ii Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Chapter 1 Biodiversity 1.1 Diversity of Organisms ................................... 1 1.2 Classification of Organisms............................ 3 Mastery Challenge 1................................................. 9 Chapter 2 Ecosystem 2.1 Energy Flow in an Ecosystem...................... 10 2.2 Nutrient Cycle in an Ecosystem ................... 13 2.3 Interdependence and Interaction Among Organisms and between Organisms and the Environment ........................................... 16 2.4 Roles of Humans in Maintaining a Balanced Nature........................................................... 25 Mastery Challenge 2............................................... 26 Chapter 3 Nutrition 3.1 Classes of Food ........................................... 28 3.2 Importance of a Balanced Diet..................... 33 3.3 Human Digestive System............................. 36 3.4 Process of Absorption and Transportation of Digested Food and Defecation .................... 40 Mastery Challenge 3............................................... 43 Chapter 4 Human Health 4.1 Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases ....... 45 4.2 Body Defence............................................... 52 Mastery Challenge 4............................................... 59 Theme 2: Exploration of Elements in Nature Chapter 5 Water and Solution 5.1 Physical Characteristics of Water................. 61 5.2 Solution and Rate of Solubility ..................... 69 5.3 Water Purification and Water Supply........... 76 Mastery Challenge 5............................................... 79 Chapter 6 Acid and Alkali 6.1 Properties of Acid and Alkali........................... 81 6.2 Neutralisation ................................................. 88 Mastery Challenge 6............................................... 92 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life Chapter 7 Electricity and Magnetism 7.1 Electricity ..................................................... 94 7.2 Flow of Electric Current in Series Circuit and Parallel Circuit ......................................111 CONTENTS 7.3 Magnetism...................................................118 Mastery Challenge 7............................................. 125 Chapter 8 Force and Motion 8.1 Force ......................................................... 127 8.2 Effects of Force ......................................... 132 Mastery Challenge 8............................................. 153 Chapter 9 Heat 9.1 Relationship between Temperature and Heat............................................................ 155 9.2 Heat Flow and Thermal Equilibrium ........... 156 9.3 Principle of Expansion and Contraction of Matter..................................................... 165 9.4 Relationship between Types of Surface of Object, and Heat Absorption and Emission..................................................... 170 Mastery Challenge 9............................................. 175 Chapter 10 Sound Waves 10.1 Characteristics of Sound Waves ................ 177 10.2 Loudness and Pitch of Sound .................... 180 10.3 Phenomenon and Application of Reflection of Sound Waves ......................................... 186 Mastery Challenge 10........................................... 190 Theme 4: Earth and Space Exploration Chapter 11 Stars and Galaxies in the Universe 11.1 Stars and Galaxies in the Universe............ 192 Mastery Challenge 11........................................... 200 Chapter 12 Solar System 12.1 Solar System.............................................. 202 Mastery Challenge 12........................................... 210 Chapter 13 Meteoroid, Asteroid and Comet 13. 1 Other Objects in the Solar System, such as Meteoroids, Asteroids and Comets .............211 Mastery Challenge 13........................................... 214 Pentaksiran Sumatif Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA).....................................................215 Answers....................................................................... 231 00 Contents Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 2 27/04/2023 10:37 AM
