ii Must Know iii – vi Chapter 1 Common Nouns, Proper Nouns, Abstract Nouns 1 Chapter 2 Countable and Uncountable Nouns 5 Chapter 3 Singular and Plural Nouns 10 Chapter 4 Articles 14 Chapter 5 Pronouns – Demonstrative, Personal, Reflexive, Emphatic and Interrogative Pronouns 19 Chapter 6 Possessives 27 Chapter 7 Verb Forms, Positive and Negative Statements, Questions and Short Answers 32 Chapter 8 Simple Present and Present Continuous Tenses 39 Chapter 9 Simple Past and Past Continuous Tenses 44 Chapter 10 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Tenses 49 Chapter 11 Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses 54 Chapter 12 Future Tenses 59 Chapter 13 Modals 64 Chapter 14 Agreement (Concord) 68 Chapter 15 Adjectives 73 Chapter 16 Adverbs 77 Chapter 17 Comparison of Adverbs and Adjectives 82 Chapter 18 Connectors / Conjunctions 87 Chapter 19 Dependent Clauses 92 Chapter 20 Simple Sentences 98 Chapter 21 Sentence Types 102 Chapter 22 Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs 107 Chapter 23 Punctuation 112 Chapter 24 Similes and Proverbs 118 Chapter 25 Homonyms 123 Chapter 26 Collective Nouns 126 Chapter 27 Prefixes and Suffixes 129 Chapter 28 Gender 134 Summative Test 137 Answers 141 Contents 00 Contents_1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 2 13/09/2023 9:29 AM
MUST KNOW Important Notes 13 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Agreement (Concord) (Chapter 14) 19 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Future Tenses (Chapter 12) 15 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Agreement (Concord) (Chapter 14) 21 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Modals (Chapter 13) 17 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. Dependent Clauses (Chapter 19) 23 © Pan Asia Publications Sdn. Bhd. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT (CONCORD) B. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. RULE: had + been + ‘-ing’ verb (e.g. playing). – He/She/It/I/We/You/They had been RESTING all day. (Affirmative) – He/She/It/I/We/You/They had not been RESTING all day. (Negative) – Had he/she/it/I/we/you/they been RESTING all day? (Question) 2. Uses of the past perfect continuous tense: a. To describe a past action that started and continued until another action or time in the past. E.g. – He had been JOGGING when the dog bit him. – He had been JOGGING for three hours. – He had been JOGGING since 9.00 a.m. *‘For’ and ‘since’ refer to a period of time up to the present. b. To explain the cause of something that happened in the past. E.g. (He was tired) because (he had been working without resting). EFFECT CAUSE 1. Singular verbs are used: a. with singular pronouns and singular countable nouns. E.g. i. He jumps. ii. A packet of sweets costs RM4.50. b. with uncountable nouns e.g. Grass grows fast here. c. with words like each, every, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody, anything, everything, something and nothing. E.g. i. Everyone has arrived. ii. Nobody was right. d. with either of ... and neither of ... E.g. i. Either of the girls sings well. ii. Neither of them plays the piano. e. with measurements of time, money, distance, length etc. as one unit and titles of books, stories, movies etc. E.g. i. Five hours was a long time. ii. “The Three Musketeers” is a story. f. with expressions like “more than one” and “one of”. E.g. i. There is more than one way to do this sum. ii. One of these athletes runs the fastest. 3. ‘Would + bare verb’ is used in conditionals to describe an unlikely future situation. (‘would’ – past tense of ‘will’) E.g. Mum would visit if she could. B. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. RULE: will be + ‘-ing’ verb (e.g. flying). 2. Uses of the future continuous tense: a. To express actions in progress at a specific time in future. E.g. She will be FLYING to Paris at 5.00 p.m. on Monday. b. To talk about future plans E.g. He will be MARRYING soon. C. GOING TO + BARE VERB RULE: am/is/are + going to + bare infinitive a. – I am/He is/She is/It is going to eat lunch at 1 p.m. – We/You/They are going to eat lunch at 1 p.m. b. – I am/He is/She is/It is not going to eat lunch at 1 p.m. – We/You/They are not going to eat lunch at 1 p.m. c. – Am I /Is he/Is she/Is it going to eat lunch at 1 p.m.? – Are we/you/they going to eat lunch at 1 p.m.? b. Verbs used with together with, as well as, including etc. agree with the first noun or pronoun. E.g. i. The girls, with their mother, are safe. ii. She as well as her parents is here. 4a. The word none and collective nouns e.g. team, class etc. take singular or plural verbs based on the intended meaning. E.g. i. None of these buses goes to Ipoh. (Not even one.) ii. None of these buses go to Ipoh. (Not any.) iii. The board has done a good job. (The board is considered as one whole unit.) iv. The board disagree about the decision. (Some members agree and some disagree.) b. The singular or plural verb is used according to the subject or meaning intended. The verbs agree with the countable or uncountable nouns when fractions are used. E.g. i. Two thirds of the tank is filled. ii. Half of the plums are sweet. 3. SHALL Used in a formal speech and as a threat, promise or command. E.g. i. You shall never step into this house again. ii. You shall never give up. 4. CAN/COULD (past) a. Able to do something e.g. They can/could sing well. b. To show something is possible. E.g. Too much sugar can/could cause diabetes. 5. MAY/MIGHT a. To wish e.g. May you enjoy good health. b. Used in conditionals e.g. If I train harder, I may/might win. 6. MUST/HAVE TO/HAD TO (past) - most emphatic; OUGHT TO - less emphatic; SHOULD - least emphatic a. To express commands, duty or obligation or responsibility. E.g. i. They must/have to obey the law. ii. I had to be home by 7.00 p.m. when I was younger. b. To advise e.g. She should/must/ought to see a doctor now. c. To recommend. E.g. You should/must/ought to try these herbs. b.RELATIVE CLAUSES/ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES A relative or adjectival clause has a relative pronoun like ‘who’, ‘whom’, ‘whose’, ‘that’ or ‘which’. These relative pronouns tell us more about a person, thing or animal. i. ‘Who’ is used for people. It replaces subject nouns/pronouns e.g. the lady, he, she, we, they. E.g. We like children who are polite. (DC) ii. ‘Whom’ is used for people. It replaces object nouns/pronouns e.g. my aunt, him, her, us, them. *Sometimes there is a preposition like ‘to’, ‘for’ and ‘from’. E.g. i. She is the lady whom I met yesterday. (DC). ii. That is the boy to whom I gave the shoes. (DC). iii.