world map

Lagos

Equator ATLANTIC Gulf ongo Equator
5 of 5

Amazon OCEAN Guinea C Lake
Victoria
SOUTH Fernando
es A M E R I C A de Noronha
(Brazil)
OCEANS 49Ascension Islandla Basin
(St Helena) Lake
Mid-Atlantic Ridge Nyasa
And Brazil St Helena
Rio de Janeiro Basin (UK)

Ilha da Ango
Trindade ge
Tropic of Capricorn (Brazil) Walvis Rid Tropic of Capricorn
Andes
6 PACIFIC Paraná Rio Grande 6
OCEAN Rise
Cape Cape Town
Buenos Basin
Aires Tristan da Cunha Cape of
Good Hope
(St Helena)

rgentine Basin Gough Island
(Tristan da Cunha)

A In 2001, the Caledonian Star was damaged by a 100 ft (30 m)

“rogue wave” in the South Atlantic. Once thought to be a g e
n
Falkland Is. mythical occurrence, these giant waves are now a R i d
(UK)
7 135 recognized phenomenon and represent a major n d i a 123 7
South Georgia hazard to even the largest ships. a ntic-
I
Atl
(UK)
Cape Horn South Bouvet Island

Scotia Sea Sandwich Is. (Norway)

(UK)

Atlantic-Indian Basin

Bellingshausen 0 km 2000 Antarctic Circle
8 Sea 0 miles 8
2000

136 W e d d e l l S e a 136 A N T A R C T I C A

AB CDE

AB CDE

62 63 50 AFRICA

ATLANTIC EU R O PE Africa 1
1 OCEAN
Caspian Sea
Black Sea C a u c a s u s

Iberian

Peninsula M e
T
48 Ceuta d i t Sicily
(Spain) U N IS
Madeira Melilla (Spain) s err a AS IA
(Portugal) ntai IA
n n e Cyprus Syrian 94
Desert
2 M OR OCCO M o u a n Sea 2
A tlas
Islas Canarias

(Spain) GHANA Libyan
BENIN Desert
ALGERIA PersGiaunlf
CAMEROON
WESTERN LIBYA EGYPT
GO
SAHARA Ahaggar Red Sea Tropic of Cancer
(disputed) Nile

STropic of Cancer a h a r a ALIAArabian

Tibesti

3 MAURITANIA 3

Senega MALI NIGER Peninsula
SENEGAL CHAD
Niger ERITREA
TOGO
GAMBIA l S ah el SUDAN Blue Nile DJIBOUTI Gulf of Aden
NIGERIA
GUINEA- BURKINA
BISSAU GUINEA Niger
Sudd Ethiopian SOMALILAND
(not internationally
SIERRA E T H I O P I A recognized)
CÔTE White Nile
LEONE D'IVOIRE
CENTRAL AFRICAN Highlands
(IVORY REPUBLIC
4 LIBERIA COAST) Shebeli 4
Uele Equator
Gulf of Guinea EQUATORIAL Congo Lake SO M
Turkana
GUINEA UGANDA
KENYA
SAO TOME &
Equator
PRINCIPE

GABON CON RWANDA Lake Victoria

Cabinda DEM. REP. BURUNDI Kilimanjaro
(Angola) 19,341ft (5895m)

CONGO Great Rif TANZANIA

5 Ascension I. Lake 5
(St Helena) Tanganyika

St Helena t Va Lake Nyasa COMOROS
(UK) lley
ANGOLA MALAWI Mayotte
(France)
ZAMBIA
Bié E
Plateau Zambezi el

QU MADAGASCAR
ann

NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE MOZAMBI
ambique Ch
6 Namib Desert BOTSWANA 6
Tropic of Capricorn 7
Kalahari z Tropic of
Desert Capricorn
o

M

ATLANTIC Orange River SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH

7 49 OCEAN AFRICA INDIAN

Tristan da Cunha Cape of 123
(St Helena) Good Hope
Gough Island OCEAN
(Tristan da Cunha)

0 km 1000 AFRICA 51

8 1000 8
0 miles 136

136

AB CDE

52 AFRICA C D

Northwest Africa

AB

A T L A N T I C 74 SPAIN

1 OCEAN

On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747s collided ALGIERS
Mostaganem
Ceuta (Spain)
on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport on Tanger Blida
Tenerife with the loss of 583 lives, making Tetouan Melilla Oran Sidi Bel
this the world’s worst ever air disaster. Abbès
Kénitra (Spain)

2 48 ITselnaes(rSi(CfPpMeaaorianntdua)egriaFrilaau)Lesartnez-arotAEesgsMaaoadCuriiaSrrraasaKakfhbieMolcauhRnrOAicbaBMgRBAaeeTOlnlai-lCACEtOr RlaacFhèisdsiaOMFiugjBudoéigacuhGOTarlrnceacmnti dcdaeLeGaEninhgrathngraodlusaaïat
La Palma

Gran ventura Tan-Tan

Canaria ALGER

3 LAÂYOUNE Smara

Tindouf I-n-Salah

WESTERN Reggane

SAHARA a

(disputed territory under The region of Tidikelt
Moroccan occupation) in Algeria once went
Tropic of Cancer Ad Dakhla
Sfor 10 years without
h
a drop of rain.

4 48

Lagouira The Sahara Desert is one of the harshest
environments on Earth. With an area of
around 3,500,000 sq miles (9,000,000 sq km),
roughly the same as Europe, it has a population
of only around 2 million people compared to
Europe’s population of 731 million people.

5 MAURITANIA MALI
0 km
400
0 miles 400 56

A B CD

AFRICA 53

E F GH

ITALY 87

Annaba Bizerte Sicily GREECE

TUNIS Crete 1
2
Constantine Sousse MALTA 3

Kairouan Mediterranea n The hottest place on earth is Al ‘Aziziyah,
Sfax S e a Libya, where on September 13, 1922, an air
Sétif Batna temperature of 136ºF (57ºC) was recorded.
GabèsZuAwzáZráawh iyah
Gafsa Al Bayçá’ Darnah
Chott Biskra ◊ubruq
Melghir Al Marj
Tozeur Médenine TRIPOLI Banghází
Al Khums
Touggourt TUNISIA 54
Ouargla Mi∞rátah
Gharyán Khalíj Surt Ajdábiyá
Yafran

rg Surt
al
rOarni d E Great EGYPT
G e nt Sand Sea

IA LIBYA

Birák

Awbárí Sabhá

Tassili-n-A jjer Murzuq Libyan

a ra Al Kufrah
Tropic of Cancer
Ahaggar
Desert
Tamanrasset
54 4

Tibesti
Libya has the largest proven oil reserves
in Africa, estimated at 41.5 billion barrels
in 2008. With production running at
around 1.8 million barrels per day, these
reserves are expected to last for another
60 years.

