ii CONTENTS Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses 1.1 Human Nervous System ............................. 1 1.2 Stimuli and Responses in Humans ............. 6 1.3 Stimuli and Responses in Plants............... 19 1.4 Importance of Responses towards Stimuli in Animals ...................................... 26 Mastery Challenge 1 ........................................... 29 Chapter 2 Respiration 2.1 Human Respiratory System ...................... 31 2.2 Movement and Exchange of Gases in the Human Body........................................ 37 2.3 Health of Human Respiratory System....... 39 2.4 Adaptations in Respiratory Systems ......... 42 2.5 Gaseous Exchange in Plants .................... 45 Mastery Challenge 2............................................ 48 Chapter 3 Transportation 3.1 Transport System in Organisms................ 50 3.2 Blood Circulatory System.......................... 53 3.3 Human Blood............................................. 63 3.4 Transport System in Plants ....................... 68 3.5 Blood Circulatory System in Animals and Transport System in Plants ....................... 77 Mastery Challenge 3............................................ 78 Theme 2: Exploration of Elements in Nature Chapter 4 Reactivity of Metals 4.1 Variety of Minerals..................................... 81 4.2 Reactivity Series of Metals........................ 83 4.3 Extraction of Metals from their Ores.......... 87 Mastery Challenge 4............................................ 91 Chapter 5 Thermochemistry 5.1 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions .................................................. 94 Mastery Challenge 5.......................................... 104 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life Chapter 6 Electricity and Magnetism 6.1 Generation of Electricity .......................... 107 6.2 Transformer............................................. 118 6.3 Transmission and Distribution of Electricity............................................. 123 6.4 Calculating the Cost of Electricity Consumption ........................................... 133 Mastery Challenge 6.......................................... 138 Chapter 7 Energy and Power 7.1 Work, Energy and Power ........................ 140 7.2 Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy....... 147 7.3 Principle of Conservation of Energy........ 152 Mastery Challenge 7.......................................... 156 Chapter 8 Radioactivity 8.1 Discovery of Radioactivity ....................... 158 8.2 Atom and Nucleus................................... 163 8.3 Ionising and Non-ionising Radiation........ 166 8.4 Uses of Radioactive Radiation ................ 177 Mastery Challenge 8.......................................... 181 Theme 4: Earth and Space Exploration Chapter 9 Space Weather 9.1 Activities of the Sun that Affect the Earth.................................................. 183 9.2 Space Weather........................................ 187 Mastery Challenge 9.......................................... 189 Chapter 10 Space Exploration 10.1 Development in Astronomy ..................... 190 10.2 Development of Technology and their Application in Space Exploration............. 192 Mastery Challenge 10........................................ 196 Pentaksiran Sumatif Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA)..................................................198 Answers.................................................................... 212 00 Contents Spot A+1 Sains F3.indd 2 17/04/2023 10:55 AM
1 Photograph 1.1 Example of stimulus and response when a foot steps on an object 5. The nervous system is involved in detecting stimuli and generating responses. Structure of the Human Nervous System 1. Diagram 1.1 shows the human nervous system that consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. 2. Central nervous system acts as the control centre for the whole body. This system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. 3. Peripheral nervous system branches out from the central nervous system to all parts of the body. 4. The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves that connect the brain to the sensory and internal organs and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that connect the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. Touch (stimulus) Lift the leg (response) 1. Stimulus refers to the change in environment that can be detected by the body system. 2. Sound, light, smell and touch are some examples of stimuli. 3. Response refers to an an organism's action against the stimulus. 4. Photograph 1.1 shows an an example of stimulus and response. 1.1 Human Nervous System Diagram 1.1 Structure of the human nervous system Brain Spinal cord Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system 123 1442443 1 Stimuli and Responses CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 1 02/05/2023 5:19 PM