‘Whose’ is used for people. It replaces possessive nouns/pronouns e.g. the man’s, the ladies’, his, her, our, their, hers, ours, theirs. E.g. That is the girl whose father is our teacher. (DC) iv. ‘That/Which’ is used for people, animals and things. It replaces the subject or object. E.g. i. The man that (who) limps (DC), is my neighbour. ii. She likes the bird that/which has colourful feathers. (DC) iii. They do not know which beggar you helped. (DC) Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tenses (Chapter 11) Must Know 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 3 11/10/2023 10:36 AM
1 NOTES TYPES OF NOUNS EXAMPLES 1. COMMON NOUNS Common Nouns refer to general names of people, animals, places or things. They do not start with a capital letter unless they are at the beginning of a sentence. i. boy ii. cat iii. hotel iv. van 2. PROPER NOUNS Proper nouns are specific or special names of people, animals, places or things. They start with a capital letter. i. James (boy) ii. Tompok (cat) iii. Sabrina Hotel (hotel) iv. Toyota (van) 3. ABSTRACT NOUNS a. An abstract noun refers to a quality, state or feeling. i. honesty (quality) ii. sorrow (state) iii. happiness (feeling) b. Abstract nouns can be formed from verbs, adjectives or common nouns. i. fear (from the verb, ‘frighten’) ii. calmness (from the adjective, ‘calm’) iii. childhood (from the common noun, ‘child’) c. Some abstract nouns end with a suffix like ‘-ship’, ‘-ness’, ‘-ment’ and ‘-dom’. i. friendship ii. kindness iii. enjoyment iv. freedom EXERCISE A Write AN (Abstract Noun), CN (Common Noun) or PN (Proper Noun) in the brackets provided after each of the underlined nouns in the sentences below. The first one is done for you. 1. Dr. William (PN) praises the young nurse’s dedication (AN). 2. The carpenter ( ) is making a table ( ). 3. Some people ( ) add sugar ( ) to their curries ( ). 4. Honesty ( ) is the best policy ( ). 5. My dog ( ), Brownie ( ) loves chewing bones ( ). 6. We love Aunt Susan ( ) for her kindness ( ) and generosity ( ). 7. Mount Kinabalu ( ) is the highest mountain ( ) in Sabah ( ). 8. His cousin ( ), Mark ( ) is studying at a university ( ) in Britain ( ). 9. The Blue Swan ( ) is sailing to the Suez ( ) next week ( ). Chapter 1 COMMON NOUNS, PROPER NOUNS, ABSTRACT NOUNS MASTERY PRACTICE 01_1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 1 13/09/2023 9:29 AM
5 NOTES Chapter 2 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS 1. COUNTABLE NOUNS COUNTABLE NOUNS EXAMPLES a. Countable nouns are people, animals, places, things etc. which can be counted. Thus, they can be both singular (e.g. a friend, an apple) and plural (e.g. friends, apples). i. a ball ii. two women b. (i) A singular countable noun takes the singular form of the verb. (ii) A plural countable noun takes the plural form of the verb. A butterfly is flying out of the window. Some butterflies are flying out of the window. c. There are some expressions that are used with countable nouns. a, an, a few, several, numerous, many, a small/large number of, some, lots of, a lot of and plenty of 2. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS EXAMPLES a. Uncountable Nouns cannot be counted. i. uncountable common nouns ii. abstract nouns iii. metals iv. languages v. other nouns i. sugar, oil, butter, grass ii. poverty, health, comfort iii. iron, silver, gold iv. Malay, English, Tamil v. traffic, transport, furniture, luggage, machinery b. An uncountable noun takes the singular form of the verb. i. Butter is what I need to bake the chocolate cookies. ii. Good health is more important than wealth. iii. The furniture in that house is old and needs to be repainted. c. There are certain expressions that are used with uncountable nouns. a little, much, a small/large amount of, a great deal of, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of d. Measurements or containers can be used with uncountable nouns. These measurements or containers are countable. i. a bowl of noodles, three bowls of noodles (containers) ii. a metre of cloth, a few metres of cloth (measurements) * Expressions like ‘some’, ‘lots of’, ‘a lot of’ and ‘plenty of’ are used with both countable and uncountable nouns. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 5 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
10 NOTES Chapter 3 SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS 1. SINGULAR NOUNS A singular noun refers to one person, animal, place or thing. We use ‘a’ or ‘an’ to indicate one. Examples: a man, an elephant, a hut, an umbrella. The singular noun is followed by a singular verb. (E.g. This boy is my son. / He has a pet.) 2. PLURAL NOUNS A plural noun refers to more than one person, animal, place or thing. The plural noun is followed by a plural verb. (E.g. They are kind. / The girls draw pictures.) 3. RULES TO CHANGE SINGULAR NOUNS TO PLURAL NOUNS Plural nouns can be formed by: a. adding -s to most common nouns (zebra – zebras, car – cars). b. adding -es to nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z (glass – glasses, bush – bushes, box – boxes). c. adding -s to some nouns ending in o (radio – radios, photo – photos). d. adding -es to some nouns ending in a consonant + o (potato – potatoes, mosquito – mosquitoes). e. adding -s to some nouns ending in a vowel + y (boy – boys, key – keys). f. adding -ies to some words ending in a consonant + y ( lorry – lorries, fly – flies). g. adding -s to some nouns ending in -f or -fe (roof – roofs, strife – strifes). h. replacing the -f or -fe at the end of some nouns with -ves (loaf – loaves, knife – knives). i. replacing the -us at the end of some singular nouns with -i (radius – radii). j. replacing the -is at the end of some singular nouns with -es (analysis – analyses). k. adding -s to the main noun of some compound nouns (sister-in-law – sisters-in-law, passerby – passersby, stepson – stepsons). l. making various changes in some nouns like changing the vowels or adding -s or -en (tooth – teeth, man – men, louse – lice, person – persons / people). 