NIGER CHAD 5

58

E F GH

AB CDE

87 SYRIA 102 54 AFRICA

Mediterranean CYPRUS IRAQ Northeast AfricaIRAN
1 Sea
LEBANON When first opened in 1869, the Suez CanalPer 1

Al Iskandaríyah Nile ISRAEL J O R D A N consisted of a channel 26 ft (8 m) deep and
Delta 200 to 300 ft (60 to 90 m) wide at the surface.
(Alexandria) Búr Sa’íd (Port Said) Construction involved the excavation and

Munkhafaç CAIRO Al Ismá’ílíya dredging of 97 million cubic yards
Al Jízah (74 million cubic metres) of material.
Suez Canal
(Giza)
As Suways (Suez)

al Qaœœárah Sinai sian
For thousands of years the Nile has supported G u l f
-436ft (-133m) Al Minyá Baní Suwayf
E GYP T
L I B YA Hurghada
Asyúπ
Sea
2 53 Sawháj RedQinácultivation in the Aswan region, despite it being 102 2
Al Uq∞ur (Luxor) one of the driest places on Earth, with an average
L i b y a n Al Khárijah Nile
Desert Isná of only 0.02 inches (0.5 mm) of rain per year.
Idfú

Tropic of Cancer Aswán Tropic of Cancer

Lake Nasser (administered by SAUDI
(administered by Egypt) Sudan)

Wadi Halfa Desert

ubian Port Sudan ARABIA

3 Dongola Ni N le 3

CHAD Atbara
SUDAN
ERITREA
arfur Omdurman
KHARTOUM Kassala Mits’iwa YEMEN

D El Fasher Wad Medani Gedaref ASMARA Gulf of Aden
El Geneina
El Obeid Teseney
4 ‘Aseb 4
Blue Nile Himora Mek’elé
White Nile
Gonder

Nyala Dilling Bahir Dar DJIBOUTI

Desé DJIBOUTI Boosaaso

Kadugli Buré E t h i o p i a n Berbera SOMALILAND

S u d Malakal ADDIS ABABA Diré Dawa Hargeysa(notrienctoegrnniazteidon) ally

d Nazrét Ogaden Garoowe

Wau Goré Highlands
Jíma
White Nile Gaalkacyo
5 CENTRAL Rumbek E T H I O P I AElemi Triangle 5
AFRICAN (adminstered
by Kenya)
REPUBLIC Shebeli SOMALIA

Yambio Juba Negélé Beledweyne

Lokitaung

D E M . R E P. Arua Gulu Lake Baydhabo
Lira Turkana Wanlaweyn

CONGO Lake Albert UGANDA KENYA Marka MOGADISHU
Masindi
Mbale Eldoret Great Rift Valley
KAMPALA
6 Equator Lake Nakuru Meru Jamaame
Edward Entebbe Equator 6
a k e Kisumu Nyeri Garissa Kismaayo
Kabale L The Somali language
NAIROBI did not become
Lake Kivu Victoria a written language
Kilimanjaro
RWANDA KIGALI 19,341ft (5895m) until 1972.
Malindi
Mwanza

BUJUMBURA Arusha

BURUNDI Shinyanga Masai Moshi Mombasa The shortest war on record,
Tabora Steppe Tanga between Britain and Zanzibar
Kigoma
TA N Z A N I A in 1896, lasted just 38 minutes.

7 59 Lake DODOMA Zanzibar 122 7
Tanganyika Dar es Salaam
Lake Morogoro INDIAN
Sumbawanga
Rukwa

Great Mbeya Iringa

The Great Rift Valley is one Rift Valley Lake Nyasa Lindi SEYCHELLES OCEAN
of the most extensive rifts on
Mtwara

the Earth's surface, extending Songea

from Jordan southward through MALAWI COMOROS AFRICA 55
eastern Africa to Mozambique.
8 The system is some 4,000 miles MOZAMBIQUE 8
(6,400 km) long and averages
0 km 400

30–40 miles (48–64 km) wide. 0 miles 400 MADAGASCAR

ZAMBIA 60 61

AB CDE

56 AFRICA

West Africa

A B CD

0 km 400 52

0 miles 400 WESTERN Bîr guîdi

Tropic of Cancer SAHARA Mogreïn I

(disputed territory
under Moroccan occupation)
1 Erg œ k
' Kâg e E Ìan
M A U R I T A N I AS2
Mauritania and Madagascar are the h l Erg
only countries in the world not to use

a decimal-based currency.The basic unit Fdérik Zouérat
of currency, the ouguiyal, is divided
into five khoums. Ouarâne
El Mreyyé
CAPE Nouâdhibou Akchâr Choûm
VERDE Aωr
NOUAKCHOTT
48 Akjoujt

Ilhas de Barlav e n t
Santo São Vicente
Antão

o Rkîz
Seneg Aleg
São Nicolau Sal Aoukâr
Boa Vista
Santiago Kiffa
I Fogo Maio Saint Louis BafingKaédiKayes
al
l h a s de PRAIA SENEGAL
Sotavento
DAKAR Mbaké Nioro

3 ATLANTIC Diourbel
Kaolack
S Niger
BANJUL GAMBIA Gam
Ségou Bani
OCEAN Bignona bia

BISSAU BAMAKO
Gaoual
Gambia is only around 20 miles (32 km) Bagoé

wide and 200 miles (320 km) long; GUINEA- Boké Labé Niger Bougouni Bobo-
its unusual shape and size are down BISSAU Dioulasso
to territorial compromises arising from GU INE A Siguiri

19th-century Anglo-French rivalry Kindia Kankan
4 in western Africa.
CONAKRY SIERRA Odienné
48
FREETOWN L E O N E CÔTE

D’IVOIRE

Bo (IVORY COAST)
Lac de
Tubmanburg L I B E R I A Kossou

A Rüppell’s Vulture collided with a commercial MONROVIA YAMOUSSOUKRO
airliner at 37,000 ft (11,277 m) above Buchanan S
Côte d’Ivoire to earn the posthumous distinction
of the highest flying bird ever recorded. Zwedru Gagnoa

Abidjan
assandra

5 Harper

49

A B CD

AFRICA 57

E F GH

ALGERIA 53

ech LIBYA
d
The Niger River begins in Guinea just 150 miles 1
Tropic of Cancer
Ch (240 km) from the Atlantic coast but then heads
inland on a 3000-mile (4100-km) journey

before finally reaching the Gulf of Guinea some

1200 miles (2000 km) to the east.

