ii Must Know iii – viii Chapter 1 Nouns I 1 Chapter 2 Nouns II 6 Chapter 3 Concord 10 Chapter 4 Modals 15 Chapter 5 Articles 20 Chapter 6 Adjectives 25 Chapter 7 Comparison of Adjectives 29 Chapter 8 Pronouns I 33 Chapter 9 Pronouns II 37 Chapter 10 Verbs 41 Chapter 11 The Simple Present Tense and The Present Continuous Tense 46 Chapter 12 The Simple Past Tense and The Past Continuous Tense 50 Chapter 13 The Simple Future Tense and The Future Continuous Tense 54 Chapter 14 The Present Perfect Tense 58 Chapter 15 Adverbs 64 Chapter 16 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs 68 Chapter 17 Conjunctions and Sequence Connectors 73 Chapter 18 Sentences and Statements 77 Chapter 19 Punctuation 82 Chapter 20 Conditional Clauses (‘if ʼ clauses) 87 Chapter 21 Prefixes and Suffixes 90 Chapter 22 Homophones and Homographs 94 Chapter 23 Collective Nouns 97 Chapter 24 Similes and Proverbs 100 Summative Test 105 Answers 111 Contents 00 Contents 1202 Eng F2.indd 2 03/10/2023 5:46 PM
MUST KNOW Important Notes Pronouns I & II (Chapter 8 & 9) 13 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. 19 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Verbs (Chapter 10) 15 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. 21 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. 17 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. 23 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. PRONOUNS Notice that the decision has been made prior to the conversation. Base Form Past Tense Past Participle Base Form Past Tense Past Participle run ran run eat ate eaten forgive forgave forgiven blow blew blown dream dreamt dreamt fly flew flown bear bore born go went gone lose lost lost hang hung hung dream dreamt dreamt break broke broken choose chose chosen bite bit bitten fall fell fallen build built built grow grew grown draw drew drawn know knew known show showed shown Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous An action which has been completed at any uncertain time in the past. An action that started in the past but continues in the present. Subject + has/have + Verb (past participle) Subject + has/have + been + Verb (-ing) E.g. • My sister has misplaced her purse in the library. • Amir has learnt to speak two languages. E.g. • The girls have been talking about music since morning. • I have been reading this book since last week. Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Subject + had + Verb (past participle) Subject + had + been + Verb(-ing) Shows a past action that happened earlier before another action: He came home after I had finished my dinner. Shows an action in the past which continued to happen after another action in the past: Julia had been revising when she received the news. Situations in the past: We set off before the sun had risen. Emphasise the duration of an activity in the past: Tory needed a holiday because she had been working hard for the past eight months. Sentence Explanation In the past few years, there was a great deal of controversy surrounding palm oil. ✗ The keywords ‘In the past few years…’ indicates a time leading up to and including the present. In the past few years, there has been a great deal of controversy surrounding palm oil. ✓ I’ve lived here since most of my life. ✗ The word since should not be used with periods of time. I’ve lived here for most of my life. ✓ Since 2012, I work in Kuala Lumpur. ✗ The phrase ‘since 2012’ indicates a time from the past leading to the present. Since 2012, I have worked in Kuala Lumpur. ✓ Personal Pronouns: subject: I, We, You, They, He, She, It object: me, us, you, them, him, her, it They went to the cinema last weekend. Please help them clean up the room. Indefinite pronouns: E.g. something, anyone, nobody, someone, anything, etc. Someone has to be at home when the parcel arrives. There is something between the boxes. Possessive Pronouns: E.g. his, theirs, ours, hers, mine, yours The blue book is hers. The shoes over there are theirs. Interrogative Pronouns: E.g. who, which, whose, what, whom What is she looking at? Who is your best friend? Relative Pronouns: E.g. whom, whose, who, which Annie, whose father is a policeman, is my classmate. Reflexive Pronouns: E.g. herself, himself, themselves, yourself, myself, itself, ourselves, yourselves John baked the brownies himself. VERBS: IRREGULAR VERBS THE PRESENT PERFECT: COMMON ERRORS Will / -’ll be + going to To express predictions (something we know or expect to happen): E.g. According to the weather forecast, the weather will be sunny all day. To talk about plans and intentions which have been made (before the moment of speaking). E.g. • What are you doing this evening? • I’m going to go for a walk. To express a decision about the immediate future: E.g. • I’ll take the cab home after work. • I’ll have a cup of latte. To talk about something in the future for which we have the present evidence. E.g. It’s going to rain. Look at the dark storm clouds looming on the horizon. 14243 The Present Perfect Tense (Chapter 14) The Present Perfect Tense (Chapter 14) The Simple Future Tense & The Future Continuous Tense (Chapter 13) Must Know 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 3 11/10/2023 10:13 AM