4. OTHER SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS a. Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms without -s (deer – deer, aircraft – aircraft). b. Some nouns end in -s and are used in both the singular and plural form (species – species). c. Some singular nouns end in -s and are singular in meaning (Physics, Mathematics, news, mumps, singles, billiards, measles). d. Some nouns do not end in -s but are used only in the plural form (cattle, police). e. Some nouns are always in the plural form (spectacles, tongs, thanks, vegetables) and are used with plural verbs. For the singular form, we can use ‘a pair of’ for those nouns which are in pairs (scissors – a pair of scissors, spectacles – a pair of spectacles). 5. SINGULAR AND PLURAL PRONOUNS No. Singular Plural No. Singular Plural 1. I we 7. your your 2. you you 8. his, her, its their 3. he, she, it they 9. mine ours 4. me us 10. his, hers, its theirs 5. him, her, it them 11. this (near) these (near) 6. my our 12. that (far) those (far) 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 10 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
14 NOTES Chapter 4 ARTICLES 1. INDEFINITE ARTICLES (‘a’, ‘an’) 1. ‘a’ is used before singular countable nouns which are not specific and begin with a consonant sound. Examples: a flower, a girl, a uniform (* The word ‘uniform’ begins with a consonant sound. The ‘u’ in ‘uniform’ sounds like ‘you’.) 2. ‘an’ is used before singular countable nouns which begin with a vowel sound. Examples: an owl, an umbrella, an easy lesson, an idea, an honourable man, an hour (* ‘hour’ starts with a vowel sound. The ‘h’ in ‘hour’ is silent.) 3. The indefinite articles, ‘a’ and ‘an’ are used to: a. refer to something that is mentioned for the first time. Examples: i. He ate a mango. It is sweet. ii. She took an early flight to Terengganu. b. refer to a person’s religion, quality etc. Examples: a Buddhist monk, a Hindu priest, a kind boy, an understanding person. 2. DEFINITE ARTICLE (‘the’) The definite article, ‘the’ is used: a. to refer to something that is mentioned again. Example: I found a pen. The pen is red. b. to refer to a specific person or thing. Example: Who is the boy wearing a cap? c. to refer to the whole class. Example: The elephant is a useful animal. d. to refer to a unique thing or a thing that is one of its kind. Examples: the equator, the earth, the sun e. before superlatives. Examples: the thinnest, the biggest, the most f. to refer to a musical instrument that is played by someone. Example: She plays the piano well. g. to refer to some countries. Examples: the United States of America, the Republic of Singapore, the Philippines h. before names of seas, rivers, oceans, mountain ranges, specific buildings etc. Examples: the Dead Sea, the Amazon River, the Pacific Ocean, the Himalayas, the Taj Mahal 3. ZERO ARTICLE ( – ) Articles are NOT used in the following cases: a. with abstract nouns. Examples: honesty, carelessness b. names of materials, metals and illnesses. Examples: rubber, gold, dengue fever c. names of games, subjects, languages and religions. Examples: badminton, Physics, Japanese, Christianity d. names of people, roads, towns, countries, mountains etc. Examples: Mei Ling, Jalan Merbok, Johor Bahru, Poland, Mount Fuji 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 14 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
SOS TIPS 19 NOTES Chapter 5 PRONOUNS – DEMONSTRATIVE, PERSONAL, REFLEXIVE, EMPHATIC AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 1. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (This, These, That, Those) A demonstrative pronoun refers to something specific that is either near or far in distance or time. It comes before a verb or is by itself. E.g. i. This looks new. (The demonstrative pronoun, this comes before the verb i.e. ‘looks’.) ii. Did you like that? (The demonstrative pronoun, that is by itself.) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS EXAMPLES a. This (singular) ‘This’ refers to something that is near in distance or time. This necklace right here belongs to me. b. These (plural) ‘These’ refers to some things that are near in distance or time. How much are these things? c. That (singular) ‘That’ refers to something that is far in distance or time. I prefer that teddy bear; the one behind the dolls. d. Those (plural) ‘Those’ refers to some things that are far in distance or time. Those were the days that we enjoyed. 1. a ‘This’ and ‘that’ are singular. b ‘These’ and ‘those’ are plural. 2. ‘This’ refers to an object near the speaker. 3. ‘That’ refers to an object further from the speaker. EXERCISE A Fill in the blanks with ‘this’ or ‘these’. 1. What is novel about? 2. Did you drop purse? 3. are hares, not rabbits. 4. It’s pouring again. is awful. 5. Do you like flowers? 6. Hello, Keith. is James speaking. 7. Tell her that are her lost bracelets. 8. is my friend, Paul. 9. I will buy handbag. 10. What are the answers to questions? 11. I wonder if is delicious. 12. Ask him if are his children. 13. Do you like porcelain dishes? 14. He bought pair of trousers for his father. 15. Have you seen picture of an alien? MASTERY PRACTICE 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 19 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