1 1 What is Biodiversity? 1. Biodiversity refers to the diversity of organisms, including microorganisms, animals and plants. 2. Biodiversity exists as a result of the diversity of habitat and climate on Earth. 3. Different organisms have different characteristics that enable them to adapt to the conditions and climate in their habitats for them to survive. 4. Malaysia is one of the 17 megabiodiversity countries in the world. 5. Our country has a wide range of habitats that have different types of plants, animals and insects. 6. The equatorial climate makes Malaysia a very suitable habitat for various types of organisms. 7. In fact, most of them are endemic species or not found elsewhere. Importance of Biodiversity 1. Supply of food sources (a) Provides a variety of food such as fruit, vegetables, meat, fish and eggs for humans and animals. (b) Each food has nutrient contents such as carbohydrate, protein, fat and vitamins that are essential for the human health. 2. Ensure balance in nature (a) Biodiversity allows the continuation of nutrient cycles such as the oxygen cycle. (b) The diversity of plants in forests allows the forests to filter natural sources of water, trap dirt in the air, cool down the surface temperature and become a buffer against floods and strong winds. 3. As recreational places (a) Areas that are rich in biodiversity can be developed to become recreational places. For example, Sipadan Island. 4. Contribute to medicine (a) Herbal plants can be commercialised as alternative medicine and supplements. For example, Tongkat Ali. 5. Contribute to industrial raw materials (a) Raw materials are required in various industries. For example, wood, rattan and bamboo. 1 Biodiversity CHAPTER 1.1 Diversity of Organisms Ch 1 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 1 27/04/2023 9:40 AM
3 1 1.2 Classification of Organisms A Classification of Animals 1. Multicellular organisms that cannot produce their own food are classified as animals. 2. Animals are divided into vertebrates (animals with a backbone) and invertebrates (animals without a backbone). 3. Vertebrates can be further divided into five small groups called class. 4. Diagram 1.2 shows the classification of animals. Vertebrates Mammals Birds Amphibians Fish Reptiles Invertebrates Animals Diagram 1.2 Classification of animals (a) Vertebrates Mammals Body covered with fur or hair Homeothermic Give birth Undergo internal fertilisation, that is, eggs are fertilised in the body of the female Breathe through lungs Female nurse their young For example, deers, dolphins, leopards and rabbits Diagram 1.3 Mammals and their characteristics Birds Body are covered with feathers Homeothermic Lay eggs Undergo internal fertilisation Breathe through lungs For example, peacocks, olive-backed sunbirds, egrets, turtledoves and penguins Diagram 1.4 Birds and their characteristics Info Gallery Homeothermic animals have constant body temperature, whereas Poikilothermic animals have body temperature that changes according to the surrounding temperature. Chapter 1: Biodiversity Ch 1 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 3 27/04/2023 9:40 AM
9 1 1. Give two examples each of monocotyledon and dicotyledon plants. 2. What are the characteristics that differentiate monocotyledon plants from dicotyledon plants? 3. Among the following, which organisms do not have backbone? Spider Giraffe Ostrich Crab Moth Monkey 4. What are the differences between amphibians and fish? 5. Briefly describe the importance of biodiversity in facilitating human life. HOTS Applying 6. Diagram 1 shows a dichotomous key. Organism A Organism B Organism C Organism D Organism E Organism F Organisms Plants Flowering plant Non-flowering plant Animals Live in water Live on land With scales Without scales Poikilothermic Homeothermic Diagram 1 Identify Organisms A to F in the dichotomous key in Diagram 1 from the list of following organisms. HOTS Applying Squirrel Oil palm tree Tortoise Anchovy Fern Frog 7. By using the following characteristics, construct a dichotomous key to classify a crocodile, elephant, eagle and shrimp. HOTS Applying Presence of backbone Method of reproduction Body temperature 8. Are bats classified as mammals or birds? Give your reason. HOTS Evaluating 9. The world’s biodiversity will be affected if Malaysia does not preserve its rich biodiversity. Do you agree with this opinion? Give your reason. HOTS Evaluating 10. ‘Malaysia is one of the 17 megabiodiversity countries in the world’. Explain the statement and suggest a slogan to raise awareness about the importance of preserving biodiversity in our country. HOTS Creating MASTERY CHALLENGE 1 Chapter 1: Biodiversity Ch 1 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 9 27/04/2023 9:40 AM
