educational institutions are exempt from the Act but are required to maintain records on acquisition and disposition of listed species. www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 397 Public Health Service Act 1946 The Public Health Service !ct 1 was introduced to prevent the spread of communicable diseases by certain imported animals and applies to psittacine birds, turtles, tortoises and terrapins including their eggs (non-marine species), non-human primates, and domestic cats and dogs. Non-human primate importers must meet the requirements of CITES, the Endangered Species Act 1973 and the Animal Welfare Act 1966. At the time of writing, the Act prohibits importation of more than six viable turtle eggs of a live turtle with a carapace length of ≤10 cm without a permit. A permit is not required for turtles with a carapace length >10 cm or for those marine species belonging to the families Dermochelidae and Chelonidae. The intent is to ensure that only individuals who have demonstrated that turtles will be isolated or confined in appropriate holding facilities to prevent human infection from Salmonella are granted permits. The regulation concerning the 10 cm turtle carapace rule is being debated as vendors of turtles are trying to prove that they can breed, distribute and maintain Salmonellafree turtles and tortoises for the pet trade. The Act also requires that transportation of psittacine birds across state lines must be accompanied by a permit issued by the state health department in the receiving state, if such a permit is required by the state. In addition, transportation of psittacine birds can be restricted by order of the US Surgeon General in areas that have been declared to be infected with psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci). Canada Canada has far fewer regulations concerning exotic pets, zoological species and wildlife than the US. Environment Canada Canada Wildlife Act 1973 Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1994 Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA) 1992 Environmental (Species and Public Protection) Amendment Act 2008 Environmental Management Act 2004 The primary regulation is the Canada Wildlife Act 1973, enforced under Environment Canada. This Act specifies the creation, management and protection of wildlife areas (designated National Wildlife Areas). Environment Canada also enforces the Migratory Bird Conservation !ct 1, which protects and conserves migratory birds and their habitats. The Wild !nimal and Plant Protection and Regulation of Inter national and Interprovincial Trade !ct (W!PPRIIT!) protects Canadian and foreign animals and plant species from illegal trade. It also protects Canada’s ecosystems from introduction of harmful species and allows for measures necessary for efficient enforcement of CITES. 5nder W!PPRIIT! is the Species at Risk Assessment (SARA) provision. This provision allows for the protection and recovery of endangered or threatened plant and animal species, and for a list of these species to be generated. It also provides the framework to allow the different governments in Canada, organizations and individuals to work together to implement the regulations and decisions pertaining to the provision. In addition, SARA also establishes penalties for committing offences under W!PPRIIT!. The Committee for the Status of Endangered Wildlife Species in Canada (COSEWIC) continually reviews the status of wildlife species in relation to the provision, and the Habitat Stewardship Program provides information concerning the regulations and decisions to the public. At present, there are few laws in Canada that prevent the ownership, sale or trade of exotic animals. In 2008 British Columbia passed the Environmental (Species and Public Protection) !mendment !ct (which amends the Canada Wildlife Act 1973 and the Environmental Management !ct 200). The Environmental (Species and Public Protection) Amendment Act 2008 fills regulatory gaps for managing and regulating ownership of alien species within the province. The Act also has the authority to address possession, breeding, release, trafficking, shipping or transportation of alien species, including tigers, venomous snakes and other animals which are potentially harmful to the public and/or native wildlife. The Act can also set penalties for offences. Under the Environmental (Species and Public Protection) !mendment !ct 2008, the Minister can prohibit or regulate keeping of a listed alien species, making it an offence to acquire, possess or sell a listed species unless authorized within the regulation. The Environmental (Species and Public Protection) !mendment !ct 2008 is being considered as the first step in setting standards for exotic animal ownership, care, trade and transport. In March of 2009 new regulations under the Canada Wildlife Act 1973 were enacted. The new regulations prohibit the breeding, acquisition, selling or possessing of any listed exotic animal. Accredited zoos, research and educational facilities will be required to apply for permits from the Ministry of Environment for each animal. The film industry will also be regulated and required to obtain permits for temporarily bringing in any listed animal. A full list of controlled alien/ exotic species and the requirements and restrictions under the new regulations are available from the Ministry of Environment. Canadian Food Inspection Agency Health of Animals Act 1990 The !nimal Health Imports division of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) is responsible for the Health of !nimals !ct 10 and regulations concerning pet importation. Requirements for importation of pet species are available from the CFIA website. The categories are listed as: www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter 23 North American legislation 398 • !mphibians, reptiles and birds from the 5S • Cats, dogs, fish, foxes, skunks and birds from other countries • Ferrets (from the 5S), guinea pigs, gerbils, mice, rats, chinchillas, hamsters and other pet rodents • Horses (from the 5S), pet rabbits, pet primates, scorpions or spiders. Animals from countries other than the US have different requirements. For example, a pet ferret from the US does not require an importation permit but does require a vaccination certification for rabies within 1 year. If the ferret is under 3 months of age, no certificate or vaccination is needed. References and further reading Vehrs KL (1996) Appendix 3: Summary of United States wildlife regulations applicable to zoos. In: Wild Mammals in Captivity Principles and Techniques, ed.DG +leiman et al., pp. 593–599. University of Chicago Press, Illinois Wells-Mikota SK (1993) Wildlife laws, regulations and policies. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy 3, ed. ME Fowler, pp. 3–10. WB Saunders, Philadelphia Useful websites !nimal and Plant Health Inspection Service (!PHIS) www.aphis.usda.gov Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) www.inspection.gc.ca Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS) www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) www.cdc.gov Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) www.fws.gov International Air Transportation Association (IATA) www.iata.org List of birds protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918 www.fws.gov/migratorybirds Ministry of Environment www.env.gov.bc.ca/fw/wildlifeactreview/cas www.fiqahjafria.com

Chapter XX XX 399 Appendix Conversion tables Biochemistry SI unit Conversion Non-SI unit Alanine aminotransferase IU / l x 1 IU / I Albumin g / l x 0.1 g / dl Alkaline phosphatase IU / l x 1 IU / l Aspartate aminotransferase IU / l x 1 IU / l Bilirubin µmol / l x 0.0584 mg / dl Calcium mmol / l x 4 mg / dl Carbon dioxide (total) mmol / l x 1 mEq / l Cholesterol mmol / l x 38.61 mg / dl Chloride mmol / l x 1 mEq / l Cortisol nmol / l x 0.362 ng / ml Creatine kinase IU / l x 1 IU / I Creatinine µmol / l x 0.0113 mg / dl Glucose mmol / l x 18.02 mg / dl Insulin pmol / l x 0.1394 µlU / ml Iron µmol / l x 5.587 µg / dl Magnesium mmol / l x 2 mEq / l Phosphorus mmol / l x 3.1 mg / dl Potassium mmol / l x 1 mEq / l Sodium mmol / l x 1 mEq / l Total protein g / l x 0.1 g / dl Thyroxine (T4) (free) pmol / l x 0.0775 ng / dl Thyroxine (T4) (total) nmol / I x 0.0775 µg / dl Tri-iodothyronine (T3) nmol / I x 65.1 ng / dl Triglycerides mmol / l x 88.5 mg / dl Urea mmol / l x 2.8 mg of urea nitrogen / dl Temperature SI unit Conversion Conventional unit ° C (x 9/5) + 32 ° F Haematology SI unit Conversion Non-SI unit Red blood cell count 1012 / l x 1 106 / µl Haemoglobin g / l x 0.1 g / dl MCH pg / cell x 1 pg / cell MCHC g / l x 0.1 g / dl MCV fl x 1 µm3 Platelet count 109 / l x 1 103 / µl White blood cell count 109 / l x 1 103 / µl Hypodermic needles Metric Non-metric External diameter 0.8 mm 21 G 0.6 mm 23 G 0.5 mm 25 G 0.4 mm 27 G Needle length 12 mm 1 /2 inch 16 mm 5 /8 inch 25 mm 1 inch 30 mm 11 /4 inch 40 mm 11 /2 inch Suture material sizes Metric USP 0.1 11/0 0.2 10/0 0.3 9/0 0.4 8/0 0.5 7/0 0.7 6/0 1 5/0 1.5 4/0 2 3/0 3 2/0 3.5 0 4 1 5 2 6 3 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 400 Index Page numbers in italics indicate figures Abandonment of Animals Act 