ii CONTENTS Theme 1: Scientific Methodology Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation 1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life ..............................1 1.2 Your Science Laboratory...................................4 1.3 Physical Quantities and their Units ...................8 1.4 The Use of Measuring Instruments, Accuracy, Consistency, Sensitivity and Errors.................10 1.5 Density ........................................................... 19 1.6 Steps in a Scientific Investigation................... 24 1.7 Scientific Attitudes and Values in Carrying Out Scientific Investigations .......................... 29 Mastery Challenge 1.............................................. 30 Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life Chapter 2 Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 2.1 Cell – Structure, Function and Organisation....................................................31 2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis ..............39 Mastery Challenge 2...............................................46 Chapter 3 Coordination and Response 3.1 Homeostasis in Living Things ........................ 47 Mastery Challenge 3.............................................. 55 Chapter 4 Reproduction 4.1 Sexual and Asexual Reproduction ..................56 4.2 Human Reproductive System .........................60 4.3 The Menstrual Cycle .......................................64 4.4 Fertilisation and Pregnancy.............................66 4.5 Factors Affecting the Development of a Feotus and Baby..........................................70 4.6 Infertility and Contraception ............................73 4.7 Plant Reproduction..........................................77 Mastery Challenge 4.............................................. 84 Theme 3: Exploration of Elements in Nature Chapter 5 Matter 5.1 Matter in Nature ............................................. 85 5.2 Three States of Matter .................................. 89 Mastery Challenge 5.............................................. 98 Chapter 6 Periodic Table 6.1 Classification of Elements...............................99 6.2 Mixtures.........................................................107 6.3 Compounds...................................................113 Mastery Challenge 6............................................ 117 Chapter 7 Air 7.1 Composition of Air........................................ 118 7.2 Combustion.................................................. 124 7.3 Air Pollution.................................................. 127 Mastery Challenge 7............................................ 130 Theme 4: Energy and Sustainability of Life Chapter 8 Light and Optics 8.1 The Use of Mirrors ........................................131 8.2 Properties of Light.........................................137 8.3 Reflection of Light .........................................138 8.4 Refraction of Light.........................................141 8.5 Dispersion of Light ........................................145 8.6 Scattering of Light .........................................148 8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light ................. 151 Mastery Challenge 8............................................ 159 Theme 5: Exploration of Earth and Space Chapter 9 Earth 9.1 System and Structure of the Earth................160 9.2 Composition the Earth...................................164 9.3 Main processes of the Earth .........................165 9.4 Geohazard Phenomena................................171 9.5 Age of the Earth ............................................176 9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology ........ 178 Mastery Challenge 9............................................ 182 Pentaksiran Sumatif Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA).....................................................183 Answers........................................................................ 197 00 Content Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 2 10/04/2023 2:40 PM