Chapter 3: Nutrition 3 3 31 ACTIVITY 3.1 Aim: To test the presence of starch, glucose, protein and fat in food samples. Materials: Iodine solution, 1% starch suspension, Benedict’s solution, 10% glucose solution, Millon’s reagent, albumen suspension, ethanol, cooking oil and distilled water. Apparatus: Test tubes, dropper, beaker, Bunsen burner, wire gauze, tripod stand, test tube rack, test tube holder and stopper. A Iodine test for starch Procedure: 1. 2 ml of starch suspension is poured into a test tube. 2. 2 drops of iodine solution are added into the test tube with a dropper. Observation: After mixing with iodine solution, the starch solution turns dark blue. Conclusion: The dark blue color in the iodine test indicates the presence of starch. B Benedict’s test for glucose Procedure: 1. 2 ml of glucose solution is poured into a test tube. 2. 2 ml of Benedict’s solution is added into the same test tube. 3. The mixture is shaken and heated in a water bath for 5 minutes. Observation: Before heating, the glucose mixture in the Benedict’s solution is blue. After heating, a brick red precipitate is formed. Conclusion: The brick red precipitate in the Benedict’s test indicates the presence of glucose. C Millon’s test for protein Procedure: 1. 5 ml of albumen suspension is poured into a tube test. 2. 3 drops of the Millon’s reagent are added into the albumen suspension with a dropper. 3. The mixture is shaken and heated in a water bath for 5 minutes. Observation: After heating, the albumen suspension and Millon’s reagant mixture forms a brick red precipitate. Conclusion: The brick red precipitate in the Millon’s test indicates the presence of protein. Iodine solution Dropper 2 ml of 1% starch suspension Diagram 3.2 Diagram 3.3 Wire gauze Water bath Glucose solution + Benedict’s solution Tripod Bunsen burner stand Water bath Albumen suspension + Millon’s reagent Bunsen burner Diagram 3.4 Ch 3 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 31 27/04/2023 10:24 AM
Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life 3 3 32 D Alcohol-emulsion test for fat Procedure: 1. 3 ml of ethanol is poured into a test tube. 2. 2 drops of cooking oil are added into the test tube. 3. The test tube is closed with a stopper. 4. The test tube is shaken slowly and left on a test tube rack for 3 minutes. 5. After 3 minutes, 20 ml of distilled water is added to the mixture. 6. The test tube is closed with a stopper and shaken slowly. The test tube is left on the test tube rack for another 3 minutes. Observation: After 3 minutes, the final mixture becomes a cloudy white emulsion. Conclusion: The cloudy white emulsion in the alcohol-emulsion test indicates the presence of fat. 3 ml of ethanol Cooking oil Distilled water Ethanol + cooking oil (a) (b) Diagram 3.5 3. The presence of starch, glucose, protein and fat can be tested using several tests. Examine Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Results for food tests Iodine test for starch Benedict’s test for glucose Starch solution turns dark blue indicates the presence of starch 2 drops of iodine solution Starch suspension Brick red precipitate indicates the presence of glucose Water bath After 5 minutes Glucose solution + Benedict’s solution Millon’s test for protein Alcohol-emulsion test for fat Brick red precipitate indicates the presence of protein Water bath After 5 minutes Albumen suspension + Millon’s reagent 3 ml of ethanol Cooking oil Distilled water Shake Cloudy white emulsion indicates the presence of fat Ethanol + cooking oil Ch 3 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 32 27/04/2023 10:24 AM
Chapter 3: Nutrition 3 3 33 Diagnostic Test 3.1 1. Give one function of each of the following food classes. Carbohydrate Fat Fibre Protein 2. Describe briefly how to test the presence of protein in a food sample. 3. What causes beri-beri disease? Suggest a way to prevent this disease. HOTS Applying 4. Irwan experienced dry and scaly skin. What sources of food that Irwan needs to consume to overcome this problem? HOTS Applying 3.2 Importance of a Balanced Diet 1. A balanced diet is a diet that contains all the food classes that are needed by the body in the right quantities. 2. Diagram 3.6 shows a guide to food intake according to a balanced diet. FAT, OIL, SUGAR AND SALT Eat in small quantities MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS FISH, CHICKEN, MEAT AND NUTS Eat in moderate quantities Eat in large quantities Eat in moderate quantities VEGETABLES Eat in large quantities Eat in sufficient quantities FOOD PYRAMID RICE, NOODLES, BREAD, GRAIN PRODUCTS AND POTATOES FRUIT Diagram 3.6 Guide to food intake according to a balanced diet 3. The food pyramid and ‘Healthy Plate’ model are guides to food intake according to a balanced diet. 4. However, the balanced diet for each individual is different because each individual needs different amount of energy and nutrients. Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Malaysian Food Pyramid 2020 https://bit. ly/3kQmWEX Ch 3 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 33 27/04/2023 10:24 AM