2 Functions of the Human Nervous System 1. Our nervous system acts as the control centre of the body so that all functions within the body run smoothly and are in a balanced state. 2. The nervous system detects stimuli, transmits messages in the form of impulses, interprets impulses and produces responses accordingly. 3. Diagram 1.2 shows a summary of the functions of the human nervous system. Transmits nerve impulse to produce response Integrating Detects stimuli and transmits nerve impulse Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system Effector Example: Muscle or gland Affector Example: Sensory organ or internal organ Diagram 1.2 Functions of the human nervous system Voluntary and Involuntary Actions 1. Voluntary actions are conscious actions conducted under a person's will. 2. In voluntary actions, the brain interprets nerve impulses and makes decisions. 3. The effector that is involved in an voluntary action is the muscles that produce movement during a response. 4. Diagram 1.3 shows an example of a person's voluntary action when hearing the ringing of a mobile phone. Ringing phone 3 Effector (hand muscles) acts to respond by picking up the mobile phone. 1 Affector (receptor) in the ear detects the ringing of the mobile phone and then triggers the nerve impulse. 2 The brain (central nervous system) interprets and integrates the nerve impulse, which then makes the decision to pick up the mobile phone. The brain produces the nerve impulse for that response. Info Gallery Voluntary action is controlled by a part of the brain known as cerebrum. Diagram 1.3 Pathway of nerve impulse in a voluntary action 1 Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 2 02/05/2023 5:19 PM
3 5. Other examples of voluntary actions are reading, running, dancing, answering questions and playing basketball. ACTIVITY 1.1 Photograph 1.2 Ruler Friend's hand Your hand Table Aim: To measure the speed of a student’s response. Apparatus: Metre rule Procedure: 1. This activity is conducted in pairs. 2. A ruler is held with the thumb close to the zero mark and the index finger of your friend at the other end of the ruler as shown in Photograph 1.2. 3. The ruler is released to let it fall while your friend tries to catch it. 4. After your friend catches it, the length of the fall is recorded. This length represents the measurement of the response time. 5. This procedure is repeated four times and the average length of the fall is calculated. Results: Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Length of fall before being caught (cm) 16 12 15 18 13 Average length of fall before being caught = 16 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 13 5 = 14.8 cm Discussion: 1. In this activity, the stimulus is the light rays of the ruler that enter the eyes. The response is the action of catching the ruler with the finger. 2. This response is classified as a voluntary action because it is done consciously and according to the will of the individual. 3. An individual who can respond in a very short time will be able to react quickly in activities such as driving, playing sports or computer games. Conclusion: The shorter the distance travelled by a ruler before it is caught, the shorter the response time of an individual. 6. Involuntary actions are automatic actions that occur without conscious control. 7. Actions such as breathing, heartbeat and hormone secretion are examples of involuntary actions. 8. Such involuntary actions involve the affector on the internal organ to detect the stimulus. 9. Another type of involuntary action is the reflex action that involves the spinal cord. 10. Diagram 1.4 shows the reflex action of a person when accidentally touched a hot object. Info Gallery Reflex action check is performed through the knee jerk test. The knee is gently knocked with a reflex hammer. The reflex action will cause the leg to be involuntarily lifted. Make sure the hand that catches the ruler remains still. 1 Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 3 02/05/2023 5:19 PM