Taoudenni

a h‘Erg -n- Sâ kâne a r aT é n é r é
Tessalit
I du 58 2
3
Tafassâsset 58 4
5
Adrar des Assamakka n é r é Grand Erg de Bilma C.A.R.
Massif
Araouane o u â Ifôghas de l'Aïr ER

M A LA z a I AgadezTé

Lac NIG G ia
Faguibine
C
Tombouctou Gao HAD
Lac
Niangay Ansongo

Hombori Tahoua

aMopti h NIAMEY e lMaradi Zinder Nguigmi

Gouré

BURKINA oto dej
Black Volta
White VoOUAGADOUGOU N iger S Sokoto Katsina H a Maiduguri
Fada- Gusau Kano
Koudougou OtiNgourma
ok ongola
Wa Kandi Kainji Zaria
Reservoir Kaduna Kumo
lta B E N I N

TOGO Natitingou NIGERIA

Komoé Parakou Jos

ASKusnuaymmLlaaaknaakeiensGsiNkVinHoesalsttVwhLaeATGeaoaaiklsAmuwNtmeaoColnaCArVflelRdoelA,otocf oftLhvBOSeeoGirMgiklnaAhuoÉgrtbdgioPN3éeonOOm2sfOt8eyReIBVml3oTyaoeOLOansranqIii-bgnn-mSmaoOaEadislpdgNedaseeebinghloeseroCBmf eiAttohEnyAbeQsiNhanBUOiogUAPenrToEJiOArnttRsuhPIHAglaCLaauBaterenlcaauo5ueb9uarGrtoutneCtlainAsaMo

Mout M
EROON

(8502 sq km), or 3.6% of Ghana’s area. GUINEA

E F GH

AB CDE

53 53 58 AFRICA

1 Tropic of Cancer L I B YA EGYPT Central Africa

ALGERIA Tropic of Cancer 1

NIGER Tibesti The eye of an ostrich is bigger than it’s
brain. They are the largest bird on Earth.
An adult male can stand 8 ft (2.5 m) tall,
weigh up to 300 lbs (135 kg), and run at
around 30 mph (48 km/h).

Sahar a

2 57 Faya 54 2

The vast sand flats surrounding Lake SUDAN

Chad were once covered by water. Ennedi

Changing climatic patterns caused

the lake to shrink and desert now CHAD
covers much of its previous area.

Mao

Bol Biltine Pygmies who inhabit the Congo
Lake Chad Ati Basin grow to be only 3 to 4 feet
Abéché (0.9 to 1.2 m) tall at adulthood.

3 3

Kousséri NDJAMENA Mongo The name is derived from the Greek

word “pygmê,” which referred to a

Maroua Chari Am Timan unit of measurement equivalent to
Bongor the length of a forearm.
Guider

N I G E R I A4 Garoua Laï Massif des Bongo
Moundou Ndélé
Sarh
Ngaoundéré
Goré

CENTRAL AFRICAN 4

Banyo Bossangoa Bria

Bamenda Bouar Sibut REPUBLIC Obo

Nkongsamba Bafoussam Bambari

Douala Bertoua Berbérati BANGUI Bomu
YAOUNDÉ
MALABO Uele

SAO TOME Ebolowa CAMEROON Ubangi Gemena Isiro
Lake Albert
5 & PRINCIPE Bata Bumba Bunia 5
C o n g oPríncipe ongo
EQUATORIAL Oyem Ouésso
GUINEA Impfondo
B a s i nSÃO TOMÉ C
Kwango
Equator

São Tomé
LIBREVILLE CONGO Mbandaka Kisangani Butembo Equator
Owando Lake Edward GANDA
Lambaréné
Goma
D E M . R E P .Port-Gentil G A B O N o
Cong U

Massoukou Lake Kivu RWANDA
Bukavu
Djambala CONGO

6 Mossendjo Bandundu Kindu Mitumba 6

BRAZZAVILLE Kasai Lodja BURUNDI

Dolisie KINSHASA Ilebo Kasongo
Pointe-Noire
TA N Z A N I A
Cabinda Boma Kikwit Kananga Kabinda Kalemie

(Angola) Matadi Lake Tanganyika

Tshikapa Mbuji-Mayi

The only major river that Mwene- Manono Monts
flows both north and south Ditu
7 49 of the equator is the Congo.
It crosses the equator twice, Kamina 55 7
which means that at least
part of its catchment area L. Mweru
is always experiencing
a rainy season. Dilolo Kolwezi Likasi

ATLANTIC ANGOLA Lubumbashi

OCEAN 0 km 400 ZAMBIA AFRICA 59

8 0 miles 400 8

60 60

AB CDE

60 AFRICA

Southern Africa

AB C D

59 go Con DEM. REP.
Cabinda CONGO
1
0 km (Angola) Cabinda Lake
400 Tanganyika

0 miles 400 Uíge
Ambriz
Lucapa

LUANDA N’Dalatando Saurimo Ndola
Cuanza Malanje Mufulira

Sumbe A N G O L A Chingola

Lobito
2 49 A T L A N T I C Benguela
Kuito Zambezi Kitwe
Luanshya
Huambo

OCEAN Lubango Menongue ZAMBIA

Namibe Cubango Zambe LUSAKA

The Okavango River pours Tombua N’Giva zi Choma Li ZambLezai ke
Rundu Kariba
some 14.4 billion cubic yards Cunene Okava Livingstone
(11 billion cu m) of water into Victoria
ngo
the Okavango Delta each year. Falls
Tsumeb Okavango Delta

Grootfontein Maun Bulawayo
3 It drains away through a maze of amib Etosha
lagoons, channels, and islands N
N A M I B I A ZIMBAPan
covering around 5800 sq miles Ghanzi Francistown

(15,000 sq km), before eventually

BOTSWANAdisappearing into the sands of the
Swakopmund WINDHOEK mpopo
Walvis Bay
Kalahari Desert to the south. Desert K a l a h a r i Mahalapye

Tropic of Capricorn Rehoboth GABORONE TSHWANE/
PRETORIA
Desert Lobatse
Mmabatho
The Kalahari Desert is the largest
Keetmanshoop Soweto
4 continuous sand surface in the world. Lüderitz Karasburg Johannesburg Vaal

49 Iron oxide gives a distinctive red Oran Kroonstad
color to the sand, which is over
ge R. Kimberley MASERU
200 ft (60 m) deep in places.
BLOEMFONTEIN

SOUTH AFRICA'S THREE CAPITALS SOUTH MiddLeElbSuDOrrgTakHeOnsberg
AFRICA
Tshwane / Pretoria - administrative capital
Cape Town - legislative capital Beaufort West
Bloemfontein - financial capital
Bellville
5 CAPE TOWN East
George Port London
136 Cape of Good Hope
Elizabeth

A B CD

AFRICA 61

E F GH

122

TA N Z A N I A Coco de Mer, or the double coconut Inner Islands 1
palm, produces some of the largest 2
Mbala 3
seeds in the plant kingdom. Weighing VICTORIA Mahé 4

up to 60 lbs (27 kg), they take Amirante SEYCHELLES
around 10 years to ripen. Islands

Aldabra
Group
Kasama MALAWI Rovuma slands
Mzuzu COMOROS Farquhar Outer I
Group
Grande Comore
Mpika Lake Mocímboa MORONI
da Praia 123
LILONGWE Nyasa Mwali Anjouan
Salima Antsiraùana
Mamoudzou
E Nacala
Mayotte

Blantyre Q UZomba (French territorial Ambanja
Moçambique collectivity)
Tete Nampula Antsohihy Antalaha

Nsanje Mocuba Mahajanga

HARARE Quelimane MADAGASCAR
Chitungwiza
Fenoarivo Atsinanana
BWE
Chimoio BeiraM O Z AM
B ANTANANARIVO Toamasina
I
Morondava Ambositra MAURITIUS
Mozambique Channel
Fianarantsoa Mananjary PORT LOUIS

Ihosy Saint-Denis Islands
Toliara
Inhambane Farafangana Réunion Mascarene
Vangaindrano (French
Xai-Xai overseas
department) 123
MAPUTO
MBABANE Amboasary Tropic of Capricorn
Thought 70 million
SWAZILAND

to have been extinct for

Pietermaritzburg years, a living coelacanth was netted in the

Durban IN DIAN Indian Ocean in 1938. They are powerful
predators, averaging 5 feet (1.5 m) in

length and weighing about 100 lbs (45 kg).