27 NOTES Chapter 6 POSSESSIVES 1. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES My/His/Her/Its/Your (singular) shoes (noun) are new. Our/Your/Their (plural) *Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns. 2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS These new shoes (noun) are mine/his/hers/its/yours (singular). ours/yours/theirs (plural). *There are no nouns after possessive pronouns. 3. THE APOSTROPHE ‘S’ AND ‘OF’ TO SHOW POSSESSION THE APOSTROPHE ‘S’ EXAMPLES a. The apostrophe ‘s’ (’s) is used with nouns and proper nouns not ending with ‘s’ to show possession. i. a girl’s shoes ii. Hamid’s book iii. children’s clothes b. The ‘s’ apostrophe (s’) is used with plural nouns ending in ‘s’ to show possession. i. the girls’ shoes ii. the ladies’ clothes iii. the cats’ tails c. Some things like time and measurement take ’s or s’. i. three months’ salary ii. a pound’s worth of sugar d. We can add only the apostrophe (’) or apostrophe ‘s’ (’s) for proper nouns ending with ‘s’. i. James’ watch/James’s watch ii. Agnes’ laptop/Agnes’s laptop e. When two nouns are used together, the apostrophe ‘s’ (’s) is added to the last noun. i. These are my sister, Alice’s books. ii. That is my nephew, the manager’s office. f. ‘of’ is used with most non-living things to show possession. i. the legs of the table ii. the branches of trees 4. OTHER RULES FOR THE USES OF POSSESSIVES a. When a collective noun is considered as a whole, the singular form of the pronoun is used. Example: The jury gave its verdict. (The ‘jury’ is taken as a whole.) b. When we think of the individuals in a collective noun separately, the plural form of the pronoun is used. Example: The jury were divided in their decision. (The individuals in the ‘jury’ are considered separately.) c. (i) When the gender is not specific, we use the masculine gender ‘his’ or ‘his or her’ with ‘every’, ‘each’, ‘anybody’, ‘everyone’ etc. to show possession. Examples: i. Every student must bring his identity card. ii. Everybody has his or her own ideas about the project. (ii) Now, the plural form of the pronoun, ‘their’ with ‘everybody’ is accepted. Example: Everybody has their own ideas about the project. (iii) When the indefinite pronoun ‘one’ is used as the subject, ‘one’s’ is used to show possession. Example: One should never boast about one’s achievements. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 27 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
32 NOTES Chapter 7 VERB FORMS, POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS 1. VERB FORMS English verbs have five basic forms: the base form, the -S form, the -ing form, the past form, and the past participle form. a. The base form The base form or infinitive is used: a. after plural nouns (e.g. computers, ladies and keys) and the pronouns ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’ and ‘they’ in sentences using the simple present tense. Examples: i. Birds fly. ii. I/You/We/They sing. b. in the simple present or past tense, after auxiliary verbs in questions and negatives. Examples: i. Does he/she/it run fast? He/She/It does not (doesn’t) run fast. ii. Do I/you/we/they run fast? I/You/We/They do not (don’t) run fast. iii. Did he/she/it/I/you/we/they run fast? He/She/It/I/You/We/They did not (didn’t) run fast. c. in imperatives or commands. Examples: i. Open the window. ii. Don’t open the window. d. after modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should etc.) and their negative forms. Examples: i. He/She/It/I/You/We/They will help you. ii. He/She/It/I/You/We/They will not (won’t) help you. e. after the infinitive ‘to’. Example: He likes to play/to cycle/to exercise in the park. b. The -s form In the 3rd person singular simple present tense, the base verb changes. a. We add -s to most verbs. (E.g. He/She/It runs.) b. We add -es to verbs that end in a vowel other than e. (E.g. go – goes) c. We add -es to verbs that end with -s, -z, -ch, -sh, and -x. (E.g. miss – misses, buzz – buzzes, catch – catches, wash – washes, fix – fixes) d. If the verb ends in a consonant + -y, we drop the y and add –ies. (E.g. fly – flies, cry – cries, hurry – hurries) c. the -ing form (present participle form) The -ing ending is used 1. to show continuous action. (E.g. He has been working.) 2. in gerunds. (verbs used as nouns) (E.g. Swimming is good exercise.) 3. in participles as an adjective. (E.g. The book is interesting.) 4. in many expressions after ‘go’ to refer to some leisure-time activities. Example: Sometimes, we go diving. 5. after ‘to’ as a preposition or part of a phrasal verb. Examples: i. She is used to smoking. ii. I look forward to seeing you. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 32 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
39 NOTES Chapter 8 SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 1. Uses of the simple present tense a. To talk about things which are true in the present. Examples: i. He is tall. ii. They plant their own organic vegetables. b. To express something that will take place in the future. Example: She starts work tomorrow. c. To refer to habitual or regular actions in the present. Examples: i. We always play basketball in the evening. ii. She never cooks. (Time words like ‘always’, ‘usually’, ‘often’, ‘sometimes’, ‘never’, ‘seldom’ are used.) d. To talk about facts or general truths. Examples: i. The sun rises in the east. ii. Horses neigh. 2. Simple Present Tense with main verbs Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It understands. He/She/It does not/doesn’t understand. Does he/she/it understand? Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn’t. I/We/You/They understand. I/We/You/They do not/don’t understand. Do I/we/you/they understand? Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/they don’t. a. In general, we add ‘s’ to verbs after he, she, it and uncountable nouns. We do not add ‘s’ to verbs after I, you, we, they and countable plural nouns. b. The main verb after ‘not’ and ‘does’ is a bare verb or infinitive without ‘s’ e.g. walk. 3. Simple Present Tense with ‘be’ verbs (am, is, are) Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It is very active. He/She/It is not/isn’t very active. Is he/she/it very active? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t. I am very active. I am not/I’m not very active. Am I very active? Yes, I am. No, I’m not. We/You/They are very active. We/You/They are not/aren’t very active. Are we/you/they very active? Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren’t. B. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It is hunting now. He/She/It is not/isn’t hunting now. Is he/she/it hunting now? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t. I am hunting now. I am not/I’m not hunting now. Am I hunting now? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. We/You/They are hunting now. We/You/They are not/aren’t hunting now. Are we/you/they hunting now? Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren’t. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 39 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