1 1 Science is studied through observations or by conducting experiments. Example: Touching the leaves of a mimosa plant to observe the leaves fold up. Science enables us to understand natural phenomena. Example: Climate studies enable us to forecast weather so that we can be prepared to face undesirable weather conditions such as a thunderstorm. 1.1 Science is Part of Daily Life 1. Many activities in our daily lives are closely related to science. Why is the floor slippery when it is wet? Why does the ais kacang melt so fast in hot weather? Diagram 1.1 Situations in daily life and examples of questions to be considered 2. Due to curiosity, we often ask ‘why’ or ‘how’ a phenomenon or something can happen. All these questions can be answered through the learning of science. What is Science? 1. The word ‘science’ is originated from the Latin word scientia, which means knowledge. 2. Science can be interpreted as a discipline of knowledge that involves systematic observations and experiments of natural phenomena. Diagram 1.2 Science involves observations and experiments of natural phenomena 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation CHAPTER Why does the water gush out when the mouth of the rubber pipe is squeezed? Ch 1_Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 1 11/04/2023 8:44 AM
Chapter 1: Introduction to Scientific Investigation 9 1 Table 1.6 Symbols of prefixes and their values Prefix Symbol of prefix Value of prefix Standard form giga G 1 000 000 000 109 mega M 1 000 000 106 kilo k 1000 103 deci d 0.1 10–1 centi c 0.01 10–2 milli m 0.001 10–3 micro m 0.000 001 10–6 nano n 0.000 000 001 10–9 Converting Units of Base Quantities In everyday life, we need to know how to convert base quantity units to other units. 1. Mass mg × 1 000 ÷ 1 000 kg g × 1 000 ÷ 1 000 Example (a) 240 g = kg (b) 1.8 kg = g Solution: (a) 240 g = (240 ÷ 1 000) kg g ÷ 1 000 kg = 0.24 kg (b) 1.8 kg = (1.8 × 1 000) g kg × 1 000 g = 1 800 g 2. Length mm × 100 × 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 10 km m cm × 1 000 ÷ 1 000 Example (a) 400 cm = m (b) 0.5 m = cm Solution: (a) 400 cm = (400 ÷ 100) m cm ÷ 100 m = 4 m (b) 0.5 m = (0.5 × 100) cm m × 100 cm = 50 cm 3. Time h min × 60 ÷ 60 s × 60 ÷ 60 Example (a) 3.2 h = s (b) 540 s = h Solution: (a) 3.2 h = (3.2 × 60 × 60) s h × 60 min × 60 s = 11 520 s (b) 540 s = (540 ÷ 60 ÷ 60) s s ÷ 60 min ÷ 60 h = 0.15 h Ch 1_Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 9 11/04/2023 8:44 AM
Chapter 2: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 33 2 ACTIVITY ACTIVITY 2.2 2.2 Aim: To study the structure of plant cells by using onion cells. Materials and apparatus: Glass slide, cover glass, light microscope, knife, mounting needle, dropper, iodine solution, onion, filter paper and forceps. Procedure: Onion scale Onion epidermis Forceps Glass slide Iodine solution Filter paper Observe the specimen Absorb the excess iodine solution Lower the cover glass slowly Take out the epidermis of the onion Peel the onion scale Specimen slide Mounting needle Cover glass 45° (d) (e) (f) (a) (b) (c) Diagram 2.4 Steps to prepare a specimen slide of onion cells 1. A layer of onion scale is peeled with a knife. 2. The epidermis layer is removed using forceps and placed on a glass slide. 3. A drop of iodine solution is dropped onto the specimen. 4. The specimen is covered slowly with a cover glass using a mounting needle so that no air bubbles are trapped. 5. A filter paper is used to absorb the excess iodine solution. 6. The specimen is observed under a light microscope. The low-powered objective lens is used first, followed by the high-powered objective lens. 7. The structure of the onion cells is sketched and labelled. Observation: Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell wall Nucleus Ch 2 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 33 10/04/2023 3:11 PM
Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life 34 2 Table 2.1 Function of each structure of a cell Function of Structures in Animal Cells and Plant Cells The structures in animal cells and plant cells have specific functions to enable the cells to perform various life processes. Animal cell Plant cell Diagram 2.6 Structures of animal cell and plant cell Cell wall Cell membrane Mitochondria Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Chloroplast Discussion: 1. The iodine solution is used to colour the nucleus to reddishbrown and chloroplasts to dark blue so that the structures can be easily observed under the light microscope. 2. Onion cells have a fixed shape. 3. Plant cells have structures such as shown in Diagram 2.5. Conclusion: 1. Plant cells have a fixed shape. 