OCEAN

5

136

E F GH

62 EUROPE B CD
137
Europe
800
A

ITAtic CircleLimit of winter pack ice

1 800 eineICELAND
0 km Garonne
Faeroe Islands Lofoten
0 miles Arc Ebro (Denmark)
Norwegian
Sea
R
W

2 48 Outer O
Hebrides
N SW
E
British
Isles
North Vänern

I r e l a n d Isle of Man Sea Vättern
IRELAND
(to UK)

Britain DENMARK

A TOLCAENATNI C3 Celtic UNITED
Sea KINGDOM
Elbe
NETHERLANDS h
Nor t
English Ch an nelSBELGIUM GERMANY
Channel Is.

(UK) LUX.

Loire Rhône CZECH
Rhine REPUBLIC
Bay of Biscay F R A N C E
LIECH.
Massif SWITZ.
Central Alp s AUSTRIA

4 48 Duero P y r e Mont Blanc Po SLOVENIA
15,771ft (4807m) CROATIA
Madeira PORTUGAL berian N nees MONACO BOSNIA
(to Portugal) TagusI SPAI SAN & HERZ.

5 ANDORRA MARINO
Canary Islands
(to Spain) Peninsula Corsica
A F R I C AStrait of Gibraltar
Gibraltar Balearic IslandSsardinia LVATICAN
(UK) YCITY
Medite
Tyrrhenian

r Sea

Atlas Mountains r a Sicily

50 nea n
MALTA

A B CD

EUROPE 63

EF G H
1
Barents Sea cle
Arctic Cir
North Cape 137
Ostrov Kolguyev

A Kola Ural Mountains
Y Peninsula No

N FINLAND White
Sea

D rthern Dvina
Gulf of Bothnia E
Lake Onega RUSSIAN 94 2

Åland Lake FEDERAT ION
Gotland ESTONIA Ladoga
Aral Sea
ealtic LATVIA ain s
LITHUANIA Central Sea
a d Ural
S IA
B n

P l a Upla
Volga
RUSS. o pean Russian 3
FED. BELARUS g 94 4

Eur l 5

Upland o

POLAND Pripet V

istula Marshes EDniepDenriLepoewr lands Do n

V CaspianUKRAIN
SLOVCAaKrIpAathia
Bug n Mts.Dn iester

MOLDOVA Sea of
Azov
HUNGARY

ROMANIA Crimea Caucasus

SERBIA Danube Black Sea El’brus
18,510ft
MON. BULGARIA (5642m)

KOS. Balkan
(disputed) Mts.
MACED. TURKEY

ALBANIAAegean Anatolia A S
Sea

GREECE

Peloponnese Cyprus 94

S e a Crete

E F GH

64 EUROPE

The North Atlantic

A BC D

Arctic Circle 19 Devon Ellesmere Island
Island
1 Nares Strait
NUNAVUT
Hudson Qaanaaq nud Rasmussen Land
At 836,100 sq miles (2,166,600 sq km), Greenland
is the largest island in the world. However, Innaanganeq
677,700 sq miles (1,756,000 sq km) of this is a Savissivik
Frobisher Bay
Bay massive ice sheet so heavy that the central land Cumberland Sound Qimusseriarsuaq
area has sunk to form to a basin more than
1000 ft (300 m) below sea level. Limit of summe dBaffin Kullorsuaq

2 19 KG r e e n l a n dBay

CANADA (Danish external territory)Islanr pack ice

Hudson Strait Baffin Strait

v i s Qeqertarsuaq
Qeqertarsuaq
QUÉBEC a
D Qasigiannguit

3 Sisimiut Kong FLraendderik IX

Ungava
Bay

The Jakobshavn Glacier is among Maniitsoq Kong Christian IX Land
the world´s fastest glaciers, often Gunnbjørn Fjeld
moving 100 feet (30 m) a day, NUUK 12,139ft (3700m)
and calves around 20 billion tons
(tonnes) of icebergs every year. k VI Kyst
Limit of winter
4 21 Paamiut Ammassalik k
N E&WLFAOBURNADDLOARN D r
Kong FrederiIvittuut ice D e n m a

Labrador Qaqortoq pack
Sea Nanortalik
Faxaflói

Nunap Isua

0 km 800 (Kap Farvel) A T L A N T I C

5 800 O C E A N
0 miles

48

A B CD

EUROPE 65

E F GH

Lincoln 137 1
2
Sea Kap Morris Jesup A R C T I C Zemlya 3
Frantsa-Iosifa 4
Wandel O C E A N Kvitøya 5

Sea Nordaustlandet Novaya
Kong Karls Land Zemlya
Land Nord Svalbard

VIII (Norwegian
dependency)

Frederik Spitsbergen Barentsøya

Longyearbyen Edgeøya

Barentsberg Stor 62
fjorden With temperatures ranging from 59º F
Kong Greenland (15º C) in the summer to -40º F
an X Sea Bjørnøya (-40º C) in the winter, vegetation on
(Norway) Svalbard consists mostly of lichens
ti Daneborg and mosses; the only trees are the
tiny polar willow and the dwarf birch.
s
Barents Sea
n gL aC nh rd i

o

K

Kong Oscar Fjord Greenland's deeply indented coastline FREUDSESRIAATNIArctic Circle
is 24,430 miles (39,330 km) long, 66
K a Ittoqqortoormiit a distance roughly equivalent to the ON
ngertittivaq Earth's circumference at the equator.
FI
Jan Mayen
(Norway)

Kangikajik N
N o r Sweeag i a nS
ice L
pack
t r a it winter A

Limit of NORWAY N

Even though only one-twentieth D

ICELAND of Iceland’s potential geothermal SWEDEN
power has been harnessed, around
Siglufjördhur 89% of houses are heated geothermally.

Húsavík

Akureyri Seydhisfjördhur

REYKJAVÍK

Selfoss
Surtsey

Faeroe Islands 70
(Denmark)

Tórshavn

Shetland
Islands

E F GH

AB CDE

137 137 66 EUROPE

1 ARCTIC OCEAN 1 Scandinavia & Finland
0 km
200 The North Cape Current warms the northern coasts of Norway,
0 miles
200 Finland, and Russia’s Kola Peninsula with water temperatures
of 39–54º F (4–12º C), allowing this area of the Barents Sea

to remain free of pack ice throughout the winter.

The sun is continuously visible from late Nordkapp Barents
May to late July in Tromsø because of its (North Cape)
position well north of the Arctic Circle. Sea
Hammerfest
Vardø

2 65 Kirkenes 92 2

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DENMARK Aalborg Växjö Öland L ATVI A

Halmstad

Silkeborg Randers Kalmar

7 70 Herning Århus Helsingborg Karlskrona 88 7
Esbjerg Vejle COPENHAGEN
Kristianstad
B a l t i cOdense LITHUANIA
Malmö

S e aAabenrå Sjælland
Rønne Bornholm KALININGRAD

Nykøbing (part of Russian

Federation)

The 10 mile (16 km) bridge and tunnel link

across the Oresund Sound is one of the largest BEL 8

8 infrastructure projects in European history. POLAND

It connects the Danish capital Copenhagen

to the Swedish port of Malmö.

