LESSON BOOK BIOBASIC BIOF4

UITM.EDU.MY

BIOBASIC

BIOLOGY FORM

4LESSON BOOK
KSSM
EDITION

MUNIRAH MOHD ZANI | ADRIANA ISHAK | FAQIHAH WAN MAHZAN|
FARID SUHAIMI | AMIR MURSHID MOHD NORSAH

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page i Chapter 3: Movement of Substances 9-16
Table of content ii-iii across a Plasma Membrane
Copyright page
Preface iv 3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane
Acknowledgement v 3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances
Author profile vi across a Plasma Membrane
vii 3.3 Movement of Substances across a
Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY 3.4 Movement of Substances across a
Plasma Membrane and its Application in
Chapter 2: Cell Biology and Organisation 1-8 Daily Life

2.1 Cell Structure and Function
2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular
Organisms
2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular
Organisms
2.4 Levels of Organisation in Multicellular
Organism

ii

Chapter 4: Chemical Compositions in a Cell 17-23 Chapter 6: Cell Division 32-39

4.1 Water 6.1 Cell Division
4.2 Carbohydrates 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis
4.3 Proteins 6.3 Meiosis
4.4 Lipids 6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human Health
4.5 Nucleic Acids

Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes 24-31

5.1 Metabolism Glossary 40-41
5.2 Enzymes Answer Sheet 42-46
5.3 Application of Enzymes in Daily Life References
Contributors 47
48

iii

BIOBASIC BIOLOGY FORM 4 LESSON BOOK

EFFECTIVE REFERENCES BOOK WITH GRAPHIC AND DIAGRAM

PROFESSOR DR. AMIR MURSHID BIN MOHD NORSAH DR. FAQIHAH SYAHIRAH BINTI WAN MAHZAN

DR. NUR MUNIRAH BINTI MOHD ZANI PROFESSOR DR. MUHAMMAD FARID BIN SUHAIMI

PROFFESOR DR. NIK ADRIANA BINTI NIK ISHAK

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of copyright owner.

First Published 2021

iv

PREFACE

We are honored to present BIOLOGY: BioBasic for beginners of secondary school
students especially Form 4. The visuals write-up provided in this book has been the
leading in-school text in Biology. This lesson book is the foundation for all of the
students especially help for their development in learning biology. This book is a part of
dedication from many parties which are reviewers, editors, and contributor, have
shaped and inspired this work.

Our GOALS for this lesson book are includes:
helping the students make connections visually across certain topics of biology
giving students a strong foundation in scientific thinking and learning
inspiring students the excitement and relevance of modern biology

Our starting points, as always, are our commitments to crafting text and visuals that
are current, relevant and reflect the passions towards learning about biology.

v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficient, the Most Merciful. All the praises and
thanks be to Allah have enabled us, Members of Group 6 to complete this lesson book
within the time given by our lecturer, Madam Norezan Binti Ibrahim.

Special thanks to all of the group members who participated in this assignment, Amir
Murshid Bin Mohd Norsah, Faqihah Syahirah Binti Wan Mahzan, Nik Adriana Binti Nik
Ishak, Nur Munirah Binti Mohd Zani and Muhammad Farid Bin Suhaimi for the efforts and
cooperation from each of you.

We also sincerely thank our lecturer of School Science (SCE 551), Madam Norezan Binti
Ibrahim for the guidance and encouragement given in finishing this assignment and also
for teaching us in this course.

Also, special appreciation to the Faculty of Education, Universiti Teknologi MARA
(UiTM) Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus for giving us this opportunity to be able to learn
this course which is School Science (SCE 551) in this semester.

Last but not least, we would like to thank all of our parents and friends for supporting
us mentally and physically not just during finishing this assignment but also during our
whole study. Lastly, we would also like to expand our deepest gratitude to all those who
have directly or indirectly involved in completing of this assignment.

Thank you very much.

AUTHOR PROFILE

PROFFESOR DR. NIK ADRIANA BINTI NIK ISHAK

She was born in 15 April 1998 in Ipoh, Perak. She receives her early education at SK Paroi, Negeri Sembilan and
went to SMK Bukit Kepayang, Negeri Sembilan. Due to her excellent result, she managed to pursue study at the
University of Cambridge, United Kingdom with a Bachelor of Education, Psychology and Learning. She pursues
masters in the educational field because of her passion and perseveranse. Now she teaches at Zenith
International School, Negeri Sembilan.

PROFESSOR DR. AMIR MURSHID BIN MOHD NORSAH

He was born in 19 october 1998 in Batu Pahat Johor. He receive his early education at SMK Seri Rengit and
went to boarding school Sekolah Dato' Abdul Razak Seremban. Due to his outstanding result, he managed to
pursue study in London ( Bachelor in environmental Biology) (HONS). He then pursue masters in the educational
field. Now he teach at SMK Tun Sardon Rengit.

DR. FAQIHAH SYAHIRAH BINTI WAN MAHZAN

She was born in 15 March 1998 in Kuala Lipis, Pahang. She receives her early education at Indera Shahbandar
Pahang School and went to boarding school SMK Clifford. Due to her excellent result, he managed to pursue
study at the University of Malaya with a Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry). She pursues masters in the
educational field because of her passion and perseveranse. Now she teaches at SMS Seri Puteri, Kuala
Lumpur.

DR. NUR MUNIRAH BINTI MOHD ZANI

She was born on 7 August 1998 in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. She receive her early education at SK
Teluk Menara and went to boarding school MRSM Kuala Terengganu. Due to her outstanding result, she
managed to pursue study in Bachelor of Science Education (Hons.) Biology at University of Leeds, United
Kingdom. She then pursue masters and PhD in the educational field. Currently, she teach at SMK Lembah
Bidong, Setiu,Terengganu.

PROFESSOR DR. MUHAMMAD FARID BIN SUHAIMI

He was born in 20 May 1998 in Selangor. He receive his early education at SMK Jalan Kebun and went to
boarding school Sekolah Tinggi Klang. Due to his outstanding result, he managed to pursue study in London (
Bachelor in environmental Biology) (HONS) at University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Bangi, Selangor. He then pursue
masters in the educational field. Now he teach at SMK Sungai Binjai.

vii

CHAPTER 2:

CELL BIOLOGY
AND

ORGANISATION

1

Chapter 2 : CELL What are the components of plant cells
and animal cells?
BIOLOGY AND
What is the life process of unicellular
ORGANISATION organisms?