2. Plant cells have nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplast and vacuole. Nucleus Cell membrance Cell wall Cytoplasm Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Cell structure Function Cell membrane • Protects the cell from the external environment • Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell Mitochondria • Generates energy for reactions Cytoplasm • Acts as a medium for biochemical reactions in the cell Nucleus • Controls all cell activities • Contains chromosomes consisting of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries genetic information Vacuole • Contains cell sap that consists of mineral salt solutions and water • Provides support to the cell when filled with cell sap Cell wall (in plant cells only) • Provides support and protection to the cell • Provides a fixed shape to the cell Chloroplast (in plant cells only) • Contains chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight to carry out photosynthesis • Provides green colour to the leaves Diagram 2.5 Ch 2 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 34 10/04/2023 3:11 PM
Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life 40 2 Place the leaf on a white tile. Drop iodine solution onto the leaf. If starch is present in the leaf, a dark blue colour will be produced. Diagram 2.15 Steps to conduct the starch test 3 4 1 2 Place a leaf into boiling water for a minute to soften and break the leaf cells. Hot water bath Ethanol Soak the leaf in hot ethanol for a few minutes to remove the colour of the leaf. (Chlorophyll dissolves in ethanol) Hot water Soak the leaf in hot water for a few seconds to remove the ethanol and soften the leaf. Glucose Oxygen Energy Carbon dioxide Water Cell Respiration Diagram 2.14 Cell respiration process 4. Carbon dioxide will be transported back to the lungs and released when breathe out. 5. Water is removed as water vapour during breathing or through urine and sweat. Photosynthesis 1. Photosynthesis is the process carried out by green plants to produce food (glucose) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy and chlorophyll. Word equation for the photosynthesis process: Carbon dioxide + Water light energy chlorophyll Glucose + Oxygen 2. Glucose produced by green plants will be converted into starch that will be stored in leaves, stems, fruit and seeds. 3. The starch test can prove that the process of photosynthesis has taken place. Boilling water Leaf Iodine solutions White tile TIPS Corner When you hold your breath, some oxygen in the lungs will be used for cell respiration to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water. Ch 2 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 40 10/04/2023 3:11 PM
Chapter 2: Cell as the Basic Unit of Life 41 2 Aim: To study the need for sunlight in photosynthesis. Problem statement: Is sunlight needed for photosynthesis? Hypothesis: Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis. Variables: (a) Manipulated variable: Presence of sunlight (b) Responding variable: Colour change of iodine solution (c) Constant variable: Type of plant Materials and apparatus: Two plants of the same type in separate pots, hot water, ethanol, iodine solution, boiling tube, white tile, dropper, forceps, 250 ml beaker, Bunsen burner, tripod stand and wire gauze. Procedure: In the dark Under the sun Diagram 2.16 1. Two pots of plants of the same type are placed in the dark for two days. 2. After two days, one of the plants is placed under sunlight. 3. After 2 hours, a leaf is plucked from both plants. 4. The starch test is conducted on the leaves of both plants. Colour change of iodine solution on the leaves of both plants are recorded. Observations: Observation Inference Leaf of the plant kept in the dark The reddish-brown colour of the iodine solution remains unchanged. No starch on the leaf. Photosynthesis does not take place without sunlight. Leaf of the plant under the sun The reddish-brown colour of the iodine solution turns dark blue. Starch is present in the leaf. Photosynthesis takes place in the presence of sunlight. Discussion: 1. Initially, the plants are kept in the dark for two days to prevent the plants from undergoing the process of photosynthesis. Hence, the plants need to change the starch contained on the leaves to glucose as the source of food. This condition eliminates starch on the leaves. 2. When exposed to sunlight, the plant is able to perform photosynthesis. Starch is produced and gives a dark blue colour when tested with iodine solution. Conclusion: Sunlight is needed for photosynthesis. Hypothesis is accepted. Experiment Experiment 2.1 Ch 2 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 41 10/04/2023 3:11 PM
