ii Nota Ekspres ....................................................... N1 ‒ N14 BAB 1 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas.................1 – 12 Stimuli and Responses 1.1 Sistem Saraf Manusia Human Nervous System 1.2 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas dalam Manusia Stimuli and Responses in Humans 1.3 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas dalam Tumbuhan Stimuli and Responses in Plants 1.4 Kepentingan Gerak Balas terhadap Rangsangan dalam Haiwan Lain Importance of Responses to Stimuli in Animals BAB 2 Respirasi.....................................................13 ‒ 24 Respiration 2.1 Sistem Respirasi Manusia Human Respiratory System 2.2 Pergerakan dan Pertukaran Gas di dalam Badan Manusia Movement and Exchange of Gases in the Human Body 2.3 Kesihatan Sistem Respirasi Manusia Health of Human Respiratory System 2.4 Adaptasi dalam Sistem Respirasi Adaptations in Respiratory Systems 2.5 Pertukaran Gas dalam Tumbuhan Gaseous Exchange in Plants BAB 3 Pengangkutan...........................................25 ‒ 37 Transportation 3.1 Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Organisma Transport System in Organisms 3.2 Sistem Peredaran Darah Blood Circulatory System 3.3 Darah Manusia Human Blood 3.4 Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan Transport System in Plants 3.5 Sistem Peredaran Darah dalam Haiwan dan Sistem Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan Blood Circulatory System in Animals and Transport System in Plants BAB 4 Kereaktifan Logam..................................38 ‒ 44 Reactivity of Metals 4.1 Kepelbagaian Mineral Variety of Minerals 4.2 Siri Kereaktifan Logam Reactivity Series of Metals 4.3 Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya Extraction of Metals from their Ores BAB 5 Termokimia...............................................45 ‒ 50 Thermochemistry 5.1 Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions BAB 6 Elektrik dan Kemagnetan .....................51 ‒ 65 Electricity and Magnetism 6.1 Penjanaan Tenaga Elektrik Generation of Electricity 6.2 Transformer Transformer 6.3 Penghantaran dan Pengagihan Tenaga Elektrik Transmission and Distribution of Electricity 6.4 Pengiraan Kos Penggunaan Elektrik Calculating the Cost of Electricity Consumption BAB 7 Tenaga dan Kuasa....................................66 ‒ 76 Energy and Power 7.1 Kerja, Tenaga dan Kuasa Work, Energy and Power 7.2 Tenaga Keupayaan dan Tenaga Kinetik Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy 7.3 Prinsip Keabadian Tenaga Principle of Conservation of Energy BAB 8 Keradioaktifan .........................................77 ‒ 86 Radioactivity 8.1 Sejarah Penemuan Keradioaktifan Discovery of Radioactivity 8.2 Atom dan Nukleus Atom and Nucleus 8.3 Sinaran Mengion dan Sinaran Tidak Mengion Ionising Radiation and Non-ionising Radiation 8.4 Kegunaan Sinaran Radioaktif Uses of Radioactive Radiation BAB 9 Cuaca Angkasa Lepas..............................87 ‒ 93 Space Weather 9.1 Aktiviti Matahari yang Memberi Kesan kepada Bumi Activities of the Sun that Affect the Earth 9.2 Cuaca Angkasa Space Weather BAB 10 Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas...................94 ‒ 99 Space Exploration 10.1 Perkembangan dalam Astronomi Development in Astronomy 10.2 Perkembangan dan Teknologi dalam Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas Development of Technology and its Application in Space Exploration Pentaksiran Sumatif Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA)................... 100 ‒ 120 Jawapan................................................................ 121 ‒ 136 Kandungan 00 Kand_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 2 20/03/2023 11:18 AM
N1 Nota Ekspres BAB 1 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas Stimuli and Responses 1.1 Sistem Saraf Manusia Human Nervous System 1. Sistem saraf manusia terdiri daripada: The human nervous system consists of: Sistem saraf pusat Central nervous system Otak Brain Saraf tunjang Spinal cord Saraf kranium Cranial nerves Saraf spina Spinal nerves Sistem saraf periferi Peripheral nervous system Sistem Saraf Manusia Human Nervous System 2. Fungsi sistem saraf manusia adalah untuk mengawal dan menyelaras aktiviti organ dan bahagian-bahagian badan dengan mengesan rangsangan, menghantar dan mentafsir impuls serta menghasilkan gerak balas yang bersesuaian. The functions of human nervous system are to control and coordinate the activities of the organs and parts of the body by detecting stimuli, sending and interpreting impulses, and generating appropriate responses. 3. Tindakan terkawal ialah tindakan yang dilakukan dengan sengaja. Membaca dan bercakap ialah contoh tindakan terkawal. Voluntary actions are actions that are conducted consciously and under one’s will. Reading and talking are the examples of voluntary actions. 4. Tindakan tidak terkawal ialah tindakan yang berlaku tanpa disedari. Tindakan ini terbahagi kepada dua, iaitu melibatkan medula oblongata dan saraf tunjang. Involuntary actions are actions that are conducted unconsciously. It can be divided into two; involving medulla oblongata and spinal cord. 5. Contoh tindakan tidak terkawal: Examples of involuntary actions: Tindakan Tidak Terkawal Involuntary Actions Melibatkan medula oblongata Involving medulla oblongata • Bernafas Breathing • Denyutan jantung Heartbeat Melibatkan saraf tunjang Involving spinal cord • Bersin Sneezing • Menarik kaki apabila terpijak paku Withdrawing foot when accidentally stepping on a nail 1.2 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas dalam Manusia Stimuli and Responses in Humans 1. Lima organ deria: Five sensory organs: (a) Mata/ Eyes (b) Telinga/ Ears (c) Hidung/ Nose (d) Kulit/ Skin (e) Lidah/ Tongue 2. Organ-organ deria ini peka terhadap rangsangan seperti cahaya, bunyi, bau, sentuhan dan rasa. These sensory organs are sensitive towards stimuli such as light, sound, smell, touch and taste. 3. Kepekaan terhadap rangsangan ditentukan oleh bilangan reseptor dan kombinasi organ deria. The sensitivity towards stimuli is determined by the number of receptors and the combination of sensory organs. 00c Nota_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 1 20/03/2023 4:44 PM