44 NOTES Chapter 9 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES A. SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1. Uses of the simple past tense USES OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE EXAMPLES a. To refer to past actions. Specific past time like ‘yesterday’, ‘last Sunday’, ‘two days ago’, ‘in 1945’, ‘just now’ is used. b. To talk about past habitual actions. c. After ‘wish’ when referring to present time at the time of speaking. d. After ‘It’s time ...’ when referring to present time at the time of speaking. e. After ‘would rather’ when referring to present time or future time. a. I saw the Prime Minister in a motorcade last year. b. He always went to school late. c. I wish I lived in a smaller house. d. It’s time we went home. e. – I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone that I was robbed. – We’d rather you studied in a local university. 2. Simple Past Tense with main verbs Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It swam. He/She/It did not/didn’t swim. Did he/she/it swim? Yes, he/she/it did. No, he/she/it didn’t. I/We/You/They swam. I/We/You/They did not/didn’t swim. Did I/we/you/they swim? Yes, I/we/you/they did. No, I/we/you/they didn’t. The main verb ‘swim’ after ‘not’ and ‘did’ is a bare verb or infinitive. 3. Simple Past Tense with ‘be’ verbs (‘was’ and ‘were’) Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers I/He/She/It was sad. I/He/She/It was not/wasn’t sad. Was I/he/she/it sad? Yes, I/he/she/it was. No, I/he/she/it wasn’t. We/You/They were sad. We/You/They were not/weren’t sad. Were we/you/they sad? Yes, we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren’t. B. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. Affirmative Sentences, Negative Sentences, Questions and Short Answers Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers I/He/She/It was sleeping. I/He/She/It was not/wasn’t sleeping. Was I/he/she/it sleeping? Yes, I/he/she/it was. No, I/he/she/it wasn’t. We/You/They were sleeping. We/You/They were not/weren’t sleeping. Were we/you/they sleeping? Yes, we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren’t. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 44 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
49 NOTES Chapter 10 PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES A. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 1. The present perfect tense is used to show that the action has already happened in the immediate past. The exact time it happened is not mentioned. The present perfect tense is used with ‘has’/‘have’+ past participle (e.g. eaten, gone, walked). a. Positive/Affirmative Sentences, Negative Sentences, Questions and Short Answers Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It has eaten. He/She/It has not/hasn’t eaten yet. Has he/she/it eaten yet? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn’t. I/We/You/They have eaten. I/We/You/They have not/haven’t eaten yet. Have I/we/you/they eaten yet? Yes, I/we/you/they have. No, I/we/you/they haven’t. b. Exact past time like ‘yesterday’, ‘three days ago’ and ‘last Sunday’ is NOT used with the present perfect tense. Exact past time is used with the Simple Past Tense. Examples: i. We have received your letter. (CORRECT. ‘have received’ – present perfect the specific time the letter was received is not mentioned.) ii. We have received your letter YESTERDAY. (INCORRECT. Specific time, like ‘yesterday’ is NOT used with the present perfect tense.) iii. We received your letter YESTERDAY. (CORRECT. Exact past time, ‘yesterday’ is correctly used with the simple past tense, ‘received’.) c. Indefinite time words or adverbs like ‘just’, ‘already’, ‘often’, ‘never’, ‘ever’, ‘yet’, ‘before’ etc. can be used with the present perfect tense. Examples: i. The bus has just arrived. ii. We have met before. d. The indefinite time adverb ‘yet’ is used in questions and negative statements with the present perfect tense. Examples: i. Have you watered the plants yet? ii. I have not watered the plants yet. e. The indefinite time adverb ‘ever’ is used in questions with the present perfect tense. Example: Have you ever climbed a coconut tree? 2. The present perfect tense is used to show an action which started in the past and continues until now. The action is not over yet at the time of speaking. A period of time like ‘today’, ‘this week’, ‘in the twentieth century’ etc. is used. Examples: i. He has smoked five cigarettes today. (The period ‘today’ is not yet over.) ii. I have caught the flu twice this month. (The period ‘this month’ is not yet over.) 3. The present perfect tense is also used with ‘for’ and ‘since’ which refer to a period of time up to the present. a. ‘For’ refers to the length of time up to the present e.g. a long time, 3 hours, ages, 2 months. We do not know when the action or incident actually started. Example: James has lived in France for two years. (James is still living in France. We do not know when he first started living in France.) b. ‘Since’ refers to the starting point of an action e.g. 2 p.m., in January, until the present. Example: Mr. Lee has taught in this school since 2010. (Mr. Lee is still teaching in this school.) 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 49 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
54 NOTES Chapter 11 PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES A. PAST PERFECT TENSE 1. The past perfect tense is used with ‘had + past participle’ (e.g. had gone, had walked) to show that an action had already happened in the past. 2. Positive/Affirmative Sentences, Negative Sentences, Questions and Short answers Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It/I/We/You/They had slept by 10 p.m. He/She/It/I/We/You/They had not/ hadn’t slept by 10 p.m. Had he/she/it/I/we/you/they slept by 10 p.m.? Yes, he/she/it/I/we/you/they had. No, he/she/it/I/we/you/they hadn’t. 3. Uses of the Past Perfect Tense USES OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE EXAMPLES a. To show that an action had been completed at a certain time in the past using ‘by’. i. He had eaten by 2.00 p.m. ii. He had already completed his work by 5.00 p.m. b. To show that two actions took place one after the other. The first action is in the past perfect tense and the second is in the simple