G E R M A N Y 76 80

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 67 68 EUROPE

The Netherlands is the lowest country in the The Low Countries

1 world. It is estimated that 30% of the land i l a n d e n Schiermonnikoog 1
is below sea level, with the lowest point
some 23 ft (6.7 m) below sea level. adde n e Ameland
W
THE NETHERLAND'S TWO CAPITALS Terschelling d e nz ee Delfzijl
Vlieland
Wad
Amsterdam - Capital
The Hague - Seat of government Leeuwarden

Groningen

Texel

2 71 Den Helder Heerenveen Assen 76 2

The inner city of Amsterdam is divided by NETHERLANDS
its network of canals into some 90 “islands” Emmen
linked together by approximately 1300 Meppel
bridges and viaducts. selmeer

North Sea Alkmaar Hoorn

The port of Rotterdam, combined with IJs Lelystad IJssel

Purmerend Zwolle

3 Europoort (which handles vessels too Haarlem AMSTERDAM Almelo 3
large to reach Rotterdam), is one of

the largest in the world in terms of Hilversum Deventer Hengelo

capacity, handling around 375 million Leiden Apeldoorn Enschede
tons (tonnes) of cargo every year. Amersfoort
Utrecht Ede
THE HAGUE
Zoetermeer Arnhem

Delft Gouda

Rotterdam Lek Waal

4 Dordrecht Oss Nijmegen 4

’s-Hertogenbosch G E R M A N Y
BMeragasse
Roosendaal Breda Tilburg

Zeebrugge Vlissingen Westerschelde Eindhoven Helmond
Terneuzen Venlo
Turnhout

Oostende t Antwerpen EUROPE 69Belgium and the
Netherlands have an
5 Brugge Sint- GERMANY underground boundary 5
Niklaas that differs from the
Flanders Scheld Genk surface boundary
Mechelen shown on maps. In
Roeselare
Gent

Aalst Hasselt Heerlen 1950, the two countries
Leuven
Ieper BRUSSELS Maastricht agreed to move the
Mouscron Kortrijk Tienen underground boundary

B E L G I U M Liège so as not to divide
coal mines between

6 Tournai Seraing the two countries. 6

La Louvière NamurMeuse Verviers
Mons
Ourthe
Sambre Charleroi

Dinant
e sOn August 23, 1914, three weeks
nafter Britain entered World War I, the
e n70,000 strong British Expeditionary
r dForce encountered the advancing
A7 72 German army for the first time at Bastogne 77 7

the battle of Mons. Sûre Our
Diekirch

FRANCE LUXEMBOURG

Arlon LUXEMBOURG

Echternach is the home of the only religious dancing Moselle

procession remaining in the Western world. Every year

since the 15th century, thousands of pilgrims have marched Esch-

8 down the streets of the town performing a ritual dance sur-Alzette 8

involving specific movements, music, and prayers.

0 km 50

72 72 0 miles 50

AB CDE

AB CD E
1
65 Faeroe 70 EUROPE65
Islands
The British Isles
1 ATLANTIC Shetland
OCEAN PenIslands

F Lerwick

2 48 Midges have the fastest wing-beat Orkney After the surrender of the German 67 2
of any insect, and are able to flap Islands fleet in 1918 and its internment in
their wings at around 20,000 beats Kirkwall Scapa Flow, over 50 ships were
per minute. scuttled by the German crews on
Thurso June 21, 1919, to prevent them
Isle of Lewis falling into British hands.
Stornoway
The Little Minch
Outer Hebrides The Minch Ullapool Firth
Elgin
North Uist Moray With a depth of 788 ft (240 m)

3 South Uist Isle of Inverness and a length of about 23 miles 3
Skye Loch Ness Aberdeen (36 km), Loch Ness contains

Barra SCOTLAND the largest volume of fresh
water in Great Britain.
Fort William Grampian Mts.

The Giant’s Causeway comprises Ben Nevis
approximately 37,000 interlocking 4406ft (1343m)
dark basalt polygonal columns; Isle of
they were formed by volcanic Dundee
Mull Oban orth North
Loch Lomond Perth
Stirling Firth of Forth
Jura
Sea
activity some 55 million Greenock EDINBURGH
years ago.
Islay Glasgow

4 Isle of Southern 4
Arran Ayr Uplands

UNITED KINGDOM Newcastle upon Tyne
NORTHERN Stranraer Dumfries Sunderland
Londonderry IRELAND Carlisle

Donegal BELFAST ninesBangor Isle of Man LakeMiddlesbrough
Bay (UK crown District
Barrow
Sligo dependency))
Newry Douglas
Lancaster York
Dundalk I r i s h Blackpool Bradford Leeds Kingston upon Hull
5 IRELAND 5

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6 6

in the world, as much as 50 ft (15 m), often giving Dartmoor Bournemouth Channel

rise to a tidal bore. In September 1996, one such Isle of Wight

7 wave carried a surfer for 5.7 miles (9 km). Plymouth English 68 7

Penzance

48 Land's
End
Isles of Channel Islands

Scilly (UK crown dependency)
St. Peter Port

ATLANTIC Guernsey
St. Helier

Jersey

OCEAN EUROPE 71

8 FRANCE 8
0 km
100

0 miles 100 74 72

AB CDE

AB CDE

71 65 72 EUROPE

1 North Sea 1 France, Andorra & Monaco

UNITED

KINGDOM NETHERLANDS

Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.

On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000 Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a day
casualties on the opening day of the Somme until completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million
Offensive. Five months later, after advancing cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.

2 71 only a few miles, there had been 420,000 British, Channel 76 2
3
200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties. Tunnel GERMANY 4
Dunkerque
Calais Lille BELGIUM Champagne bottles are placed
English Channel neck down into a freezing brine
Boulogne- bath (bac à glace), freezing
sur-Mer only the bottle’s neck to form
a plug that keeps the wine –
Channel Islands Cherbourg Som Arras Douai and the bubbles – in the bottle
(UK crown dependency) while sediments are removed.
Dieppe

Guernsey Amiens
Rouen

Beauvais Laon
3 Île d’Ouessant meLe Havre
ne
Jersey St.-Lô
L
Brest St.-Brieuc St.-Malo Caen Sei Reims M use LUXEMBOURG
Normandie
Quimper Mantes-la-Jolie PARIS ChMâalronne s- e Thionville
RennesAlençon
Bretagne Versailles en-Champagne Metz