1 NOTES EXERCISE A Circle the correct answers. 1. Please write your about the book. A author C view B chapter D name 2. I watched a soap opera on the last night. A cinema C television B house D opera 3. The is the young of a frog. A joey C pupa B caterpillar D tadpole 4. Joanna keeps all her in an album. A photographs C diaries B money D notes 5. Jake has to pay his telephone by next week. A paper C bill B money D SIM card 6. Anita’s paid off when she scored straight A’s in her public examination. A diligence C homework B intelligence D kindness 7. My mother heated up some food in the for dinner. A pit C microwave B refrigerator D food processor 8. We should live a healthy . A life C wealth B exercise D health 9. My mother hung all the clothes on the clothes . A line C dryer B hanger D machine 10. The purple dress and makeup kit were gifts from . A Miss lee C teddy B Jessica D jack Chapter 1 Nouns I MASTERY PRACTICE 1.1 Concrete Nouns Concrete nouns refer to objects, matters, people and animals that are present physically. They can be touched and felt. There are two types of concrete nouns, namely common nouns and proper nouns. • Common nouns are the general names given to the living and non-living things. They begin with small letters. Examples: boy, cat, shop, book • Proper nouns are the specific names given to people, places, days and months of the year. They begin with capital letters. Examples: Hamdan, Kuala Lumpur, Nasi Kandar Restaurant, Monday, June • Both common nouns and proper nouns can be used: (i) as the subject in a sentence. Examples: That singer won an international accolade for his skillful rendition. Professor Dr. David presented his research at the conference last week. (ii) as the object in a sentence. Examples: We went for a show and saw many talented singers. That book was written by Professor K. S. Maniam. 1.2 Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns refer to situations, feelings, ideas and qualities. Unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns cannot be touched as they cannot be seen physically. Our senses are abstract. Abstract nouns can be formed from other parts of speech. Examples: (i) situations : explanation, hunger (ii) feelings : happiness, boredom (iii) ideas : childhood, freedom (iv) qualities : friendly, kindness 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 1 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
6 NOTES 2.1 Countable Nouns (a) Countable nouns refer to people, animals or things that can be counted. It can be in singular or plural form. Examples: (i) singular: king, river, bag (ii) plural: uncles, hats, goats (b) Certain expressions are used with countable and uncountable nouns. • Countable nouns – many books, a few cups, a lot of flowers, several cows • Uncountable nouns – a cup of flour, a bar of soap, a coil of rope, plenty of sand, a lot of rice (c) The plural form is used when talking about more than one person, animal or thing. They are formed in the following ways: Formation of Plural Nouns Singular Form Plural Form (i) by adding (-s) chair chairs wing wings (ii) by adding (-es) to words that end with (-s, -sh, -ch or –x) glass glasses class classes brush brushes dish dishes church churches box boxes (iii) by adding (-es) to words ending in (-o) mango mangoes buffalo buffaloes (iv) by changing (-y) to (-ies) (exception for toy-toys) baby babies city cities (v) by changing (-f) or (-fe) to (-ves) (exception for roof-roofs) leaf leaves knife knives (vi) by changing the vowel/vowels (to form irregular plural nouns) foot feet tooth teeth (vii) by adding (-s) to singular compound nouns brother-in-law brothers-in-law spoonful spoonfuls 2.2 Uncountable Nouns (a) Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot be counted. Examples: air, water, flour, tea (b) The following determiners are used with uncountable nouns: Determiners Uncountable Nouns the water dirt energy any butter tea money some news coffee weight much rice juice gas a little/little salt sugar patience a lot of milk time love (c) Abstract nouns are uncountable nouns. Examples: strength, love, friendship, happiness Chapter 2 Nouns II 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 6 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
10 NOTES Concord is another term for agreement between two words that is the subject and the verb in a sentence. There are some rules of agreement and they are as stated below: 3.1 Subject-verb Agreement (a) When the subject is singular, the verb should be singular. Examples: (i) The child crying over there is my neighbour’s daughter. child (singular subject) is (singular verb) (ii) Dr Ramesh works at Ipoh General Hospital. Dr Ramesh (singular subject) works (singular verb) (iii) He was travelling during the last school holidays. He (singular subject) was (singular verb) (b) When the subject is plural, the verb should be plural. Examples: (i) The boys playing in the garden are my nephews. boys (plural subject) are (plural verb) (ii) Those teachers teach Biology at Tuanku Jaafar College. teachers (plural subject) teach (plural verb) (iii) They enjoy baking cakes. They (plural subject) enjoy (plural verb) 3.2 Collective Nouns (a) When the phrase ‘a pair of’, ‘a group of’ or ‘a set of’ is used as a subject, it is a singular subject and therefore it is followed by a singular verb. Examples: (i) A pair of shorts is in the washing machine. (ii) A group of girls is in the sewing room. (iii) A set of knives was missing in the kitchen. (b) When an uncountable noun is used as a subject, it is a singular subject. Hence, it