10 Photograph 1.3 Front view of the eye Eye 1. When you observe your eyes using a mirror, you only see some of the eye structures (Photograph 1.3). 2. Diagram 1.13 shows the structure and functions of the eye structures. Diagram 1.13 Structure and functions of the eye structures Eyelid Sclera Eyelash Iris Pupil Cone cell Rod cell Retina 14243 Suspensory ligament Strong fibres that hold the eye lens. Iris Coloured part of the eye that controls the size of the pupil. Conjunctiva Mucus membrane that protects the cornea. Pupil Opening at the centre of the iris that controls the amount of light that enters the retina. Cornea Transparent layer that refracts and focuses light onto the retina. Aqueous humour Transparent fluid that maintains the shape of the eyeball and helps to focus light onto the retina. Ciliary muscle Muscle that controls the thickness of the eye lens. Sclera Strong white layer that protects and maintains the shape of the eyeball. Choroid Black layer that prevents the reflection of light in the eyeball. Retina Layer that has photoreceptors to detect light and produce nerve impulses. The retina has seven million cone-cell-type photoreceptors and 127 million rod-cell-type photoreceptors. • Cone cells allow us to see colours in bright light. Most are found in the yellow spot. • Rod cells allow the eyes to see in low light intensity conditions. Objects are viewed in a variety of grey tones. Yellow spot The most sensitive spot to light as it has many photoreceptors. Vitreous humour Transparent jelly-like substance that maintains the shape of the eyeball and helps to focus light onto the retina. Optic nerve Nerve fibre that transports nerve impulses from the retina to the brain. Blind spot Outgoing spot for all optical nerve fibres. This spot has no photoreceptor. Eye lens Transparent and elastic biconvex disc that focuses light onto the retina. 10 1 Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 10 02/05/2023 5:19 PM
24 Aim: To study the response of plants towards touch stimuli. Problem statement: How do plants respond to touch? Hypothesis: The closing of leaves of a mimosa plant does not depend on the direction of touch. Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Direction of touch on the branch of mimosa plant (b) Responding variable: Closing of leaves of mimosa plant (c) Constant variables: Strength of touch and environmental conditions such as light, water and gravity Material: Mimosa plant Procedure: Pencil Leaf of a mimosa plant Diagram 1.36 1. The branch of a mimosa plant in the school area (such as a field, flower garden or science park) is touched gently with a pencil as shown in Diagram 1.36. 2. The corresponding response is observed. 3. After a few minutes, the plant returns to its original state. 4. Steps 1 and 2 are repeated twice by touching the same branch of leaves from different directions, with the same strength of touch. Observation: Diagram 1.37 The leaves on the branch of the mimosa plant always close every time it is touched, even from different directions. Discussion: The mimosa plant shows seismonasty response. This plant folds and closes its leaves instantly when its branch is touched. Seismonasty does not depend on the direction of touch. Conclusion: The closing of leaves of a mimosa plant does not depend on the direction of touch. • Mimosa plants have thorns. Hence, be careful when conducting the experiment. • Avoid destroying the mimosa plants. Appreciate every living organism on Earth. Experiment Experiment 1.2 Discussion: In this experiment, the studied response is important to ensure that plants get enough light for photosynthesis. Conclusion: Shoots show positive phototropism. 1 Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 24 02/05/2023 5:20 PM