Lorient Chartres Nancy
Strasbourg
Laval Bar- Moselle
le-Duc
Belle Le Mans Troyes
gne
Île Angers Blois Orléans Bo urgo
St.-Nazaire
Tours Auxerre Saô Épinal Colmar
Nantes oire
F R A N C E4 r Vesoul
la Roche- ne Mulhouse
sur-Yon Vosges
Bourges Nevers Dijon Belfort

ala Rochelle
Poitiers Châteauroux Moulins Besançon SWITZERLAND

TbBBhicBeyiaacTlyMeosoyuornarcnncdteee-aodBisFeoyrf-taMyrnpdaciceeSrasaaalliyuAnnthxnAePegsalNoduGuoDalrTêvAADaemOgLrrNoAeberRDndeVoOsRAgECRLnCuLAaeRoLachtAAhrocParéssrsTMiogonouAunnLeuletiuormaNCxiMuulRaFlAloabsoereoPlcbeagdbrrennoCmeeirMrntzaTsppnoeanCierenagdnnlétVnlBv-sitieaéceNsrhSrznnMîtiynaiem.R-reeCfosdlesnhauGMsdanlemeonLalAeoMLPrifnsuroyeâledyonecSisonTltAln.oev-ViÉugatPAlVnloieroeiinAnolxnnlcn-evdenen’ePuGHneenÎrrCrycl-beoceyaèCsreavnnhensneaoenmnbsCcebleeôétreNydLGi1McM'M5aeAeo,kn7nOeO7zetN1uIvLBfNAtralCTia(CAgn4oSOc8uArC0es7rOaemiLBa) anYstiaRhône

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5 5
6
P y r e n e e s s6
EUROPE 73
some 20 day-long stages covering
around 2200 miles (3600 km) for onne
the coveted yellow jersey. (Corsica)
The word denim comes from “de Nîmes,”
this being the town where the fabric was Ajaccio

7 originally produced. 78 7

SPAIN One of history’s great leaders,
Napoleon Bonaparte, was born
The lowest point in Andorra is Riu Runer, on August 15, 1769, at Ajaccio
at 2756 ft (840m) above sea level. in Corsica.
75
Sardinia
Balearic

0 km 100 Islands

8 0 miles 100 Mediterranean Sea 8

84 84

AB CDE

74 EUROPE C D

Spain & Portugal

AB

71 Gijon
Ferrol
Avilés (Xixón)

1 0 km 100 A Coruña (La Coruña)
0 miles 100
Galicia Oviedo

Santiago de Compostela Miño CLourgdoillera Cantábrica
Pontevedra
León

A OT LC AE NA NT I C2 48 Vigo Ourense

oMinh (Orense) Emb. de Palencia

Viana do Castelo Chaves Ricobayo
Braga Bragança Valladolid
Póvoa de Varzim
Guimarães Zamora Duero
Matosinhos
Vila Real
S PPorto
Vila Nova de Gaia Douro

Port has been produced in the Duoro Aveiro Viseu Salamanca Ávila
Valley under strict regulation since
Sistema Central
the 1750s. Brandy is added to the Coimbra Covilhã
Plasencia
grape juice to fortify and

PORTUGALstrengthen the wine.
Figueira da Foz

3 Castelo Branco Tagus Tagus
Caldas da Rainha Cáceres

Sintra Santarém Portalegre iana
Cascais Mérida
Guad
LISBON Badajoz

Setúbal

Alcácer do Sal Sierra Morena

Portugal is one of the world’s largest Sines Beja Córdoba
producers of cork and has regulations
4 48 protecting cork trees dating back to 1320. G u adiana G ua d a lquivir

Lagos Algarve Sevilla n d alucía
Cabo de Huelva
São Vicente Faro Olhão Antequera
A
Málaga
El Puerto de Santa María

Gibraltar was seized by a combined Anglo-Dutch fleet Cádiz Marbella

under Admiral Rooke in 1704. British sovereignty was Algeciras Gibraltar

5 then formalized in 1713 by the Treaty of Utrecht, and (UK)

Gibraltar eventually became a British colony in 1830. Ceuta

(Spain)
52 MOROCCO

A B CD

EUROPE 75

E F GH

Bay of Biscay FRANCE 73

Santander
Bilbao Donostia-San Sebastián
P y rVitoria-Gasteiz 1
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n ede Ebro Lion 3
Pamplona ANDORRA 4
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Huesca

Ebr o Cataluña Costa Brava
Júcar
Soria Lleida Terrassa Mataró

Sis t Zaragoza Sabadell Barcelona 78
ico L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
A I NSegovia e m Reus
Work continues on the Sagrada Família,
I b é r a Tarragona Gaudi’s unfinished cathedral. Begun in

Tortosa

MADRID Teruel 1882, the masterpiece is still
without a roof.

Getafe Se Cuenca

País Valenciano Menorca

Toledo Castellón Palma
de la Plana
Mallorca

Valencia

Albacete Gandía Ibiza I s l a s B a l e a r e s

Ciudad Real Elda (Balearic Islands)
gura Cieza
Benidorm Formentera

Alicante (Alacant)

Linares Murcia Elche (Elx) Seat of many great civilizations
Costa Blanca throughout history, the name
79
Jaén Lorca Mediterranean translates as

Cartagena “sea between the lands.”

Granada Sea
Sierra Nevada
a n
Almería e
Motril n
del Sol r r a
M e d i tCosta e
ALGERIA

52

E F GH

AB CDE

North 67 67 0 km 100 76 EUROPE
100
Sea Jylland 0 miles Germany & The Alpine States
1 1
SWEDEN 2
The Kiel Canal is 61 miles (98 km) long and 3
4
one of the busiest canals in the world, with around

45,000 ships a year passing between the

Baltic and the North Sea. DENMARK

Sjælland Baltic Sea

North Frisian Islands Fyn

Bornholm
(Denmark)

2 71 FlensburFgehmFaerhnFmaarlns ter Early in the morning of 80
Sunday, August 13, 1961,
Belt Stralsund work began on the Berlin
Wall, which would eventually
Kiel Mecklenburger Rügen

Neumünster Bucht Greifswald run for 66 miles (107 km)
between east and west Berlin,
Cuxhaven Lübeck Rostock cutting through 192 streets.

Bremerhaven Wismar
Schwerin Neubrandenburg
Emden During what became known
Hamburg
Müritz as “The Berlin Airlift” a total

3 S Oldenburg Lüneburg of 2,326,406 tons (tonnes)
Bremen Elbe of supplies were flown into
NETHERLAND Berlin over an 18-month

Ems period to break a Soviet
Weser blockade of the city.
GERMANY BERLIN
Wolfsburg Potsdam Frankfurt an der Oder
Osnabrück
Hannover
Braunschweig
Münster Hildesheim
Salzgitter Magdeburg
Bielefeld S p ree Cottbus
S a ale
Recklinghausen Hamm Paderborn Dessau

4 Essen Dortmund Göttingen Halle POLAND
Duisburg Bochum

Düsseldorf Wuppertal Kassel Leipzig
Leverkusen Dresden
Erfurt Jena Gera Chemnitz
Aachen Köln Bonn Siegen

BELGIUM Koblenz Fulda Suhl Zwickau Erzgebirge

selWiesbaden Frankfurt am Main
Offenbach CZECH REPUBLIC
Mainz F
Mo Würzburg Bohemian
5 LUX. NeckarDarmstadt Erlangen 5
Rhine
Kaiserslautern Mannheim At 528 ft (161 m) high and

containing 768 steps, the

Saarbrücken Heidelberg Nürnberg spire of Ulm Cathedral is the
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s A U S T R I ALac de
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r o l Hohe
BERN Luzern VADUZ Ti