is followed by a singular verb. Examples: (i) Salt (uncountable noun) melts in water. (ii) Milk (uncountable noun) is my favourite drink. (iii) Water (uncountable noun) is very important. (c) If two nouns are joined by ‘and’ to express one idea, the verb used should be singular. Examples: (i) Slow and steady wins the race. (ii) Bread and butter is essential in one’s life. 3.3 Indefinite Pronouns (a) Words like each, every, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone and something takes a singular verb. Examples: (i) Nobody likes soup in my family. (ii) Everyone here enjoys classical music. (b) When ‘either… or’ and ‘neither… nor’ are used, the verbs should be based on the subject nearest to it. Examples: (i) Neither my siblings nor I am going for a holiday. (ii) Either the teacher or the prefects are responsible for the safety of the students. Chapter 3 Concord 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 10 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
15 NOTES Chapter 4 Modals Modals are known as auxiliary verbs. They are also known as helping verbs. Modals Uses/Meanings Examples Can • to show an ability • to show a possibility in the present or future • to ask for permission • Susan can draw cartoons very well. • Alex can be very helpful at times. • Can I borrow your dictionary for a few days? Could • able/given permission to do something in the past • to express a possibility in place of may or might • I could dance gracefully twenty years ago. • When I was younger I could watch TV until late at night at weekends. • Rama could be able to help you in your project. Cannot/Could not • negative forms of can and could • to express an inability • I cannot cook well. • Father said that I could not go to the haunted house nearby. Must • to express an obligation • to express certainty • to express a logic • We must be in school by 7.00 a.m. • You must wear a mask and sanitise your hands as a precaution against Covid-19. • You must remove your shoes before you enter the house. Must not • negative form of must • not allowed or prohibited • We must not litter in public places. • You must not speak rudely to your elders. May • to request for permission • to give permission • to express a possibility • to express a wish • May I go out to meet my friends? Yes, you may go out to meet your friends. • My friend may be getting engaged in February. • May you have a blessed birthday. Shall • to make an offer • to make a suggestion • to make a promise • Shall I make you a cup of coffee? • Shall we go for a drive along the valley? • We shall go for a movie after the examination. Should • to show an obligation • to give an advice • to express a possibility • to express a regret • In case of emergency, you should always help others. • You should study hard. • The doctor should have diagnosed Ali’s health issues by now. • I should have brought my raincoat along. • Need to • Need not • to express a necessity • to state something is not necessary • We need to help her walk without her walking stick. • You need not attend the meeting tomorrow. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 15 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
20 NOTES Articles consist of a, an and the. They are used before nouns. 5.1 The Definite Article 1. The can be used before all common nouns, e.g. singular, plural, countable and uncountable nouns. Examples: (i) She dropped the can. (ii) I remembered the fun that I had with them. (iii) The girls were not at home. 2. The is used to refer to: (a) someone or something that has already been mentioned. Examples: (i) I called for a waiter. The waiter with a moustache came and took my order. (ii) I ate an apple. The apple was sour. (b) a noun that is unique or one of its kind. Examples: (i) the sun (ii) the North Pole (iii) the Great Wall of China (iv) the Malaysian Government (c) a particular or specific noun. Examples: (i) The book that I recommended to you is now on sale. (ii) I have no idea about the British history. 5.2 Indefinite Articles 1. A and an can only be used with singular countable nouns. Examples: (i) I got a parcel from my cousin. (ii) He was eating an ice cream while watching the television. 2. A is used in front of a word that begins with a consonant sound even if the first letter is a vowel. Examples: (i) a university (ii) a European language 3. An is used in front of a word that begins with a vowel sound even if the first letter is a consonant. Examples: (i) an honest man (ii) an exercise (iii) an idea 4. A and an are used when you are talking about a person or something for the first time. Examples: (i) Mr David, an engineer from Shell Corporation, has donated some money to the flood victims. (ii) After weeks of looking, we finally found a house to rent. 5.3 Zero Article 1. Zero article means that no articles are required in front of the nouns used. Zero article is used when referring to: (a) plural countable nouns. Example: We are expecting visitors. (b) uncountable nouns. Example: Sugar is needed to make dessert. (c) the names of people, streets, states, towns and roads. Examples: (i) My sister’s name is Rose. (ii) Jalan Muar is located near Jalan Buloh Kasap. (d) abstract nouns. Examples: (i) Honesty is the best policy. (ii) Ali was reprimanded for his carelessness. Chapter 5 Articles 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 20 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