25 Diagnostic Test 1.3 I love potted plants in the house. I find that after a while, my potted plants only grow towards the window that has sunlight. How can I make sure my potted plants grow upwards? Diagram 1.39 Gravity stimulus Diagram 1.38 Light stimulus Solving Problems on Responses of Plants 1. Understanding the responses of plants towards stimuli will help us solve various problems. Observe the following situations. (a) Situation 1 (b) Situation 2 1. For each of the following responses, state the type of stimulus involved and the part of the plant that shows response. (a) Positive hydrotropism (b) Positive phototropism 2. (a) How does a plant respond to gravity? (b) What is the importance of this response to the plant? 3. (a) How is nastic movement different from tropism in plants? (b) What is seismonasty? Give an example of a plant that shows this response. Growing plants at the ISS https://bit.ly/ 2KMqaDC If humans need to live in the outer space under zero gravity condition, how can humans grow plants in the outer space? Imagine yourself as an astronaut at the International Space Station (ISS). Plan an experiment to study the responses of plants in zero gravity condition at the space station. Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal 1 Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 25 02/05/2023 5:20 PM
29 1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of the human ear. (a) Name the structures labelled A to F. (b) From the structures A to F, state two structures that have receptors. 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct answers. (a) Stereophonic hearing allows animals to determine the of a sound. (b) The body of a fish has a to detect movement or vibrations in the water. (c) Senses of and are involved in the detection of taste of food. 3. Diagram 2 shows the pathway of nerve impulses in a voluntary action in humans. Stimulus Affector (receptor) Brain Effector Response Diagram 2 (a) What is a voluntary action? (b) What are the functions of the affector (receptor), brain and effector? 4. Diagram 3 shows the field of vision of an animal. (a) What is the difference between the object seen in area A and the object seen in area B? HOTS Applying (b) What is the type of animal vision shown in Diagram 3? Explain your answer. HOTS Applying 5. Diagram 4 shows the results of an experiment conducted by a pupil. Clinostat Black box Seedling Light Light P Q Hole Clinostat is used to rotate the pot in the apparatus set up Q. Diagram 4 (a) What type of tropism is being investigated in this experiment? HOTS Analysing A B C D F E Diagram 1 MASTERY CHALLENGE 1 Area A Area A Area B Diagram 3 1 Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 29 02/05/2023 5:20 PM
30 (b) Give an observation on the apparatus set up P. What is the inference that can be made based on your observation? HOTS Analysing (c) Why do the seedlings in the apparatus set up Q grow upwards? HOTS Analysing (d) Give one variable that needs to be constant in this experiment. Give a reason why the variable should be constant. HOTS Evaluating 6. Diagram 5 shows a flowchart showing the mechanism of sight in humans. Nerve impulse Nerve impulse Cornea Aqueous humour X Y Vitreous humour Brain Optic nerve Z Light Light Light Light Light Light Diagram 5 (a) Name the parts labelled X, Y and Z. HOTS Analysing (b) Based on Diagram 5, what is the role played by Z. HOTS Analysing (c) 'Without the brain, the eyes are unable to see.' Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. HOTS Evaluating 7. Is sneezing a voluntary action? Explain your answer. HOTS Evaluating 8. Is stereoscopic vision important for the survival of predators? Explain your answer. HOTS Evaluating 9. In your opinion, can ear picking harm the ear? Why do you think so? HOTS Evaluating 10. A pupil has accidentally scratched his cornea when rubbing his eye to get rid of dust. (a) Will this incident affect the sight of the pupil? Explain your answer. HOTS Evaluating (b) Suggest an action that should be taken if dust enters the eye. KBAT Creating 11. Loud noise can damage the receptors in the ear. Suggest one step that can prevent ear damage when working in a noisy workplace. KBAT Creating 12. Consider whether each of the following practices is good for the health of our sensory organs. Explain your answers. HOTS Evaluating Practice A – Watch movies using mobile phone. Practice B – Use gloves when using a strong detergent. 13. The following statement shows the contribution of innovation and technology. Innovation and technology give new hope to those with disabilities of sensory organs. Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. HOTS Evaluating 1 Theme 1: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Ch1 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 30 02/05/2023 5:20 PM