96 B Sources of Energy Diagram 7.3 shows the sources of energy around us. Diagram 7.3 Sources of energy Diagram 7.4 Electrostatic in daily life Electrostatic Charges 1. Diagram 7.4 shows electrostatic in daily life. 2. Electrostatic charges are static or stationary electric charges. 3. These charges cannot move freely through a material. A shirt or scarf is stuck to a plastic chair and produces a crackle sound when moved. Dust is attracted to certain surfaces even though they are wiped repeatedly. A weak electric shock can be felt when touching a metal door knob. The surface of a balloon that has been rubbed attracts a few strands of hair. The Sun Wind Geothermal Water Fossil fuel Biomass Radioactive substance Wave Sources of Energy TIPS Corner • Negative charges are known as electrons. • Positive charges are known as protons. Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Hydroelectric (Examples of energy sources) https://bit.ly/2j1Rx0P Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life 7 7 Ch 7 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 96 27/04/2023 10:21 AM
107 3. There are two types of resistors. (a) Standard resistors have fixed resistance. (b) Variable resistors or rheostats have resistance that can be adjusted. 4. Current, voltage and resistance are closely related. 5. Changes in the magnitude of one of these quantities will affect the magnitude of other quantities. 6. The current flowing in the circuit decreases when the resistance increases. 7. When a large voltage flows in the circuit, the current flowing through the circuit will increase. Aim: To study the effects of changes in resistance and voltage on electric current. A The effect of changes in resistance on electric current Problem statement: What is the effect of changes in resistance on electric current? Hypothesis: The higher the resistance, the smaller the current flow. Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Length of nichrome wire (b) Responding variable: Reading of ammeter (c) Constant variable: Number of dry cells Material: Nichrome wire Apparatus: Ammeter, voltmeter, metre rule, thumbtack, crocodile clips, connecting wires, jockey, dry cells and dry cell holder. Procedure: 1. A nichrome wire is fixed from one end to the other end of a metre rule. 2. The apparatus is set up as shown in Diagram 7.19. 3. The jockey is placed at 20 cm from the end of the crocodile clip along the nichrome wire. 4. The reading of the ammeter is recorded. 5. Step 3 and 4 are repeated by increasing the length of the nichrome wire to 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm in stages. 6. The reading of the ammeter for each length of the nichrome wire is recorded in a table. 7. A graph of current against the length of nichrome wire is plotted. Ammeter Crocodile clip Dry cell Length of wire Dry cell holder Thumbtack Jockey Metre rule Nichrome wire Connecting wire 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Diagram 7.19 Experiment Experiment 7.1 Chapter 7: Electricity and Magnetism 7 7 Ch 7 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 107 27/04/2023 10:21 AM
108 Observations: Length of nichrome (cm) Ammeter reading (A) 20 1.0 30 0.6 40 0.4 50 0.3 60 0.2 Graph of current against length of nichrome 0.2 0 Ammeter reading (A) Length of nichrome 10 20 30 40 50 60 wire (cm) 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Diagram 7.20 Discussion: 1. Resistance is the ability of a conductor to resist the flow of electric current through it. The longer the length of the wire, the higher the resistance. 2. When the resistance increases, the reading of the ammeter decreases. The current flowing in the circuit becomes smaller. 3. The longer the nichrome wire, the smaller the current flow in the circuit. Conclusion: Hypothesis is accepted. The higher the resistance, the smaller the current flow. B The effect of changes in voltage on electric current Problem statement: What is the effect of changes in voltage on electric current? Hypothesis: The higher the voltage, the larger the current flow. Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Number of dry cells (b) Responding variable: Reading of ammeter (c) Constant variable: Length of nichrome wire Apparatus: Ammeter, voltmeter, connecting wires, nichrome wire of 10 cm length, dry cells and crocodile clips. Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life 7 7 Ch 7 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 108 27/04/2023 10:21 AM
117 B Numerical Problems Related to Current, Voltage and Resistance Numerical problems related to current, voltage and resistance can be solved by using suitable formulas. Study the following questions and solutions. Example 1 Diagram 7.31 shows three resistors, R1 , R2 and R3 which are connected in series in a complete circuit. Calculate (a) value of I 1 (b) value of I 3 (c) effective resistance, R (d) voltage of V1 (e) total voltage V2 + V3 Solution (a) I 1 = 2 A (b) I 3 = 2 A (c) R = 1 Ω + 2 Ω + 3 Ω = 6 Ω (d) According to Ohm’s law, V = IR V1 = I 1 R1 = 2 A × 1 Ω = 2 V (e) V2 + V3 = 12 V – 2 V = 10 V Example 2 Diagram 7.32 shows two similar resistors connected in parallel in a circuit. Calculate (a) effective resistance, R in this circuit (b) total current, I (c) voltage of V2 (d) value of I 2 (e) value of I 1 Solution (a) 1 R = 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 2 ∴R = 1 Ω 123 Diagram 7.32 6 V I I 1 I 2 R2 R1 2Ω V2 2Ω A 12 V I = 2A I 1 1Ω R1 R2 R3 V1 2Ω V2 I 3Ω 3 V3 A Diagram 7.31 Using formula I = I1 = I2 = I3 Using formula R = R1 + R2 + R3 When formula V = V1 + V2 + V3 cannot be used because the values V2 and V3 are unknown, use the formula V = IR Using formula = 1 R = 1 R1 + 1 R2 Using formula V = V1 + V2 + V3 \V2 + V3 = V – V1 Chapter 7: Electricity and Magnetism 7 7 Ch 7 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 117 27/04/2023 10:21 AM