N2 Nota Ekspres 1.3 Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas dalam Tumbuhan Stimuli and Responses in Plants Tropisme Tropism Fototropisme Phototropism Hidrotropisme Hydrotropism Geotropisme Geotropism Tigmotropisme Thigmotropism Gerak balas nastik Nastic movement Gerak Balas Tumbuhan Responses in Plants 1.4 Kepentingan Gerak Balas terhadap Rangsangan dalam Haiwan Lain Importance of Responses towards Stimuli in Animals 1. Penglihatan stereoskopik: Kedua-dua mata terletak di hadapan kepala. Stereoscopic vision: Both eyes are located in front of the head. 2. Penglihatan monokular: Kedua-dua mata terletak di sisi kepala. Monocular vision: Both eyes are located at the sides of the head. BAB 2 Respirasi Respiration 2.1 Sistem Respirasi Manusia Human Respiratory System 1. Sistem respirasi manusia merangkumi: The human respiratory system includes: Lubang hidung Nostrils Epiglotis Epiglottis Larinks Larynx Otot interkostal Intercostal muscles Diafragma Diaphragm Bronkus Bronchus Trakea Trachea Farinks Pharynx Rongga hidung Nasal cavity Bronkiol Bronchiole Alveolus Alveolus 2. Mekanisme pernafasan: Breathing mechanism: Lubang hidung Nostrils Bronkus Bronchus Bronkiol Bronchiole Rongga hidung Nasal cavity Trakea Trachea Alveolus Alveolus Farinks Pharynx Larinks Larynx 3. Semasa menarik nafas: During inhalation: C a b (a) Isi padu rongga toraks bertambah. The volume of thoracic cavity increases. (b) Otot interkostal mengecut, sangkar rusuk bergerak ke atas dan ke luar. Intercostal muscles contract, rib cage moves upwards and outwards. (c) Otot diafragma mengecut dan meleper. Diaphragm muscles contract and become flat. 4. Semasa menghembus nafas: During exhalation: C b a (a) Isi padu rongga toraks berkurang. The volume of thoracic cavity decreases. (b) Otot interkostal mengendur, sangkar rusuk bergerak ke bawah dan ke dalam. Intercostal muscles relax, rib cage moves downwards and inwards. 00c Nota_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 2 20/03/2023 4:44 PM
N3Nota Ekspres (c) Otot diafragma mengendur dan melengkung ke atas. Diaphragm muscles relax and curve upwards. 2.2 Pergerakan dan Pertukaran Gas di dalam Badan Manusia Movement and Exchange of Gases in Human Body 1. Pertukaran gas antara alveolus dengan kapilari darah: Gaseous exchange between alveolus and blood capillaries: Kapilari darah Blood capillary Sel darah merah Red blood cells Oksigen menyerap ke dalam sel darah merah Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells Karbon dioksida menyerap ke dalam alveolus Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveolus Udara hembusan Gas exhaled Udara sedutan Gas inhaled O2 CO2 2. Kepentingan adaptasi struktur alveolus: The importance of adaptations of the structure of alveoli: (a) Dinding alveolus dan kapilari darah yang nipis mempercepat kadar resapan gas. The thin walls of alveoli and blood capillaries increase the rate of diffusion of gases. (b) Bilangan alveolus yang berjuta-juta menyediakan permukaan yang luas untuk pertukaran gas. The million numbers of alveoli provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange. (c) Dinding alveolus yang lembap membenarkan gas melarut dan meresap ke dalam kapilari darah. The moist wall of alveoli allows gases to dissolve and diffuse into the blood capillaries. (d) Jaringan kapilari yang padat meningkatkan kadar pertukaran gas. The dense network of capillaries increases the rate of gaseous exchange. 2.3 Kesihatan Sistem Respirasi Manusia Health of Human Respiratory System 1. Bahan-bahan yang memudaratkan sistem respirasi manusia: Substances that are harmful to the human respiratory system: (a) Tar rokok Cigarette tar (b) Karbon monoksida Carbon monoxide (c) Sulfur dioksida Sulphur dioxide (d) Nitrogen dioksida Nitrogen dioxide (e) Jerebu, debu dan debunga Haze, dust and pollen 2. Penyakit respiratori dan simptomnya: Respiratory diseases and their symptoms: (a) Asma – sesak nafas, semput dan batuk Asthma – shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing (b) Bronkitis – batuk berterusan, tercungapcungap, tidak dapat tidur Bronchitis – persistent coughing, shortness of breath, insomnia (c) Emfisema – sesak nafas, sakit dada ketika bernafas, cepat letih Emphysema – shortness of breath, chest pain when breathing, fatigue (d) Kanser peparu – batuk berterusan, kahak berdarah, sakit dada ketika bernafas Lung cancer – persistent coughing, blood in phlegm, chest pain when breathing 2.4 Adaptasi dalam Sistem Respirasi Adaptations in Respiratory Systems 1. Tiga ciri untuk memastikan pertukaran gas yang cekap: Three features to ensure efficient exchange of gases: (a) Permukaan yang lembap – pada alveolus Moist surface – on alveolus (b) Nipis – dinding alveolus, dinding kapilari darah Thin – wall of alveolus, wall of blood capillaries (c) Luas permukaan yang besar – bilangan alveolus yang berjuta-juta dalam peparu Wide surface area – millions of alveoli in the lungs 00c Nota_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 3 20/03/2023 4:44 PM
