Biology Flipbook Assignment SB015

SB015 Biology
Flipbook assignment

Name: Abdullah Sharif Bin Mohd Ali Khan
Matric Number: MS2213201342
Practicum: H5T01B

FIVE MAIN TYPES OF MOLECULES OF
LIFE

01 02 03

WATER CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS

04 05

PROTEINS DNA AND RNA MOLECULES

1. WATER

● Water is essential for life, water is the most abundant compound in
the vast majority of cells. Water makes up almost about 65% - 95% of
plant and animal mass.

● The properties of water are:
1. Water is a universal solvent
2. Water has a high specific heat capacity
3. Water has a high latent heat of vaporisation
4. Water has a high latent heat of fusion
5. Water displays cohesion and adhesion
6. Water has the highest density at 4°C
7. Water has low viscosity

2. CARBOHYDRATES

1. Carbohydrates are organic molecules that composed of atoms of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1: 2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates include
sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.

2. There are three basic types of carbohydrate molecule, named
according to their structure and size:

(a)Monosaccharides are simple sugar.
(b)Disaccharides are double sugar.
(c)Polysaccharides are complex sugars.

3. Carbohydrates are the first organic molecules made
in photosynthesis. Lipid, protein, and nucleic acids are derived from
carbohydrates.

3. LIPIDS

1. Lipids are a varied group of compounds that are insoluble in water but
dissolve readily in other lipids and organic solvents. Lipids contain
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, though the ratios of oxygen atoms to
hydrogen atoms are lower than in carbohydrates.

2. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids, lipids are not
polymers. There are three major groups of lipid commonly found in
plant and animal cells:
(a) triglycerides
(b) phospholipids
(c) steroids

4.PROTEINS

1. Proteins are large complex biological molecules which play many
diverse roles in all organisms. Proteins consist of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Sometimes, may also contain sulphur and
phosphorus.

2. Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains. Each polypeptide
chain is a polymer built from many units of amino acids bonded
together by peptide bonds.

5. DNA AND RNA MOLECULES

● Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

1. As the names suggest, these molecules were discovered and identified
in the nucleus in eukaryotic cells or nucleoid in prokaryotic cells. The
two types of nucleic acid are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA). Both contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen and phosphorus. The nucleic acids are slightly acidic
molecules due to presence of phosphate groups.

2. The nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides. DNA consists of two
strands of polynucleotide that wound in helix form, whereas RNA
consists of one strand of polynucleotide.

THREE MAIN CLASSES OF PROTEIN

01 Globular Conjugated
proteins
02 proteins

Fibrous proteins

03

GLOBULAR PROTEINS

Globular proteins are usually individual molecules with
complex tertiary and quaternary structures. They are tightly
folded to form a spherical, or globular shapes. The globular
structures are maintained and stabilised by chemical bonds
such as hydrogen disulphide bonds, hydrophobic bonds,
disulphide interaction and ionic bonds. Globular proteins are
easily changed by heat or chemicals. Smaller globular proteins
are soluble in water. Large globular protein molecules usually
form colloids in water.

FUNCTIONS OF GLOBULAR Insulin injection
PROTEINS

● Act as hormones such as insulin which controls blood
glucose concentration.

● Albumin may act as a water storage protein in egg
'white'.

● Act as antibodies, blood transport pigments, light-
sensitive pigments, and blood clotting agents.

Albumin in egg 'white'

CONJUGATED PROTEINS

Conjugated proteins are proteins that function by interacting
with other non-protein groups attached by covalent bonds or
by weak interactions. Non protein compounds bonded to
conjugated proteins are known as prosthetic groups. For
Example, Haemoglobin with Haem as a prosthetic group,
Casein with Phosphoric acid as a prosthetic group and
Cytochrome oxidase with copper as a prosthetic group.

Haemoglobin Cytochrome
oxidase

Haem

FIBROUS PROTEINS

Based on the structure, proteins can be divided into fibrous
proteins and globular proteins. Fibrous proteins consist of
parallel polypeptide chains cross-linked by hydrogen bonds, to
form long fibres or sheets. Fibrous proteins have stable
structures and they are insoluble in water. They exhibit
secondary structures with limited or no tertiary structures,
they are also very strong. Fibrous proteins are usually static
molecules and play important structural roles in the anatomy
and physiology of vertebrates, providing external protection,
support, shape, and form.

Examples of fibrous proteins Collagen
keratin
FIBROUS FUNCTIONS
PROTEINS

Collagen Forms tendons, cartilages,
Keratin connecting tissues and bone
material

Form scales, horns, hooves,
feathers, hairs and nails

Myosin Component of the muscle Sclerotin
Sclerotin structure

Combines with chitin to form the
exoskeleton of insects

A girl with curly hair would
like to make her hair straight.
How this can be done in
relation with the structure of
the hair protein?

??

Structure of hair protein

Hair is made up of a fibrous protein called keratin. Keratin is synthesized by keratinocytes and is
insoluble in water, thus ensuring impermeability and protection for the hair.Fibrous proteins consist
of parallel polypeptide chains cross-linked by hydrogen bonds, to form long fibres or sheets. In hair, the
strong links connecting the keratin is disulfide bonds while the weak links are saline and hydrogen.

Strong links: disulfide
bonds
Weak links:
saline and
hydrogen

The method to straighten hair

● For the girl to get straight hair she would have to do hair straightening with an electical
appliance called a hair straightener which basically is a way of straightening hair using heat
to break apart the disulfide bonds of hair. This breakage allows the keratin chains to move
around slightly and assume a position that results in straightened hair.

● High temperatures cause protein to lose its conformation. This process breaks all non-
covalent bonds (hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds) in the molecule, but leaves the linear
sequence unaltered. So the primary structure is saved while the secondary and higher
structures are disrupted. The protein undergoes denaturation. Thus the hair can be
straightened.

A girl straightening her hair Hair
straightener

All types of muscle cells
consist of filaments
containing the proteins actin
and myosin. What is the
difference between the three
types of muscle cells in terms
of their structure?

The three types of mucle cells

Differences in terms of structure

Types of Structure
muscle cells

Skeletal Skeletal muscle fibers are very long, and each fiber has many nuclei, known as
muscle multinucleated cells. Skeletal muscle fibers are cylindrical and not branched. The
cells nuclei lie under the plasma membrane, and the entire central part of the skeletal
muscle fiber fills with myofibrils. This adaptation is to increase the efficiency of
muscle contraction. Appears alternating light and dark stripes, or striations, that
change their relative sizes during contraction. This muscle is voluntary.

Cardiac Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle tissue of the heart. The cardiac muscle
muscle cell is cylindrical in shape. Cardiac muscle has striations and usually has one or
cells two central nuclei within each fiber. The cardiac muscle fibers join end to end by
intercalated discs, and they branch and rejoin to form complex networks.
Smooth
muscle Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles found in the walls of digestive tract,
cells uterus, blood vessels, urinary bladder, and many other internal organs. Each
smooth muscle fiber appears spindle-shaped and contains a single, central
nucleus. It also has no striations and no branching.

THE END

Thank you so much for reading this flipbook, I hope you

enjoyed reading it as much as I enjoyed making it.

REFERENCES

● Ong Wei Siang, (2022), Biology for matriculations semester 1, Malaysia, SAP

Publications SDN.BHD.
● Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, (2008,7 October) "Main protein structure

levels" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Main_protein_structure_le
vels_en.svg

● Science Learning Hub – Pokapū Akoranga Pūtaiao. (2007, 21 June). Muscle

structure – muscle under the microscope. Retrieved
from: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1917-muscle-structure-

muscle-under-the-microscope