Chapter 9: Heat 175 1. State two differences between temperature and heat. 2. What is sea breeze and land breeze? 3. Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of apparatus to investigate heat flow. Retort stand with clamp Bunsen burner Wet cobalt chloride papers Cardboard A B Metal rod Diagram 1 (a) Which wet cobalt chloride paper changes colour first? (b) How is the heat from the Bunsen burner transferred to the cobalt chloride papers? 4. How can a hot tray be taken out from the oven without injuring our hands? HOTS Applying 5. Diagram 2 shows the observations obtained from an activity to study the expansion and contraction in solids by heat. Metal ball After cooled Metal ring Metal ball After heated Metal ring Diagram 2 Explain why there is a difference in observation on the metal ball after the metal ball is heated and after it is cooled down. HOTS Analysing 6. Photograph 1 shows the surface of a running track at two recreational parks. Taman Alma Taman Mutiara Photograph 1 Explain why the surface of the running track at Taman Mutiara is still in good condition. HOTS Analysing MASTERY CHALLENGE 9 9 9 Ch 9 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 175 19/04/2023 11:57 AM
176 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life 7. Diagram 3 shows a living room. C A B Diagram 3 If you want to install an air conditioning unit, which location is the most suitable? Give your reasons based on the concept of heat. HOTS Evaluating 8. Photograph 2 shows two types of bowls that are made of two different types of materials. Steel bowl Ceramic bowl Photograph 2 If Ling’s mother wants to make sure that the porridge that is taken out from the pot is still hot when feeding her sick grandfather, which bowl should she use? Give your reasons. HOTS Evaluating 9. Our country is located in a tropical region with a relatively hot temperature. Suggest ways that can be done to cool the interior of the house. HOTS Creating 10. In a competition, your group is given a task to cook sausages using solar energy. Photograph 3 shows the materials supplied by the organiser. Photograph 3 Design a container that can cook sausages efficiently using solar energy. Label the materials used. HOTS Creating Cylindrical container Black paper Satay sticks Wrapping paper 9 9 Ch 9 Spot A+1 Sains F2.indd 176 19/04/2023 11:57 AM
215 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF 1. Which of the following class of animals is matched correctly with the example of animal? Class Animal A Mammals Shark B Reptiles Toad C Birds Penguin D Amphibians Turtle 2. Diagram 1 shows invertebrates and their classification using the dichotomous key. Dragonfly Snail Centipede Earthworm Diagram 1 Dichotomous key 1. (a) With legs ……………………….. refer to 2. (b) Without legs ………................. refer to 3. 2. (a) Has three pair of legs ………………… A (b) Has more than three pair of legs ….... B 3. (a) With shell ............................................ C (b) Without shell ....................................... D Which of the following is correct based on the dichotomous key? A Dragonfly B Centipede C Snail D Earthworm Section A [20 marks] Answer all questions. 3. Diagram 2 shows a food chain. Rumput Grass Grasshopper Belalang Katak Frog Snake Ular Helang Eagle Diagram 2 What will happen when the population of snake increases? A Eagles will face shortage of food B Snakes will compete for food C The population of frog will increase D The population of grass will decrease 4. Which of the following predator-prey is matched correctly with its advantage and disadvantage as a biological control? PredatorPrey Advantage Disadvantage A Fish-larvae A cheap method to control larvae The number of larvae will increase B Owls-rats Both animals come out at night Owls cannot catch the rats at night C Frogslarvae Harmful to the environment Snakes will come to the area D Snakes-rats Cheap and cost-saving Snakes can harm the workers 5. Table 1 shows the results of food tests on a food sample. Table 1 Food test Observation Benedict’s test Brick red precipitate is formed Millon’s test Red precipitate is formed Iodine test No changes PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF UJIAN AKHIR SESI AKADEMIK (UASA) PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 215 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