Soalan Objektif Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, iaitu A, B, C, dan D. Bagi setiap soalan, pilih satu jawapan sahaja. Each question is followed by four choices of answers, A, B, C, and D. For each question, choose one answer only. Buku Teks: m.s. 124 – 128 Kepelbagaian Mineral Variety of Minerals 4.1 1. Antara berikut, contoh mineral yang manakah boleh didapati sebagai unsur semula jadi di dalam kerak Bumi? Which of the following examples of mineral can be obtained as a natural element in the Earth’s crust? I Bauksit III Argentum Bauxite Silver II Malakit IV Merkuri Malachite Mercury A I dan II C II dan III I and II II and III B III dan IV D I dan IV III and IV I and IV 2. Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan komposisi yang betul bagi mineral semula jadi? Which of the following shows the correct composition of natural mineral? Mineral Mineral Komposisi Composition A Bauksit Bauxite Aluminium dan sulfur Aluminium and sulphur B Malakit Malachite Kuprum dan sulfur Copper and sulphur C Kalsit Calcite Kalsium, karbon dan oksigen Calcium, carbon and oxygen D Galena Galena Plumbum dan oksigen Lead and oxygen 3. Mineral pirit mengandungi sebatian ferum sulfida. Selain logam ferum, unsur yang manakah juga boleh didapati daripada pirit? The pyrite mineral contains iron sulphide. Apart from iron metal, which element can also be obtained from pyrite? A Sulfur Sulphur B Karbon dan oksigen Carbon and oxygen C Sulfur dan oksigen Sulphur and oxygen B Oksigen Oxygen Buku Teks: m.s. 129 – 136 Siri Kereaktifan Logam Reactivity Series of Metals 4.2 4. Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji kereaktifan beberapa unsur. Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of apparatus to investigate the reactivity of several elements. Serbuk karbon + ferum(III) oksida + kuprum(II) oksida Carbon powder + iron(III) oxide + copper(II) oxide Mangkuk pijar Crucible Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Apakah bahan yang tertinggal dalam mangkuk pijar selepas tindak balas berlaku selengkapnya? What substance is left in the crucible after the reaction occurs completely? Kereaktifan Logam Reactivity of Metals BAB 4 Nota Ekspres 38Bab 4 04_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 38 20/03/2023 11:44 AM
Soalan Subjektif Buku Teks: m.s. 124 – 128 Kepelbagaian Mineral Variety of Minerals 4.1 1. Tuliskan BENAR atau PALSU bagi pernyataan berikut. TP 2 Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statements. Pernyataan Statement BENAR / PALSU TRUE / FALSE (a) Emas dan argentum ialah contoh mineral. Gold and silver are the examples of mineral. BENAR/ TRUE (b) Sebatian berasal daripada beberapa unsur yang bergabung secara kimia. Compounds are made up of a few elements that combine chemically. BENAR/ TRUE (c) Hematit ialah gabungan ferum dan oksigen Hematite is a combination of iron and oxygen. BENAR/ TRUE (d) Kalsium karbonat ialah nama sistematik bagi kasiterit. Calcium carbonate is the systematic name for cassiterite. PALSU/ FALSE (e) Tiga unsur yang membentuk kalsium karbonat ialah kalsium, karbon dan oksigen. Three elements that form calcium carbonate are calcium, carbon and oxygen. BENAR/ TRUE (f) Galena merupakan sejenis mineral semula jadi yang berbentuk unsur. Galena is a natural mineral in the form of element. PALSU/ FALSE (g) Kapur diperbuat daripada kalsium karbonat. Chalk is made from calcium carbonate. BENAR/ TRUE 2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan eksperimen yang dijalankan oleh Sarah untuk menunjukkan bahawa sebatian semula jadi terdiri daripada beberapa unsur. Diagram 1 shows the experiment carried out by Sarah to show that natural compounds are made up of a few elements. Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Air kapur Limewater Asid hidroklorik cair Dilute hydrochloric acid Kalsium karbonat Calcium carbonate Air kapur Limewater Eksperimen A Experiment A Eksperimen B Experiment B Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 TP2 Menguasai Belum menguasai 40Bab 4 04_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 40 20/03/2023 11:44 AM
Pemerhatian yang direkodkan adalah seperti di bawah: The observation is recorded as below: Eksperimen Experiment Keadaan air kapur/ The condition of limewater Sebelum gas dibebaskan Before gas is released Selepas gas dibebaskan After gas is released A: Kalsium karbonat dicampurkan dengan asid hidroklorik cair A: Calcium carbonate is mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid Jernih Clear Keruh Cloudy B: Kalsium karbonat dipanaskan B: Calcium carbonate is heated Jernih Clear Keruh Cloudy (a) Nyatakan gas yang dibebaskan apabila kalsium karbonat TP 2 State is the gas that is released when calcium carbonate (i) bertindak balas dengan asid hidroklorik cair/ reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Karbon dioksida/ Carbon dioxide (ii) dipanaskan dengan kuat / is heated strongly: Karbon dioksida/ Carbon dioxide (b) Tuliskan persamaan perkataan bagi kedua-dua tindak balas di 2(a). TP 2 Write the word equations for both reactions in 2(a). Kalsium karbonat + asid hidroklorik → kalsium klorida + karbon dioksida + air Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water Kalsium karbonat (dipanaskan)→ kalsium oksida + karbon dioksida Calcium carbonate (heated) → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide (c) Pada pendapat anda, apakah unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian kalsium karbonat? In your opinion, what are the elements that make up the calcium carbonate compound? KBAT Mengaplikasi Kalsium, karbon dan oksigen./ Calcium, carbon and oxygen. Buku Teks: m.s. 129 – 136 Siri Kereaktifan Logam Reactivity Series of Metals 4.2 1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji kereaktifan logam dengan oksigen. Diagram 1 shows an experiment that is conducted to investigate the reactivity of a metal with oxygen. Serbuk logam Metal powder Wul kaca Glass wool Hablur kalium manganat (Vll) Potassium manganate (Vll) crystals Penunu Bunsen Bunsen Kaki retort burner Retort stand Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 TP2 Menguasai Belum menguasai 41Bab 4 04_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 41 20/03/2023 11:44 AM
Soalan Objektif Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, iaitu A, B, C, dan D. Bagi setiap soalan, pilih satu jawapan sahaja. Each question is followed by four choices of answers, A, B, C, and D. For each question, choose one answer only. Buku Teks: m.s. 148 – 154 Tindak Balas Endotermik dan Eksotermik Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions 5.1 1. Apakah jenis tindak balas yang menyebabkan suhu persekitarannya menurun? What type of reaction causes the temperature of its surroundings to decrease? A Tindak balas eksotermik Exothermic reaction B Tindak balas endotermik Endothermic reaction C Tindak balas peneutralan Neutralisation reaction D Tindak balas pembakaran Combustion reaction 2. Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis tindak balas. Diagram 1 shows a type of reaction. Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Apakah jenis tindak balas dan perubahan haba yang berlaku dalam tindak balas yang ditunjukkan? What type of reaction and the heat change that occurs in the reaction shown? Jenis tindak balas Type of reaction Perubahan haba Heat change A Eksotermik Exothermic Haba dibebaskan Heat is released B Eksotermik Exothermic Haba diserap Heat is absorbed C Endotermik Endothermic Haba dibebaskan Heat is released D Endotermik Endothermic Haba diserap Heat is absorbed 3. Maklumat berikut adalah tentang tindak balas X. The following information is about reaction X. • Haba diserap dari persekitaran Heat is absorbed from the surroundings • Suhu persekitaran menurun Temperature of the surroundings decreases Antara berikut, yang manakah contoh tindak balas X? Which of the following is an example of reaction X? A Pembakaran bahan api fosil Combustion of fossil fuel B Peneutralan asid dan alkali Neutralisation of acid and alkali C Melarutkan serbuk ammonium nitrat dalam air Dissolving ammonium nitrate powder in water D Melarutkan serbuk kalsium klorida dalam air Dissolving calcium chloride powder in water Termokimia Thermochemistry BAB 5 Nota Ekspres 45Bab 5 05_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 45 20/03/2023 4:46 PM
2. Padankan tindak balas berikut dengan jawapan yang betul. TP 1 Match the following reactions with the correct answers. (a) Letupan bom Bomb explosion (i) Tindak balas endotermik Endothermic reactions (b) Respirasi Respiration (c) Pengaratan besi Rusting of iron (d) Peneutralan larutan berasid oleh alkali Neutralisation of acidic solution by alkaline (ii) Tindak balas eksotermik Exothermic reactions (e) Membakar kek Baking a cake 3. Rajah 1 menunjukkan tumbuhan membuat makanan sendiri melalui fotosintesis pada waktu siang. Perubahan tenaga berlaku semasa proses ini. Diagram 1 shows that the plant makes its own food through photosynthesis during the day. Changes in energy happen during this process. Cahaya matahari Sunlight Oksigen Oxygen Karbon dioksida Carbon dioxide Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 (a) Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku semasa proses tersebut? TP 2 What type of reaction takes place during the process? Endotermik/ Endothermic (b) Jelaskan jawapan anda di 3(a). Explain your answer in 3(a). KBAT Mengaplikasi Tumbuhan menyerap tenaga cahaya dari Matahari untuk menjalankan fotosintesis. Plants absorb light energy from the Sun to carry out photosynthesis. (c) Tulis persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas tersebut. TP 2 Write the word equation for the reaction. Karbon dioksida + air + tenaga cahaya ˜ glukosa + oksigen Carbon dioxide + water + light energy ˜ glucose + oxygen TP1 Menguasai Belum menguasai TP2 Menguasai Belum menguasai 48Bab 5 05_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 48 20/03/2023 4:46 PM