25 NOTES Chapter 6 Adjectives 1. Adjectives are words that are used to describe nouns, namely people, animals and things. Thus, adjectives help to tell more about the nouns. There are five types of adjectives that are commonly used to describe the nouns. Type of Adjectives Purpose Examples Descriptive to describe the quality of a person, thing or animal (colour, size, age, shape, origin, material and purpose) a red book, a green dress, a small purse, a big house, an old man, a round ball, an American girl, a leather belt Quantity to describe the number/amount of things two sisters, many books, some cold drinks, a few plants, a little sugar, plenty of water Possessive to show possession my pen, their clothes, her shoes, his shirt, its tail, your hair Demonstrative to point to the specific noun being said this boy, that girl, those books, these chairs Distributive to show that things or people are identified individually every child, each household, each student Adjectives of Quality to describe the in-depth characteristics of a person, place or idea • I feel lost in that huge building. • Navin is a passive boy. • The family appeared calm during the tragedy. 2. Adjectives can be changed into negative forms by adding prefixes. By adding suffixes, new adjectives can be formed too. Prefixes Words Adjectives Suffixes Words Adjectives un- happy unhappy -ful care careful dis- honest dishonest -less care careless im- possible impossible -able value valuable un- able unable un- tidy untidy EXERCISE A Circle the best answers. 1. ‘Diehard’ is the most movie I have ever watched. A best C expensive B exhilarating D sweet 2. The biography of Nelson Mandela is on sale but it is still very . A sad C broad B expensive D scary 3. Music fan mourned the death of the American pop singer, Michael Jackson, in 2009. A popular C proud B clumsy D expensive 4. My grandmother made mango chutney with the mangoes. A fat C bitter B simple D sweet 5. Jessica fell down because the floor was . A steep C slippery B shining D narrow MASTERY PRACTICE 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 25 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
SOS TIPS 29 NOTES There are three types of comparison. They are the positive degree, the comparative degree and the superlative degree. 7.1 The Positive Degree The positive degree compares two nouns which are the same. The words ‘as … as’ are used. Examples: I am as thin as my father. My marks are as high as Zubaidah’s. These mangoes are as sweet as the ones you bought yesterday. 7.2 The Comparative Degree The comparative degree compares two nouns which do not have the same features. The adjective has the suffix ‘-er’ added to it and the word ‘than’ is also used. Examples: Suresh is shorter than Ali. My house is smaller than my sister’s. My dress is longer than yours. Sometimes the word ‘more’ is used before the adjective and followed by the word ‘than’. Examples: My dress is more expensive than my sister’s. This sofa is more comfortable than that one. My eldest sister is more beautiful than my younger sister. 7.3 The Superlative Degree The superlative degree compares three or more nouns which are not the same. The adjective has the suffix ‘-est’ added to it and the article ‘the’ is also used. Examples: Lavin is the tallest boy in my class. Mr Foo is the wealthiest man in my town. Faris is the smartest student at the Lakeview School. Sometimes the word ‘most’ is used before the adjective with the article ‘the’. Examples: Who is the most famous author? Ahmad is the most helpful person I have ever met. Encik Saiful is the most understanding teacher in my school. 7.4 Irregular Forms A few adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative degree and superlative degree. Examples: Ali is good in mathematics. Rahul is better than Ali in mathematics. Risha is the best among the three in mathematics. 1. Amirah seemed today than she was yesterday. A friendly B friendlier C friendliest 2. He is not as as you want him to be. A kind B kinder C kindest Chapter 7 Comparison of Adjectives EXERCISE A Choose the correct answers. MASTERY PRACTICE • There are three degrees of comparison for adjectives. They are the positive, the comparative and the superlative. • Adjectives are used to describe nouns. For example, a person, an animal, a plant, a place or a thing. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 29 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
33 NOTES A pronoun is used to replace a noun. 8.1 Personal Pronouns 1. (a) Personal pronouns can be used as the subject of a sentence. The subject pronouns are I, you, we, they, he, she and it. Examples: I am tired! They have gone to Terengganu. He won the story writing competition last year. We will visit the book fair next week. (b) Personal pronouns can be used to replace the name of the subject or object in a sentence. The subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us and them. First Person Second Person Third Person I, we, me, us you he, she, it, they, her, him, them 8.2 Possessive Adjectives & Possessive Pronouns • Possessive adjectives are always followed by a noun. We use them to show who possesses something. • Possessive pronouns are used to show owning or belonging. They are not followed by nouns. Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Person Singular Plural Singular Plural First my our mine ours Second your your yours yours Third his her its their his hers theirs Examples: Jack and I have finished our project. My sister is in her bedroom. My father has a house in the village. It is his. These are the children’s handicrafts. These handicrafts are theirs. 1. The whale is a big mammal. A It C She B We D They 2. Sheila Majid is very soulful. A He C Her B She D Hers 3. The children are afraid of their father because their father is a strict man. A We, he C They, he B Them, she D Their, she 4. “Julianne is going to the market with my mum,” said Julianne. A I am C Her B She D They are Chapter 8 Pronouns I MASTERY PRACTICE EXERCISE A Circle the correct pronouns to replace the underlined words. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 33 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
37 NOTES Chapter 9 Pronouns II 9.1 Reflexive Pronouns The reflexive pronoun is used to show the action of the verb referring back to the doer. It is usually written at the end of a sentence. The singular forms are myself, yourself, himself, herself and itself while the plural forms are ourselves, yourselves and themselves. Examples: (i) Sujay created the musical notes himself. (ii) Talya completed her assignments herself. (iii) They have gone to collect the book vouchers themselves. (iv) You must complete your homework yourself. (v) I baked the cake myself. 9.2 Demonstrative Pronouns The demonstrative pronoun is used to point out persons or things. This pronoun is used to state how near or far a person or an object is. The demonstrative pronoun changes in the plural form based on the situations: Singular Plural this these that those (a) when the person or the object is near to the speaker and is in the singular form Examples: (i) This is a caterpillar. (ii) This is the girl who won the story-writing competition. (b) when the persons or the objects are near to the speaker and are in the plural form Examples: (i) These are tadpoles. (ii) These are my cousins. (c) when the person or the object is far from the speaker and is in the singular form Examples: (i) That is the cake I made in school. (ii) That is the teacher who will teach us music. (d) when the persons or the objects are far from the speaker and are in the plural form Examples: (i) Those are the bags that we bought at the sale. (ii) Those are netball players representing my school at the district-level competition. 9.3 Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used for asking questions. They include: (a) who, whose (used for people) Examples: (i) Who is that girl? (ii) Whose things are these? (b) whom (a pronoun) Example: This is the boy whom I taught years ago. (c) what, which (used for things, people and occupations) Examples: (i) What is your favourite food? (ii) Which colour did you choose? 9.4 Emphatic Pronouns Emphatic pronouns are similar to reflexive pronouns. They are used to emphasise the importance of the noun/ pronoun (subject). (a) Singular forms of emphatic pronouns – myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself (b) Plural forms of emphatic pronouns – ourselves, yourselves, themselves Examples: (i) Jack himself bought a double-storey house last year. (ii) You yourself should water the plants. (iii) June herself baked the chocolate cake. (iv) My family ourselves prepared the hall for the function. (v) You yourselves must learn to respect your seniors. (vi) The dog itself kept barking the whole night. (vii) I myself carried all the bags to the third floor. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 37 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
41 NOTES Chapter 10 Verbs 10.1 Definition of Verbs A verb is also known as an action/a dynamic word and is an important word in a sentence. A verb tells us about what the subject (a person or a thing) in a sentence does. Examples: (i) Asha eats rice every day. (ii) Asha jogs every morning. (iii) Asha writes notes while studying. The words eats, jogs and writes are verbs and they tell us what Asha does. The verb in a sentence changes according to the subject and the tenses used in the sentence. 10.2 Regular Verbs (a) A verb is known as a regular verb when the verb does not change much in spelling when it is used in the past tense. (b) For regular verbs, we add ‘–s’, ‘–es’, or ‘–ies’ when a verb is used with a singular subject in the present tense. (c) For regular verbs, we add ‘–d’, ‘–ed’, or ‘–ied’ when a verb is used with a singular or a plural subject in the past tense. Examples: Present Tense Past Tense Anita plays netball every evening. Anita played netball last week. My mother washes our clothes every morning. My mother washed my uniform yesterday. The student studies in the library every evening. The student studied in the library during the study break. The children like to eat pizza. The children liked to eat the pizza at the party yesterday. Linda and her husband travel to Malacca during the weekend. Linda and her husband travelled to Malacca for the wedding last week. My brothers study together every day. My brothers studied together during the examination. 10.3 Irregular Verbs A verb is known as an irregular verb if the verb changes in spelling when it is used in the past tense. Examples: Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense dig dug swim swam lay laid fly flew sell sold feel felt fight fought drive drove ring rang ride rode (i) My sister won the first prize in the singing competition. (ii) The farmer dug a hole to plant the tapioca plant. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 41 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