216 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif What are the classes of food found in the food sample? I Starch II Glucose III Protein IV Fats A I and II B III and IV C II and III D I and IV 6. Diagram 3 shows food sample K. Yogurt Diagram 3 Which position does food sample K belong to in the food pyramid? A B C D A B C D 7. Diagram 4 shows the concentration of a type of antibody in the blood of individual P. Time (week) Level of immunity First injection Second injection Concentration of antibodies in blood (%) Diagram 4 Based on the graph, what is the substance that has been injected into the body of individual P? A Pathogen B Antibiotic C Vaccine D Antiserum 8. Diagram 5 shows a salt lump that does not easily dissolve in water even when it is stirred. Salt lump Water Beaker Glass rod Diagram 5 Which of the following methods can be used to increase the solubility of the salt? I Use hot water II Use a bigger beaker III Reduce the amount of water by half IV Stir the solution at a faster rate A I and II B III and IV C II and III D I and IV 9. P, Q and R are three water treatment methods. Table 2 shows the presence of microorganisms and suspended particles in the water that is treated. Table 2 Method Presence of microorganisms Presence of suspended particles P ✓ ✗ Q ✗ ✓ R ✗ ✗ Which of the following methods are represented by P, Q and R? P Q R A Filtration Distillation Boiling B Boiling Filtration Distillation C Filtration Boiling Distillation D Boiling Distillation Filtration 10. Diagram 6 shows the pH of substance W, X, Y and Z. 1 7 14 pH W X Y Z Diagram 6 PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 216 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
217 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif Which of the following represents W, X, Y and Z? W X Y Z A Washing soda Distilled water Vinegar Lemon juice B Lemon juice Vinegar Distilled water Toothpaste C Toothpaste Washing soda Distilled water Vinegar D Vinegar Distilled water Toothpaste Washing soda 11. Diagram 7 shows an electric circuit with one of the bulbs has fused. This causes the other three bulbs to not light up. M N K L Diagram 7 Which bulb in the circuit is fused? A K C M B L D N 12. Diagram 8 shows four compasses, P, Q, R and S placed around an electromagnet consisting of a wire coiled around an iron rod and connected to a d.c. power supply. P R S Q Diagram 8 Which compass has the pointer showing the correct direction of the magnetic field formed? A P and Q C Q and S B P and S D R and S 13. Diagram 9 shows a type of lever. Fishing rod Diagram 9 Which of the following levers can be classified in the same class as the lever shown above? A B C D 14. Which of the following shoes produces the highest pressure? A B C D PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 217 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
219 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif Section B [20 marks] Answer all questions. 1. Animals can be classified into vertebrates and invertebrates. (a) Mark (✓) for the invertebrate animals in Diagram 1. Diagram 1 [2 marks] (b) Circle the invertebrate animals that have more than three pairs of legs. Ant Spider Centipede Cockroach [2 marks] 2. Diagram 2.1 shows a pond ecosystem. Diagram 2.1 (a) State one population that is a part of this pond ecosystem. [1 mark] (b) Name one producer in this pond ecosystem. [1 mark] (c) In Diagram 2.2, build a food chain using the following words. Small fish Birds that eat fish Water weed Big fish Diagram 2.2 [2 marks] 17. Diagram 10 describes the death of a large star to become a neutron star. Large star Red giant X Neutron star Diagram 10 What happens at X? A Dying star expands B Red giant collapses C Red giant explodes D Large star contracts its remaining mass 18. A space probe has travelled beyond the Sun and is at 600 000 000 km from the Earth. How far is the space probe from the Sun in A.U.? (Distance of the Earth from the Sun = 1.5 × 108 km) A 0.25 A.U. B 1.25 A.U. C 3.00 A.U. D 4.00 A.U. 19. Which planet has the closest similarity in size and mass with the Earth? A Mercury B Venus C Mars D Neptune 20. Which of the following is correct about the meteor showers? A Meteors that burn out before reaching the Earth B Small fragments of rocks and metals floating in the outer space C Many meteors entering the Earth’s atmosphere at the same time D Moving meteors give out streaks of light Bintang neutron PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 219 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