154 7 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life Example 1 Simon throws a ball of mass 250g vertically upwards with a velocity of 12 m s–1. Calculate (a) the kinetic energy of the ball (b) the maximum gravitational potential energy possessed by the ball (c) the maximum height of the ball before falling back into Simon's hand. [Gravitational acceleration is estimated as 10 m s–2] Solution (a) Mass of the ball, m = 250 1000 kg = 0.25 kg Kinetic energy = 1 2 mv2 = 1 2 × 0.25 kg × (12 m s–1)2 = 18 J (b) Based on the Principle of Conservation of Energy, Gravitational potential energy = Kinetic energy = 18 J (c) mgh = 18 J 0.25 kg × 10 m s–2 × h = 18 J h = 18 J 0.25 kg × 10 m s–2 = 7.2 m Example 2 Diagram 7.25 shows a spring in a toy car with a mass of 100 g. Diagram 7.25 The spring in the toy car is compressed by 8 cm and the potential energy possessed by the spring is 5 N. When the car is released, the spring launches the toy car at a velocity of v m s–1. Assuming there is no loss of energy, calculate the maximum velocity that can be achieved by the toy car. v m s–1 Diagram 7.24 12 ms–1 TIPS Corner 1 J ≡ 1 kg m2 s–2 Ch7 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 154 02/05/2023 5:25 PM
155 7 Chapter 7 Energy and Power Solution Based on the Principle of Conservation of Energy, Kinetic energy = Elastic potential energy 1 2 mv2 = 1 2 Fx 1 2 × 100 1 000 kg × v2 = 1 2 × 5 N × 8 100 m Convert unit ‘cm’ to ‘m’ v2 = 5 N × 0.08 m 0.1 kg = 4 m2 s–2 v = 4 m2 s–2 = 2 m s–1 Example 3 A 0.3 kg wooden block is placed on a spring and pressed with a force of 8 N. When the exerted force is removed, the wooden block is launched upwards. The wooden block reaches a maximum height of 0.2 m. Determine the value of x. [Gravitational acceleration is estimated as 10 m s–2] Solution Based on the Principle of Conservation of Energy, Elastic potential energy = Gravitational potential energy 1 2 Fx = mgh 1 2 × 8 N × x = 0.3 kg × 10 m s–2 × 0.2 m x = 0.3 kg × 10 m s–2 × 0.2 m 1 2 × 8 N = 0.15 m Convert unit ‘g’ to ‘kg’ 8 N 0.2 m x Diagnostics test 7.3 1. What do you understand about the Principle of Conservation of Energy? 2. Diagram 7.27 shows a force, F is exerted to the spring so that the ball can be launched upwards when the hand is removed. How much force is used to compress the spring? [Gravitational acceleration is estimated as 10 m s–2] HOTS Applying 3. When a force of 30 N is needed to compress the spring of a toy gun by 2.4 cm, the spring is able to push the plastic bullet with mass 5 g out of the gun nozzle at a velocity v m s–1. What is the value of v? HOTS Applying 4. Diagram 7.28 shows a roller-coaster with mass 200 kg moving from location A to location B. Determine the height of the rollercoaster at location A. [Gravitational acceleration is estimated as 10 m s–2] HOTS Applying Diagram 7.27 Diagram 7.28 A B h m 40 m s–1 Diagram 7.26 F 90 cm 8 cm 45 g TIPS Corner 1 N ≡ 1 kg m s–2 Ch7 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 155 02/05/2023 5:25 PM
158 8 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life Wilhelm Roentgen successfully established and traced the X-ray. Henri Becquerel unintentionally discovered ionising radiation from uranium. Paul Villard discovered gamma rays from radium. • Marie Curie coined the term ‘radioactivity’. • Marie and Pierre Curie discovered two radioactive elements, polonium and radium. Ernest Rutherford discovered radioactivity from uranium that has two different forms and named them as alpha and beta rays. 1895 1898 1896 1899 History of Radioactivity 1. The study of radioactivity began in the late 19th century since the discovery of X-ray by Wilhelm Roentgen. 2. Diagram 8.1 describes a brief history of radioactivity discovery. Diagram 8.1 Brief history of radioactivity discovery 8.1 Discovery of Radioactivity Discovery of radioactivity https://goo. gl/1xzdFC 8 Radioactivity CHAPTER Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Ch8 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 158 02/05/2023 5:37 PM