46 NOTES Chapter 11 The Simple Present Tense and The Present Continuous Tense 1. The simple present tense refers to the present time. It is used: (a) to show a habitual action or actions done regularly. Examples: (i) I brush my teeth every morning. (ii) My mother cooks chicken curry every Sunday. (iii) Asha plays the piano every day. (iv) The boys play football at 6 o’clock every evening. (b) to describe a procedure or to give directions. Examples: (i) Boil the water. Then add the jelly powder. (ii) Add curry powder to the paste. Fry until you get the aroma. (iii) Walk along this corridor until the next block, then turn right and you will see the office. (iv) Go to the staffroom and take the box on my table to the classroom. (c) to show a truth or a fact. Examples: (i) A giraffe has a long neck. (ii) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (iii) The dog barks but the horse neighs. (d) to show an action that has been planned or is expected to happen. Examples: (i) My sister leaves for Perth tonight. (ii) The train arrives at 11 o’clock. (iii) The teachers plan to take the pupils on an excursion. (e) to describe feelings and senses. Examples: (i) I feel like the curry is too spicy for me. (ii) I am hungry because I did not have my lunch. (iii) The little boy sees the teacher and walks towards her. 2. The present continuous tense is made up of am/is/are + verb + ing. It is used: (a) to refer to an action that is happening at the time of speaking. Examples: (i) Amy is baking a chocolate cake now. (ii) The boys are working in the garden. (iii) The woman is talking to our neighbour at the moment. (iv) I am planning the programme for the prefects. (b) to refer to an action that will take place in the future. Examples: (i) She is travelling to Paris tomorrow. (ii) The boys are taking their music examination next month. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 46 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
50 NOTES Chapter 12 The Simple Past Tense and The Past Continuous Tense 1. The simple past tense refers to an action that took place in the past. (a) The regular form of verbs in the past tense are formed by adding –d, –ed or by changing the verb ending with –y with –ied. Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense rain rained play played smoke smoked work worked bake baked clean cleaned knock knocked watch watched try tried fry fried cry cried scold scolded visit visited study studied Examples: (i) I collected the books from my friends yesterday. (ii) The children telephoned their parents last week. (iii) My sister cooked lunch yesterday. (b) The irregular form of verbs in the past tense are formed by: (i) retaining the same spelling. Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense cut cut hit hit hurt hurt read read (ii) changing the vowel(s) in the verb. Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense fall fell feed fed hold held get got give gave run ran (iii) changing the word completely. Present Tense Past Tense Present Tense Past Tense buy bought go went keep kept find found teach taught think thought 2. The past continuous tense is made up of was/were + verb + ing. It is used to show an action taking place at a particular time in the past. The boy was playing a short while ago. Jenny eating last night. The tailor sewing last weekend. We were revising yesterday. The children studying just now. They dancing this morning. 01-12 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 50 11/10/2023 10:03 AM
54 NOTES 13.1 The Simple Future Tense • The simple future tense is made up of shall/will + base form of the verb. It is used to refer to something that is going to take place in the future. Examples: (i) I shall go to the cinema this weekend. (ii) The teacher will give out the books soon. (iii) We shall visit Leena at 5 o’clock this evening. (iv) They will sweep the dry leaves in the evening. • We use ‘will’ to show an instant decision. Example: I am hungry. I think I will buy a burger from the stall. • We use ‘be going to’ for plans, intentions and when there are signs that something is likely to happen. Examples: (i) The boys are going to watch a football match later in the evening. (Affirmative) (ii) Sheila is not going to attend the conference next week. (Negative) (iii) I don’t feel well. I think I am going to throw up. (Sign) (iv) Are you going to visit your sister in November? (Question) Yes, I am./No, I’m not. (Short answer) 13.2 The Future Continuous Tense • The future continuous tense is made up of shall/will + be + verb + –ing. It is used for: (a) long-term activities in the future. Example: Tim will be co-operating with Leela on this project. (b) activities that will be ongoing at a certain time in the future. Example: This time next week John will be studying in Australia Chapter 13 The Simple Future Tense and The Future Continuous Tense MASTERY PRACTICE EXERCISE A Circle the correct answers. 1. I be twenty-six next month. A am C will B are D going to 2. They be dropping by our place later. A am C will B are D going to 3. She her dog for a walk later in the evening. A take B takes C will take D shall take 4. My friends and I be attending Mariah’s wedding reception next month. A shall C going B would D is going 5. Janine and I our luggage before we sleep. A will packing C packed B are pack D shall pack 6. When I to go travelling, I will bring my family along. A will decide C am deciding B decide D decided 13-24 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 54 11/10/2023 10:06 AM