77 Chapter 4: Reproduction 4 4.7 Plant Reproduction Structure and Function of Each Part of a Flower Diagram 4.30 Parts of a flower and their functions Pistil (Female reproductive part) Sepal – Protects the flower during budding stage Petal – Usually a bright vibrant colour and smells good to attract insects and animals Stamen (Male reproductive part) Anther – Produces pollen grains containing male gametes Filament – Holds the anther in a position that facilitates pollination Stigma – Receives pollen grains Style – Supports stigma Ovary – Produces and protects ovule Ovule – Contains female gametes Pollination 1. Flower is the sexual reproductive organ of flowering plants. 2. There are two types of flowers, namely bisexual flowers and unisexual flowers. 3. Most plants have bisexual flowers where both reproductive parts of the male (stamen) and female (pistil) are in the same flower. Unisexual flowers have either the stamen or pistil. Diagram 4.31 Bisexual flower (hibiscus) Stamen Pistil Diagram 4.32 Unisexual flowers (flowers of papaya and corn) Stamen Pistil (a) Male flower (only stamen) (b) Female flower (only pistil) Ch 4 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 77 11/04/2023 10:27 AM
84 Theme 2: Maintenance and Continuity of Life 4 MASTERY CHALLENGE 4 1. Dahlia conducts an investigation on three flowers X, Y and Z. She removes one particular part from each of the flowers. Flower X Flower Y Flower Z Diagram 1 (a) State the part that is being removed from flowers X, Y and Z respectively. HOTS Applying (b) Dahlia sows some pollen grains from flowers of the same type as in Diagram 1 on each of the flowers X, Y and Z. HOTS Analysing (i) Which flower does not produce fruit? (ii) Give a reason for your answer in 1(b)(i). (c) Dahlia finds that flower Y is not visited by any insects at all. What inference can be made from this observation? HOTS Analysing 2. Diagram 2 shows three structures P, Q and R in the female reproductive system. Q P R Diagram 2 (a) Name the structures labelled P, Q and R. (b) Write down the letters P, Q or R to indicate where the following processes occur. Fertilisation Ovulation Implantation (c) Draw the correct sequence for the processes stated in 2(b). HOTS Applying (d) Label the location where sperms are being inserted into the female reproductive system as ‘S’. Ch 4 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 84 11/04/2023 10:27 AM
99 6 6.1 Classification of Elements 1. All things that have mass and occupy space are matter. 2. Matter consists of small and discrete particles called atoms. Copper wire Atoms Diagram 6.1 Simulation of atoms in copper wire and helium balloon Atom and Molecule 1. Atom is the basic structure of matter. Therefore, every matter consists of atoms. 2. Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that participate in a particular chemical reaction. 3. An atom has three types of subatomic particles, namely protons, neutrons and electrons. 4. Protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus while electrons move in the shell around the nucleus. Diagram 6.2 Structure of an atom Proton • Symbol: p • Positively charged Neutron • Symbol: n • Neutral (no charge) Nucleus • Symbol: e •Negatively charged Electron + + + – – – – + 5. A neutral atom has the same number of electrons and protons. 6. Molecule is a neutral particle that consists of two or more atoms combined chemically. 6 Periodic Table CHAPTER Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Visit the following website to learn more about atoms: https://goo.gl/izkQoO Atoms Helium balloon Ch 6 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 99 11/04/2023 10:34 AM
103 Chapter 6: Periodic Table 6 Differences between Metals and Non-Metals 1. Elements on Earth can be classified into metals and non-metals. 2. All metals are elements. However, not all non-metals are elements. Element Metal Non-metal Characteristics of metal Characteristics of non-metal Shiny surface Dull surface Malleable Brittle and non-malleable Ductile Non-ductile Good electric conductor Good electric insulator (except carbon) Good heat conductor Good heat insulator High melting point and boiling point Low melting point and boiling point Exists in solid form (except mercury) Exists in the form of solid, liquid or gas Gold Iron Aluminium Carbon Copper Photograph 6.2 Examples of non-metals Oxygen gas Sulphur Helium gas Photograph 6.1 Examples of metals TIPS Corner • Malleable: Can be bent or hammered into other shape without breaking or cracking. • Ductile: Can be pulled into a wire Table 6.2 Differences in characteristics between metals and non-metals Ch 6 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 103 11/04/2023 10:34 AM