1960 392 Abscesses chinchillas 48 degus 50 guinea pigs 57 lizards 283 primates 162 rabbits 83, 87, 99 snakes 307 tortoises and turtles 262, 263, 268–9 Acanthocephala, primates 160 Acarapis woodi, honeybees 379 Acarus farris, gerbils 15 Acepromazine hystricomorph rodents 54 myomorph rodents 22 primates 163 rabbits 96 ratites 231 sugar gliders 122 Aciclovir birds of prey 219 cage and aviary birds 187 tortoises and turtles 270 Actinomyces spp., wallabies 120 Adenovirus crocodilians 244 guinea pigs 44 racing pigeons 193 ‘ADR’ syndrome, birds of prey 208 Adrenaline birds of prey 218 hystricomorph rodents 60 snakes 314 Aegyptianella pullorum, ostriches 227 Aeromonas spp. frogs and toads 323 snakes 303, 307 tortoises and turtles 264 Aeromonas hydrophila, salamanders and axolotls 334 Aethina turnida, honeybees 382 African pygmy hedgehogs anaesthesia/analgesia 145 biology 139–40 common conditions 142–4 diagnostic approach 141–2 drug formulary 145–7 euthanasia 145 handling and restraint 140–1 husbandry 140 supportive care 144–5 surgery 145 Aggression chipmunks 70 hamsters 10, 18 lizards 275 rabbits 93 rats and mice 18 Air transportation of live animals, legislation 393 Albendazole hystricomorph rodents 59 primates 165 rabbits 101 ratites 233 Aleutian disease, ferrets 133 Alfaxalone cage and aviary birds 186 lizards 290, 293 rabbits 96 tortoises and turtles 267 Allergic/irritant rhinitis/bronchitis in rabbits 87 Allopurinol birds of prey 219 frogs and toads 329 lizards 293 snakes 314 Alopecia chinchillas 47 degus 49 duprasi 51 ferrets 135 guinea pigs 40 opossums 117 Aluminium hydroxide, hystricomorph rodents 60 Amblyomma spp., snakes 304 American foulbrood, honeybees 382 Amikacin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 cage and aviary birds 185 crocodilians 248 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 327 hystricomorph rodents 58 lizards 292 marine fish 371 primates 165 ratites 233 snakes 313 wallabies 123 Aminophylline hystricomorph rodents 60 prairie dogs 72 ratites 233 snakes 314 Amitraz hystricomorph rodents 59 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 Ammonia toxicity, marine fish 365–6 Amoxicillin birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 primates 165 racing pigeons 199 snakes 313 sugar gliders 122 tortoises and turtles 270 Amoxicillin/clavulanate African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 ferrets 138 mice 26 primates 165 ratites 233 rats 26 sugar gliders 122 Amphibians (frogs and toads) anaesthesia/analgesia 326 biology 316–17 common conditions 323–5 diagnostic approach 320–2 drug formulary 328–9 euthanasia 327 handling and restraint 319–20 husbandry 317–19 supportive care 325–6 surgery 326–7 Amphibians (salamanders, axolotls, caecilians) anaesthesia/analgesia 335 biology 331–2 common conditions 334–5 diagnostic approach 333–4 drug formulary 336 euthanasia 336 handling and restraint 333 husbandry 332–3 supportive care 335 surgery 336 Amphotericin B birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 frogs and toads 328 tortoises and turtles 271 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 401 Ampicillin myomorph rodents 26 ratites 233 Amprolium, wallabies 124 Amputations frogs and toads 327 lizards 291–2 rabbits 99 snakes 311 Amyloidosis, myomorph rodents 13 Amyloodinium oscellata, marine fish 366 Anaemia, African pygmy hedgehogs 142 Anaesthesia/analgesia African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 216 cage and aviary birds 184–5 chipmunks 74 crocodilians 246–7 ferrets 137 freshwater fish 352–3 frogs and toads 326 hystricomorph rodents 53–6 invertebrates 383–4 lizards 289–90 marine fish 369–70 myomorph rodents 21–3 otters 137 prairie dogs 74 primates 163–4 rabbits 95–7 racing pigeons 198 ratites 231–2 salamanders and axolotls 335 snakes 309–10 sugar gliders 121 tortoises and turtles 267–8 Anal gland removal, ferrets 137–8 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) 393 Animal Health see Defra Animal Health Animal Health Act 1981 391 Animal Health and Welfare (Scotland) Act 2006 388 Animal Welfare Act 1966 393, 394, 395 Animal Welfare Act 2006 1, 388 Animals Act 1971 392 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 392 Anorexia chinchillas 47 chipmunks 69 degus 49 guinea pigs 40 opossums 117 salamanders and axolotls 334 tortoises and turtles 262, 265 Anthrax, ostriches 230 Antibiotic toxicity guinea pigs 43 myomorph rodents 12–13, 25 rabbits 88, 101 Aphanomyces invadans, marine fish 368 Aponomma spp., snakes 304 Aquatic Animal Health Directive 2006/88/EC 391 Argulus spp., freshwater fish 349 Arteriolar nephrosclerosis, hamsters 13 Arthritis crocodilians 245 lizards 286 Artificial incubation crocodilians 239 ratites 223–5 snakes 297 Ascaridia columbae, racing pigeons 195 Ascosphaera apis, honeybees 382 Aspergillosis birds of prey 209–10 ratites 230 Aspicularis, myomorph rodents 12 Aspirin hystricomorph rodents 54 opossums 125 primates 166 Assisted feeding see Nutritional support Atherosclerosis, falcon 203 Atipamezole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 ferrets 137 hystricomorph rodents 54 myomorph rodents 22 Atovaquone, wallabies 124 Atrial thrombosis, hamsters 18 Atropine African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 54, 60 marine fish 372 marsupials 125 myomorph rodents 27 ratites 231 snakes 314 Autotomy lizards 274 spiders 384 Avian influenza legislation 391 ratites 228 Avian pox, cage and aviary birds 182 Axolotls see Amphibians (salamanders, axolotls, caecilians) Azaperone, ratites 231 Azithromycin birds of prey 217 rats 26 Aztreonam, freshwater fish 356 Bacillus anthracis, ostriches 230 Bacitracin, ratites 233 Bacteroides spp. snakes 303 wallabies 120 Balantidium spp., primates 159 Bald Eagle Protection Act 1940 394, 395 Barbering gerbils 18 guinea pigs 32 rats and mice 18 Bartonella sp., duprasi 51 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, amphibians 323, 333, 334 Baylisascaris spp. African pygmy hedgehogs 143 prairie dogs 71, 72 skunks 127 Baylisascaris columnaris, skunks 130 Baylisascaris procyonis, chinchillas 48 Beak clipping, cage and aviary birds 172 Beak overgrowth, tortoises and turtles 262 Behavioural problems chipmunks 70 psittacine birds 178, 179, 182 rabbits 93 sugar gliders 115 Benazepril hystricomorph rodents 60 myomorph rodents 27 Benzalkonium chloride frogs and toads 328 salamanders and axolotls 336 Benzocaine freshwater fish 353, 356 marine fish 370 Benzoyl peroxide shampoo, myomorph rodents 26 Betanodavirus, marine fish 368 Birds (cage and aviary) anaesthesia/analgesia 184–5 biology 167–71 common conditions 176–82 diagnostic approach 173–6 drug formulary 185–7 euthanasia 185 handling and restraint 173 husbandry 171–3 supportive care 182–4 Birds (ostriches, emus, rheas) anaesthesia/analgesia 231–2 biology 221–2 common conditions 227–30 diagnostic approach 226–7 drug formulary 233 euthanasia 232 handling and restraint 225 husbandry 222–5 supportive care 230–1 surgery 232 Birds (of prey) anaesthesia/analgesia 216 biology 200–1 common conditions 207–14 diagnostic approach 204–7 drug formulary 217–19 euthanasia 216 handling and restraint 204 husbandry 202–4 supportive care 214–16 Birds (racing pigeons) anaesthesia/analgesia 198 biology 188–9 common conditions 193–8 diagnostic approach 191–3 drug formulary 199 euthanasia 198 handling and restraint 190–1 husbandry 189–90 supportive care 198 surgery 198 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 402 Blindness, crocodilians 243 Blood pressure measurement, hystricomorph rodents 56 Blood sampling African pygmy hedgehogs 142 amphibians 321 birds 175, 192, 193, 206, 226–7 crocodilians 240–2 ferrets 132 fish 345–6, 365 lizards 281–2 marsupials 114–15 primates 156–7 rabbits 84 rodents 8, 38, 68, 73, 74 snakes 300–1 tortoises and turtles 259–60 ‘Blue fur’ disease, rabbits 88 Bordetella spp. hamsters 11 primates 158 Bordetella bronchiseptica African pygmy hedgehogs 142 chinchillas 48 gerbils 11 guinea pigs 41, 43 Borrelia burgdorferi, chipmunks 70 Breeding see Reproduction Brooklynella hostilis, marine fish 366 Brumation, tortoises and turtles 254 Bumblefoot, birds of prey 210–12 Bupivacaine birds of prey 218 prairie dogs 74 rabbits 100 snakes 314 Buprenorphine African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 chipmunks 74 crocodilians 247 ferrets 137, 138 frogs and toads 326, 329 hystricomorph rodents 44, 54 marsupials 123 myomorph rodents 26 prairie dogs 74, 75 primates 166 rabbits 96, 101 snakes 314 tortoises and turtles 267 Burns lizards 283 snakes 303, 308 Butorphanol African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 crocodilians 247 ferrets 138 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 326, 329 hystricomorph rodents 54, 58 marsupials 121, 123 prairie dogs 74, 75 primates 166 rabbits 96, 101 ratites 231 snakes 314 tortoises and turtles 267 Cachexia, crocodilians 240 Caecilians see Amphibians (salamanders, axolotls, caecilians) Caecotrophy, rabbits 77, 80 Caesarean section guinea pigs 56–7 primates 164–5 Cage and aviary birds see Birds (cage and aviary) Cage paralysis, chipmunks 69 Calcitonin, tortoises and turtles 265 Calcium disodium versenate, chinchillas 48 Calcium EDTA see Edetate calcium disodium Calcium glubionate, frogs and toads 329 