LESSON OUTCOME What is the relationship between
specialised cells structures and their
2.1 Cell Structure and 2.2 Living Processes in
functions?
Function Unicellular Organisms What are the levels of organisation in

2.1.1 Prepare microscope slides 2.2.1 Conceptualise living multicellular orgaisms ?

of animal and plant cells processes in unicellular 2.4 Levels of Organisation
Multicellular Organism
2.1.2 Identify the structures of organisms such as Amoeba sp.
2.4.1 Make a sequence of levels of
animal and plant cells based on and Paramecium sp.. organisation in multicellular organisms
2.4.2 Identify cells, tissues or organs in an
observation through a light 2.2.2 Deduce living processes in organ system
2.4.3 Communicate about organ systems in
microscope unicellular organisms as seen multicellular organisms with their main
functions.
2.1.3 Analyse the components of through a light microscope.
2
animal and plant cells as seen on 2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular
micrographs. Organisms
2.1.4 State the main functions
of components of animal and 2.3.1 Correlate the uniqueness of specialised
plant cells as seen on cell structures with their functions in
micrographs multicellular organisms.
2.1.5 Compare and contrast 2.3.2 Identify specialised cells in multicellular
components of animal and plant organisms.
cells. 2.3.3 Analyse the density of certain
organelles with the functions of specialised

cells in multicellular organisms

2.3.4Describe the effects of deficiency,

absence or failure in the function of an

organelle of certain cells in multicellular

organisms.

Cells are the basic unit of all living things

2.1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNTION

Animal cells Plant cells

Picture from Boundless Biology DIFFERENCES

Animal cells lack a cell wall, but plant cells do have a SIMILARITIES
cell wall. Plants depend on their cell walls for

stability and structure.

Animal cells lack chloroplasts, but plant cells do have Both cells are made of nucleus,
chloroplast. Plants use chloroplasts to perform

photosynthesis, which allows them to produce food. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, Golgi

Plant cells often have one or more big vacuoles, apparatus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic

whereas animal cells have smaller vacuoles if any are reticulum and ribosomes. 3
present. 

2.2 LIVING PROCESS IN Nutrition
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS
The figure 2.2.1 from www.rsscience.com
Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.
Movement Respiration
Response to stimuli
Nutrition Asexual reproduction (binary fission)
Respiration Form spores
Growth For Paramecium sp. conjugation which is sexual
Excretion reproduction occur in special cases
Reproduction
4
Movement

Amoeba sp. moves by extending out its
pseudopodium
Using rhythmic cilia beats

Response to Stimuli
Chemicals
Touch
Bright Light

Respiration

Simple diffusion

Growth

By synthesizing new cytoplasm

Excretion

Osmoregulation

2.3 LIVING PROCESS IN Relationship between 4 different types of Tissue and its
MULTICELLULAR specific cell structure and function
ORGANISMS
cell function Epithelial tissue : Cover body surface and lines
Cell structure correlate to its function and its
Tissues are group of cell which had internal organs.
specialised to carry out function, Muscle tissue : Support and protection

arranged together and have specific Nerve tissue : Send and recieve information about

function. stimuli
Connective tissue : Movement

Figure 2.3.1 shows relationship between cell component density Figure 2.3.2 shows a plant tissue classification
with specialized cell function
5

2.4 LEVELS OF Endocrine System : Respiratory system :
ORGANIZATION Coordinates body Exchange gasses
activities
There are 11 main organ Nervous System :
system in the human body Muscular System : Detect and send
Contract and relaxes information
Cell to produce movement
Tissue Digestive System :
Organ Blood and Circulatory Digests food into a
System System : Transport simpler way
Multicellular Organism nutrients, respiratory
gases and waste products Urinary System :
Eliminates waste
Skeletel System : products such as urea
Supports the body

Integumentary System : Lymphatic System :
Protects the body from Maintain balance of
physical injury bodily fluid

Reproductive System : There are two different type: 6
Male reproductive - to produce sperm
Female reproductive - to produce ovum

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /11 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice Question 4. Photosynthesis takes place within me. I 8. The heart pumps blood that carries
(MCQ) am a.. oxygen all over the body. The oxygen
a)Mitochondria comes from the _________ system.
Answer ALL the questions. b)Cell Wall a)nervous
c)Cytosol b)respiratory
1.Which one of the following is d)Chloroplast c)circulatory
associated with bacterial cells? d)muscular
5. Plant Cells can perform which reactions?
a) Ribosomes Check ALL that apply. 9. Organs work together to make
b) Nucleus a)Photosynthesis _________.
c) Chloroplasts b)Rock and Roll a)body tissue
d) Lysosomes c)Cellular Respiration b)cells
d)Surprised reactions c)other organs
2. Which of the following are not found d)body systems
in plant cells? 6. To move, the muscular system needs to
a) Mitochondria work with the _______ system that sends 10 To digest the food we eat, the
b) Glyoxysomes signals from the brain. digestive system has to work with the
c) Centrosomes a)skeletal ________ system.
d) Golgi apparatus b)circulatory a)muscular
c)nervous b)nervous
3. Cellular Respiration occurs within me d)excretory c)circulatory
and I am in BOTH plant and animal d)All of the above
cells. What am I ? 7. The kidneys are made of many different
tissues working together. The kidneys can
a)Nucleus be classified as a/an - 11. The excretory system gets rid of
b)Golgi Body
c)Cytoskeleton a)Cell _______ in your body.
d)Mitochondria b)Tissue
c)Organ a)fat
d)Organ system.
b)waste

c)energy

d)air 7

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /12 marks

PART B: TRUE or FALSE Question 5. A cell will divide and make two cells 10. An animal cell has a cell wall.
that are exactly the same. True ( )
1.Every plant and animal starts out as a True ( ) False ( )
single cell. This one cell divides and False ( )
multiples to form a more complex 11. All plant cells contain
multicellular organism. 6. Multicellular organisms are made up of chloroplasts.
True ( ) many cells all performing the same True ( )
False ( ) function. False ( )
True ( )
2. Cells are the basic units of life. False ( ) 12. There is a cell membrane around
True ( ) all cells.
False ( ) 7. Single-celled organisms are able to live True ( )
as one cell, and multi-celled organisms False ( )
3.Organs are made of similar cells need many cells to live because each cell
that work together. has specialized job.
True ( )
True ( ) False ( )
False ( )
8. The Cell theory says:
4. Every cell has a nucleus. The cell is the basic unit of life
True ( ) True ( )
False ( ) False ( )

9. All cells have a cell membrane.
True ( )
False ( )

8

CHAPTER 3:

MOVEMENT OF
SUBSTANCES
ACROSS A PLASMA

MEMBRANE

9

3.1 STRUCTURE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE 3.3 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A