Theme 4: Energy and Sustainability Life 8 Bab 8 Cahaya dan Optik Diagram 8.32 Formation of rainbow 3. Dispersion of light through a glass prism: Diagram 8.31 Dispersion of light by a glass prism White light Glass prism Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Purple SPECTRUM (a) When a beam of white light is directed towards the prism, the white light will be separated into different colours. (b) These different colours will bend towards to the normal line at different angles when entering the prism. (c) The light coming out from the prism will be bent away from the normal line. (d) This light will be dispersed into seven colours to form a spectrum. The white light spectrum is made up of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. 4. Rainbow is formed when sunlight is refracted and dispersed into these seven colours by water droplets floating in the air. White light Refracted light Red Observer Red Blue Blue Reflected light Water droplet Dispersed light Colour order in the light spectrum: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet R O Y Got Bored In Vegas U s e f u l A c r o n y m s 146 Ch 8 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 146 10/04/2023 3:46 PM
151 Chapter 8: Light and Optics 8 8.7 Addition and Subtraction of Light 1. Coloured light can be classified into two types, namely primary colour and secondary colour. 2. Primary colour is the basic colour that cannot be produced through the mixing of colours. The primary colours are red, blue and green. 3. Secondary colour is the colour produced by mixing the primary colours. The secondary colours are yellow, cyan and magenta. Addition of Light 1. Addition of light is the mixing of primary colours to form a secondary colour. 2. Addition of light of two primary colours will produce a secondary colour. 3. Addition of light of three primary colours will produce white colour. Red + Green + Blue = White Red Green Blue Red + Green = Yellow Red + Blue = Magenta Green + Blue = Cyan Diagram 8.41 Addition of light Diagnostic Test 8.6 1. How does the scattering of light occur? 2. Diagram 8.40 shows the position of the sun and an observer. Which direction should the observer look towards to see (a) a bluish sky? (b) a reddish sky? Explain your answer. Observer Diagram 8.40 Info Gallery When using computer software, have you ever seen the window frame shown below? This window will appear when you want to change the colour of an object. Did you know that different colours can be derived from a combination of primary colours, which are red, green and blue? Ch 8 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 151 10/04/2023 3:46 PM
174 Theme 5: Exploration of Earth and Space H Global Warming 1. Global warming refers to the increase of the Earth’s atmospheric temperature globally due to human activities or natural causes. 2. This geohazard occurs due to the increase of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) that prevents the release of heat from the Earth’s surface into outer space. Some heat is trapped by greenhouse gases Some heat from the Earth's surface is deflected back into outer space Diagram 9.23 Global warming 3. The failure of the atmosphere to filter parts of the sun rays due to the depletion of the ozone layer is also believed to contribute to global warming. Science and Technology Used to Prepare for Geohazards 1. Seismographs are installed at several earthquake observatiories to detect the Earth’s surface tremors. Photograph 9.2 Seismograph 2. Tsunami warning system: (a) Seismic detector at the bottom of the sea detects pressure difference generated by a tsunami and sends signals to the tsunami buoys. (b) Tsunami buoy detects the level and movement of seawater. All information will be transmitted to the satellites. (c) Satellites send information to the stations on the Earth to assess the possibility of a tsunami before warning is announced. Spotlight Portal Spotlight Portal Visit the website to get more information about global warming. http://www.paulmacrae. com/?p=62 9 Ch 9 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 174 11/04/2023 8:50 AM