Calcium gluconate African pygmy hedgehogs 147 cage and aviary birds 187 crocodilians 248 hystricomorph rodents 60 lizards 293 Campylobacter spp. guinea pigs 43 primates 158, 160 Canada Wildlife Act 1973 397 Canadian Food Inspection Agency 397 Candida spp. primates 159 sugar gliders 115 Candida albicans guinea pigs 43 racing pigeons 194 ratites 230 wallabies 120 Canine distemper, ferrets 133 Cannibalism, myomorph rodents 5 Caparinia spp., African pygmy hedgehogs 143 Capillaria spp. birds of prey 205, 213 racing pigeons 195 tortoises and turtles 264 Carbaryl powder hystricomorph rodents 59 sugar gliders 123 Carbenicillin frogs and toads 327 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 270 Cardiocentesis, snakes 301 Cardiomyopathy African pygmy hedgehogs 142 chinchillas 47 ferrets 135 guinea pigs 40 opossums 117 Carnidazole, birds of prey 217 L-Carnitine, opossums 125 Carp pox, freshwater fish 347 Carprofen birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 187 ferrets 137, 138 freshwater fish 356 hystricomorph rodents 54 myomorph rodents 26 primates 166 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 231 snakes 314 Caryospora spp. birds of prey 213 snakes 305 Castration African pygmy hedgehogs 145 chipmunks 75 ferrets 137 lizards 291 myomorph rodents 23–4 prairie dogs 75 rabbits 98 (see also Orchidectomy) Cataracts chipmunks 69 degus 49 guinea pigs 40, 41 sugar gliders 115 tortoises and turtles 262 Cediopsylla multispinosus, rabbits 89 Cefalexin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 217 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 58 mice 26 primates 165 rabbits 101 rats 26 sugar gliders 122 Cefaloridine, hystricomorph rodents 58 Cefotaxime ratites 233 tortoises and turtles 271 Ceftazidime crocodilians 248 freshwater fish 357 lizards 292 primates 165 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Ceftiofur African pygmy hedgehogs 145 hystricomorph rodents 58 ratites 233 tortoises and turtles 271 Cefuroxime snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Celecoxib, cage and aviary birds 187 Cellulitis, crocodilians 245 Cerebrospinal fluid collection crocodilians 242 primates 157 Cervical lymphadenitis, guinea pigs 42 Chandlerella quiscali, emus 227 Chapmania tauricollis, rheas 227 Cheek pouch impaction, hamsters 12 Cheilitis, guinea pigs 40 Chelonians see Tortoises and turtles Cheyletiella parasitovorax, rabbits 89 Chilodinella, freshwater fish 348 Chinchillas anaesthesia/analgesia 53–6 antibiotic toxicity 58 biology 28–32 common conditions 46–8 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 403 diagnostic approach 36–9 drug formulary 58–62 euthanasia 58 handling and restraint 36 husbandry 33–5 supportive care 51–3 surgery 57 Chipmunks anaesthesia/analgesia 74 biology 63–5 common conditions 68–70 diagnostic approach 68 handling and restraint 67 husbandry 65–7 supportive care 73 surgery 75 Chlamydophila spp. cage and aviary birds 181 crocodilians 244, 245 frogs and toads 323 guinea pigs 41 Chlamydophila caviae, guinea pigs 44 Chlamydophila psittaci cage and aviary birds 178 guinea pigs 44 racing pigeons 196 ratites 229 Chlamydophilosis legislation, UK and Europe 390–1 Chloramphenicol African pygmy hedgehogs 145 chinchillas 48 ferrets 138 frogs and toads 327 hystricomorph rodents 58 marsupials 123 myomorph rodents 26 tortoises and turtles 271 Chloroquine marine fish 366, 367, 371 tortoises and turtles 272 Chloroquine/primaquine, birds of prey 217 Chlorphenamine, guinea pigs 60 Chondrodysplasia, duprasi 51 Chorionic gonadotrophin ferrets 138 guinea pigs 61 Chorioptes spp., African pygmy hedgehogs 143 Chromodacryorrhoea, myomorph rodents 10 Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) lizards 283 snakes 304 Chytridiomycosis, amphibians 323–4, 333, 334 Cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, rats 10 Cimetidine African pygmy hedgehogs 147 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 60 ratites 233 snakes 314 Ciprofloxacin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 frogs and toads 327 hystricomorph rodents 58 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 ratites 233 salamanders and axolotls 336 Circovirus, racing pigeons 193–4 Cisapride ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 60 marsupials 125 rabbits 101 snakes 314 CITES 255, 386–7, 394 Clarithromycin ferrets 135, 138 tortoises and turtles 271 Claw clipping cage and aviary birds 172–3 ferrets 131 Clazuril, birds of prey 217 Clindamycin birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 primates 165 tortoises and turtles 271 Cloacal prolapse frogs and toads 323 snakes 302, 306, 311 tortoises and turtles 262, 263, 269 Cloacal wash, freshwater fish 346 Clostridium spp. chinchillas 47 guinea pigs 40, 43 hamsters 12 snakes 303 Clostridium colinum, ratites 229 Clostridium perfringens ratites 229 tortoises and turtles 263 Clostridium piliforme guinea pigs 43 myomorph rodents 11 rabbits 89 Clotrimazole snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Cnemidocoptes spp., budgerigars 172 Cnemidocoptes pilae, cage and aviary birds 173 Codeine, frogs and toads 329 Coeliotomy freshwater fish 355 lizards 290–1 snakes 311 tortoises and turtles 269–70 Colchicine, birds of prey 219 Colestyramine, hystricomorph rodents 60 Colitis, primates 161 Colonic prolapse, lizards 291 Colopexy lizards 291 snakes 311 Columbicola columbae, racing pigeons 197 Commission Decision 2000/666/EC 387 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 180149001 386 Computed tomography crocodilians 240 rabbits 84 Conjunctivitis chinchillas 47 crocodilians 243 degus 49 guinea pigs 40 rabbits 88 rats and mice 9 tortoises and turtles 262, 263 Constipation, snakes 302, 306 Contraception ferrets 129–30 primates 153, 154 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations 1988 390 Control of Trade in Endangered Species (Enforcement) Regulations 1997 (COTES) 387 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 255, 386–7, 394 Copper sulphate, frogs and toads 328 Corneal calcification, gerbils 10 Corneal oedema, frogs and toads 323 Corneal ulceration, myomorph rodents 10 Corynebacterium spp. African pygmy hedgehogs 142 myomorph rodents 9 wallabies 120 Coryza, ostriches 229–30 COTES 387 Council Regulation (EC) No. 331567 386 Crocodilians anaesthesia/analgesia 246–7 biology 235–7 common conditions 242–5 diagnostic approach 240–2 drug formulary 247–8 euthanasia 247 handling and restraint 239 husbandry 237–9 supportive care 245–6 surgery 247 Crop stasis, birds of prey 208 tubing, birds of prey 215 Cryptocaryon irritans, marine fish 366, 367 Cryptococcus neoformans degus 49 primates 159 Cryptosporidium spp. chinchillas 47 guinea pigs 40 lizards 284 Cryptosporidium parvum, chipmunks 70 Cryptosporidium saurophilum, leopard gecko 284 Cryptosporidium serpentis, snakes 305 Ctenocephalides felis ferrets 134 rabbits 89 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 404 Culicoides crepuscularis, emus 227 Customs and Excise Management Act 1979 387 Cyathostoma variegatum, ratites 227 Cyclophosphamide, guinea pigs 60 Cystitis guinea pigs 44 rabbits 88 wallabies 120 Cystocentesis, rabbits 86 Cystotomy lizards 291 rabbits 98 Cytomegalovirus, cage and aviary birds 182 Dacryocystitis, rabbits 88 Dactylogyrus spp., freshwater fish 349 Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 388–9 Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976 (Modification) (No.2) Order 2007 388–9 Deferoxamine, cage and aviary birds 187 Defra Animal Health 387 Degus anaesthesia/analgesia 53–6 antibiotic toxicity 58 biology 29–32 common conditions 49–50 diagnostic approach 36–9 drug formulary 58–62 euthanasia 58 handling and restraint 36 husbandry 33–5 supportive care 51–3 surgery 57 Delmadinone, cage and aviary birds 186 Demodex spp. primates 160 rats 15 Demodex aurati, hamsters 15 Demodex criceti, hamsters 15 Demodex cuniculi, rabbits 89 Demodex meroni, gerbils 15 Dental disease/dentistry African pygmy hedgehogs 142 chinchillas 46, 57 chipmunks 69 crocodilians 243 duprasi 51 guinea pigs 42–3 myomorph rodents 25 lizards 284–5 prairie dogs 71, 72 primates 161 rabbits 88, 99–100 wallabies 119, 121 Dentostomella translucida, myomorph rodents 12 Dermatophilus spp., crocodilians 243 Dermatophytosis African pygmy hedgehogs 143 crocodilians 243 myomorph rodents 16 rabbits 89 Deslorelin cage and aviary birds 186 ferrets 129, 134, 135, 138 guinea pigs 45, 60 primates 153 Detomidine, ratites 231 Dexamethasone African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 60 marine fish 372 marsupials 125 rabbits 101 ratites 233 snakes 314 Dexmedetomidine, hystricomorph rodents 54 Diabetes mellitus cage and aviary birds 180 chinchillas 48 degus 49 ferrets 135 gerbils 19 guinea pigs 41 hamsters 19 primates 161 Diazepam African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 frogs and toads 329 guinea pigs 54, 61 marsupials 113, 123 myomorph rodents 22, 27 primates 163 rabbits 96 ratites 231, 232 snakes 314 tortoises and turtles 267, 270 Diazoxide, ferrets 134, 138 Diet African pygmy hedgehogs 140 amphibians 317–18, 319, 333 birds 167–9, 171–2, 189, 222, 203–4 ferrets/skunks/otters 129 fish 342, 363 invertebrates 375 marsupials 108–10 primates 151–3 rabbits 79 reptiles 237, 253–4, 278–9, 296 rodents 