160 8 Theme 3: Energy and Sustainability of Life Diagram 8.2 Steps to build a cloud chamber Discussion: 1. Tracks are formed randomly in the cloud chamber. 2. The tracks formed are different in terms of pattern, thickness and length. Conclusion: Ionising radiation exists naturally in our environment. More than one type of ionising radiation can exist at a time. 2. The patterns of the tracks observed in the cloud chamber exist randomly. Alpha ray Beta ray Muon Diagram 8.3 • Alpha ray leaves a straight, thick and short track. • Beta ray leaves a thin and spiral track. • Muon leaves a long and straight track. 3. Radioactivity can also be detected and measured with a GeigerMüller tube (GM tube) and Geiger counter (Photograph 8.1). Photograph 8.1 Receives signals from the GM tube and records radioactivity readings within a set period of time. Geiger counter A device that is capable of detecting the presence of radiation. GM Tube 4 The transparent box is overturned and fitted into its lid tightly. 5 After 10 minutes, the light is switched off and a torchlight is directed towards the transparent box. Observations are sketched. Info Gallery Muon is caused by collision between cosmic rays and air molecules. Track patterns in a cloud chamber https://bit.ly/ 2FKRC5A TIPS Corner Tracks that are observed in a cloud chamber can be produced by background rays that exist all the time in our environment. Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Ch8 Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 160 02/05/2023 5:37 PM
198 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF 1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of a human brain. K Diagram 1 What activity is controlled by K? A Reading B Cycling C Heartbeat D Knee-jerk 2. The following information shows the flow chart of the taste pathway. Dissolved substance Type of taste M Impulses N What are M and N? M N A Taste receptor Brain B Saliva Tongue C Tongue Brain D Saliva Taste receptor 3. Diagram 2 shows the field of vision, P of an animal. P Diagram 2 Which of the following statements are correct about this field of visual? I Area P is an overlapping visual field II This visual field is wide III Birds have this type of vision IV This animal has stereoscopic vision A I and II C II and III B III and IV D I and IV Section A [20 marks] Answer all questions. 4. Diagram 3 shows part of the human respiratory system. Q Diagram 3 What will happen when structure Q contracts and flattens? A Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases B Air from outside enters the lungs C Air from outside enters the lungs D Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity increases 5. Diagram 4 shows the respiratory system of a grasshopper. R Diagram 4 Why does structure R has thin and moist wall? A To allow air to leave and enter the body B To provide a large surface area C To increase the rate of exchange of the respiratory gases D To improve the efficiency of gaseous exchange 6. Diagram 5 shows the blood circulatory system in the human body. Lungs Heart Body Diagram 5 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF UJIAN AKHIR SESI AKADEMIK (UASA) PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 198 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
199 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Which of the following statements is correct about oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? A Oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the heart and to all parts of the body B Deoxygenated blood flows from the heart to all parts of the body C Oxygenated blood flows from the heart to the lungs and to all parts of the body D Deoxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the heart and to all parts of the body 7. Diagram 6 shows the cross section of a monocotyledon stem with vascular bundles. S Diagram 6 What is the function of S? A Transports water only B Transports mineral salts only C Transports glucose only D Transports water and mineral salts 8. Diagram 7 shows the position of metal X in the reactivity series of metals. Zinc X Tin Lead Reactivity increases Diagram 7 What is metal X? A Aluminium C Tin B Iron D Copper 9. Diagram 8 shows a blast furnace for the extraction of a metal. Diagram 8 Which of the following reactions will occur? A Aluminium oxide + Hydrogen B Magnesium oxide + Hydrogen C Magnesium oxide + Carbon D Zink oxide + Carbon 10. Diagram 9 shows an exothermic reaction. Diagram 9 Which of the following are the characteristics of the reaction? I Temperature decreases II Temperature incerases III Heat is released to the surroundings IV Heat is absorbed from the surroundings A I and II C II and III B III and IV D I and IV 11. Which of the following devices uses direct current (d.c.)? A Hair dryer B Electric car C Vacuum cleaner D Blender 12. Diagram 10 shows a handphone charger that contain a transformer. 5 V Np Ns = 30 240 V Diagram 10 What is the number of turns of primary coil in the transformer? Given: Vp Vs = Np Ns A 40 C 1 440 B 720 D 7 200 13. The following information shows the voltage and power labelled on an electrical appliance. Voltage: 240 V Power: 1 100 W Which fuse is suitable for this appliance? Given: Current (A) = Power (W) Voltage (V) A 3 A C 10 A B 5 A D 13 A PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 199 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