Chapter 3 3.1.1 Justify the nescesity of movement PLASMA MEMBRANE IN LIVING ORGANISM

Do you know? of substance across a plasma membrane 3.3.1 Explain with example the process of passive

What is the fluid mosaic model ? 3.1.2 Describe the components of plasma transport in organism
|
membrane & its function based on fluid 3.3.2 Explain with example the process of active
What are the characteristics of
substances that are able to move mosaic model transport in organism

across the plasma membrane? 3.1.3 Draw and label the components of 3.3.3 Define solution:
|
plasma membrane based on fluid mosaic Hypertonic
What are the examples of passive
and active transport? model Isotonic
|
3.1.4 Describe the permeability of plasma Hypotonic
How to apply the concept of the
movement of substances in membrane 3.3.4 Design experiment to study the effects of
everyday life?
different solution's concentration on animal &

3.2 CONCEPT OF MOVEMENT OF plant cell

SUBSTANCES ACROSS A PLASMA 3.3.5 Communicate the effects of hypertonic,

MEMBRANE isotonic, hypotonic solutions on cells based on the

3.2.1 State the characteristics of water molecules' movement in:

substances that able to cross plasma animal cell

membrane in the aspects: plant cell

molecules' size

molecules' polarity 3.4 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A

ionic charge PLASMA MEMBRANE AND ITS APPLICATION IN

3.2.2 Conduct experiment to study the DAILY LIFE

movement of substance across a 3.4.1 Conduct experiment to determine the

semipermeable membrane using: concentration of plant tissues' cell sap

Visking tube 3.4.2 Correlate the concentration of plant tissues'

Osmometer cell sap with the plant wilting phenomenon

3.2.3 Describe with examples the 3.4.3 Explain with example the application of the

movement of substance across plasma concept of movement of substances across a

membrane: plasma membrane in daily life

passive transport 3.4.4 Communicate about reverse osmosis in water

active transport purification.

3.2.4 Compare & contrast passive/active

transport

10

GPleatstminagMtoemknborwanae 3PL.1ASSTMRAUCMTEUMRBEROAFNE CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUBSTANCES

size of molecule

polarity of molecule

COMPONENTS ionic charges of

carrier (integral) proteins molecule

chanel proteins LIPID SOLUBLE

phospholipid bilayer

glycoproteins Nonpolar molecules (fatty acids,
glycolipid glycerol, vitamin A,D,E, K, steroids
cholesterol

LIPID INSOLUBLE

Small molecule & ions
- polar molecules (water)
- non polar molecules (O2,CO2)
- ions (K+, Na+)
Large molecule (glucose, amino acids)

Name: fluid mosaic model PERMEABILITY OF
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Common structure: plasma membrane
Selective permeability as
Function: regulate the movement in semipermeable membrane. 11
and out of the cell
Only allows freely movement of
certain molecules across it while
limits the movement of other
substances.

Types of 3OP.LF2ASCSOUMBNASCTMEAPETNMCOBERFSAMNAOECVREOMSESNAT
transport SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Movement of
molecules/ion from high

PASSIAVCETTIVVRSEANTSRAPONRSTPORT concentration to low
concentration
Does not need plasma

membrane

Energy is not EHcnoaenprcpgeeynntiasrgactaoiiomnnsptuoltfshoery FACILITATED ACTIVE TRANSPORT
cHtohamepppcueolnsnocarecynctorradtiinogn t o gAdricascdpuiomesnuatllaotfiomn oalnedcules/ DIFFFUSION
oOdfynnglyaramsdticioepenqtwuhielinbrium ion happen Acaidrrbieyrsppreoctifeiicn
Movement of lipid- insoluble with specific
is acheived. molecules sEpixotetaasms.pslieu:msopduimupm-&
Aid by carrier/ channel
protein proton pump

OSMOSIS 12

pHccmeToaorohnpnmlcepceeeeecnnannuebttlttrelrehaasmtrtmfoioioorveunonegm.mmhtboerslonaehwtnlieegoschfotliswuvoeatletluyester s

ONEFAFNEICMTAL 3AL.IC3VRMIONOSGVSEOAMRPEGLNAANTSIOMSFAMSMUEBMSBTRAANNCEESIN

ANIMAL CELL IN CELL & PLANT ANIMAL CELL IN
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION CELLS HYPERTONIC SOLUTION

Solute ANIMAL CELL IN Solute
concentration ISOTONIC SOLUTION concentration
inside more than inside less than
outside of cell Solute outside of cell
Water enter the concentration Water leaves
cell inside and outside Cell shrinks &
Cell swells & may of cell is same cremates
burst (lysis) Zero net
movement of water

PLANT CELL IN Cell normal size PLANT CELL IN
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
PLANT CELL IN
Solute ISOTONIC SOLUTION Solute
concentration concentration
inside more than Solute inside less
outside of cell concentration than outside
Water enter the inside and outside of cell
cell of cell is same Water leaves
Cell swells & Zero net movement Cytoplasm
become turgid of water shrinks &
Cell wall prevent Cell normal size plasmolysed
bursting
13

PHENOMENON OF PLANT WILTING A wilted plant looks wilted
because the vacuoles of the
DDLLOOAIAICCFFIICCEELLUUYYRREENNCCEESS???? cells do not have proper
amounts of water. Although
3SA.U4PBLMSAOTSAVMENAMCMEESNETMABCORRFOANSSE APPLICATIONS IN DAILY LIFE osmosis is still occurring, the
AADNPAPDILLIIYCTALSITFIEON IN lack of volume of water in the
Isotonic drinks helps athletes to recover loss plant causes all of the cell walls
of water and electrolytes when they to lose their turgor, and thus
perspirate while doing vigorous sports. the plant loses its upright and
healthy state
Liposomes are vesicles that contain aquaeous
solution surrounded by phospholipid membrane. Rehydration drinks replace fluids and
Liposomes are used to protect drugs or active electrolytes. Plain water doesn't provide
substances that taken orally to prevent from necessary nutrients or electrolytes and may
getting destroyed by gastric juice, to ensure not be absorbed with diarrhea. Oral
the drugs reached target cells. rehydration solutions are used to treat
dehydration in children.

Saline solution is a mixture of salt and water.
Normal saline solution contains 0.9 percent
sodium chloride (salt), which used in medicine
and isotonic to the blood plasma.