4–5, 33–4, 66 Diflubenzuron freshwater fish 357 marine fish 371 Digoxin African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 ferrets 138 opossums 125 Dimercaprol/BAL, birds of prey 219 Diphenhydramine, hystricomorph rodents 61 Directive 92/65 EEC 387 Diseases of Animals Act 1950 391 Diseases of Animals (Extension of Definition of Poultry) Order 1953 391 Diseases of Animals (Seizure) Order 1993 391 Diseases of Poultry (England) Order 2003 391 Distemper, ferrets 133 Dopamine, guinea pigs 61 Doramectin, birds of prey 218 Doxapram birds of prey 219 hystricomorph rodents 53, 61 myomorph rodents 22, 27 ratites 233 snakes 314 Doxycycline birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 frogs and toads 327 hystricomorph rodents 58 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 ratites 233 tortoises and turtles 271 ‘Dropsy’, freshwater fish 348, 350 Duprasi (fat-tailed gerbils) anaesthesia/analgesia 53–6 biology 29–32 common conditions 51 diagnostic approach 36–9 drug formulary 58–62 euthanasia 58 handling and restraint 36 husbandry 33–5 supportive care 51–3 surgery 57 Dysautonomia in rabbits 89 Dysbacteriosis, racing pigeons 194 Dysecdysis invertebrates 381 lizards 283 snakes 302, 308 Dyspnoea opossums 118 prairie dogs 71 Dystocia/egg binding cage and aviary birds 179 guinea pigs 45 invertebrates 381–2 lizards 286 primates 151, 161 snakes 302, 307–8 squirrel monkeys 151 tortoises and turtles 262 Ear margin canker, sugar gliders 115 Eastern equine encephalitis virus, emus 227–8 EC Directive 92/65/EEC 382 EC Regulation 331567 200 EC Zoos Directive (1991682/EC) 389 Ecdysis lizards 274 snakes 296 Echocardiography, snakes 300 Edetate calcium disodium birds of prey 219 cage and aviary birds 187 crocodilians 248 hystricomorph rodents 61 prairie dogs 73 Egg binding (see Dystocia) www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 405 Egg over-production, cage and aviary birds 179 Egg peritonitis, cage and aviary birds 179 Eimeria spp. chipmunks 70 rabbits 88 snakes 305 Eimeria caviae, guinea pigs 40, 43 Eimeria columbarum, racing pigeons 195 Eimeria labbeana, racing pigeons 195 Eimeria stiedae, rabbits 88 Electrocardiography, ferrets 131–2 Emus see Birds (ostriches, emus, rheas) Enalapril African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 ferrets 138 marsupials 125 Encephalitozoon cuniculi primates 159 rabbits 89, 92, 93 Encephalomalacia, crocodilians 245 Endangered Species Act 394, 395–6 Endometrial hyperplasia, rabbits 89 Endometrial venous aneurysm, rabbits 89 Endoscopy cage and aviary birds 174–5 crocodilians 240 invertebrates 378 lizards 281 snakes 300 Enilconazole birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 myomorph rodents 26 tortoises and turtles 271 Enrofloxacin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 crocodilians 248 ferrets 138 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 58 lizards 292 marine fish 371 marsupials 123 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Entamoeba histolytica, primates 159 Entamoeba invadens, snakes 305 Entamoeba ranarum, frogs and toads 324 Enteritis birds of prey 208 crocodilians 244 primates 158 rabbits 89 snakes 302, 306 Enterobius, primates 159 Entropion, rats 10 Enucleation freshwater fish 355 rabbits 99 Environment Canada 397 Environmental Management Act 2004 397 Environmental (Species and Public Protection) Amendment Act 2008 397 Ephedrine, guinea pigs 61 Epilepsy gerbils 14 primates 162 Epitheliotropic lymphoma, hamsters 17 Epstein–Barr virus, primates 158 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae emus 229 Erythromycin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 Erythropoietin African pygmy hedgehogs 147 snakes 314 Escherichia coli duprasi 51 emus 229 frogs and toads 323 guinea pigs 43 primates 158 rabbits 89 racing pigeons 196 snakes 303, 307 Etomidate, prairie dogs 74 European foulbrood, honeybees 382 European Union legislation 386, 387, 389, 391 Euthanasia African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 216 cage and aviary birds 185 crocodilians 247 ferrets 138 freshwater fish 355 frogs and toads 327 hystricomorph rodents 58 invertebrates 385 lizards 292 marine fish 370 myomorph rodents 25 primates 165 rabbits 100 racing pigeons 198 ratites 232 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 312 tortoises and turtles 270 F10 cage and aviary birds 186 lizards 292 myomorph rodents 27 Facial dermatitis, gerbils 16 Falconry 200, 202 Famotidine, ferrets 138 Feather damage, birds of prey 209 Feather Import Quota: Tariff Classification Act 1930 394, 396 Feather plucking birds of prey 208 parrots 178–9 Fenbendazole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 crocodilians 248 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 59 lizards 292 marsupials 124 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Fentanyl, frogs and toads 329 Fentanyl/fluanisone hystricomorph rodents 54, 55 myomorph rodents 22 rabbits 96 Ferrets anaesthesia/analgesia 137 biology 127–8 common conditions 133–6 diagnostic approach 131–4 drug formulary 138 euthanasia 138 handling and restraint 130–1 husbandry 128–30 supportive care 136 surgery 137–8 Fibrous osteodystrophy, guinea pigs 42 Fipronil African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 lizards 292 myomorph rodents 26 rabbits 101 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 First aid, freshwater fish 351 Fish and Wildlife Service 393 Flavobacterium spp., freshwater fish 348 Florfenicol freshwater fish 357 marine fish 371 Fluconazole birds of prey 217 crocodilians 248 primates 165 ratites 233 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Fluid therapy/rehydration African pygmy hedgehogs 145 amphibians 326, 335 birds 183, 215–16, 231 crocodilians 246 ferrets 136 invertebrates 383 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 406 Fluid therapy/rehydration continued lizards 288–9 primates 162 rabbits 95 rodents 21, 45, 52, 53, 73 snakes 310 tortoises and turtles 265–6 Flumazenil, hystricomorph rodents 54 Flunixin meglumine freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 54 marsupials 125 primates 166 ratites 231 Foreign bodies ferrets 137 frogs and toads 326–7 tortoises and turtles 262 Formaldehyde freshwater fish 357 marine fish 367, 371 Foulbrood, honeybees 382 Fractures African pygmy hedgehogs 143 birds of prey 213–14 cage and aviary birds 173 chipmunks 69 frogs and toads 327 guinea pigs 42 myomorph rodents 24–5 prairie dogs 73 primates 162 Francisella tularensis, prairie dogs 71 ‘Fridging’ amphibians 335 Frogs and toads see Amphibians (frogs and toads) Fur Seal Act 1966 394 Furosemide African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 61 lizards 293 marsupials 125 myomorph rodents 27 rabbits 99, 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 Fusarium solani, marine fish 368 Fusidic acid, rabbits 101 Fusobacterium necrophorum, wallabies 120 Gas bubble disease, marine fish 365 Gastric lavage, lizards 282 Gastric ulcers, crocodilians 244 Gastritis, crocodilians 244 Gastrointestinal hypomotility, rabbits 89 Gastrotomy, rabbits 98–9 Gentamicin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 58 marsupials 123 myomorph rodent toxicity 25 rabbits 87, 101 ratites 227 tortoises and turtles 271 Gerbils anaesthesia/analgesia 21–3 antibiotic toxicity 25 biology 1, 2, 3 common conditions 9–20 drug formulary 26–7 euthanasia 25 haematology/biochemistry 8–9 handling and restraint 6 husbandry 4, 5 respiratory disease 11 supportive care 20–1 surgery 23–5 Giardia spp. chinchillas 47 primates 159 sugar gliders 115 Giardia muris, myomorph rodents 12 Gill biopsy freshwater fish 346 marine fish 364 Gingivitis, crocodilians 243–4 Glaucoma crocodilians 243 myomorph rodents 10 Gliricola porcelli, guinea pigs 45 Glugea spp., marine fish 366, 368 Glycopyrrolate African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 hystricomorph rodents 54, 61 marsupials 121, 125 rabbits 95 Gout crocodilians 244 lizards 286 snakes 307 Griseofulvin African pygmy hedgehogs 146 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 40, 47, 49, 59 marsupials 124 primates 165 Guinea pigs anaesthesia/analgesia 53–6 antibiotic toxicity 43, 58 biology 28–31 common conditions 39–46 diagnostic approach 36–9 drug formulary 58–62 euthanasia 58 handling and restraint 35–6 husbandry 32–5 supportive care 51–3 surgery 56–7 Gyrodactylus spp., freshwater fish 349 Gyropus ovalis, guinea pigs 45 Haematology birds of prey 201 cage and aviary birds 175 crocodilians 242 ferrets 132 frogs and toads 322 hystricomorph rodents 38–9 invertebrates 379 myomorph rodents 8–9 primates 157 rabbits 85 ratites 227 snakes 301 tortoises and turtles 260–1 Haemochromatosis cage and aviary birds 172, 181 primates 161 Haemodipsus ventricosus, rabbits 90 Haemophilus spp. ostriches 229 primates 158 Haemoproteus, birds of prey 213 Haloperidol, cage and aviary birds 187 Halothane crocodilians 246 toxicity in guinea pigs 53 Hamster polyomavirus (papovavirus) 19 Hamsters anaesthesia/analgesia 21–3 antibiotic toxicity 25 biology 1, 2, 3 common conditions 9–20 drug formulary 26–7 euthanasia 25 haematology/biochemistry 8–9 handling and restraint 6 husbandry 4, 5 respiratory disease 11 supportive care 20–1 surgery 23–5 Handling and restraint