58 NOTES Chapter 14 The Present Perfect Tense 14.1 The Present Perfect Tense The present perfect tense is used: (a) to tell you about a completed action but the time of the action is not stated. Examples: (i) The boy has climbed up the rambutan tree. (ii) The students have organised a picnic to Tanjung Bidara. (b) to tell you about an ongoing situation that started in the past and is continuing in the present. It is often used with for and since. Examples: (i) Ali and his family have lived in Ipoh since 2000. (ii) We have worked for this company for six years. (c) to tell about an action where time is not specified and words like ever and never are used to talk about general life experience. Examples: (i) Have you ever been to Scotland? (that is: in all your life up to now) (ii) Leena has never been to China. (that is: not in all her life up to now) 14.2 The Present Perfect Tense (ever) The present perfect tense with ever is often followed by the simple past tense. We use the simple past to give more information about a completed action when referring to a specific time or context. Examples: (i) Have you ever been to Singapore? Yes, I have. I was in Singapore when I studied at the university there. (ii) Has Ali ever climbed a mountain? No, he hasn’t. 14.3 The Present Perfect Tense (just) The present perfect tense with just is used when we want to emphasise that we have done something very recently. Examples: (i) Aminah has just reported the theft to the police. (ii) My parents have just left for dinner. A. The Present Perfect Tense – Questions and Short Answers Auxiliary Subject Verb Object Yes/No Subject Auxiliary Have you done shopping? Yes, I have. No, I have not/ haven’t. Has Jane finished drawing? Yes, she has. No, she has not/ hasn’t. Have they met your teacher? Yes, they have. No, they have not/ haven’t. 13-24 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 58 11/10/2023 10:06 AM
64 NOTES An adverb describes a verb. An adverb is formed by adding -ly to the adjective. Example: dance gracefully – The adverb ‘gracefully’ tells us how the action ‘dance’ is done. There are seven types of adverbs: 1. Adverbs of time refer to when an action takes place – after, already, before, since, then. 2. Adverbs of place refer to where an action takes place – here, there, everywhere, nowhere. 3. Adverbs of manner explain how an action is done – slowly, hungrily, sweetly, carefully. 4. Adverbs of degree refer to the intensity of an action – almost, only, very, rather, quite. 5. Adverbs of frequency refer to how often an action takes place – once, twice, always, seldom. 6. Adverbs of questioning refer to question words – how, when, where, why. 7. Adverbs of affirmation/negation refer to words used to answer questions – yes, no, certainly, not. Some examples of sentences are listed below: Adverb of Time Adverb of Place Adverb of Manner Adverb of Degree The music examination result will be announced tomorrow. The meeting was held here in the library this morning. The choir sang sweetly during the Christmas party. The water was very cold. Adverb of Frequency Adverb of Questioning Adverb of Affirmation Adverb of Negation My mother seldom goes shopping. How do you intend to go for the competition next week? Yes, I was at the party with Meena. No, I did not receive my letter of appointment. MASTERY PRACTICE EXERCISE A Circle the most suitable adverbs. 1. Mrs Loh thanked the boy for helping her. A gently C gratefully B generously D correctly 2. The ballerina danced on the stage. A smoothly C excitedly B magically D gracefully 3. My puppy snuggled on my lap. A lovingly C attentively B carefully D generously 4. Susan drives her new car . A hurriedly C gently B cautiously D quickly 5. Dave nodded and smiled at his bride. A tightly C badly B nicely D warmly 6. The director shook his hands with his associates. A gently C firmly B roughly D softly Chapter 15 Adverbs 13-24 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 64 11/10/2023 10:06 AM
SOS TIPS68 NOTES 16.1 Prepositions 1. A preposition is a word that is placed before a noun or a pronoun. It shows a relationship with the rest of the sentence. Examples: Asha is going to Malacca. (noun) Can you please give this letter to him? (pronoun) 2. There are four types of prepositions: Type of Preposition Example Preposition of Place or Position • I live by a river. • There is a huge tree behind my house. • They have put the books in the cabinet. • Ali saw a rat under his bed. • The town council workers placed flowerpots along the road. • The children ran across the field to meet their teacher. • Anita is sitting between Tina and Lina. • You can look for him among the crowd. • There is a futsal court in front of my house. • The helicopter flew above my roof a short while ago. • Jovan lives at No. 78, Jalan Laksamana, Taman Keris. • Meena is standing beside her mother in the photograph. • Please put the books on the table in the study room. Preposition of Direction • She went to Finland last year. • He climbed up the ladder to change