(d) Apakah perbezaan antara tindak balas endotermik dengan tindak balas eksotermik? What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions? KBAT Mengaplikasi Tindak balas endotermik menyerap tenaga dari persekitaran manakala tindak balas eksotermik membebaskan tenaga ke persekitaran. / Endothermic reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings, while exothermic reaction releases energy to the surroundings. (e) Apakah contoh tindak balas eksotermik dalam tumbuhan? TP 2 What is an example of exothermic reaction in plants? Respirasi sel/ Cell respiration 4. Linda menjalankan sebuah eksperimen untuk mengkaji perubahan haba. Jadual 1 menunjukkan pemerhatian yang direkodkan olehnya. Linda conducts an experiment to investigate the changes in heat. Table 1 shows the observation that she has recorded. Jadual 1 / Table 1 Set Set Bahan-bahan yang digunakan Substances used Pemerhatian Observation A Natrium hidroksida dan air Sodium hydroxide and water Tabung uji terasa panas. Suhu awal = 30 o C, suhu akhir = 38 o C Test tube feels hot. Initial temperature = 30 °C, final temperature = 38 °C B Natrium tiosulfat dan air Sodium thiosulfate and water Tabung uji terasa sejuk. Suhu awal = 30 o C, suhu akhir = 23 o C Test tube feels cold. Initial temperature = 30 o C, final temperature = 23 o C (a) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini: TP 1 State the variables in this experiment: (i) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan/ Manipulated variable: Jenis bahan kimia/ Type of chemical substance (ii) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas/ Responding variable: Bacaan suhu akhir/ Final temperature reading (iii) Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan/ Constant variable: Isi padu dan suhu awal air/ Volume and initial temperature of water (b) Apakah jenis tindak balas dalam Set A? Jelaskan jawapan anda. What is the type of reaction in Set A? Explain your answer. KBAT Mengaplikasi Eksotermik kerana haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran. Exothermic because heat is released to the surroundings. (c) Apakah jenis tindak balas dalam Set B? Jelaskan jawapan anda. What is the type of reaction in Set B? Explain your answer. KBAT Mengaplikasi Endotermik kerana haba diserap dari persekitaran. Endothermic because heat is absorbed from the surroundings. TP1 Menguasai Belum menguasai TP2 Menguasai Belum menguasai 49Bab 5 05_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 49 20/03/2023 4:46 PM
5. Rajah 2 menunjukkan aplikasi tindak balas eksotermik dan tindak balas endotermik yang digunakan untuk merawat kekejangan otot dan untuk mengurangkan bengkak. Diagram 2 shows the applications of exothermic and endothermic reactions that are used to treat muscle cramp and to reduce swelling. Pek Panas Segera Instant Hot Pack Tekan di sini Squeeze here Pek Sejuk Segera Instant Cold Pack Tekan di sini Squeeze here Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 (a) Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam pek sejuk segera? Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam pek sejuk. TP 3 What is the type of reaction that takes place in the instant cold pack? Explain the process that happens in it. KBAT Mengaplikasi Tindak balas endotermik. Pek sejuk mempunyai 2 beg, iaitu beg dalaman dan beg luaran. Beg dalaman mengandungi air manakala beg luaran mengandungi garam ionik seperti ammonium nitrat. Apabila pek itu dipicit, beg dalaman pecah menyebabkan garam ionik bercampur dengan air dan melarut. Tindak balas tersebut menyerap haba dari persekitaran. Endothermic reaction. The cold pack is made up of 2 bags, which are an inner bag and an outer bag. The inner bag contains water while the outer bag contains ionic salt such as ammonium nitrate. When the pack is squeezed, the inner bag breaks causing the ionic salt to mix with the water and dissolves. The reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings. (b) Apakah jenis tindak balas yang berlaku dalam pek panas segera? Jelaskan proses yang terjadi di dalam pek panas. TP 3 What is the type of reaction that takes place in the instant hot pack? Explain the process that happens in it. KBAT Mengaplikasi Tindak balas eksotermik. Seperti pek sejuk, pek panas juga mempunyai 2 beg, iaitu beg dalaman dan beg luaran. Beg dalaman mengandungi air manakala beg luaran mengandungi garam ionik seperti magnesium sulfat. Apabila pek itu dipicit, beg dalaman akan pecah menyebabkan garam ionik bercampur dengan air dan melarut. Tindak balas tersebut membebaskan haba ke persekitaran. Exothermic reaction. Just like the cold pack, the hot pack is made up of 2 bags, which are an inner bag and an outer bag. The inner bag contains water while the outer bag contains ionic salt such as magnesium sulphate. When the pack is squeezed, the inner bag breaks causing the ionic salt to mix with the water and dissolves. The reaction releases heat to the surroundings. TP3 Menguasai Belum menguasai 50Bab 5 05_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 50 20/03/2023 4:46 PM
Soalan Objektif Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, iaitu A, B, C, dan D. Bagi setiap soalan, pilih satu jawapan sahaja. Each question is followed by four choices of answers, A, B, C, and D. For each question, choose one answer only. Buku Teks: m.s. 232 – 237 Sejarah Penemuan Keradioaktifan Discovery of Radioactivity 8.1 1. Apakah unit S.I. bagi keradioaktifan? What is the S.I. unit of radioactivity? A becquerel, Bq B curie, Ci C sievert, Sv D newton, N 2. Suatu sampel bahan beradioaktif mempunyai keaktifan 1.036 × 1011 Bq. Apakah keaktifan sampel ini dalam unit Ci? (Diberi 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) A sample of a radioactive substance has the activity of 1.036 × 1011 Bq. What is the activity of this sample in Ci unit? (Given 1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 Bq) A 0.36 Ci C 1.4 Ci B 0.72 Ci D 2.8 Ci 3. Keaktifan suatu sampel bahan beradioaktif ialah 952 pereputan s–1. Jika separuh hayat bahan beradioaktif itu ialah 7 hari, berapa lamakah yang diperlukan supaya keaktifannya berkurang menjadi 119 pereputan s–1? The activity of a sample of a radioactive substance is 952 decay s–1. If the half-life of the radioactive substance is 7 days, how long is required so that its activity decreases to 119 decay s–1? A 7 hari C 21 hari 7 days 21 days B 14 hari D 28 days 14 days 28 days 4. Antara tokoh berikut, yang manakah tidak terlibat dalam penemuan keradioaktifan? Which of the following figures is not involved in the discovery of radioactivity? A Wilhelm Roentgen B Henri Becquerel C Dimitri Mendeleev D Marie Curie 5. Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan contoh bahan beradioaktif? Which of the following is an example of radioactive substance? I Karbon-12 Carbon-12 II Magnesium-24 Magnesium-24 III Uranium-235 Uranium-235 IV Kobalt-60 Cobalt-60 A I dan II C II dan III I and II II and III B III dan IV D I dan IV III and IV I and IV 6. Rajah 1 menunjukkan corak runut yang dihasilkan oleh tiga sinaran radioaktif yang berlainan dalam kebuk awan. Diagram 1 shows the track patterns produced by three different radioactive radiation in a cloud chamber. K L M Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Keradioaktifan Radioactivity BAB 8 Nota Ekspres 77Bab 8 08_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 77 20/03/2023 12:04 PM
Soalan Subjektif Buku Teks: m.s. 232 – 237 Sejarah Penemuan Keradioaktifan Discovery of Radioactivity 8.1 1. Padankan tokoh-tokoh sejarah berikut dengan penemuan mereka. TP 1 Match the following historical figures with their discoveries. (a) Wilhelm Roentgen (i) Menemukan radium Found radium (b) Marie and Piere Curie (ii) Menemukan sinar-X Found X-ray 2. Tandakan (✓) pada pernyataan yang betul dan (7) pada pernyataan yang salah. TP 1 Tick (✓) on the correct statement and (✗) on the false statement. (a) Unit S.I. bagi keradioaktifan ialah becquerel (Bq). The S.I. unit for radioactivity is becquerel (Bq). 7 (b) Keradioaktifan ialah proses pereputan nukleus secara rawak dan spontan dengan memancarkan sinaran radioaktif seperti sinar alfa, beta dan gama. Radioactivity is a random and spontaneous decaying of nucleus by emitting radioactive radiation such as alpha, beta and gamma rays. 3 (c) Radon-222 dan Uranium-238 ialah contoh unsur radioaktif yang mempunyai nukleus yang tidak stabil. Radon-222 and Uranium-238 are the examples of radioactive elements that have unstable nuclei. 3 (d) Separuh hayat ialah tempoh yang diambil oleh nukleus untuk mereput dan berkurang kepada separuh daripada nilai asalnya. Half-life is the time taken by a nucleus to decay and reduce to half of its original value. 3 3. Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf keaktifan melawan masa bagi sejenis bahan radioaktif. Diagram 1 shows the graph of activity against time for a radioactive substance. 5 Keaktifan (Bq) Activity (Bq) Masa (minit) Time (minute) Graf keaktifan melawan masa bahan radioaktif Graph of activity against time for radioactive substance 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 10 15 20 25 Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 TP1 Menguasai Belum menguasai 80Bab 8 08_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 80 20/03/2023 12:04 PM
Hitung separuh hayat bahan tersebut. Calculate the half-life of the substance. KBAT Mengaplikasi Keaktifan asal Original activity = 1200 Bq Keaktifan separuh hayat Activity at half-life = 1 2 ×1200 Bq = 600 Bq Separuh hayat bahan ialah 9 minit Half-life of the substance is 9 minutes 4. Uranium-238 mereput menjadi Torium-234 dengan separuh hayat, T1 2 , 4.5 jam. Jika jisim Uranium-238 ialah 60 g, hitung jisimnya selepas 13.5 jam. Uranium-238 decays to Thorium-234 with half-life, T 1 2 of 4.5 hours. If the original mass of Uranium-238 is 60 g, calculate the mass after 13.5 hours. KBAT Mengaplikasi 0 jam/ hour → 4.5 jam/ hour → 9 jam/ hour → 13.5 jam/ hour 60 g 30 g 15 g 7.5 g Jisim yang tinggal selepas 13.5 jam ialah 7.5 g. The mass left after 13.5 hours is 7.5 g. Buku Teks: m.s. 238 – 239 Atom dan Nukleus Atom and Nucleus 8.2 1. Tandakan (✓) pada pernyataan yang betul dan (7) pada pernyataan yang salah. TP 1 Tick (✓) on the correct statement and (✗) on the false statement. (a) Ion terbentuk apabila suatu atom menerima atau kehilangan elektron. Ion is formed when an atom receives or loses an electron. 3 (b) Atom yang menderma elektron menjadi ion negatif. An atom that donates its electron becomes a negative ion. 7 (c) Ion positif mempunyai bilangan proton melebihi bilangan elektron. A positive ion has more number of protons than the number of electrons. 3 (d) Menurut Teori Atom Dalton, atom terdiri daripada proton, neutron dan elektron. According to the Dalton’s Atomic Theory, an atom consists of proton, neutron and electron. 7 (e) Atom yang mempunyai bilangan proton dan elektron yang sama adalah bersifat neutral. An atom that has the same number of proton and electron is neutral. 3 TP1 Menguasai Belum menguasai 81Bab 8 08_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 81 20/03/2023 12:04 PM
2. Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi zarah-zarah yang disenaraikan. Table 1 shows the number of proton and neutron for the listed particles. Jadual 1 / Table 1 Zarah Particle M N O P Q R S Bilangan proton Number of proton 5 8 7 30 15 24 8 Bilangan neutron Number of neutron 6 8 8 29 15 26 10 (a) Nyatakan: TP 1 State: (i) Zarah-zarah neutral: The neutral particles: N dan Q./ N and Q. (ii) Kation/ Cation: P (iii) Anion/ Anion: M, O, R dan S./ M, O, R and S. (b) Bagaimanakah ion terbentuk? How are ions formed? KBAT Mengaplikasi Ion terbentuk apabila sesuatu atom menderma atau menerima elektron. Ions are formed when an atom donates or receives electrons. 3. Jadual 2.1 dan Jadual 2.2 menunjukkan pembentukan ion X. Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 show the formation of ion X. Jadual 2.1 / Table 2.1 Jadual 2.2 / Table 2.2 Zarah subatom Subatomic particles Bilangan Number Cas Charge Pemindahan elektron Transfer of electron Zarah subatom Subatomic particles Bilangan Number Cas Charge Elektron Electron 8 –8 Elektron Electron 11 –11 Proton Proton 8 +8 Proton Proton 8 +8 Neutron Neutron 8 0 Neutron Neutron 8 0 Cas pada atom oksigen, O The charge on oxygen atom, O 0 Cas pada ion X The charge on ion X –3 (a) Berapakah bilangan elektron yang diterima atau dibuang oleh atom oksigen dalam pembentukan ion X? TP 2 How many electrons are received or lost by the oxygen atom in the formation of ion X? 3 elektron diterima./ 3 electrons are received. (b) Namakan ion X dan tuliskan simbolnya. TP 2 Name ion X and write the symbol. O3– TP1 Menguasai Belum menguasai TP2 Menguasai Belum menguasai 82Bab 8 08_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 82 20/03/2023 12:04 PM
Bahagian A Section A [20 markah/ 20 marks] Jawab semua soalan Answer all questions. 1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur telinga manusia. Diagram 1 shows the structure of human ear. P Q R S Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 Bahagian yang manakah berfungsi menukarkan getaran bunyi kepada impuls untuk dihantar ke otak? Which part functions to change sound vibrations into impulse to be sent to the brain? A P C R B Q D S 2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan sejenis kecacatan penglihatan. Diagram 2 shows a type of vision defect. Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentang kecacatan penglihatan yang ditunjukkan? Which of the following is correct about the vision defect shown? A Disebabkan oleh bebola mata yang terlalu panjang Caused by the eyeball being too long B Kecacatan yang ditunjukkan ialah rabun dekat The defect shown is long-sightedness C Menyebabkan objek dekat tidak dapat dilihat dengan jelas Causes near objects cannot be seen clearly D Boleh dibetulkan dengan menggunakan kanta cembung Can be corrected by using convex lens 3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu struktur penting dalam sistem respirasi manusia. Diagram 3 shows an important structure in the human respiratory system. Rajah 3 / Diagram 3 Antara berikut, yang manakah betul tentang struktur itu? Which of the following is correct about the structure? A Disokong oleh otot-otot interkostal yang kuat Supported by strong intercostal muscles B Dindingnya hanya setebal satu sel The walls are only one cell thick C Mempunyai nisbah jumlah luas permukaan kepada isi padu yang kecil Has a small ratio of total surface area to volume D Dilitupi oleh satu jaringan saraf yang banyak Covered with a dense network of nerves 100 Pentaksiran Sumatif Pentaksiran Sumatif Ujian Akhir Sesi Akademik (UASA) PSumatif_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 100 20/03/2023 4:48 PM
Bahagian B Section B [20 markah/ 20 marks] Jawab semua soalan. Answer all questions. 1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur keratan rentas mata manusia. Diagram 1 shows the cross-sectional structure of the human eye. Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 (a) Apakah rangsangan yang dikesan oleh mata? Tandakan (✓) pada jawapan yang betul. What is the stimulus detected by the eye? Tick (✓) on the correct answer. Bunyi Sound Sentuhan Touch ✓ Cahaya Light [1 markah / 1 mark] (b) Pada Rajah 1, In Diagram 1, (i) namakan X dan Y dengan menulis jawapan anda pada ruang yang disediakan. name X and Y by writing down your answer in the space provided. [2 markah / 2 marks] (ii) labelkan struktur yang menghantar impuls dari mata ke otak dengan menggunakan huruf ‘Z’. label the structure that send impulses from the eye to the brain using the letter ‘Z’. [1 markah / 1 mark] 2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur keratan rentas alveolus manusia. Proses pertukaran gas berlaku di dalam alveolus. Diagram 2 shows the cross-sectional structure of human alveolus. The exchange of gases occurs in the alveolus. Darah X Blood X Darah Y Blood Y Oksigen Oxygen Sel darah merah Red blood cell Karbon dioksida Carbon dioxide Rajah 2 / Diagram 2 Y: Sklera / Sclera (ii) Darah terdeoksigen Deoxygenated blood X: Kanta mata / Lens Z (i) Darah beroksigen Oxygenated blood 105Pentaksiran Sumatif PSumatif_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 105 20/03/2023 4:48 PM
Bahagian C Section C [60 markah/ 60 marks] Jawab semua soalan. Answer all questions. 6. Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji bagaimana tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan. Diagram 6.1 shows the arrangement of apparatus to investigate how plants respond towards a stimulus. Anak benih Seedlings Kapas lembap Moist cotton Kasa dawai Wire gauze Bikar X Beaker X Air Water Kalsium klorida kontang Anhydrous calcium chloride Bikar Y Beaker Y Rajah 6.1 / Diagram 6.1 (a) Susunan radas dalam Rajah 6.1 dibiarkan selama tiga hari. Lukiskan bentuk akar anak benih tiga hari kemudian pada rajah di bawah. The arrangement of apparatus in Diagram 6.1 is left for three days. Draw the shape of the roots of the seedlings three days later in the diagram below. Bikar X Beaker X Bikar Y Beaker Y [2 markah / 2 marks] (b) Nyatakan fungsi kalsium klorida kontang dalam bikar Y. State the function of anhydrous calcium chloride in beaker Y. Untuk menyerap kelembapan. / To absorb moisture. [1 markah / 1 mark] (c) (i) Apakah jenis tropisme yang ditunjukkan oleh akar anak benih dalam eksperimen ini? What is the type of tropism shown by the roots of seedlings in this experiment? Hidrotropisme positif / Positive hydrotropism [1 markah / 1 mark] (ii) Nyatakan satu kepentingan tropisme yang dinyatakan di (c)(i). State one importance of the tropism stated in (c)(i). Membolehkan tumbuhan untuk mendapatkan air. / Enables plant to obtain water. [1 markah / 1 mark] 109Pentaksiran Sumatif PSumatif_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 109 20/03/2023 4:48 PM