African pygmy hedgehogs 140–1 amphibians 319–20, 333 birds 173, 189, 204, 222 ferrets/skunks/otters 130–1 fish 342–3, 363–4 invertebrates 376–7 marsupials 113–14, 115, 116 primates 155–6 rabbits 80–1 reptiles 239, 280, 297 rodents 6, 35–6, 67–8 tortoises and turtles 255 Hand-rearing chipmunks 66–7 primates 154–5 Harderian gland gerbils 9, 16 rats and mice 9 Head and lateral line erosion (HLLE), freshwater fish 349, 350 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 390 Health of Animals Act 1990 397–8 Heat stroke chinchillas 47 degus 50 Helicobacter mustelae, ferrets 135 Hemipenile prolapse lizards 286, 291 snakes 302, 308, 311 Hepatic lipidosis African pygmy hedgehogs 142 cage and aviary birds 180 lizards 285 rabbits 90 Hepatitis, crocodilians 244 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 407 Hermit crabs biology 373 housing 374, 375 out of shell 381 Herpesviruses African pygmy hedgehogs 142 cage and aviary birds 182 freshwater fish 347, 350 primates 158 racing pigeons 195–6 tortoises and turtles 263 wallabies 120 Heterothermy, marsupials 108 Hexamita spp. racing pigeons 195 ratites 227 Hibernation (brumation), tortoises and turtles 254 Histomonas meleagridis, ratites 227 Housing African pygmy hedgehogs 140 amphibians 317–19, 332–3 birds 171, 189, 203–4, 222–3 ferrets/skunks/otters 128–9 fish 339–42, 362–3 invertebrates 374–5 marsupials 107–8 primates 149–51 rabbits 78–9 reptiles 237–8, 251–3, 277–8, 295–6 rodents 4, 32–3, 65–6 Houttuynia struthionis, ratites 227 Human hygiene, primates 155 Hyalomma drommedarii, duprasi 51 Hydralazine, guinea pigs 61 Hydrocephalus, rats 14 Hymenolepis see Rodentolepis Hyperadrenocorticism ferrets 134–5 hamsters 18–19 Hypocalcaemia chipmunks 69 parrots 180 racing pigeons 194 Hypothermia, chipmunks 69 Hypothiaminosis, snakes 306 Hypovitaminosis A crocodilians 243, 244 frogs and toads 325 racing pigeons 194 tortoises and turtles 262, 264 Hypovitaminosis C, guinea pigs 45 Hypovitaminosis E, chipmunks 69 Hysterotomy, ratites 232 Ibuprofen, primates 166 Ichthyobodo spp., freshwater fish 348 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, freshwater fish 348 Icterus, opossums 118 Imidacloprid, rabbits 101 Import and export legislation prairie dogs 64 tortoises and turtles 255 UK and European Union 386–7 Inclusion body disease, snakes 303 Influenza ferrets 133 primates 158 (see also Avian influenza) Injection sites African pygmy hedgehogs 144 amphibians 325 birds 183, 215 crocodilians 246 ferrets 136 fish 352, 369 lizards 287 marsupials 121 primates 162 rabbits 94 rodents 20, 52, 73 snakes 310 tortoises and turtles 265 Insulinoma, ferrets 134 Intraosseous catheterization birds of prey 216 lizards 288 rabbits 93–4 tortoises and turtles 266 Intussusception primates 162 snakes 299 Invertebrates as food 109, 151, 152, 277, 319, 375 (see also Hermit crabs, Scorpions, Snails, Spiders) Iron dextran, African pygmy hedgehogs 147 Isoeugenol freshwater fish 353, 356 marine fish 369 Isoflurane African pygmy hedgehogs 146 crocodilians 246 ferrets 137 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 54 prairie dogs 74 primates 163 rabbits 96 ratites 232 snakes 310, 314 Isospora spp., snakes 305 Isospora amphibolouri, lizards 284 Isoxsuprine, birds of prey 219 Itraconazole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 crocodilians 248 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 324, 328 hystricomorph rodents 59 lizards 292 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 ratites 233 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 313 Ivermectin African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 ferrets 138 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 40, 47, 51, 59 lizards 292 marsupials 124 myomorph rodents 26 prairie dogs 72 primates 165 rabbits 92 racing pigeons 199 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 313 toxicity 309 Kalicephalus spp., snakes 304, 305 Kaolin/pectin, birds of prey 219 Ketamine African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 216 cage and aviary birds 184, 186 crocodilians 246 ferrets/skunks/otters 137 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 54, 55, 58 lizards 293 marsupials 123 myomorph rodents 22 otters 137 prairie dogs 74 primates 163, 164 rabbits 96 ratites 231, 232 salamanders and axolotls 335 snakes 310, 314 tortoises and turtles 267, 270 Ketoconazole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 59 myomorph rodents 26 ratites 233 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Ketoprofen birds of prey 218 freshwater fish 356 lizards 293 Klebsiella spp. snakes 303, 307 wallabies 121 Klebsiella pneumoniae chinchillas 48 degus 49 duprasi 51 guinea pigs 41 primates 159 Lacey Act 1900 394, 396 Lactulose African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 Lawsonia intracellularis, hamsters 12 LCMV see Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Lead poisoning cage and aviary birds 180 gerbils 14 prairie dogs 73 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 408 Legislation air transportation of live animals 393 birds of prey 200 health and safety, UK/EU 390 import and export Canada 397–8 and quarantine, USA 395–7 UK/EU 386–7 medicines, UK/EU 391–2 public health UK/EU 390–1 USA 397 sale of animals Canada 397 UK/EU 387 scientific procedures, UK and EU 392 welfare Canada 390 UK/EU 388–9 USA 395 Lemurs see Primates Lernaea spp., freshwater fish 349 Leucocytozoon spp., birds of prey 213 Leucocytozoon struthionis, ostriches 227 Leuprolide acetate cage and aviary birds 186 ferrets 134, 135, 138 guinea pigs 45, 61 Levamisole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 cage and aviary birds 186 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 329 marsupials 124 primates 165 ratites 233 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Levothyroxine, cage and aviary birds 186 Libyostrongylus douglassi, ostriches 227 Lidocaine birds of prey 219 frogs and toads 326, 329 lizards 289 prairie dogs 74 snakes 314 Lime sulphur dip, myomorph rodents 26 Lincomycin birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 sugar gliders 123 Liponyssoides sanguineus, mice and gerbils 15 Liponyssus bacoti, myomorph rodents 15 Listrophorus gibbus, rabbits 89 Live Animal Regulations 393 Lizards anaesthesia/analgesia 289–90 biology 273–5 common conditions 283–7 diagnostic approach 280–3 drug formulary 292–3 euthanasia 292 handling and restraint 280 husbandry 275–9 supportive care 287–9 surgery 290–2 Loperamide, hystricomorph rodents 61 Lufenuron, freshwater fish 357 Lugol’s iodine, cage and aviary birds 187 ‘Lumpy jaw’, wallabies 120 Lymphocystis freshwater fish 347 marine fish 367 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus chinchillas 48 chipmunks 70 hamsters 19 primates 158 zoonosis 19 Lymphoma, ferrets 135–6 Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, budgerigars 172 Magnetic resonance imaging crocodilians 240 rabbits 84 Malachite green frogs and toads 328 tortoises and turtles 271 Malpighamoeba mellificae, honeybees 382 Mammary gland tumours chipmunks 70 myomorph rodents 17–18 Marbofloxacin birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 lizards 292 myomorph rodents 26 tortoises and turtles 271 Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 394 Marsupials anaesthesia/analgesia 121 biology 103–6 common conditions 115–21 diagnostic approach 114–15 drug formulary 123–5 handling and restraint 113–14, 115, 116 husbandry 107–13 supportive care 121 surgery 122 Mastitis guinea pigs 45 rabbits 90 rats 14 Measles, primates 158 Mebendazole opossums 124 primates 160, 165 Medetomidine African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 216 cage and aviary birds 184, 186 crocodilians 246 ferrets/skunks/otters 137 marsupials 123 myomorph rodents 22 primates 163, 164 ratites 231 snakes 310, 314 tortoises and turtles 267 Medicines Act 1968 391 Medicines legislation 391–2 Medicines Regulations (Amelia 8) 392 Medroxyprogesterone, lemurs 154 Mefloquine, birds of prey 218 Melarsamine, birds of prey 218 Melissococcus plutonius, honeybees 382 Meloxicam African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 crocodilians 247 ferrets 137, 138 freshwater fish 356 hystricomorph rodents 44, 54 lizards 293 marsupials 121, 123, 125 myomorph rodents 26 prairie dogs 72, 75 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 snakes 314 Meningitis, crocodilians 245 Meperidine frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 55 Metabolic bone disease crocodilians 245 primates 160 salamanders and axolotls 334 skunks 136 tortoises and turtles 264–5 Metamizole, ratites 231 Methylene blue, frogs and toads 328 Metoclopramide African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 61 marsupials 125 rabbits 102 snakes 314 Metomidate freshwater fish 353, 356 marine fish 369 Metritis, chipmunks 70 Metronidazole African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 185 crocodilians 248 ferrets 135, 138 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 328, 329 hystricomorph rodents 58 lizards 292 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 snakes 313 toxicity 309 sugar gliders 123 tortoises and turtles 271, 272 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 409 Mice anaesthesia/analgesia 