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lYverdon S W I T Z E R L A N D
Lausanne Thuner See Lienz Klagenfurt
BernSeiroAnlpenBrig Villach
Lake Maribor
A7 81 7
Celje

Geneva Monthey Locarno Kranj Sava
Lugano
Genève Born in Salzburg on January 27, LJUBLJANA
Matterhorn Lake Maggiore 1756, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
73 14,692ft (4478m) was already writing music by the
SLOVENIA

age of five, and at eleven he Koper

produced his first opera. Gulf
of
When it is completed in 2017, the I TA LY Ve n i c e C R O AT I A EUROPE 77
Gotthard Base Tunnel will run for

8 35.5 miles (57 km) beneath the The acrylic glass roof over the Olympic stadium in München 8
Lepontine Alps to become the (Munich) measures 914,940 sq ft (85,000 sq m), making
longest tunnel in the world. it the biggest structure of its kind in the world.

78 78

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AB CDE

FRANCE 77 G E R M A N Y 78 EUROPECZECH REPUBLIC
77
Italy
1 In May 2006 a violin called “The Hammer,” SLOVAKIA
LIECHTENSTEIN A d r iaticmade by Italian master Stradivari at 1
Cremona in 1708, sold at Christie’s in
SWITZERLAND aveLondon for US$3,540,000.

sLake Bolzano i AUSTRIA
n n Tevere
pMaggiore e Alpi HUNGARY
l Lago p
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T IA

is the oldest,

Savona Reggio nell’ Modena Po Delta and, at 24 sq mi (61 sq km), one of the
Emilia smallest, republics in the world.
Golfo Bologna Ravenna
di Genova
BOSNIA
3 San Remo La Spezia Forlì Rimini & 3

Viareggio Prato SAN MARINO HERZEGOVINA
Firenze Ancona
Pisa Arno

L i g u r i a n Livorno Toscana Arezzo
Lago
Sea Siena Trasimeno
Isola
d’Elba Perugia

Grosseto Foligno
I T A L Y4
Corsica Arcipelago Terni Ascoli Piceno Sea
Toscano Pescara
(part of
France) Viterbo 4

VATICAN CITY ROME n L’Aquila
o

Sassari Olbia Golfo di Gaeta Foggia Bari OStrtarnati t of
o
Alghero Nuoro Napoli Benevento Altamura
Torre del Greco Ofanto
Sardegna
Salerno

5 Oristano (Sardinia) Isola di Capri Taranto Brindisi 5
Golfo Potenza 6
7
Iglesias The medical school at Salerno is the di Lecce 8
oldest in Europe, established during Salerno
Cagliari the 11th and 12th centuries. Golfo
di Gallipoli

Taranto

Tyrrhenian Cosenza

M e d i t e r r a n e a nS e a Isola i a Crotone
Isola d'Ustica
6 Salso Isole Eolie Stromboli Catanzaro

Sea CalabrPalerIsmolaoLipaMri essVIsiunollacaanoIonian Sea
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Marsala Calabria
t of Sicily
EUROPE 79(Sicily)i Messina

Stretto dCaltanissetta
Strai
Agrigento Catania

7 TUNISIA Siracusa

53 Isola di Ragusa 83
Pantelleria Mt. Etna began some 300,000
Malta Channel years ago as a submarine volcano
and has since grown to a cone with
Gozo VALLETTA a base 30 miles (48 km) wide and
10,922 ft (3329 m) high.
Isole Pelagie
MALTA

0 km 100 The George cross that appears on the
8 Maltese flag was awarded to the islanders
by King George VI of Britain for their heroism
0 miles 100 during World War II.

53 53

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 88 80 EUROPE

1 SWEDEN Baltic LATVIA Central Europe1
Sea LITHUANIA
0 km 100 BELARUS

0 miles 100 Bu

DENMARK Founded in Gdansk shipyard in 1980, the Built between 1747 and
1795, the Zaluski Library
Bornholm Solidarity trade union, and its leader Lech in Warsaw was one of the
(part of Denmark) world’s first public libraries.
Walesa, played a key role in the

downfall of communism across Courland
much of eastern Europe. Lagoon

2 76 Gulf KALININGRAD 89 2
of
Sîupsk Gdynia (part of Russian
Gdaúsk Danzig
Pomeranian Koszalin Federation)
Bay
Elblàg

Zalew der Czîuchów Olsztyn
Szczeciúski Wisîa
Grudziàdz M azur y Narew
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Piîa Bydgoszcz Ostroîèka Biaîystok
GERMANY
Noteá Toruú 3
3O 4

Gorzów PW a r t a OLAND
Wielkopolski g
Poznaú Wîocîawek Pîock
In November 1989, WARSAW

the so-called

“Velvet Revolution” Zielona Kalisz Îódz´
saw Czechoslovakia Góra
split into the W
Czech Republic Radom isîa
and Slovakia. Lublin
4 Legnica Warta

WaîbrzWycrOhodecrîawOpole Ostrowiec

Kielce ⁄wiètokrzyski
Czèstochowa
Teplice Dçâín Liberec
Most
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O h üKe arlovy Hradec Králové S u d e t e n Gliwice Katowice Tarnów
Vary Elbe Rybnik
Kladno Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski
Kraków
Plzeõ PRAGUE Sa n
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5 CZECH REPU B L I C Ostrava Vá h Bielsko-Biaîa isza 5
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M SLOVAKIA Ko#ice s .

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Built in 1357, Charles Bridge was the MorovaTrnava Nitra Luâenec
only crossing point of the Vltava in
Ózd

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6 Sopron Györ Danube T 6

AUSTRIA Tatabánya BUDAPEST Debrecen

Szombathely Rába Székesfehérvár Szolnok

Veszprém Balaton Kecskemét

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With a surface area of around a

77 231 sq mi (598 sq km), Lake
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The Great Hungarian Plain (Alföld) stretches
of only 11 ft (3.25 m).
south from Budapest to the borders of Croatia

and Serbia and east to Ukraine and Romania.
EUROPE 81

C ROATIA
It covers an area of 20,000 sq miles (51,800 sq km)

Adriatic and is almost completely flat.

8 Sea BOSNIA & SERBIA 8

HERZEGOVINA

77 82

AB CDE

AB CDE

77 81 1 82 EUROPE

SLOVAKIA Southeast Europe

1 At 11:15 am, on June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand
and his wife were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo.
This single act precipitated World War I, which eventually
lead to the death of almost 10 million troops.

AUSTRIA HUNGARY

Born in Zagreb in 1892, Marshall Tito was The Danube forms all or part of the 90 2
the president of the former Yugoslavia border between nine different
2 78 from 1953 until his death in 1980. Danube European nations: Germany, Austria,
Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia,
Âakovec Romania, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.