201 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Section B [20 marks] Answer all questions. 1. Diana visits a handicraft stall managed by the Association for the Blind. She finds out that the blind people use their sense of touch in producing the handicraft. (a) Diagram 1 shows the cross section of the human skin. J: K: Diagram 1 In Diagram 1, label the structures, J and K using the following words. Heat receptor Pressure receptor Touch receptor [2 marks] (b) Write TRUE or FALSE in the boxes below. Statement TRUE / FALSE (i) The sensitivity of the skin towards a stimulus does not depend on the thickness of the epidermis of the skin. (ii) Blind people only use their fingertips to read Braille. (iii) The fingertips have more number of receptors than the toes. [2 marks] 2. (a) Diagram 2.1 shows the gas exchange process through the human alveolus. M: N: Diagram 2.1 (i) Complete the boxes above using the following words. Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide [2 marks] (ii) Explain how this process can happen. [1 mark] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 201 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
202 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF (b) Diagram 2.2 shows a worker in a cement factory wearing a mask. Diagram 2.2 What is the effect on the lungs of the worker if he had neglected to wear the mask while working? [1 mark] 3. (a) Diagram 3 the process of blood transfusion to the recipients. Donours’ blood types O AB Diagram 3 Two recipients, P and Q receive blood from the donors. Table 1 shows the types of blood for the two recipients. Recipient Blood type P O Q AB Table 1 Underline the correct statement about the blood of the recipient. (i) The blood of the recipient that is not compatible with the blood of the donor can cause (precipitation, agglutination). (ii) Recipient Q is safe to have blood transfusion because she is a universal (recipient, donor). [2 marks] (b) Human blood consists of two main components, which are the blood cells and plasma. Match the blood cells to their correct functions. Blood cell Function (i) (ii) [2 marks] Carries dissolved substances such as mineral salts, protein and hormones to all parts of the body Destroys bacteria and produces antibodies to fight diseases Carries oxygen to all parts of the body. PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 202 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
204 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Section C [60 marks] Answer all questions. 6. Benny and his friends have conducted an experiment to study the reaction of several metals with oxygen. Diagram 6.1 shows the reactivity series of metals based on the results of the experiment. Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron Tin Lead Reactivity decreases Diagram 6.1 (a) (i) State one metal that is more reactive than iron. [1 mark] (ii) Name the compound formed when lead reacts with oxygen. [1 mark] (b) Table 2 shows the results of the experiment conducted to study the reactivity of metals K, L and M towards water and oxygen. Metal Reaction with Water Oxygen K No Vigorous L No Less vigorous M Yes Very vigorous Table 2 Arrange the reactivity of the metals in descending order. Explain your answer. [2 marks] (c) Benny then continues his experiment by heating aluminium oxide and zinc oxide with carbon in separate crucibles. Aluminium oxide + carbon Crucible M Crucible N Zinc oxide + carbon Diagram 6.2 PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 204 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