21–3 antibiotic toxicity 25 biology 1, 2, 3 common conditions 9–20 drug formulary 26–7 euthanasia 25 haematology/biochemistry 8–9 handling and restraint 6 husbandry 4, 5 respiratory disease 11 supportive care 20–1 surgery 23–5 Miconazole, frogs and toads 328 Microchipping birds of prey 204 cage and aviary birds 172 crocodilians 239 fish 363 primates 155 tortoises and turtles 254–5 Microphthalmos, myomorph rodents 10 Midazolam African pygmy hedgehogs 146 chipmunks 74 hystricomorph rodents 44, 53, 54, 55, 58 marsupials 113, 121, 123 myomorph rodents 22 prairie dogs 68, 74 primates 163 rabbits 96 ratites 231 tortoises and turtles 267 Migratory Bird Conservation Act 1994 397 Migratory Bird Treaty Act 1918 394, 396 Monkeys see Primates Monocercomonas spp., snakes 305 Morphine crocodilians 247 freshwater fish 356 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 55 primates 166 Mouse hepatitis virus 12 Moxidectin, birds of prey 218 MS-222 freshwater fish 353, 356 frogs and toads 326, 329 marine fish 369, 370, 371 salamanders and axolotls 335 Musk gland adenitis, snakes 302, 309 Mycobacterium spp. freshwater fish 348 frogs and toads 323 marine fish 368 primates 159 tortoises and turtles 263 wallabies 120 Mycoplasma spp. crocodilians 245 racing pigeons 196 tortoises and turtles 263 Mycoplasma cloacale, ratites 229 Mycoplasma pulmonis, myomorph rodents 4, 10, 11, 14 Mycoptes musculinus, rats 15 Myiasis rabbits 82, 90 tortoises and turtles 264 Myobia musculi, rats and mice 15 Myxomatosis, rabbits 80, 90 Nalorphine, frogs and toads 329 Naloxone African pygmy hedgehogs 146 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 55 primates 166 Nandrolone laurate, cage and aviary birds 186 Nasal swab crocodilians 242 rabbits 85–6 Nasogastric tube placement, rabbits 95 Nasolacrimal cannulation, rabbits 85 National Marine Fisheries Service 393 Necropsy freshwater fish 347 invertebrates 378 snakes 312 tortoises and turtles 270 Neomycin hamsters 26 hystricomorph rodents 58 Neoplasia African pygmy hedgehogs 142, 144 budgerigars 179 chipmunks 70 degus 49 duprasi 51 frogs and toads 325 lizards 287 myomorph rodents 16–18 opossums 117, 119 rabbits 91 snakes 309 Nephrotic syndrome, myomorph rodents 13 Netilmicin, hystricomorph rodents 58 Newcastle disease legislation 391 ratites 228 Niclosamide, duprasi 51 Nitrofurantoin toxicity, rats 25 Nitrofurazone, wallabies 124 Norfloxacin, ratites 233 Nosema apis, honeybees 382 Notifiable Diseases birds 391 honeybees 382 Notoedres cati, hamsters 15 Notoedres muris, rats 15 Notoedres notoedres, hamsters 15 Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism eagle owl 203 frogs and toads 324 lizards 285–6 Nutritional support African pygmy hedgehogs 145 cage and aviary birds 183–4 lizards 289 marine fish 369 myomorph rodents 21 prairie dogs 74 primates 162 rabbits 95 ratites 230 tortoises and turtles 266–7 Nystatin African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 lizards 292 primates 165 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 wallabies 124 Obesity African pygmy hedgehogs 144 duprasi 29 opossums 118 prairie dogs 71 rats 4 skunks 136 snakes 306 Ocular prolapse, hamsters 10 Ocular rupture, gerbils 10 Oedema, salamanders and axolotls 334 Oesophagostomy tube lizards 290 tortoises and turtles 266–7 Omeprazole, ferrets 135, 138 Ophidascaris spp., snakes 304 Ophionyssus natricis lizards 283–4 snakes 304 Opossums see Marsupials Orchidectomy guinea pigs 56 rabbits 98 (see also Castration) Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine freshwater fish 357 marine fish 371 Ornamental fish (freshwater) anaesthesia/analgesia 352–3 biology 338–9 common conditions 347–50 diagnostic approach 343–7 drug formulary 356–8 euthanasia 355 handling and restraint 342–3 husbandry 339–42 supportive care 350–2 surgery 353–5 Ornamental fish (marine) anaesthesia/analgesia 369–70 biology 360–1 common conditions 365–8 diagnostic approach 364–5 drug formulary 371–2 euthanasia 370–1 handling and restraint 363–4 husbandry 361–3 supportive care 368–9 surgery 370 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 410 Osteomyelitis lizards 286 snakes 299, 306 Osteoporosis, hamsters 5 Ostriches see Birds (ostriches, emus, rheas) Otitis media/interna African pygmy hedgehogs 142 chinchillas 48 degus 50 guinea pigs 41 rabbits 90 Otodectes cynotis, ferrets 133 Otters anaesthesia/analgesia 137 biology 127–8 common conditions 136 husbandry 129–30 Ovarian cysts guinea pigs 44 myomorph rodents 14 Ovarian tumours, hamsters 17 Ovariectomy, lizards 291 Ovariohysterectomy ferrets 137 guinea pigs 56 myomorph rodents 24 rabbits 97–8 Oxfendazole marsupials 124 tortoises and turtles 272 Oxolinic acid, freshwater fish 357 Oxprenolol, birds of prey 219 Oxymorphone, hystricomorph rodents 55 Oxytetracycline African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 185 crocodilians 248 ferrets 138 freshwater fish 357 hystricomorph rodents 48, 58 marine fish 371 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 rabbits 101 racing pigeons 199 ratites 233 salamanders and axolotls 336 Oxytocin cage and aviary birds 186 crocodilians 248 hystricomorph rodents 61 lizards 293 myomorph rodents 27 snakes 314 Paenibacillus larvae var. larvae, honeybees 382 Paracetamol hystricomorph rodents 55 primates 166 Paramyxovirus cage and aviary birds 180, 182 lizards 287 racing pigeons 197 snakes 303 Paraphimosis, chinchillas 48 Paraspidodera uncinata, guinea pigs 40 Paromomycin birds of prey 218 frogs and toads 329 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Passalurus ambiguus, rabbits 91 Pasteurella spp. African pygmy hedgehogs 142 in hamsters 11 in myomorph rodents 9 primates 158 Pasteurella haemolytica, wallabies 120 Pasteurella multocida prairie dogs 71, 72 primates 159 rabbits 83, 88, 90 wallabies 120, 121 Pasteurella pneumotropica gerbils 11 myomorph rodents 15 D-Penicillamine birds of prey 219 prairie dogs 73 Penicillin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 ferrets 138 primates 165 wallabies 124 Pentastomiasis crocodilians 245 snakes 305 Pentobarbital frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 55, 58 marine fish 371 rabbits 102 racing pigeons 199 ratites 232 snakes 314 Performing Animals (Regulation) Act 1925 389 Performing Animals Rules 1968 389 Permethrin hystricomorph rodents 59 racing pigeons 199 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Persistent oestrus, ferrets 134 Pet Animals Act 1951 388 Pet Animals Act 1951 (Amendment) Act 1982 388 Phenobarbital cage and aviary birds 186 guinea pigs 61 2-Phenoxyethanol, marine fish 371 Phenytoin, gerbils 27 Philothalamus gralli, ostriches 227 Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, marine fish 368 Pigeon herpesvirus-1 195 Pigeon pox 193 Pigeons see Birds (racing pigeons) Pimobendan African pygmy hedgehogs 147 ferrets 138 marsupials 125 Piperacillin African pygmy hedgehogs 145 birds of prey 217 frogs and toads 328 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Piperazine hystricomorph rodents 59 marsupials 124 racing pigeons 199 Piperonal, birds of prey 218 Piroxicam, birds of prey 218 Plasmodium spp., birds of prey 213 Plasmodium struthionis, ratites 227 Pneumocoptes penrosei, prairie dogs 72 Pneumonia chipmunks 70 crocodilians 245 frogs and toads 321 guinea pigs 43–4 primates 158 snakes 302 tortoises and turtles 262 Pododermatitis African pygmy hedgehogs 144 chinchillas 47 degus 50 guinea pigs 40, 46 prairie dogs 71, 72 rabbits 82, 91 Polyomavirus, budgerigars 182 Polyplax serrata, mice 15 Polyplax spinulosa, rats 15 Ponazuril, snakes 313 Potassium citrate, guinea pigs 61 Prairie dogs anaesthesia/analgesia 74–5 biology 63–5 common conditions 70–3 diagnostic approach 68 handling and restraint 67–8 husbandry 65–7 supportive care 73–4 surgery 75 Pralidoxamine, birds of prey 219 Praziquantel African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 crocodilians 248 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 59 lizards 292 marine fish 371 myomorph rodents 26 primates 165 salamanders and axolotls 336 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Prednisolone African pygmy hedgehogs 147 birds of prey 219 cage and aviary birds 186 ferrets 134, 138 frogs and toads 329 marsupials 125 myomorph rodents 27 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 411 Pregnancy toxaemia guinea pigs 45 rabbits 91 Primates anaesthesia/analgesia 163–4 biology 148–9 common conditions 158–62 diagnostic approach 156–7 drug formulary 165–6 euthanasia 165 handling and restraint 145–6 husbandry 149–55 supportive care 162 surgery 164–5 Primidone, gerbils 27 Procaine benzylpenicillin, rabbits 101 Procaine penicillin, crocodilians 248 Procaine toxicity, myomorph rodents 25 Prolapses cage and aviary birds 179 crocodilians 244 opossums 117, 119 primates 162 snails 381 tortoises and turtles 262, 263, 269 Proliferative ileitis, hamsters 12 Proligestone ferrets 138 Propentofylline, birds of prey 219 Propofol crocodilians 246 ferrets 137 frogs and toads 329 lizards 290, 293 rabbits 96 snakes 310, 314 tortoises and turtles 267 Propranolol ferrets 138 opossums 125 Prostaglandin F2_, cage and aviary birds 186 Protection of Animals Act 1911 392 Proventricular dilatation disease, psittacine birds 180, 182 