past tense. Time expressions like ‘when’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘until’, ‘by the time’ and ‘as soon as’ are used. i. He had left (1st action – past perfect) when Mary came (2nd action – past tense). ii. He had called (1st action) his wife before he came (2nd action) home. iii. After he had read (1st action) the book, he lent (2nd action) it to me. * For one completed action, we say “He has already left” and NOT “He had already left”. c. To show regret that something was not done. Words or phrases like ‘expect’, ‘wish’ and ‘if only’ are used. i. I wish I had studied hard. I would have passed my examination. ii. If only I had listened to you, this would not have happened. d. To talk about something that was imagined and did not happen using an ‘if-clause’. If the police had come earlier, they would have caught the robbers. (The police did not come and the robbers were not caught. The situation is imagined and did not take place.) e. To give a reason for something that happened in the past. I was (simple past) not hungry because I had eaten (past perfect) a lot for lunch. f. It is also used with ‘as if’ or ‘as though’. They screamed as if/as though they had seen a ghost. g. It is used with ‘for’ to indicate how long an action continued in the past. On 28th July, I had lived here for five years. 02-11 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 54 15/09/2023 11:39 AM
59 NOTES A. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE 1. The simple future tense is used with ‘will/shall’ + bare infinitive (e.g. will call, shall attack). ‘Shall’is used with ‘I’ and ‘we’ but now ‘will’ is widely used instead. Time expressions like ‘tomorrow’, ‘next week’ and ‘day after tomorrow’ are used. 2. Uses of ‘will’ USES OF ‘WILL’ EXAMPLES a. To show present and future actions. i. He will be in his room. ii. We will make some cookies for them. b. To offer to do something voluntarily. The phone is ringing. I will answer the call. c. To predict about the future. The clouds are dark. It will rain this evening. d. To make a promise. I will buy you a computer for your birthday. e. To use with the main verb ‘be’. She will be in Kenya tomorrow. f. To refer to situations that will not happen in the future and it’s also used in conditionals. i. I will lend you my car but I need it tomorrow. ii. I will visit you tomorrow if it does not rain. g. To use with words like ‘think’, ‘hope’, ‘believe’, ‘be + sure’, ‘suppose’, ‘sure’ and ‘perhaps’. i. I’m sure he will come tomorrow. ii. He thinks they will help us make this party successful. 3. Uses of ‘would’ USES OF ‘WOULD’ EXAMPLES a. Used as the past tense of ‘will’. I would play hopscotch when I was small. b. Used in conditionals or to refer to unreal or imagined situations. i. I would buy a new TV if I had the money. ii. I would buy a new TV but I don’t have the money. 4. Uses of ‘shall’ USES OF ‘SHALL’ EXAMPLES a. ‘Shall’ is used with ‘I’ and ‘we’ to show future action. I shall cook tomorrow. (Future action) (*‘Will’ is now widely used with ‘I’ and ‘we’.) b. It is used in a formal speech or as a threat, promise and command too. (*The short form of ‘shall not’ is shan’t.) i. We shall never surrender. (Formal speech) ii. You shall get your reward for your courage. (Promise) iii. He shall not enter this house from now. (Command) 5. Positive/Affirmative sentences, Negative sentences, Questions and Short answers Affirmative Sentences Negative Sentences Questions and Short Answers He/She/It will run. He/She/It will not run. (The short form of ‘will not’ is won’t.) Will he/she/it run? Yes, he/she/it will. No, he/she/it won’t. I/We/You/They will run. I/We/You/They will not run. Will I/we/you/they run? Yes, I/we/you/they will. No, I/we/you/they won’t. Chapter 12 FUTURE TENSES 12–28 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 59 03/07/2023 9:02 AM
64 NOTES Chapter 13 MODALS 1. MODALS AND THEIR USES MODALS USES/MEANING EXAMPLES 1. a. Will (See notes on pg. 59.) a. To show present and future actions. b. To offer to do something. c. To make a promise. d. To predict about the future. e. To refer to situations that will not happen and it is also used in conditionals. a. (i) She will be in the kitchen cooking. (ii) Neil will see us next week. b. Someone is here. I will get the door. c. I will take care of you always. d. That volcano will erupt. It is smoking. e. (i) I will lend you my car but I need to fetch my son from KL tomorrow. (ii) I will buy you a car if I have enough money. b. Would (See notes on pg. 59.) a. Used as the past tense of ‘will’. b. Used in conditionals or to refer to imagined situations. c. To say ‘want’ politely. d. To offer something or to offer to do something. a. He said he would drive here. b. If I got that scholarship, I would study law in America. c. I would like some mango pudding. d. (i) Would you like some more curry? (ii) Would you like us to fetch you? 2. Shall (See notes on pg. 59.) a. Used with ‘I’ and ‘we’ to show present and future actions. b. To offer to do something. c. Used in a formal speech and as a threat, promise or command. a. (i) I shall be in my office. (ii) We shall come again tomorrow. b. Shall I carry these boxes for you? c. (i) You shall never give up. (ii) She shall never come into this house again. 3. a. Can b. Could a. (i) To mean ‘able’ to do something. (ii) To show something is possible. b. Past tense of ‘can’. It is used to show past ability and possibility. a. (i) I can play hockey. (present tense) (ii) Smoking can cause liver cancer. b. (i) I could swim at three. (past ability) (ii) Heavy rain could cause a flood. 4. a. May b. May/Might a. To express a wish. b. To give permission. a. May you live long. b. You may go now. Used in conditionals. c. If I train harder, I may/might win. 5. a. Must b. Must not To express commands, necessity, duty, obligation or responsibility. (‘Must’ and ‘have to’ mean the same.) They must/have to be back in the hostel by 11.00 p.m. Prohibited or not allowed. We must not steal. 6. a. Have to b. Had to a. To express commands, necessity, duty, obligation or responsibility. b. Past tense of ‘have to’. Its use is the same as that of ‘have to’. a. (i) We have to/must obey the law. (ii) You have to be here by 8 a.m. b. I had to be home by 7.00 p.m. when I was a teenager. 7. Should, Must, Ought to a. To express commands, necessity, duty, obligation or responsibility. b. To advise. c. To recommend. d. To mean that something is possible or probable. a. You should/must/ought to wear the seat belt whenever you drive. b. She should/must/ought to see a doctor now. c. You should/must/ought to try this. d. She is sleeping soundly. She must/ should be very tired. 12–28 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 64 03/07/2023 9:02 AM