175 Chapter 9: Earth Diagram 9.24 Tsunami warning system Seismic detector at the bottom of the sea Tsunami buoy in the middle of the sea Not according to scale Reaches up to 5 000 m 3 2 1 Satelilte Satellite 3. Preparation to face geohazards: (a) Deliver information and warning quickly – the advancement of telecommunication system. (b) Provide infrastructure that can reduce the impact of geohazards. For example, the use of High Damping Natural Rubber Bearing (HDNRB) may reduce damage to the structure of a bridge due to earthquake. (c) Create mapping of areas at high risk of geohazards. Impact of Geohazards 1. The most obvious impact of geohazards on human life is the loss of lives and property damage. 2. Geohazards teach humans to help one another regardless of boundaries, race and religion. 3. Victims of geohazards need food, clothing, medicine, basic necessities and money. 4. Geohazards remind us to be wise in conserving the environment for mutual well-being. Did you know that scientists also consider odd behaviours of animals as a warning sign of earthquake? Try to investigate this from the Internet. CIENCE INFO CIENCE INFO File File Diagnostic Test 9.3 1. (a) Describe briefly how a landslide occurs. (b) Give two effects of landslide on human life. 2. A volcanic eruption is typically followed by signs such as small earthquake, increase in temperature around the mountains and the release of sulphur-containing gases. Based on these signs, generate ideas on how to predict a volcanic eruption. HOTS Creating 9 Ch 9 Spot A+1 Sains F1.indd 175 11/04/2023 8:50 AM
183 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF 1. Diagram 1 shows a hazard warning symbol labelled on a reagent bottle. Diagram 1 What is the meaning of this symbol? A Corrosive substance B Explosive substance C Irritant D Flammable substance 2. Diagram 2 shows a burette used to measure the volume of acid during titration. Burette 16 17 Conical flask Acid Acid Diagram 2 What is the initial volume of acid in the burette if the volume of acid in the conical flask is 1.8 mℓ? A 15.0 mℓ C 18.6 mℓ B 15.4 mℓ D 19.0 mℓ 3. Diagram 3 shows a micrometer screw gauge used to measure the thickness of an object. 0 1 2 3 15 20 25 30 mm Diagram 3 Section A [20 marks] Answer all questions. What is the thickness of the object? A 3.22 mm C 3.72 mm B 3.28 mm D 3.78 mm 4. Diagram 4 shows an activity to determine the mass of a stone with a density of 3.5 g cm–3. 59 cm3 Water Stone Initial volume Final volume 47 cm3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Diagram 4 Density = Mass Volume What is the value of the mass of the stone? A 13.4 g C 42.0 g B 16.9 g D 206.5 g 5. Which of the following is a multicellular organism? A C B D PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF UJIAN AKHIR SESI AKADEMIK (UASA) PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F1.indd 183 10/04/2023 4:14 PM
186 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif Section B [20 marks] Answer all questions. 1. The use of the S.I units enables people to create unit-level uniformity in everyday life. (a) Circle the correct S.I unit for the physical quantities below. (i) Weight kilogram (kg) newton (N) (ii) Temperature kelvin (K) degree Celsius (°C) [2 marks] (b) Diagram 1 shows four measurement tools found in the school science laboratory. Tick (✓) in the box provided to show the measurement tools for mass. 0 10 20 30 40 50 N kg 10 0 2 3 1 4 6 5 7 9 8 0 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 g g 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 g Diagram 1 [2 marks] 2. (a) Diagram 2 shows two types of living cells, which are animal cell and plant cell. Label structure M and N using the words given in the box below. Nucleus Mitochondria Vacuole N: M: Animal cell Plant cell Diagram 2 [2 marks] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F1.indd 186 10/04/2023 4:14 PM
189 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif Section C [60 marks] Answer all questions. 6. Jefri went jogging. After 30 minutes, his heartbeat increased and he sweated heavily. Diagram 6.1 shows the condition of the body hairs on Jefri’s skin. Body hairs Skin Diagram 6.1 (a) Name the ability of living things to maintain the stable internal condition of the body. [1 mark] (b) Based on Diagram 6.1, (i) state the type of response of the body hairs and the reason for the response to occur. Type of response: Reason: [2 marks] (ii) what substance is secreted by the human body to produce the response? [1 mark] (c) Diagram 6.2 shows two states of a stoma found on a leaf at different times in a day. Stoma opened Stoma closed M N Diagram 6.2 Compare and contrast between the two conditions, M and N in Diagram 6.2. [2 marks] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F1.indd 189 10/04/2023 4:14 PM