220 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif 3. Diagram 3 shows a food pyramid. P Q R S Diagram 3 (a) Based on the food pyramid, write the classes of food that will cause the following illnesses if consumed in excessive amount. (i) Diabetes (ii) Obesity (iii) Cardiovascular diseases [3 marks] (b) Mark (✓) on the eating habit that causes constipation. Drink a lot of carbonated drinks Consume too much carbohydrates Concume too little fibre [1 mark] 4. (a) Infectious diseases can be spread through water. Circle two infectious diseases that are spread through water. H1N1 Cholera Chicken pox Typhoid fever [2 marks] (b) Match the vectors to their correct diseases. Vector Disease [2 marks] Typhoid fever Leptospirosis Malaria PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 220 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
222 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif Section C [60 marks] Answer all questions. 6. Diagram 6.1 shows an electric circuit consisting three identical bulbs, J, K and L. K S J L Diagram 6.1 (a) Name the type of arrangement of the bulbs in the circuit shown in Diagram 6.1. [1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 6.1, (i) state the brightness of all the bulbs when switch S is turned on. [1 mark] (ii) what will happen to bulb K and L if bulb J burns out? [1 mark] (c) Diagram 6.2 shows an electric circuit. S M1 M2 A Diagram 6.2 M1 and M2 are two identical bulbs. The resistance of each bulb is 4 W and current that flows in the circuit is 3 A. Calculate the voltage in the circuit. [Total circuit resistance, R is given by: 1 R = 1 R1 + 1 R2 ] [2 marks] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 222 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
230 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif (d) Diagram 11.4 shows an electrical water pump used in a household. It produces a lot of noise when it is switched on and it is disturbing. Incoming water supply pipe Electrical water pump Electric wire Water tank Diagram 11.4 You are requested to solve this problem to reduce the noise of the electrical water pump by using the following materials: Egg trays Glue gun Sketch the modification of the electrical water pump by using the materials above and explain how it can reduce the noise. [1 mark] Explanation: [2 marks] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F2.indd 230 27/04/2023 10:35 AM
ANSWERS Chapter 1 Biodiversity Diagnostic Test 1.1 1. Biodiversity means the diversity of organisms, including microorganisms, animals or plants. 2. Enforcement of laws to protect wildlife/ protect wildlife habitats. For example, by creating national parks/ forest reserves and marine parks./ Increase the population of endangered species. For example, by creating endangered animals protection and breeding centres./ Educate the public about the importance of conserving and preserving biodiversity. (Any two are acceptable) 3. Supply of food sources As recreational places Contribute to medicine Ensure balance in nature Contribute to industrial raw materials Contribute to education Importance of biodiversity towards the country’s economy Diagnostic Test 1.2 1. (a) Bodies covered with moist skin/ Poikilothermic/ Young breathes through gills/ Adult breathes through lungs or the skin/ Undergo external fertilisation/ Lay eggs (Any two are acceptable) (b) Bodies covered with slimy scales/ Poikilothermic/ Undergo external fertilisation / Breathe through gills/ Lay eggs (Any two are acceptable) (c) One cotyledon in the seed/ Leaves with parallel veins/ Fibrous root system/ Usually have nonwoody stem (Any two are acceptable) 2. Both reptiles and mammals have backbones, breathe through lungs and undergo internal fertilisation. 3. Network-like veins Invertebrate Hairy Internal fertilisation Parallel veins Vertebrate No hair External fertilisation Produces its own food Does not produce its own food Organisms Snail Hibiscus Grass Tiger Crocodile Frog Mastery challenge 1 1. Examples of monocotyledons: Corn, paddy plant Examples of dicotyledons: Balsam plant, mustard plant 2. Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Have one cotyledon in the seed Have two cotyledons in the seeds Leaves with parallel veins Leaves with network-like veins Fibrous root system Tap root system Mostly have non-woody stem Mostly have woody stem 3. Spider, crab and butterfly 4. The body of amphibians is covered with moist skin while the body of fish is covered with slimy scales. Fish breathe through gills while amphibians breathe through gills when young and breathe through lungs or the skin after becoming an adult. 5. Biodiversity supplies raw materials to produce a variety of goods for human necessity. For example, rattan and a variety of wood are used to make furniture and appliances. Biodiversity provides food sources for humans. Various plants and animals are used as food that provides different nutrients to ensure human health. ANSWERS 231 Answer Spot A+1 Science F2.indd 231 27/04/2023 12:01 PM