(c) En. Michael ingin memasang sebuah radio di restorannya untuk menghiburkan pelanggannya. Radio yang En. Michael sedia ada beroperasi dengan menggunakan elektrik dengan voltan 60 V, tetapi bekalan kuasa di restorannya membekalkan elektrik dengan voltan 240 V. Mr. Michael wants to install a radio in his restaurant to entertain his customers. The radio that Mr. Michael already has operates using electricity with the voltage of 60 V, but the power supply in his restaurant supplies electricity with the voltage of 240 V. Dengan menggunakan radas berikut, bantu En. Michael mereka cipta satu alat yang boleh digunakan untuk mengubah voltan elektrik restorannya kepada voltan yang sesuai digunakan untuk radio En. Michael. Huraikan bagaimana alat yang anda reka cipta berfungsi. By using the following apparatus, help Mr. Michael to design a device that can be used to change the voltage of his restaurant to a suitable voltage to be used for the Mr. Michael’s radio. Describe how the device you design works. 1. Besi lembut berbentuk U U-shaped soft iron 2. Dawai penyambung Connecting wires [1 markah / 1 mark] Rajah alat yang direka cipta: Diagram of the device created: Gegelung primer Primary coil Gegelung sekunder Secondary coil Besi lembut berbentuk U U-shaped soft iron Output Output Input Input Bagaimana alat tersebut berfungsi? How does the device work? Apabila arus ulang-alik mengalir ke dalam gegelung primer, medan magnet yang berubahubah terhasil dan memintas gegelung sekunder. Hal ini menyebabkan arus aruhan terhasil pada gegelung sekunder. Oleh kerana bilangan lilitan pada gegelung sekunder kurang daripada bilangan lilitan pada gegelung primer, arus output mempunyai voltan yang lebih rendah daripada arus input. When an alternating current flows into the primary coil, a varying magnetic field is produced and cuts the secondary coil. This causes an induced current to be produced in the secondary coil. Since the number of turns on the secondary coil is less than the number of turns on the primary coil, the output current has a lower voltage than the input current. [3 markah / 3 marks] 120 Pentaksiran Sumatif PSumatif_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 120 20/03/2023 4:48 PM
121 BAB 1 Soalan Objektif 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D Soalan Subjektif 1.1 1. (a) BENAR/ TRUE (b) BENAR/ TRUE (c) PALSU/ FALSE (d) BENAR/ TRUE (e) BENAR/ TRUE (f) BENAR/ TRUE (g) PALSU/ FALSE 2. (a) Sistem saraf pusat Central nervous system (b) Saraf tunjang Spinal cord (c) Saraf spina Spinal nerve (d) Sistem saraf periferi Peripheral nervous system 3. (a) Afektor dalam telinga mengesan bunyi Affector in the ear detect the sound (b) Otak/ Brain (c) Efektor (otot) Effector (muscle) 1.2 1. (a) Ligamen penggantung Suspensory ligaments (b) Konjunktiva Conjunctiva (c) Iris Iris (d) Pupil Pupil (e) Kornea Cornea (f) Gelemair Aqueous humour (g) Kanta mata Eye lens (h) Otot silia Ciliary muscle (i) Gelemaca Vitreous humour (j) Bintik buta Blind spot (k) Saraf optik Optic nerves (l) Bintik kuning Yellow spot (m) Retina Retina (n) Koroid Choroid (o) Sklera Sclera 2. (a) (i) Sel kon/ Cone cells (ii) Sel rod/ Rod cells (b) Sel rod/ Rod cells; Sel kon/ Cone cells 3. (a) Cuping telinga: Menerima gelombang bunyi. Earlobe: Receives the sound waves. (b) Salur telinga: Menghantar gelombang bunyi ke gegendang telinga. Ear canal: Sends the sound waves to the eardrum. (c) Gegendang telinga: Bergetar apabila gelombang bunyi terkena padanya dan memindahkan getaran kepada osikel. Eardrum: Vibrates when hits by the sound waves and transfers it to the ossicles. (d) Osikel: Menguatkan getaran bunyi dan menghantarnya ke jendela bujur. Ossicles: Amplify the sound vibrations and transfer it to the oval window. (e) Tiub Eustachio: Mengimbangkan tekanan udara pada kedua-dua gegendang telinga. Eustachian tube: Balances the air pressure on both eardrums. (f) Jendela bujur: Mengumpul dan menghantar getaran bunyi dari osikel ke koklea. Oval window: Collects and transfers sound vibrations from the ossicles to the cochlea. (g) Koklea: Mengesan dan menukarkan getaran bunyi kepada impuls saraf. Cochlea: Detects and converts the sound vibrations into nerve impulses. (h) Saraf auditori: Menghantar impuls saraf dari koklea ke otak. Auditory nerve: Transfers the nerve impulses from cochlea to the brain. (i) Salur separuh bulat: Membantu mengawal keseimbangan badan. Semicircular canals: Helps to balance the body. 4. (a) X: Sel deria bau/ Sensory cells for smell Y: Saraf/ Nerve Z: Mukus/ Mucus (b) (i) Impuls dihantar ke otak melalui saraf untuk ditafsirkan. Impulses are sent to the brain through the nerves to be interpreted. (ii) Sel deria bau akan mengesan bau dan menjana impuls saraf. Sensory cells for smell will detect the smell and generate nerve impulses. (iii) Bahan-bahan kimia yang dihidu akan melarut dalam lapisan mukus. Chemical substances that are smelled will dissolve in the layer of mucus. Jawapan Jaw_Topikal UASA A+ Sains Tg3.indd 121 20/03/2023 12:35 PM