195 PENTAKSIRAN SUMATIF Pentaksiran Sumatif (e) Nora needs to do checking of stocks placed on high racks in a minimarket. By using the materials provided below, you are requested to help Nora to construct a special periscope to facilitate her task. • Two tall drink boxes • Two pieces of plane mirror of the same size • Cellophane tape • Scissors (i) Draw the model of the periscope. (ii) Explain how this model functions. [3 marks] 11. Diagram 11.1 shows the layers that make up the Earth and its internal structures. Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core Atmosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Diagram 11.1 (a) Based on Diagram 11.1, name (i) the layer of atmosphere that supports all living things on Earth. [1 mark] (ii) the layer of atmosphere where there is ozone layer that can absorb ultraviolet rays from the Sun. [1 mark] PS Spotlight A+1 Sains F1.indd 195 10/04/2023 4:14 PM
ANSWERS ANSWERS Chapter 1 Introduction to Scientific Investigation Diagnostic Test 1.1 1. Science is a discipline of knowledge that involves systematic observations and experiments of natural phenomena. 2. Enables us to connect with one another easily and conveniently. 3. Pharmacist, doctor, nutritionist 4. The wireless mouse can be used freely at a further distance and has a smoother movement without being disrupted by cables. The computer table would also look neater. However, this mouse cannot work properly if the battery is weak. Sometimes, the efficiency of the mouse decreases when it does not receive signals well. Therefore, make sure the wireless mouse is installed with a powerful battery. Diagnostic Test 1.2 1. (a) Flammable substances: Acetone, alcohol (b) Explosive substances: Sodium, butane gas (c) Poisonous/ Toxic substances: Mercury, chlorine gas (d) Radioactive substances: Uranium, plutonium (e) Corrosive substances: Concentrated acid, concentrated alkali (f) Irritants: Chloroform, sulphur dioxide 2. (a) Tripod stand (b) Evaporating dish (c) Wire gauze 3. (a) Get treatment at the hospital if the burn is severe Hand exposed to acid Apply medicine Rinse the hand under running water Inform the accident to the teacher immediately Diagnostic Test 1.3 1. A quantity that can be measured. 2. Base quantity S.I. Unit Mass kilogram Time second Temperature Kelvin Length metre Electric current ampere 3. (a) mega – 1 000 000 (b) centi – 0.01 (c) nano – 0.000 000 001 4. (a) 25 cm (b) 0.123 m (c) 1 800 s (d) 0.3 min (e) 4 530 g (f) 1.25 g (g) 3 650 g (h) 7.05 km (i) 11.67 h 5. (a) The taller a person, the longer the length of one fathom (b) Fathom should not be used to determine the length of the table tennis because the fathom of the tall man is not the same as the fathom of the short man. Thus, the length of the table tennis measured by the two men is different. Diagnostic Test 1.4 1. (a) volume of 20 ml – 20 ml pipette (b) mass of wallet – lever balance/triple beam balance (c) height of a bookshelf – measuring tape/ruler (d) room temperature – laboratory thermometer 2. To reduce any random error. 3. (a) 3.47 cm (b) 3.66 cm (c) 0.19 cm 4. (a) Because the scale of thermometer B is smaller. (b) – Narrow the diameter of the capillary tube of the thermometer. – Use a thinner glass to make the thermometer bulb. – Increase the surface area of the glass of the thermometer bulb. (Any one is acceptable) 5. The digital vernier caliper is able to give prompt readings of the external and internal diameter through digital display. If the internal caliper or external caliper is used, the internal diameter or external diameter of an object may only be obtained when the caliper is brought close to a ruler. Diagnostic Test 1.5 1. Mass per unit volume of a material. 2. Oil is less dense than water. 3. 16 g cm–3, 1.03 g cm–3 4. K N M O L 5. When water is pumped into the ballast tank, the mass of the submarine increases which in turn increases its density. This causes the submarine to sink in water. When water is pumped out of the ballast tank, the mass of the submarine decreases which in turn decreases its density. This causes the submarine to rise up to the surface of the water. By controlling the quantity of water in the ballast tank, the submarine can sink and float in the water. Diagnostic Test 1.6 1. Making hypothesis, classifying, observing, making inference and predicting. 2. Scientific method is a systematic method used to solve problems in science or get answer about a natural phenomenon. 3. (a) At a higher temperature, the mass of sugar dissolved in water increases. (b) Manipulated variable: Water temperature Responding variable: Mass of sugar dissolved in water 197 Answer Spot A+ Sc F1.indd 197 11/04/2023 8:52 AM