WATER PURIFICATION BY REVERSE OSMOSIS

Reverse osmosis is a water

purification process that uses a

semi-permeable membrane (synthetic

lining) to filter out unwanted

molecules and large particles such as

contaminants and sediments like

chlorine, salt, and dirt from drinking

water. 14

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /9 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice Question 4. Which one of the following is 7. Wilted plant looks wilted because
(MCQ) associated with plant cell become the vacuoles of the cells do not have
turgid? proper amounts of water. What is
1.What is the structure of plasma a) Placed in hypotonic solution the key term of this process?
membrane called? b) Placed in hypertonic solution a) Cremate
a) Permeable model c) Placed in osmosis solution b) Plasmolysed
b) Fluid mosaic model d) Placed in isotonic solution c) Turgid
c) Semi-membrane model d) Lyse
d) Plasma model
5. Which of the following will causes 8. Which of the following product
2. Which of the following are not found red blood cell to cremates? are not the application of the
in plasma membrane? a) Have a cell wall importance of substances movement
a) Hydrophilic head b) Placed in high concentration of across plasma membrane?
b) Hydrophobic tail sodium a) Isotonic drink
c) Carrier protein c) Shrinking of cytoplasm b) Intravenous drips
d) Cytoplasm protein d) Lack of plasma membrane c) Capsule drugs
d) Perfume
3. I need channel protein to transport 6. Osmosis will not happen when..
lipid-insoluble molecules across the a) ATP energy is present 9. Which of the following product
plasma membrane but I do not need b) Channel protein is absent can be considered as selectively
energy to do so. What type of c) The membrane is impermeable permeable membrane?
transport am I ? d) The solution is hypertonic. a) A banana skin
a) Active transport b) Visking tube
b) Facilitated diffusion c) A tissue paper
c) Passive diffusion d) A glass tube
d) Osmosis

15

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /15 marks

5. Why is ATP energy is important in active transport?

PART B: Subjective Questions ........................................................................................................
[1 mark]
1. State the definition for passive transport.
6. Distinguish between animal cell in hypotonic solution and
........................................................................................................ hypertonic solution.
[1 mark]
............................................................................................................
2. Distinguish between facilitated diffusion and active transport. ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ [2 marks]
............................................................................................................
7. State the differences and similarities of simple diffusion and
[2 marks] osmosis. Give examples to your answer.

3. State two importance of semi-permeable membrane. ............................................................................................................
Give examples to your answer. ............................................................................................................

[2 marks]
8. What is the important of cell wall in plant cell?

............................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ [1 mark]

[2 marks] 9. List is the components of a plasma membrane.

4. Distinguish between plant cell in hypotonic solution and ............................................................................................................
hypertonic solution ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ [2 marks]
............................................................................................................
16
[2 marks]

CHAPTER 4:
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
IN A CELL

17

CHAPTER 4: What is the chemical composition in a cell?
CHEMICAL What are the properties of water and its importance in a cell?
COMPOSITION What are the elements found in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
IN A CELL and nucleic acids?
How are polymers produced from monomers?
What is the importance of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids in a cell?

INTRODUCTION

chemical composition 4.2 Carbohydrates 4.3 Protein 4.6 Nucleic Acid
in a cell
4.2.1 List the elements of 4.3.1 List the elements 4.4 Lipids 4.5.1 List the elements in
Water, inorganic ions, and carbohydrate. of proteins. nucleic acids.
carbon-containing 4.2.2 Explain the types of 4.3.2 Conceptualise 4.4.1 List the elements in 4.5.2 State the structure
(organic) molecules make carbohydrates: the formation and lipids. of nucleotides.
up cells. In cells, water is • monosaccharides. breakdown of 4.4.2 Explain the main 4.5.3 Describe the
the most abundant • disaccharides. dipeptides and types structure
molecule, accounting for • polysaccharides. polypeptides. of lipids. of the nucleic acids:
70% or more of total cell 4.2.3 Conceptualise the 4.3.3 Write and explain 4.4.3 Describe the • deoxyribonucleic
mass. formation and breakdown of: the formation acid (DNA)
• disaccharides. word equation for and the breakdown of • ribonucleic acid
4.1 Water • polysaccharides. the formation and a triglyceride. (RNA)
4.2.4 Write and explain the the breakdown of 4.4.4 Write and explain the 4.5.4 Justify the
4.1.1 Describe the word equation for the dipeptides. word equation for importance
properties formation and the 4.3.4 Justify the the formation and of nucleic acids in cells.
of water molecule. breakdown of disaccharides. importance the breakdown of a
4.1.2 Correlate the 4.2.5 Justify the importance of proteins in a cell. triglyceride. 18
properties of carbohydrates in cell. 4.4.5 Justify the
of water with its importance
importance in the cell. of lipids in cell and
multicellular organisms.

4.1 Water 4.2 Carbohydrates

Properties of water Types of carbohydrates Disaccharides
and its importance in a cell
Monosaccharides When two simple sugar molecules
Polarity of water Carbohydrate monomers, the (monosaccharides) combine through
most simple carbohydrate unit. condensation to form a disaccharide unit
Water is an inorganic compound can combine to form polymers A water molecule is removed during this
made up of the elements hydrogen (H) with condensation
and oxygen (O). Have a sweet taste, can process.
Water molecules are polar because shared crystallise, and dissolve in water. Also, can be hydrolyzed and reduced to
electrons between oxygen and hydrogen monosaccharide by adding one water
Generates hydrogen bonds, allowing water
to function as a universal solvent. molecule.

Cohesive & adhesive force Polysaccharides

Both forces produce capillary action; allows water sugar polymers that are made up of
to enter and move through small spaces.
monosaccharide monomers.
Specific Heat Capacity
produced through condensation and
4.2 kJ kg-1 °C-1
heat energy is required to raise the require hundreds of monosaccharides
temperature
to create long molecular chains.

Because of their large molecular size,

polysaccharides are not soluble in water.

The Importance of
carbohydrates

1.As an energy source,
eg: glucose.

2. As a food reserve.
eg: glycogen in animal

cells & starch in plant cells.
3. As structural support. eg:
cellulose in the plant cell

wall 19

4.3 Protein 4.4 Lipids

Lipids are hydrophobic
compounds (occur naturally
Importance plant and animal tissues.) in
of protein
All proteins = one or more Insoluble in water
polypeptides, which are dBaumildagneedwtciseslulse,srepair Soluble in other organic
tassFinkusodicsrnhum,mecaysbsooulskliailendgrieiannntgiminbnuliobsnccotklnehsees solvents
tbBoyrepdarikogddeosuwtcienveeonfeenprzrgyoymteeisns Impotance of Fats
pEoAtorahlcpoyshoummlspyeaaporlnlseldyu.ppsnteiiotdpfsteiaod=mfehian=umonmidanorconeidodamcsiedtro.s,
20 types of Store of energy for animals.
amino acids Serve as a liner to secure

internal organs and as a heat
insulator for animal
mCamoonliendcoeunalsecasitd. isonar=eplrinokceedss of
TYPES OF
together. dipeptide can be TYPES OF LIPID FATTY ACIDS
hydrolysis = into an amino acid
broken down Fats contain Low-

fats and oil = triglycerides Saturated density-lipoprotein
fat solid form at room

temperature
only have single bonds

between carbon.