Proventriculotomy, ostriches 232 Pseudoephedrine, chinchillas 61 Pseudomonas spp. frogs and toads 323 snakes 303, 307 tortoises and turtles 263 Pseudomonas aeruginosa rabbits 88 wallabies 121 Psittacine beak and feather disease 181 Psittacosis or Ornithosis Order 1953 391 Psorergates muricola, mice 15 Psoroptes cuniculi, rabbits 89, 90 Pterygodermatites nycticebi, primates 160 Ptyalism chinchillas 48 degus 50 guinea pigs 41 Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 390 Public Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1988 390 Public Health Service Act 1946 394, 397 Pulmonary wash, snakes 302 Pyelonephritis, crocodilians 244 Pyometra chipmunks 70 myomorph rodents 13–14 Pyrantel pamoate, hystricomorph rodents 59 Pyrethrin products ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 59 sugar gliders 123 Pyrimethamine, birds of prey 218 Pyroglyphis moriani, duprasi 51 Quarantine fish 342 salamanders and axolotls 333 snakes 296 Quinacrine hystricomorph rodents 59 tortoises and turtles 272 Rabbits anaesthesia/analgesia 95–7 antibiotic toxicity 101 biology 76–8 common conditions 87–93 diagnostic approach 81–7 drug formulary 101–2 euthanasia 100 handling and restraint 80–1 husbandry 78–80 supportive care 93–5 surgery 97–100 Rabies, chipmunks 70 Racing pigeons see Birds (racing pigeons) Radfordia affinis, rats and mice 15 Radfordia ensifera, rats 15 Radiography African pygmy hedgehogs 141 cage and aviary birds 174 crocodilians 240 freshwater fish 344–5 frogs and toads 320–1 hystricomorph rodents 31–2 invertebrates 377 lizards 281 myomorph rodents 8 prairie dogs 68 primates 156 rabbits 83–4 ratites 226 snakes 298–9 sugar gliders 114 tortoises and turtles 257–9 Ranavirus 323 Ranitidine ferrets 138 myomorph rodents 27 rabbits 102 Raptors see Birds (of prey) Ratites see Birds (ostriches, emus, rheas) Rats anaesthesia/analgesia 21–3 antibiotic toxicity 25 biology 1, 2, 3 common conditions 9–20 drug formulary 26–7 euthanasia 25 haematology/biochemistry 8–9 handling and restraint 6 husbandry 4, 5 respiratory disease 11 supportive care 20–1 surgery 23–5 Rectal prolapse opossums 117 primates 162 tortoises and turtles 263 ‘Red leg’ frogs and toads 323 salamanders and axolotls 334 Regurgitation cage and aviary birds 176 snakes 302, 305–6 Renal calculi, otters 136 Reproduction African pygmy hedgehogs 140 chipmunks 66–7 crocodilians 238–9 ferrets/skunks/otters 129–30 frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 34–5 invertebrates 376 lizards 279 marsupials 111–12 myomorph rodents 5 prairie dogs 67 primates 152–5 rabbits 79–80 racing pigeons 189 ratites 222–5 snakes 296–7 tortoises and turtles 254 Restraint see Handling and restraint Retinal atrophy, rats and mice 10 Rhabdias spp. frogs and toads 324 snakes 303 Rheas see Birds (ostriches, emus, rheas) Rhinitis chipmunks 70 crocodilians 245 Rifampin, frogs and toads 328 Ring tail, rats 18 Ringing cage and aviary birds 172 racing pigeons 190, 198 Ringworm see Dermatophytosis Risk assessment 390 Rodentolepis (Hymenolepis) spp. duprasi 51 myomorph rodents 12 Salamanders see Amphibians (salamanders, axolotls, caecilians) Salmonella spp. African pygmy hedgehogs 142 chipmunks 69, 70 guinea pigs 43 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 412 Salmonella spp. continued lizards 284 primates 158 rabbits 89 racing pigeons 196 ratites 228–9 tortoises and turtles 264 wallabies 121 Salmonella enteritidis, myomorph rodents 11 Salmonella typhimurium myomorph rodents 11 racing pigeons 197–8 Salpingectomy, lizards 291 Salpingotomy, snakes 312 Saprolegniosis freshwater fish 348 frogs and toads 324 Sarcoptes spp., primates 160 Sarcoptes scabiei, hamsters 15 Scent gland inflammation in hamsters 16 Scorpions biology 374 handling and restraint 377 husbandry 374, 375 rehydration 383 Scurvy, primates 161 Secretary of State’s Standards for Modern Zoo Practice 389–90 Sedation see Anaesthesia/analgesia Seizures, birds of prey 208 (see also Epilepsy) Selamectin African pygmy hedgehogs 146 ferrets 133 guinea pigs 60 myomorph rodents 26 Self-mutilation parrots 178 prairie dogs 71 Sendai virus gerbils 11 mice 11 rats 10 Septicaemia freshwater fish 348, 350 opossums 118 primates 159 salamanders and axolotls 334 Serratia marcescens, duprasi 51 Sevoflurane, African pygmy hedgehogs 147 Sexing African pygmy hedgehogs 140 birds of prey 201 cage and aviary birds 170 chipmunks 65 crocodilians 237 frogs and toads 317–18 hystricomorph rodents 31–2 invertebrates 374 lizards 275 myomorph rodents 3 prairie dogs 65 rabbits 78 racing pigeons 189 ratites 222 snakes 294–5 tortoises and turtles 249, 251 Shell repair, tortoises and turtles 269 Shigella spp., primates 158 Sialodacryoadenitis, myomorph rodents 9, 19 Silver sulfadiazine freshwater fish 357 lizards 292 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 271 Skin biopsy, snakes 311 scrape, freshwater fish 346 Skunks biology 127–8 common conditions 136 handling and restraint 131 husbandry 129–30 Snails anaesthesia 383 biology 373–4 endoscopy 378 husbandry 374–6 parasites 379 prolapses 381 rehydration 383 shell repair 385 ultrasonography 377–8 Snakes anaesthesia/analgesia 310–11 biology 294–5 common conditions 302–9 diagnostic approach 297–302 drug formulary 313–14 euthanasia 312 handling and restraint 297 husbandry 295–7 supportive care 310 surgery 311–12 Socialization, rabbits 93 ‘Sore nose’, gerbils 16 Spiders anaesthesia 384 autotomy 384 biology 373–4 dysecdysis 381 haematology 379 hair loss 379 handling and restraint 376–7 husbandry 374–6 parasites 380 rehydration 383 ultrasonography 378 wound repair 385 Spillopsylla cuniculi, rabbits 89 Spirometra spp., snakes 303 Spironucleus muris, myomorph rodents 12 Splay leg, rabbits 91 Splenomegaly, ferrets 136 Spondylosis, rabbits 92 Squirrel bites, birds of prey 214 Stanozolol, snakes 314 Staphylococcus spp. birds of prey 210 guinea pigs 41 primates 158 Staphylococcus aureus, myomorph rodents 15 Stomach tubing birds of prey 215 lizards 288 Stomatitis snakes 303, 305 tortoises and turtles 263 Streptococcus spp. guinea pigs 41 hamsters 11 primates 158 racing pigeons 196 Streptococcus bovis, racing pigeons 198 Streptococcus pneumoniae chinchillas 48 gerbils 11 guinea pigs 41, 44 rats 10 Streptococcus pyogenes, myomorph rodents 15 Streptococcus zooepidemicus chinchillas 48 guinea pigs 41 primates 159 Streptomycin toxicity, myomorph rodents 14, 25 Strongyloides spp. primates 159 tortoises and turtles 264 Strongylus spp., primates 159 Subspectacular abscess, snakes 303, 307 Sucralfate African pygmy hedgehogs 147 ferrets 138 hystricomorph rodents 61 myomorph rodents 27 Sugar gliders see Marsupials Sulfadiazine, tortoises and turtles 272 Sulfadimethoxine African pygmy hedgehogs 146 crocodilians 248 hystricomorph rodents 58, 60 marsupials 124 racing pigeons 199 snakes 313 tortoises and turtles 272 Sulfadimidine racing pigeons 199 tortoises and turtles 272 Sulfamerazine, hystricomorph rodents 58, 60 Sulfamethazine frogs and toads 328, 329 hystricomorph rodents 60 tortoises and turtles 272 Sulfaquinoxaline, hystricomorph rodents 59, 60 Surgery see specific procedures Syngamus spp., birds of prey 213 Syngamus trachea, ratites 227 Syphacia spp., myomorph rodents 12 Syphilis, rabbits 91 Teeth see Dentition Teflon toxicity, cage and aviary birds 180 Terbinafine birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 hystricomorph rodents 59 myomorph rodents 26 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 413 Tetanus, primates 159 Tetracycline African pygmy hedgehogs 146 cage and aviary birds 185 ferrets 138 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 59 wallabies 124 Tetrahymena spp., freshwater fish 348 The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (England and Wales) Regulations 2002 389 The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (Scotland) Regulations 2003 389 The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 (Amendment) (Wales) Regulations 2003 389 The Zoo Licensing Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2003 389 Theophylline, African pygmy hedgehogs 147 Thiamine see Vitamin B1 Tiabendazole frogs and toads 329 hystricomorph rodents 60 opossums 125 Ticarcillin, lizards 292 Tiletamine/zolazepam African pygmy hedgehogs 147 crocodilians 246 hystricomorph rodents 55 otters 137 primates 163 ratites 231 snakes 310, 314 tortoises and turtles 267, 270 wallabies 123 Toads see Amphibians (frogs and toads) Toltrazuril birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 186 rabbits 101 wallabies 125 Tonic immobility, rabbits 81 Torpor African pygmy hedgehogs 145 chipmunks 64, 69 hamsters 2 prairie dogs 64, 71 (see also Hibernation) Tortoises and turtles anaesthesia/analgesia 267–8 biology 249–51 common conditions 261–5 diagnostic approach 255–61 drug formulary 270–2 euthanasia 270 handling and restraint 255 husbandry 251–5 supportive care 265–7 surgery 268–70 Toxoplasma spp., wallabies 121 Toxoplasma gondii primates 159 rheas 227 Tracheal wash, lizards 282 Tramadol, ferrets 138 Transillumination, lizards 285 Treponema cuniculi, rabbits 91 Tricaine methane sulphonate (MS-222) freshwater fish 353, 356 frogs and toads 326, 329 marine fish 369, 370, 371 salamanders and axolotls 335 Trichinella, crocodilians 245 Trichobezoars primates 162 rabbits 91 