68 NOTES Chapter 14 AGREEMENT (CONCORD) A. Singular verbs are used: 1. with singular pronouns and singular countable nouns. E.g. i. A butterfly flies. ii. He/She/It swims. iii. A packet of sweets costs RM4.50. (one packet) iv. This pair of trousers is tight. (one pair). 2. with uncountable nouns (e.g. sugar, grass, traffic, machinery, luggage, scenery), abstract nouns (e.g. poverty, knowledge), metals (e.g. iron, silver) and languages (e.g. English). E.g. i. Butter is made from milk. ii. Good health is the real wealth. iii. The furniture is old. 3. when expressions like a little, much, a small/large amount of, a great deal of, some, a lot of, lots of and plenty of are used with uncountable nouns. E.g. i. A large amount of oil is spilt yearly. ii. Some iron is mined here. 4. with words like each, every, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody, anything, everything, something and nothing. E.g. i. Everyone loves flowers. ii. Nothing has been stolen. iii. Every exercise is difficult. 5. with either of ... and neither of ... . E.g. i. Either of the women cooks well. ii. Neither of them plays the piano. 6. to refer to amounts considered as one unit like time, money, weight, distance, length, etc. and titles of books, stories, movies, newspapers etc. E.g. i. Three hours is a long time. ii. Five kilometres is very far. iii. ‘The Three Musketeers’ is interesting. iv. ‘The Ten Commandments’ was a popular movie. 7. with expressions like more than one and one of. E.g. i. There is more than one way to do this sum. ii. One of these athletes runs the fastest. 8. with nouns ending in -s which are singular in meaning e.g. measles, Mathematics and species. E.g. i. Measles is contagious. ii. Mathematics needs a lot of practice. iii. This insect species is rare. 9. when two singular nouns expressing one idea refer to the same person or thing. E.g. i. Cheese and biscuits is nice for supper. ii. The orator and politician is here. B. Plural verbs are used: 1. with plural pronouns and plural countable nouns. E.g. i. Butterflies fly. ii. You/We/They swim. iii. I swim. 2. with expressions like a few, several, numerous, many, a small/large number of, some, lots of, a lot of and plenty of which are used with countable nouns. E.g. i. A small number of rats were caught. ii. The three pieces of cloth are new. 3. with nouns which do not end in -s but are used only in the plural form e.g. cattle and police. E.g. i. The police have arrested them. ii. The farmer’s cattle are sold for a big profit. 4. with nouns without -s in the plural form but are plural in the meaning e.g. deer and aircraft. E.g. i. The three deer are stolen. ii. All the sheep have been shaved off their fleece. C. The singular or plural verb is used according to the subject or meaning intended. 1. Verbs used with either ... or and neither... nor agree with the nearest noun or pronoun. E.g. i. Either he or they are here. ii. Neither they nor he is here. iii. Neither of them eats meat. iv. He is not angry. Neither am I. 2. Verbs agree with the countable or uncountable nouns when fractions are used. E.g. i. Three-quarters of this bread is mouldy. ii. Three-quarters of these grapes have been eaten. 12–28 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 68 03/07/2023 9:02 AM
73 NOTES EXERCISE A Fill in the blanks with the correct adjectives provided in the box. a. thoughtful b. rough c. delighted d. gigantic e. responsible f. sleek g. highly-skilled h. cowardly i. disappointed j. hilarious k. vanishing l. fresh m. bestselling n. creative o. faded 1. What should we do to save the elephant population? 2. The Formula One racer drove a Italian sports car. 3. He was a husband and father. 4. Cynthia has written a book. 5. This comedy is a major success in America. 6. The teenager seems to be going through some times. 7. The artist drew pictures for the posters. 8. The college has produced workers. 9. The blinds seem . We have to buy new ones. 10. It is of you to give me a Christmas present. 11. His car was crushed by the boulder. 12. Richard appears not to have won the first prize. 13. Please open the windows. We need air in here. 14. Helen was indeed to meet her best friend again. 15. Was I not to help my friend when the snatch thief grabbed her handbag? Chapter 15 ADJECTIVES 1. Adjectives describe nouns. They tell us about the size, colour, shape etc. Examples: an old house, a shady tree, a woollen coat 2. Adjectives can be placed after ‘verbs to be’ and certain verbs like ‘appear’, ‘seem’ and ‘look’. Examples: a. They are thin. b. He appears rich. c. The cat looks cute. d. She seems happy. MASTERY PRACTICE 12–28 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 73 03/07/2023 9:02 AM
77 NOTES 1. Rules for use of adverbs a. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. They answer the ‘how’, ‘why’, ‘where’ and ‘when’ questions. Examples: i. She walks (verb) slowly. ii. He is very careless (adjective). iii. They speak English extremely well (adverb). b. Most adverbs end in -ly. Examples: easy – easily, slow – slowly, careful – carefully, willing – willingly, terrible – terribly, magic – magically c. Some adverbs like fast, early, late, hard, near do not end in -ly. Examples: i. The bus left early. ii. She works hard. d. Adverbs are normally placed at the end of a sentence in the order of manner, place and time. Example: He played well (manner) at the football tournament (place) yesterday (time). 