Waxes Have at least one double
bond between carbon.
Combination of alcohol and fatty acids
high protei Contain High-
Phospholipids
density-lipoprotein Unsaturated
- Plasma membrane component
- Fatty acid + glycerols + phosphate liquid form at fat

n Steroids room temperature.

- Did not contain fatty acid
- eg : cholesterol, testosterone,
estrogen and progesterone.

20

4.5 Nucleic Acids
WHAT IS NUCLEIC ACID?
TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Nucleic acids are chemical compounds that occur
naturally and serve as the primary information- Tbhyetwdooupbolleynhueclilxeoitsidfoermed
carrying molecules in cells. cCthhoanaittnasci.nonnnietrcotgeednwouitshbase
hydrogen bond
Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar a
nitrogenous base, a phosphate group that are RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
joined together by condensation.
The nitrogenous base consists of:

adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
uracil (U)

IMPORTANCE OF NUCLEIC ACID As compared to DNA, the
RNA structure is a single
DNA is essential in living
organisms as a carrier of genetic polynucleotide chain.
information
A determinant of 21
characteristics.
DNA contains genetic codes
used to synthesise polypeptides,
which form proteins.

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /9 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice Question 4. What are the types of carbohydrates? 7. What are the importance of protein?
(MCQ)
A. Monosaccharide, disaccharide and A. Serve as a liner to secure internal
Answer ALL the questions. polysaccharide organs and as a heat insulator for animal
B. starch, glycogen, and fibers B. Build new cells, repair damaged tissues
1.Proteins are and some carbohydrates called C. glucose, fructose and galactose C. A determinant of characteristics.
polysaccharides are polymers because they D. maltose sucrose and lactose D. Essential in living organisms as a
are made up of smaller molecules called carrier of genetic information
_____ 5. The diagram shows the properties of water..
8. Which of the following are not the
A. Monomers B. Peptide xYx importance of RNA?
C. Dipeptide D. Polysaccharides

2. Organic molecule is______________. Based on the diagram: , what is X and Y A. RNA plays an important role in the
A. X: Polarity, Y: Adhesive production of proteins.
A. derived from non- living organisms, B. X: Adhesive,Y: Polarity B. It is found in the cytoplasm as well as
complex carbon contain compounds C. X: Adhesive,Y: Cohesive the nucleus.
B. consist of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins D. X: Cohesive ,Y: Adhesive C. contains genetic codes used to
and nucleic acids synthesise polypeptides, which form
C. include water and minerals, carbon 6. Which of the following are true about proteins.
dioxide
D. Molecules in living matter that do NOT monosaccharides? 9. The diagram shows the a nucleotide.
contain carbon
A. Carbohydrate monomers, the most simple PQ
3. Starch (carbohydrates) contain those carbohydrate unit.
elements except _______? B. Two simple sugar molecules combine through S
A. carbon condensation
B. hydrogen C.Sugar polymers are made up of Based on the diagram,:what are P, Q and S
C. oxygen monosaccharide monomers that produced
D. water molecules through condensation A. P: Nitrogenous base,Q: Pentose sugar,

S: Phosphate

B. P: Pentose sugar ,Q: Phosphate, S:

Nitrogenous base

C. P: Phosphate,Q: Pentose sugar, S:

Nitrogenous base 22

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /14 marks

PART B: Subjective Questions PART C: TRUE or FALSE Question

Answer ALL the questions given. 1.The basic structure of protein is amino acid.
1.Why is chemical composition important? (TRUE / FALSE)

....................................................................................................................................... 2. Monomer is a molecule that cannot be bonded to
[1 mark] other identical molecules to form a polymer

2. Distinguish between saturated fat and unsaturated fat. (TRUE / FALSE)

....................................................................................................................................... 3. Lipids are compounds that are insoluble in water and
....................................................................................................................................... soluble in solvents
.......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... (TRUE / FALSE)

[2 marks] 4. Nucleic acid are found in the nucleus of a cell. They are
made of carbon, calcium, ferum, nitrogen and phosphorus.
3. State two importance of carbohydrates. Give examples to your answer.
(TRUE / FALSE)
..............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. 5. Oils, fats and waxes are examples of protein.
(TRUE / FALSE)
[2 marks]
6. Enzymes are proteins that play important roles in the
4. Draw the structure of DNA and RNA. chemical reactions that occur in cells. Enzymes help to
accelerate chemical reactions in living things.

(TRUE / FALSE)

7. Compounds that contain carbon are called inorganic
compounds.

........................................................... ........................................................... (TRUE / FALSE)
DNA
RNA

[2 marks] [7 marks]

23

CHAPTER 5:
METABOLISM

AND
ENZYMES

24

CEHNAZPYTMERES5: What types of metabolism occur in a cell?
What are the characteristics of the enzyme and its
mechanism of action?
What are the factors that influence the reaction of
enzyme?
What is the application of enzymes on everyday life?

INTRODUCTION

5.2 Enzymes 5.2.6 Explain the mechanism of
5.2.1 Define enzymes enzyme action using the 'lock
and key' hypothesis.
5.2.2 Reason out the 5.3.1 Application of Enzymes
necessity of enzymes in in Daily Life
metabolism
5.1 Metabolism 5.2.7 Interpret energy 5.3.1 Explain by using
5.2.3 Describe the naming of diagrams to explain the examples the application
5.1.1 Define metabolism. enzymes with the addition mechanism of enzyme action. of enzymes in daily life.
of -ase to their substrates.
5.1.2 State the types of 5.2.8 Correlate the mechanism
metabolism in a cell: 5.2.4 Characterise the of enzyme action with the
general properties of change in the following factors:
anabolism enzymes.
catabolism temperature
pH
5.2.5 Communicate about the substrate concentration
involvement of specific enzyme concentration
organelles in the production
of: 5.2.9 Design and conduct
experiments to study the
intracellular enzymes effects of temperature and pH
extracellular enzymes on the activities of amylase and
pepsin.
25

5.1.1 Define 5.1 WHAT IS METABOLISM?
metabolism
5.1.1 Define metabolism
5.1.2 State the types
of metabolism in a Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism.
cell: The processes in metabolism involve the conversion of food into energy in
the form of ATP, and the formation of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and
anabolism nucleic acid.
catabolism
5.1.2 Types of metabolism in a cell

METABOLISM

Anabolism Catabolism

Metabolic reaction that builds up Metabolic reaction that breaks
complex molecules. down complex molecules.
This reaction absorbs energy.
Ex: The formation of glucose This reaction releases energy.
during photosynthesis.
Ex: The breakdown of glucose

during cellular respiration to

generate energy.