Trichodina spp. freshwater fish 349 marine fish 366 Trichoecius rombousti, mice 15 Trichomonas spp. birds of prey 213 primates 159 ratites 227 snakes 305 Trichomonas gallinae, racing pigeons 194 Trichophyton spp. guinea pigs 40 opossums 117 Trichophyton mentagrophytes degus 49 opossums 118 rabbits 89 Trichospirura leptostoma, primates 160 Trichuris spp. primates 159 Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine frogs and toads 328 primates 165 racing pigeons 199 tortoises and turtles 272 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole birds of prey 218 cage and aviary birds 185 frogs and toads 328 Trimethoprim/sulphonamide African pygmy hedgehogs 146 birds of prey 217 crocodilians 248 ferrets 138 freshwater fish 357 frogs and toads 328 hystricomorph rodents 59 marsupials 124 myomorph rodents 26 ratites 233 Trixacarus caviae guinea pigs 40, 45 hamsters 15 Tropicamide, hystricomorph rodents 61 Tropilaelaps spp., honeybees 382 Tuberculosis primates 159 ratites 229 Tylosin cage and aviary birds 185 ferrets 138 racing pigeons 199 Tyrophagus castellani, gerbils 15 Tyzzer’s disease guinea pigs 43 myomorph rodents 11 rabbits 91 Ultrasonography cage and aviary birds 175 freshwater fish 340 frogs and toads 321–2 guinea pigs 45 hystricomorph rodents 31–2 invertebrates 377–8 lizards 281 myomorph rodents 8 primates 156 rabbits 84 ratites 226 snakes 299–300 tortoises and turtles 259 Urethral obstruction, guinea pigs 44 Urinalysis hystricomorph rodents 39 rabbits 86 Urinary bladder calculi, lizards 287 Urinary catheterization, rabbits 86–7 Urine collection African pygmy hedgehogs 140 crocodilians 242 hystricomorph rodents 39 myomorph rodents 9 primates 157 rabbits 86–7 scalding in rabbits 82 snakes 301 Urolithiasis African pygmy hedgehogs 142–3 guinea pigs 44 rabbits 91 tortoises and turtles 265 Uronema marinum, marine fish 366 Uterine prolapse crocodilians 244 opossums 119 Vaccination emus 228 ferrets/skunks/otters 130, 133 guinea pigs 44 primates 155, 158, 159 rabbits 79 racing pigeons 193, 197, 199 Varroa destructor, honeybees 380, 382 Vasectomy, primates 164 Venepuncture see Blood sampling Verapamil, hamsters 27 Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 391 Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (Schedule 3 Amendment) Order 1988 392 Vibrio spp., marine fish 368 Viral haemorrhagic disease, rabbits 80, 92 Vitamin A African pygmy hedgehogs 147 crocodilians 248 guinea pigs 61 tortoises and turtles 264 Vitamin B complex African pygmy hedgehogs 147 hystricomorph rodents 61 marsupials 125 snakes 314 www.fiqahjafria.com

Index 414 Vitamin B1 birds of prey 219 crocodilians 248 frogs and toads 329 snakes 314 Vitamin C African pygmy hedgehogs 147 guinea pigs 33, 61 primates 152, 161 Vitamin D, New World monkeys 152 Vitamin D2, hystricomorph rodents 62 Vitamin D3 frogs and toads 329 tortoises and turtles 265 Vitamin deficiency see Hypovitaminosis Vitamin E chinchillas 61 crocodilians 248 frogs and toads 329 marsupials 113, 125 Vitamin E/selenium, birds of prey 219 Vitamin K birds of prey 219 hystricomorph rodents 62 opossums 125 snakes 314 Vitamins, cage and aviary birds 172–3 Voriconazole birds of prey 217 cage and aviary birds 186 Wallabies see Marsupials Wasting marmoset syndrome 160–1 Water quality freshwater fish 340–2, 347 frogs and toads 319 marine fish 362–3 tortoises and turtles 252 Welfare legislation Canada 390 UK and European Union 388–92 USA 395 West Nile Virus, crocodilians 245 Western equine encephalitis virus, emus 227–8 ‘Wet tail’, hamsters 12 Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (WAPPRIITA) 1992 397 Wild Bird Conservation Act 1992 394, 396 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 171, 200, 388 Wing clipping, cage and aviary birds 172 Wing-tip oedema and necrosis syndrome (WTONS), birds of prey 212–13 ‘Wobbly hedgehog syndrome’ 143 Xylazine African pygmy hedgehogs 147 hystricomorph rodents 54, 55 rabbits 96 ratites 231, 232 wallabies 123 Yellow fungus disease, lizards 283 Yersinia pestis chipmunks 70 prairie dogs 71 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis guinea pigs 41, 43 primates 158 Yohimbine African pygmy hedgehogs 147 hystricomorph rodents 55 Yolk sacculectomy, ratites 232 Zinc toxicosis cage and aviary birds 180 prairie dogs 73 Zoonotic diseases African pygmy hedgehogs 142, 143 chinchillas 48 chipmunks 69, 70 crocodilians 245 ferrets 133 freshwater fish 348 legislation, UK and Europe 390–1 myomorph rodents 12, 19 opossums 112–13 prairie dogs 71 primates 155, 159 racing pigeons 196, 198 ratites 229, 230 skunks 127 snails 379 snakes 309 Zoonoses Order 1989 391 Zoos legislation, UK and European Union 389–90 www.fiqahjafria.com

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For more information or to order www.bsava.com/shop Order your copy today! BSAVA Publications COMMUNICATING VETERINARY KNOWLEDGE The provision of care for wildlife casualties remains an important responsibility of veterinary surgeons, limited not only to emergency care but also encompassing the rehabilitation and release of the casualty and the wider impact on the environment. The second edition of the BSAVA Manual of Wildlife Casualties provides critical information for all stages, from the initial decision to intervene to monitoring of released casualties. Fully updated, the initial chapters have also been expanded to include new chapters on capture, handling and transportation; triage and decisionmaking; first aid and emergency care; wildlife anaesthesia; management in captivity; care and handrearing of young animals; and investigation of wildlife crime. The second half of the manual returns to a speciesand group-specific format, covering wild mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles encountered in the UK. Each chapter gives details on: ecology and biology; anatomy and physiology; capture, handling and transportation; examination and clinical assessment for rehabilitation; first aid and short-term hospitalization; anaesthesia and analgesia; specific conditions; therapeutics; management in captivity; rearing of neonates and juveniles; release; and legal aspects. Specialist organizations and useful contacts are also provided at the end of chapters and in a comprehensive appendix. BSAVA Manual of Wildlife Casualties Second edition Edited by Elizabeth Mullineaux and Emma Keeble BSAVA Member Price: £49.00 Price to non-members: £79.00 www.fiqahjafria.com

BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets Fifth edition A Foundation Manual Edited by Anna Meredith and Cathy Johnson-Delaney This new edition of the BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets remains the Foundation Manual for information across the range of exotic pets, from small mammals, through birds, reptiles and amphibians, to invertebrates. Commoner pets, such as rabbits, rodents and budgies retain their place. However, the ever-increasing range of non-traditional pets encountered by the veterinary surgeon in practice is UHÁHFWHGLnFoYHUaJHofsoPHnHZJUoXSssXFhas marsupials, ratites and crocodilians. Following the successful format of the fourth edition, each chapter follows a similar plan to aid retrieval of information: • Biology • Husbandry (housing, feeding, breeding) • Handling and restraint • Diagnostic approach • Common conditions • Supportive care • Anaesthesia and analgesia • Common surgical procedures • Euthanasia • Drug formulary. CONTENTS: Mice, rats, hamsters and gerbils; Guinea pigs, chinchillas, degus and duprasi; Chipmunks and prairie dogs; Rabbits; Marsupials; Ferrets, skunks and otters; African pygmy hedgehogs; Primates – callitrichids, cebids and lemurs; Cage and aviary birds; Racing pigeons; Birds of prey; Ostriches, emus and rheas; Crocodilians; Tortoises and turtles; Lizards; Snakes; Frogs and toads; Salamanders, axolotls and caecilians; Freshwater oUnaPHnWaOfishff0aULnHfishff,nYHUWHEUaWHsff%ULWLshanG(XUoSHan8nLonOHJLsOaWLonff1oUWh $PHULFanOHJLsOaWLonff$SSHnGL[ff,nGH[ Anna Meredith MA VetMB CertLAS DZooMed MRCVS RCVS Recognised Specialist in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Anna graduated from Cambridge in 1991 and then joined the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, where she set up the Exotic Animal and :LOGOLfH6HUYLFHofZhLFhshHLshHaG7hLssXSSOLHsafiUsWoSLnLonanG referral clinical and teaching service, covering all aspects of exotic and wild animal work. Anna is a recipient of the BSAVA Blaine award for her work in the advancement of exotic animal medicine and is co-editor of WhH%6$9$’s0anXaOsof5aEELW0HGLFLnHanG6XUJHU\nGHGLWLonanG Rodents and Ferrets. Cathy Johnson-Delaney DVM DipABVP-Avian &aWh\JUaGXaWHGfUoP:ashLnJWon6WaWH8nLYHUsLW\&oOOHJHof9HWHULnaU\ Medicine in 1980, and became a Diplomate of the American Board of9HWHULnaU\3UaFWLWLonHUs$YLan3UaFWLFHLn6hHZoUNsasa SaUWnHULnanH[FOXsLYHO\H[oWLFsSUaFWLFHsHHLnJEoWhfiUsWoSLnLonanG referral cases. She is currently the President of the Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians and is a past-President of the Association of Avian Veterinarians. She received the Oxbow Small Mammal Health Professional $ZaUGLnffianGZas([oWLF'90ofWhH<HaU6hHaOsosHUYHsas WUHasXUHUfoUWhH$ssoFLaWLonof1oUWhZHsW$YLananG([oWLF9HWHULnaULans 38%6 www.fiqahjafria.com