the bulb. • I usually drive home from school. • There is a lake that flows through my orchard. • The children ran towards their parents when they returned home. • The naughty boys jumped over the school gate. Preposition of Time • You must submit your work by tomorrow. • Her tuition starts at 4 p.m. • Ani had to send a notice before submitting her project. • We have been waiting for the reply since last month. • The villagers had to clean their houses after the flood. • Please ask Tony to wait for a few minutes. • They moved to their new house in November. • Susan visited her sister in Finland during the Christmas holidays. Preposition of Manner • She cried profusely because she was in pain. • She attended the party with her sister. • Ahmad sympathised with the family for their loss. • I am suspicious of the man who is wearing a black shirt. Chapter 16 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs Functions of Prepositions • A preposition connects the noun (all types of nouns) to the rest of the sentence. • A preposition specifies the position of the nouns (person or object). E.g. The students are in the classroom. Types of Prepositions • Time prepositions (clarify the time of actions): E.g. at, on, in, while, during • Place prepositions (specify the place of someone or somebody): E.g. at, on, in • Direction prepositions (clarify the direction of someone or something): E.g. up, from, over, right, left 13-24 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 68 11/10/2023 10:06 AM
105 A. Questions 1 – 30 Circle the best answers. 1. The principal asked all the students to think about the of friendship. A import B importance C important D importantly 2. The about whether he is innocent or guilty rest in the jury. A choice B offer C results D decision 3. Harbouring anger and is poison for the soul. A honesty B happiness C despicable D greed 4. of the guests at the birthday party are eating. A Any B Several C Much D A little 5. The neighbourhood watch was organised the community safety society. A the B for C with D by 6. Look, the books covered with dust. A are B was C will be D were 7. Lim’s disabled brother wanted to in the tournament that he can become an excellent player. A proves B proving C prove D proved 8. I made myself some as I was extremely hungry. A sandwitches B sandwich C sandwithches D sandwiches 9. Eat as as you can. There is still of food. A much, many B plenty, much C many, many D much, plenty 10. Neither Amirah nor Jane allergic to nuts. A is B are C have D had 11. She go shopping today as she has a meeting. A will C won’t B must D was 12. Remember to take your raincoat as the weather forecast predicts it rain in the evening. A must C can B will D won’t 13. human beings be able to fly? A Should C Must B Shall D Will SUMMATIVE TEST SECTION 1 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (60 marks) Sumative 1202 QB Gram F2.indd 105 05/10/2023 2:35 PM
111 Chapter 1 Exercise A 1. C 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. C Exercise B 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 10. B 11. B 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. C Exercise C Common Nouns 1. toddler 2. laptop 3. janitor 4. television 5. farm 6. money 7. button 8. cinema 9. wallet 10. coin 11. thread 12. necklace 13. house 14. postman Abstract Nouns 1. freedom 2. wealth 3. anger 4. grief 5. importance 6. generosity 7. beauty 8. honesty 9. opportunity 10. pride 11. experience 12. sympathy 13. worry 14. imagination Exercise D 1. report 2. friend , cars 3. basketball , school 4. book 5. enthusiasm , funds , schools , hospitals 6. students , competitions 7. neighbour , accident 8. name , winner 9. bags , transit 10. adults , sleep Exercise E 1. The Megah Secondary School is the top performing school in the country. 2. My sister is going on vacation to Mexico next June. 3. On my next visit to Europe, I hope to visit Rome, Venice and Paris. 4. One of my favourite movies is ‘Gone with the Wind’. 5. Thomas Edison invented the light bulb, phonograph and many other things. 6. My all time favourite classic is ‘Wuthering Heights’. 7. Let’s go to the zoo on Saturday. 8. I bought a bouquet of carnations for Madam Laila from the florist’s. 9. My dog, Penny, enjoys playing with her toys. 10. The tulips in my neighbour’s garden are from Holland. 11. My cousin, Juliana, will be visiting Malaysia next summer. 12. Joan plans to join her school’s Entrepreneurship Club after her examinations. 13. Young people enjoy eating at fast food outlets such as McDonald’s and Kentucky Fried Chicken. 14. Ting En held her birthday party at the Raintree Club which was located in Jalan Ampang. Exercise F 1. friends 2. park 3. lake 4. bushes 5. cygnets 6. fox 7. intentions 8. wings 9. courage 10. anger Chapter 2 Exercise A 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. B 11. D 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. C Exercise B 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. C 15. A Exercise C (i) 1. U 2. U 3. C 4. C 5. U 6. U 7. C 8. U 9. U 10. U 11. U 12. U 13. U 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. U 18. C 19. U 20. U 21. C 22. C 23. C 24. U 25. U 26. C 27. C 28. U 29. U 30. C Exercise C (ii) 1. many 2. several 3. much 4. a large number of 5. any 6. a few 7. plenty of 8. a lot of 9. a little 10. some Answers Chapter 1 – Chapter 2 Answer 1202 QB Grammar F2.indd 111 03/10/2023 3:45 PM