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Under an extreme communist regime between Konispol
1944 and 1991, Albania was for many years the
7 only officially atheist state in the world where Historically, European eels migrated 86 7
79 all forms of religion were banned by law. thousands of miles from the
Sargasso Sea to live most of their
In February 2008, Kosovo (a UN Protectorate within lives in Lake Ohrid, before returning
Serbia since 1999) declared independence. Although to the Atlantic to spawn and die.
recognized by several countries, Kosovo’s decision has Modern hydroelectric projects have
proved controversial with other states wary of setting a prevented this epic journey, but efforts
precedent for separatist groups within their own are underway to restore access
borders. It is therefore likely to be some time before to the lake.
Kosovo becomes universally recognized.
GREECE EUROPE 83

8 0 km 100 8

0 miles 100 Ionian Sea
79
87

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84 EUROPE

The Mediterranean

A BC D

UNITED Thames NETHERLANDS

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EUROPE 85

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POLAND 63

CZECH REP. P EMCoaurnpa UKRAINE Don 1
Tigris 2
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AUSTRIA HUNGARY
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LIBYA SAUDI

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54

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AB CDE

90 90 86 EUROPE

ROMANIA Bulgaria & Greece

1 Danube 1

SERBIA Vidin Danube Ruse

Sofia's skyline is dominated by the r Razgrad Dobrich
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and artists some thirty years to build
between 1882 and 1912. lkan Kamichiya
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ALBANIA
Kalamariá

Kozáni Kateríni Akrotírio Built between 447 and 438 BCE, the
Parthenon survived almost unscathed
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Only about 100 of the 2000
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permanently inhabited.

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long, 80 ft (25 m) wide, and 26 ft (8 m) deep. Chaniá

The central section runs along a 260 ft- (79 m-) Kríti
(Crete)
deep cutting through solid rock. 98 7
7 The Minoans developed the first Hellenic
civilization 4000 years ago, based at the
79 M e d luxurious palace of Knossos. Unfortunately,
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i t erra abrupt end, destroyed by a catastrophic
Sea event, probably a tidal wave.
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0 km 100 EUROPE 87

8 0 miles 100 8

53 54

AB CDE

AB CDE

67 G u l f o f 67 88 EUROPE

Bothnia FINLAND The Baltic States & Belarus

1 SWEDEN Rich oil shale deposits in northern Estonia RUSSIAN 1

are quarried, crushed, and heated to produce

almost 7000 barrels of oil a day.

Low salinity and the shallow coastal waters cause pack ice to

accumulate at the head of the Gulf of Bothnia and off Finland

during most winters; occasionally the ice becomes banked Gulf of Finland
up in pressure ridges that are almost 50 ft (15 m) high. TALLINN

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Formed in 1945 from the northern half of Marshes
German East Prussia, and ceded to Russia
under the Potsdam agreement, Kaliningrad Rechytsa Homyel’
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oblast became a true enclave, completely Dniepe r
separated from the rest of Russia, when

7 Lithuania and Belarus achieved their 90 7
independence in 1991.

Kyyivs’ke

Vdskh

80 Covering an area of approximately Following the breakup of the Soviet Union,

34,000 sq miles (88,000 sq km), the Commonwealth of Independent States

Pripet Marshes are the largest area was established on December 8, 1991,

of marshland in Europe. by a treaty signed at Minsk, with the intent

of coordinating the foreign policies of the EUROPE 89

newly independent former Soviet republics.

8 0 km 100 8
0 miles 100
UKRAINE

90 91

AB CDE

90 EUROPE

Ukraine, Moldova & Romania

A B CD

POLAND 81 Pripet B E L A R U S

Pripet

1 Kovel’ M a r s h e s
On April 25, 1986, engineers accidentally initiated

an uncontrolled chain reaction in the number 4

reactor of the Chornobyl' nuclear power plant. Luts’k Korosten’
The resulting explosion released 8 tons (tonnes)

of radioactive material in the world’s worst-ever
nuclear accident.
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SLOVAKIA Khmel’-
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BULGARIA Mangalia

86

A B CD

EUROPE 91

E F GH

R U S S I A N 93

Chernihiv Shostka F E D E R A T I O N 1
2
Chornobyl’ Sumy A monument in central Kiev stands as testament to 3
the 7–12 million Ukrainian peasants who died during 4
Kyyivs’ke Vdskh. the Great Famine, or Holodomor, of 1932–33. 5

KIEV

Kanivs’ke Vdskh.

Bila Tserkva Lubny Kharkiv

AI NE Donets Syeverodonets’k 93
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Sea industrialist John Hughes

Karkinits’ka of (from whom the town's pre-
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Zatoka Kryms'kyy was derived) to produce rails
Pivostriv Kerch for the growing Russian
transportation network.

Yevpatoriya Yalta Black RUSSIAN
Simferopol’ Sea FEDERATION

Sevastopol’

Odesa was one of the major flashpoints in the Russian Revolution 0 km 100
0 miles 100
of 1905, and was the scene of the mutiny on the warship Potemkin,

when sailors protesting against the serving of rotten

meat eventually killed several of the ship’s officers. 98

E F GH

AB CDE

0 km 137 ARCTIC 137 1 92 EUROPE
1 0 miles 400
OCEAN European Russia
400

Norwegian Arctic Circle The port of Murmansk remains ice-free throughout the
Sea winter thanks to the Gulf Stream, whereas St. Petersburg,
600 miles (965 km) to the south on the Baltic Sea, is
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8 include Mt El’brus, which at 18,510 ft (5642 m) is the highest point in Europe,

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IRAQ IRAN 99 TURKMENISTAN 104

AB CDE

94 NORTH & WEST ASIA D

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96 NORTH & WEST ASIA D

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GERMANY
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Ulan-Ude CHINA JAPAN

The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs Vladivostok 500
5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok.
Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km
0 miles
MONGOLIA 500

110

E F GH

98 NORTH & WEST ASIA

Turkey & the Caucasus

A BC D

ROMANIA 91

1 Black Sea

BULGARIA An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the
Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller
passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the
Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.

Edirne Kırklareli Sinop

2 86 Bosporus Zonguldak Küre Daêlari

G R E E C E Tekirdaê Kastamonu Samsun
Canik
Marmara ƒstanbul Karabük
Denizi
Çanakkale ak D a Ordu
Boêazi Bursa Çankırı Kizil Irm lari
ƒzmit Adapazarı ê
(Dardanelles)

Çanakkale ANKARA Çorum

Eski∞ehir Tokat

Balıkesir Kırıkkale

Ayvalik Kütahya Sivas
A T U R K3 Lésvos
n aManisa
t o l i aAfyon
Chíos Tuz Nev∞ehir
ƒzmir U∞ak Gölü Kayseri

Sámos Aydin Denizli ƒsparta oKsonEyDrMaeêaelirêNsiilênadAerdianTaarsOussKmGaaamhnzraiiayarmean∞taenp-

Bodrum Muêla Antalya

4 87 Dalaman T o r

Ródos Antalya ƒskenderun
Megísti Körfezi Antakya

Kríti Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF

Girne NORTHERN CYPRUS
(Kyrenia) (recognized only by Turkey)

NICOSIA Gazimaêusa
(Famagusta)
Mediterranean
5 Sea Paphos Larnaca

54 Limassol

CYPRUS LEBANON

A B CD