2. Some types of adverbs TYPES OF ADVERBS EXAMPLES a. Adverbs of manner (how something is done) are usually placed at the end of a sentence. They can come at the beginning too. i. I swam quickly (adverb of manner – answers the question, ‘how’). ii. Quickly, I swam. b. Adverbs of place (where something takes/took place) are placed after the verb or direct object. i. They are (verb) there. ii. She plays (verb) outside. iii. We saw him (direct object) in the cafe. iv. I saw you (direct object) sitting on the rock. c (i). Adverbs of time (when something is done) are usually placed at the end of a sentence for emphasis. They are at the beginning too when time is not emphasised. (ii). The adverb of time that is more specific comes before the more general. i. She fell just now (adverb of time – answers the question, ‘when’). ii. Just now, she fell. She was born at 10.30 a.m. (specific) on Merdeka Day (specific) in 2011 (general). d (i). Adverbs of frequency like often, always, never, sometimes, already, just, usually, hardly, ever, rarely and seldom come before the main verb. (ii). Adverbs of frequency come after verbs ‘to be’ (am, is, are, was, were). i. He often plays in the evening. ii. He has often played in the evening. iii. Does he often play in the evening? iv. He does not often play in the evening. i. They are always late. ii. She is early. Chapter 16 ADVERBS 12–28 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 77 03/07/2023 9:02 AM
137 A. Question 1 – 26 Choose the correct answers and circle A, B, C or D. 1. The electricity supply in that area will be cut at 10.00 p.m. today. A up C off B in D down 2. Everybody does own chore that is assigned to . A his – him C their – him B his – them D theirs – them 3. A few fighter aircraft flying high up in the sky near the border just now. A is seen C was seen B were seen D has been seen 4. The baby every night but tonight it is sleeping soundly. A crying C cried B cry D cries 5. You use a thicker blanket as it is extremely cold today. A need to C can B shall D may 6. In the incident, Malaysian Airliner MH17 was believed to have been shot down. A terrific C horrific B terrified D horrified 7. J.K. Rowling is the famous British novelist who wrote Harry Potter fantasy series that took the world by storm. A – C an B a D the 8. Everybody washes own clothes in this hostel. A its C our B his D your 9. Australia’s koalas drink water because they do not have sweat pores. A often C rarely B always D frequently 10. Between you and , Mary is the one who caused all these problems. A I C mine B me D myself 11. Before we could stop Bee Poh, she all the roses. A had been cutting B was cutting C was cut D had cut 12. Neither his siblings nor he prawns and crabs. A eats C eaten B eat D are eating 13. Victor is not enthusiastic going for a picnic. A of C for B in D about 14. Mumps very painful and can be infectious. A is C are B was D were 15. The teacher, the students regard as stern and strict, is actually kind. A who C whom B which D whose 16. They not only gave her food and lodging they also looked after her well. A and B but C still D however SECTION 1 OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (70 marks) SUMMATIVE TEST Sumative 1202 QB Gram F1.indd 137 02/08/2023 8:56 AM
141 Chapter 1 Exercise A 1. Dr. William (PN), dedication (AN) 2. carpenter (CN), table (CN) 3. people (CN), sugar (CN), curries (CN) 4. Honesty (AN), policy (AN) 5. dog (CN), Brownie (PN), bones (CN) 6. Aunt Susan (PN), kindness (AN), generosity (AN) 7. Mount Kinabalu (PN), mountain (CN), Sabah (PN) 8. cousin (CN), Mark (PN), university (CN), Britain (PN) 9. Blue Swan (PN), Suez (PN), week (CN) 10. Mount Fuji (PN), volcano (CN), Japan (PN) 11. teacher (CN), Miss Eliza (PN), book (CN), Indonesia (PN) 12. Roger (PN), determination (AN), perseverance (AN) Exercise B 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. C 10. A Exercise C 1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. B Exercise D Common Nouns 1. dessert 2. kingdom 3. serpent 4. night 5. museum 6. eagle 7. leather 8. tape 9. thread 10. horn Abstract Nouns 1. peace 2. courage 3. loss 4. cleanliness 5. freedom 6. truth 7. wealth 8. generosity 9. intelligence 10. fright Exercise E Common Nouns 2. school 4. cat/pet 6. country 8. cartoon (character) 10. movie/film show 12. food Proper Noun (Accept any other correct answers.) 1. Perdana 7. Amazon River 3. Encik Ahmad 9. Lady Gaga 5. Mummy’s Cooking 11. Coca Cola Exercise F 1. Shakespeare wrote the famous play, “Merchant of Venice”. 2. The A Famosa is a fort built by the Portuguese in Malacca. 3. I flew to Hong Kong from Singapore by Air Asia last December for a holiday. 4. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 5. The White House in Washington is the official home of the President of the United States of America. 6. He drives a silver Toyota but his sister drives a white Ford. 7. We had our lunch at Pizza Hut with our pen pals, Sean and Violet from Australia. 8. Hindus celebrate Deepavali but Christians celebrate Christmas. 9. Margie is Fiona’s favourite pet parrot. 10. In those days, we used to see a movie every Saturday at the Odeon Cinema. Chapter 2 Exercise A 1. C 2. C 3. U 4. U 5. C 6. U 7. C 8. U 9. C 10. U 11. U 12. C 13. U 14. C 15. U 16. C 17. U 18. C 19. U 20. C Exercise B 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. A Exercise C 1. stories 2. food 3. ash 4. buffaloes 5. copper 6. species 7. goods 8. persons/people 9. Cruelty 10. liquids Exercise D 1. much, little 2. a few, many 3. much, much 4. much, a few 5. much, a few 6. a few, many 7. a few, a little 8. much, little 9. Many, few 10. a few, Many Exercise E 1. some 2. any 3. some 4. any 5. some 6. some 7. any 8. some 9. some 10. any Exercise F (Accept any other correct answers.) 1. There are lots of people at the seaside on sunny days. 2. The deer are eating the leaves and shoots of trees. 3. They gave the detective some important information. 4. He bought a loaf of/some bread at the bakery near his house. 5. Today, I have a lot of homework to do. 6. Can I have a bottle of ketchup, please? 7. She added olive oil to the vegetable salad. 8. My father gave me a piece of/some useful advice. 9. You do not have much money left, do you? 10. They were listening to a piece of/some music just now. 11. The aircraft from America are expensive. 12. I have a large number of old coins. 13. The lorry transported all the furniture to Mark’s new house. 14. Mother needs some honey to bake this honeycomb cake. 15. The mechanic fixed the/a piece of machinery that had broken down. Answers Chapters 1 – 2 Ans 1202 QB Grammar F1.indd 141 22/06/2023 10:02 AM