209 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF (a) What is the meaning of magnetosphere? [1 mark] (b) Explain how the magnetosphere can protect the Earth from the solar wind. [2 marks] (c) Based on Diagram 10.1, explain how aurora occurs near both poles of the Earth. [2 marks] (d) State two effects of changes in space weather on the Earth. 1. 2. [2 marks] (e) Diagram 10.2 shows two types of telescope that are used to study the phenomena in the outer space. Radio telescope Space telescope Diagram 10.2 State two differences between the two telescopes shown. 1. 2. [2 marks] (f) Space technology uses rockets to launch spacecrafts to the outer space. Using your own creativity, design a model of the rocket by using the following materials: 1. Mineral water bottle (plastic) 2. Bottle stopper 3. Rubber tube 4. Cardboard and cellophane tape or glue 5. Scissors 6. Water 7. Bicycle pump Draw the model and explain how it functions. [1 mark] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F3.indd 209 02/05/2023 5:38 PM
ANSWERS ANSWERS Chapter 1 Stimuli and Responses Diagnostic Test 1.1 1. (a) Connects the brain and the spinal cord to all parts of the body. (b) J – Central nervous system; K – Peripheral nervous system; L – Spinal cord; M – Cranial nerve (c) The nervous system is involved in the detection of stimuli, integration of information about the stimuli and the transmission of information to the effector that carries out the responses. 2. Voluntary action The sound of the cat Affector (in the ear) Brain Walk towards the sound Effector (leg muscle) Nerve impulse Nerve impulse Diagnostic Test 1.2 1. (a) Nose, tongue, skin, ear and eye (b) Nose – nasal cavity; Tongue – taste buds; Skin – epidermis and dermis layers; Ear – cochlea; Eye – retina 2. (a) (i) Eardrum (ii) Cochlea (b) The earlobe collects sound waves and channel the sounds waves into the ear canal. When the sound waves hit the eardrum which is at the end of the ear canal, the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations of the eardrum are transferred to the ossicles and amplified before being transferred to the oval window. The vibrations of the oval window will cause the fluid in the cochlea to move and stimulate the receptors in the cochlea to generate nerve impulses. The nerve impulses are sent to the brain via the auditory nerves. The interpretation of the nerve impulses in the brain enables us to hear the sound. 3. (a) A – Cornea, Focuses light; B – Pupil, controls the amount of light that enters the eye; C – Iris, Controls the size of the pupil; D – Vitreous humour, Maintains the shape of the eyeball; E – Sclera, Protects and maintains the shape of the eyeball. (b) Cornea Aqueous humour Pupil Lens Brain Nerve Light Impulse Optic nerve Retina Vitreous humour 4. The food that is still hot releases smell stimuli. Therefore, the food tastes better when eaten hot because the brain receives nerve impulses from the taste receptors on the tongue and smell receptors in the nose. 5. A concave lens is used to correct short-sightedness and a convex lens is used to correct long-sightedness. 6. Reduce the volume of the sound when using earphones./ Avoid listening using earphones for too long. Diagnostic Test 1.3 1. Stimulus Part of plant that shows response (a) Water Roots (b) Light Shoots 2. (a) The roots will grow downwards towards the direction of gravity while the shoots will grow upwards. (b) This response allows the roots to grow into the soil so that it can grip the ground for support and get enough water and mineral salts from the soil for healthy growth. This response also allows the shoots to grow upwards to get sunlight. 3. (a) Nastic movement does not involve growth, occurs more rapidly and does not depend on the direction of the stimulus. (b) Nastic movement towards touch; Mimosa plant/ Venus flytrap plant. Diagnostic Test 1.4 1. (Name any predator). Stereoscopic vision provides a three-dimensional vision. Therefore, distance and depth estimations can be made accurately. 2. Fish – lateral line; Cat – sense of hearing/ whiskers; Eel – electric field; Snake – Jacobson’s organ; Grasshopper – body sensor 3. The ear closer to the source of the sound will detect the sound earlier than the other ear. This time difference will be interpreted by the brain to determine the direction of the sound. 4. Monocular vision provides the rabbit a wide field of vision. Therefore, the rabbit can detect the presence of the enemy coming from any direction. Mastery Challenge 1 1. (a) A – Earlobe; B – Ossicle; C – Semicircular canal; D – Cochlea; E – Eustachian tube; F – Eardrum (b) C and D. 2. (a) direction (b) lateral line (c) smell, taste 3. (a) A conscious action conducted under a person’s will. (b) Affector (receptor) – Detects stimulus and produces a nerve impulse when stimulated; Brain – Interprets 212 Answer Spot A+1 Science F3.indd 212 02/05/2023 5:41 PM