A+B C A B+C

(substrate) (product) (substrate) (products) 26

5.2 ENZYMES What is an Enzyme

5.2.1 Define enzymes. An organic catalyst that is mostly made up of proteins and is produced by living cell
5.2.2 Reason out the needed of organisms is known as an enzyme.
enzymes in metabolism
5.2.3 Describe the naming of Enzymes that are synthesized INETXRTARCAELCLEULLLAURLAARND Enzymes that are
enzymes in a cell for its own use. ENZYMES secreted outside the cell
5.2.4 Characteristics of enzymes
5.2.5 Intracellular and extracellular Ribosome is the site
enzymes of protein synthesis
5.2.6 'Lock and key' enzymes
5.2.7 Mechanism of enzyme action transported through the spaces in
by using energy diagram
Rough endoplasmic
Enzyme nomenclature reticulum (Rough ER)

proteins wrapped in

vesicles that bud off from

the sides of the rough ER

Transport vesicles as

The name of the However, some will fuse with the membrane of the Activation
enzyme is derived by enzymes do not energy of
adding '-ase' to the follow this naming Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicles fuse with the cell Secretions of enzyme reaction
contain protein that are membrane and extracellular
name of the system. bud off from Golgi modified into enzymes release
substrate it For example are: membrane as enzymes
catalyses. For Trypsin, Pepsin
example are: Lactase, BECAUSE:

Maltase EMnezcyhmaeniAsmctoiofn The 'lock and key' hypothesis

Biological Act Sensitive to
catalyst rapidly temperature

GENERAL Reaction is
specific

CHARACTERISTICS The specific A reaction takes place
substrate and a product is
OF ENZYMES Reversible approaches the created. The product
enzyme. then leaves the active
Small quantity Enzyme Substrate binds to the site after the reaction
and reusable inhibitors active site to form is completed.
enzyme-substrate complex.
Some enzymes need 27
cofactors to work

5.2.8 Correlate the Effects of temperature Effects of pH
mechanism of enzyme
action with the change in the At low temperature, the rate of Enzymes can only function optimally
following factors: reaction catalyzed by enzymes is low. at a particular pH.
For every 10 ⁰C rise in temperature, the The optimum pH is the pH at which
rate of reaction is double until 40c the rate of reaction is at the
The optimum temperature is around 37 maximum, in the range of between pH
⁰C. 6 and 8.
Further increases in temperature, will Ex: pepsin enzymes in the stomach
cause the denaturation of enzymes. act only at the optimal pH 1.5 and 2.5.

temperature The effect of substrate CANDY
pH concentration
substrate concentration The effect of enzyme
enzyme concentration An increase in substrate concentration concentration
will speed up the reaction until it
There are many reaches a maximum rate. When the concentration of an enzyme
factors that affect After maximum rate, the enzyme is increases, the rate of reaction will
the mechanism of said to be saturated or fully used. increase until the reaction reaches a
The concentration of enzyme becomes maximum rate.
enzyme action. a limiting factor. To increase the rate After the maximum rate, the
of reaction, the concentration of the concentration of substrate becomes a
enzyme must be increased. limiting factor.

28

5.3 APPLICATION OF ENZYMES IN DAILY LIFE

5.3.1 Explain by Enzymes have long been widely used in the commercial sector and for Nowadays, routine
using examples everyday use.
the application of processes in many
The enzymes used are extracted from natural resources such as industrial products such as
enzymes bacteria or are produced synthetically. chemical, food industries,
in daily life. and pharmaceuticals were

produced using

immobile enzymes.
(Basso & Serban, 2019)

Immobilized enzymes are enzymes that combine with inert and insoluble substances to
increase the resistance of enzymes towards change in factors such as pH and
temperature.

With this method, the enzyme molecules will remain in the same position throughout the
catalytic reaction and then be separated easily from its product.

This technology is known as immobilized enzyme technology.

1 Enzyme: Protease 2 3 Enzymes: Digestive 4 dUEenstezesyr:mgIeesns:tusAemdyilnasbei,oLipase
Uses: Separates fish skin Enzymes: Pectinase and Uses: Is used in medical
in food industries Cellulase field
Uses: Production of juice

Source: Google Images 29

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /9 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice Question 4. The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme. 7. Diagram shows the effect of substrate
(MCQ) What is X? concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction.

Answer ALL the questions.

1.Molecules are breaks down by a metabolic
reaction known as...

A. Catabolism B. Metabolism A. Enzyme B. Product What causes the rate of reaction at point X
C. Anabolism D. Intracellular enzymes C. Substrate D. Enzyme-substrate complex

2. The equation shows the hydrolysis of sucrose. 5. The diagram shows the mechanism of an enzyme. to Y? B. Maximum rate of
A. Free active sites reaction

C. Limited enzyme D. Decrease in pH
concentration of the substrate

What is represented by P, Q and R? 8. A daughter need to prepare a meat dish in
less than an hour after back from home.
A. P:sucrase, C. P:amylase Based on the diagram, what are the ONE correct Which of the followings is the BEST step to
Q:glucose, R:glucose Q:maltose, R:glucose characteristics of lactase? treat the meat before cooking?

B. P:sucrase, D. P:sucrase, A. Structure of B. Reversible action A. Marinate with C. Marinate with
Q:glucose, R:fructose lipase rennin
Q:glucose, R:galactose enzyme is unchanged

C. Needs co-factor D. Denature enzyme B. Marinate with D. Marinate with
to function protease amylase
3. Lipase solution was added to milk. After 30
minutes, the pH of the milk decreases. 9. Which is the MOST effective washing for a
What is the substrate and product
in this reaction? 6. The proteins are further modified during their t-shirt with grease stain?
transport in the...
A. Detergent C. Detergent
A. Substrate:fat, B. Substrate:protein, A. Vesicles B. Ribosome containing lipase containing protease
Product:amino acid Product:amino acid C. Rough ER D. Golgi apparatus with 37⁰C water with 37⁰C water

C. Substrate:fibre, D. Substrate:fat, B. Detergent D. Detergent
Product:glucose Product:glycerol and containing amylase containing pectinase
fatty acid with 37⁰C water with 37⁰C water

30

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /12 marks

PART B: Subjective Question PART C: TRUE or FALSE Questions

Answer ALL the questions in both parts. 1.The formation of glucose during photosynthesis
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the synthesis and secretion of an enzyme in animal cell. involve Anabolism reaction.
(TRUE / FALSE)
R
P 2. All reactions catalyzed by enzymes are reversible.
(TRUE / FALSE)

QS 3. Cofactors help some enzymes to work more efficiently.
(TRUE / FALSE)
DIAGRAM 1.1
(a) Name the parts labelled P and R. 4. Any further increase in temperature will speed up
enzyme activity until it stops at 60⁰C.
P : ..........................................................................................................................................
R: ........................................................................................................................................... (TRUE / FALSE)

[2 marks] 5. The active sites of enzymes is change when there is
extreme change in the pH value.
(b) State the function of organelle S.

.............................................................................................................................................. (TRUE / FALSE)
.............................................................................................................................................. 6. Cellulase is used for softening vegetables.

[1 mark] (TRUE / FALSE)

(c) Explain the role of organelle Q in the synthesis of an enzyme.

............................................................................................................................................. 7. The hypothesis for enzyme reaction is called

............................................................................................................................................. 'enzyme-substrate complex'

[2 marks] (TRUE / FALSE) 31[7 marks]

CHAPTER 6:
CELL

DIVISION

32

CHAPTER 6: How does growth happens?
CELL How does organism produce new cell?
DIVISION How genetic variation occur?

DO YOU KNOW?

6.1 Cell Division 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis 6.3 Meiosis 6.4 Issues of cell
division on human
6.1.1 Describe : 6.2.1 Describe the phase in a 6.3.1 State the meaning of health
a) Karyokinesis cell cycle: interphase, G- meiosis
b)Cytokinesis phase, S-phase, M-phase, 6.3.2 Identify the cell 6.4.1 Explain the effect
6.1.2 Describe the terms Mitosis and Cytokinesis that undergo meiosis of abnormal mitosis on
haploid,diploid,chromatin, 6.2.2 Arrange stage of 6.3.3 State the necessity human health
homologous,and maternal mitosis of meiosis in : The a) Cancer
chromosome. 6.2.3 Communicate about the formation of gametes, b) Tumour
structure of each stage in producing genetic 6.4.2 Evaluate the
mitosis and cytokinesis by variation, maintaining effects of abnomal
using labelled diagram diploid chromosomal meiosis on down
6.2.4 Compare and contrast numbers from one syndrome individual
mitosis and cytokinesis in generation to another.
animal and plant cell. 6.3.4 Explain the stage of 33
6.2.5 Discuss the necessity meiosis
of mitosis in: development of 6.3.5 Draw and label cell
embryo, growth of organism structure in each stage of
healing of wound, meiosis I and II and
regeneration cytokinesis.
6.3.6 Compare and
contrast meiosis and
mitosis

Karyokinesis 6.1.1 Able to Describe Cytokinesis
- Karyokinesis
- Division of the - Division of the
(Nuclear division)
nucleus of the cell - Cytokinesis cytoplasm of the cell
- Occurs during the M- - Occurs during the end
(Cytoplasmic division
phase of M-phase

SOMATIC CELLCoBhnuoPtmdmaryaoiinntdcsoguessadcloilmeismpadeplpaotrattieoihrdcctr2eocfnsuers.glolIhmn There are 2 GAMETEIt is reproductive
2n=46 type of cells
produced through
cell
the

Ccoeonlfltmcacoiehnnirsotosahmiisanopspoloronmoiedcesen.esuetsmaocbfhenr.
Gametes n=23

34

6.2.1 M phasemcienMytavtanopopdlkhvmhiaetanissetseeoelsosp,impisrash.aonaMdapasnhepiedtahuosapsesi,eosf Cytokinesis G1 phase
Describe the
phase in the ThPesruopcctreeholildnaiuasnuclcssmeroedeitsaioinysncnethttehiohnnicesrsesiisliozlztneeca.ygaCcerlee.elliss

cell cycle

G2 phaseTmpgahhrreeaortsawacenbe.aagolCnnleliddemwclaierlmlllenglacycmtakyotdafelnheioutnefrriirnianntuceahgetlneitevthnreoiegsxyt S phase

EDDaNcNhAAinctishnoyrnntoutwmhcooleesisduoissemnroeteccmpciulauirclltaaitpneldy.
ssaimstceehrcroocmphyroosomofmaDteNidkAsn.omAwolnllehacsauvlee

35

pcaToMetcEelhCnwreeaaetohomcsrsrhmiisbsoloyiimrclstteahsthooneertmeseoreiococmnmscvesthouielpnaslrnigrocobdntmomdeetndotrleaedwitomsceieespdoniexopcnsntlroseveosidetsnsihttdceeope TnhteahTesatehpftccioielcthenbyTpherdlcrlpheenoeleowetnmesntssfrdithfoitimears-trisehottbteii(ottomoerectmoapl-reheqecteotesulescihnlhlsca.ehedaemttslrsxrmiooiaopnetotrl.meieeofo)nnntanaduootidcgtplcfhwehiidnegos.f

Prophase Metaphase

6.2.2: Arranging steps in Mitosis

Telophase Asteteaocfhcphorloemoofsotmheesceglal tahfeurll Anaphase aomnTndtihehtteoetchtnhsheiiecrpsooutsotmlepphleripaendotcrdishdalcierpthtoeawromrohptoamoicntblaehieydtippstduohallterlesoe
together.
36
Asemteomfbcrharnoemfoosrommsesartoouncdreeaatceh
two new nuclei.

ftdnuhaTuleluchgsmleeehiuttsdseiodn.rfglTeclcehethilocslrseofplmeolrarotomcchsheeotsnmcwsoepoinsisntswcakehiinpnteoaihsnwrigannintaae
as cytokinesis.

6.2.4 Compare and
contrast mitosis
and cytokinesis in
animal and plant

cell

6.2.5 Discuss
cessity of mitosis

Necessity of Occur via the formation of cell Occur via the formation of
mitosis plate cleavage furrow
constriction of cell does not Constriction of cell membrane
occur constrict
Cell wall are formed Cell wall not formed

The Golgi apparatus release Non muscle myosin and actin
vessicle contain cell wall material filament assemble equitorially in

which fuse at the equatorial to middle of the cell at the cell
form a cell plate cortex to form a contractile ring

SIMILARITY

- Both is the cytoplasmic division of cell. Bringning about seperation of two
daughter cell

Fetus Growth cell
development regeneration

37

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /12 marks

PART A: Multiple Choice Question The diagram shows the meiosis process in the 9. How many unit of DNA are in the cell during
(MCQ) human testis prophase?

1.Synthesis of RNA and proteins take place in? A. 10 B. 20
C. 40 D. 80
A. M Phase B. G1 Phase
C. S Phase D. G2 phase

10. There are two main processes in the M
(mitotic) phase. Which process occurs last?

2. When does synapsis occur during meiosis? A. Meiosis B. Interphase
C. Mitosis D. Cytokinesis
A. Zygotene B. Lepotene 7. How many chromosomes are in the cell after
meiosis I and meiosis II?
C. Diplotene D. Pachytene

After meiosis I After meiosis II The diagram shows a phase in a cell cycle
A. 46 46
3. Spindle fiber are made up of? B. 46 23
C. 23 46
A. Spindle B. Flagella D. 23 23
C. Tubulin D. Humulin

4. Chromosome are seperated during?

Use the diagram for question 8-10

A. Prophase B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase D. Telophase

5. Replication of centrioles occur in? 11. What phase is the diagram called?

A. Interphase B. Prophase A. Interphase B. Prophase
C. Metaphase D. Anaphase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase

6. Which of these structures, involved in cell 8.. There are 40 units of DNA cell during G2 stage. 12. Which is the longest phase of cell cycle in
division, is present in animal cells but not How many units DNA during G1 phase animal cell
present plant cells?
A. Prophase B. Interphase
A. Centriole B. Centromere A. 10 B. 20 C. Cytokinesis D. Telophase
C. Chromatid D. Chromosome C. 40 D. 80
38

FORMATIVE PRACTICES /10 marks

PART B: TRUE or FALSE Questions FALSE

Tick (/) the correct answers whether the statement is true or false. TRUE 39

1.The longest phase in the cell cyle is Cytokinesis

2. Formation of Chiasmata provides opportunities for new genotype
to arise.

3. Formation of Chiasmata occur at Prophase 1 of cell division
4. A stage which mitosis do chromosome uncoil is anaphase
5. Spindle fiber composition is protein
6. Cell division is important for reproduction, human growth and cell

regeneration
7. Cell division occur the same with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

8. Organelles are divided during interphase cycle.
9. Interphase consist of two things which is mitosis and also
cytokinesis
10. A cell spends most of its life in the growth phase of the cell cycle

which is Interphase.

A GLOSSARY

Adhesion- The clinging of one substance to another, E I
such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen
bonds. Equatore - Middle position Isotonic- A solution that has the same salt
Amino acid- An organic molecule possessing both a Excretion- Eliminates of waste concentration as cells
carboxyl and an amino group Enzyme- The organic catalyst, normally proteins, that
Anabolism- The metabolic process that synthesises catalyse biochemical reactions in living cells. J
complex molecules from simpler molecules. The
process requires energy. F -
Active site- Substrate will bind with enzymes at a
specific site Fat- A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to K
Activation energy- The energy needed to break the one glycerols molecules called triglycerides.
bond in the substrate molecule before reaction can Karyokinesis - Division of cell nucleus
occur.

B GL
Gamete - A sex cell
Bilayer- a film two molecules thick (formed e.g. by Gene- A discrete unit of hereditary information Lipid - Any group of large biological molecules,
lipids), in which each molecule is arranged with its consisting specific nucleotide sequence in DNA including fats, phospholipids and steroids
hydrophobic end directed inwards towards the Golgi apparatus- A cellular component in the cytoplasm Lysosome- Membrane-bound sacs that contain
opposite side of the film and its hydrophilic end that processes, packs, and distributes secretory enzymes that digest substances in the food
directed outwards. substances such as enzymes and proteins. vacoule.
Glycolysis- The breakdown of glucose by the
C. hexokinase enzyme to produce energy and pyruvate.

Carbohydrates- A sugar (monosaccharides) or one H M
of its dimer (disaccharides) or polymers
(polysaccharides) Hypertonic- solute concentration is higher than Meiosis - Division of reproductive cell
Condensed - Becoming thick and visible that inside the cell Mitosis - Division of normal cell
Catabolism- The metabolic pathway that breaks Hypotonic- solute concentration is higher than that
down complex molecules into simpler molecules. outside the cell
The process releases energy.

D
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)- A nucleic acid,

usually double-stranded helix that consists of

nucleotide 40

N GLOSSARY V

Nucleus- Controls all cell activities. R Vigorous- Moderate-intensity activities are
those that get you moving fast enough
O R-ough Endoplasmic Reticulum- Has ribosomes
attached to the surface. W
Osmosis- The spontaneous net movement or Ribosome- Site for protein synthesis.
diffusion of solvent molecules through a -
selectively permeable membrane from a region of S
high water potential to a region of low water X
potential synthesize - Producing something
Osmoregulatory- The maintenance of constant Somatic - Cell other than reproductive cell -
osmotic pressure in organisms Steroid- A type of lipid characterized by a carbon
skeleton with various chemical attached. Y
Substrate- The substance which is acted on by
enzymes. -

P T Z

Plasma- The membrane found in all cells that Turgid- The state of being turgid or swollen, -
separates the interior of the cell from the especially due to high fluid content
outside environment Transport- a system or means of conveying
Polarity- A lack of symmetry; structural substances from place to place.
differences in opposite ends of an organism

QU

--

41

ANSWERS

Chapter 2: Cell Biology and Composition

Part A Part C
1. A 1. True
2. B 2. True
3. A 3. True
4. D 4. True
5. A 5. False
6. C 6. False
7. C 7. False
8. C 8. True
9. D 9. True
10. A 10. False
11. B 11. True
12. True

42

ANSWERS

Chapter 3: Movement of Substances Across a Plasma Membrane

Part A Part B 5. Active transport requires energy
1. B 1. Definition of passive transport Sample answer:
2. D Sample answer:
3. B To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient
4. A A type of membrane transport that does
5. B not require energy to move substances 6. Animal cell
6. C across cell membranes
7. B 2. Facilitated diffusion vs active transport
8. D Sample answer:
9. B
7. Simple diffusion vs osmosis
Sample answer:

3. Importance of semi-permeable membrane 8. Importance of cell wall
Sample answer: Sample answer:

Only allow specific particles/molecules to Maintain the shape of the cell and prevent the plant cell from bursting.
pass by while block other substances
Regulates the movement of substances in 9. Components of plasma membrane
and out of cell Sample answer:

4. Plant cell Channel/ carrier protein
Phospholipid bilayer
Glycoprotein 43
Glycolipid
Cholesterol