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Ever wonder the physics behind our smartphone and CCTV cameras? Read more to find out!

Prepared by 4 Aurora :
Nurin Adani
Marsya Madihah
Sharifah Farihah
Syarifah Jessenia

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Published by jess, 2021-10-29 04:09:08

APPLICATION OF SMALL LENSES

Ever wonder the physics behind our smartphone and CCTV cameras? Read more to find out!

Prepared by 4 Aurora :
Nurin Adani
Marsya Madihah
Sharifah Farihah
Syarifah Jessenia

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS

01 lENSES IN SMARTPHONE

01
1. About Small lenses in smartphone
2. HOW DOES the LENSE WOrk

3. DUAL AND TRIPLE LENSes

4. LIQUID LENS TECHNOLOGY 02

03

04

05

02 sMALL SIZE CCTV 07


1. ABout cctv
2. How small lenses work in cctv 08
3. TYPES OF SMALL LENSES IN CCTV 09
10
RESOURCES LINK




14

Topic 01

LENSES IN
SMARTPHONE

SMALL LENS IN SMARTPHONES

LET'S EXPAND OUR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT SMALL LENS IN SMARTPHONES!

History

1.Invented by a Parisian named Philippe
Kahn

2.The impetus for this invention was the birth
of Kahn's daughter. Kahn had been working
for almost a year on a web server-based
infrastructure for pictures, that he called
Picture Mail.

3. At the hospital, while his wife was in
labor, Kahn jury-rigged a connection
between a mobile phone and a digital
camera and sent off photos in real time to
the picture messaging infrastructure he
had running in his home.

4. Kahn later said "I had always wanted to 5. In 2016 Time Magazine included Kahn's first
have this all working in time to share my camera phone photo in their list of the 100
daughter’s birth photo, but I wasn’t sure I most influential photos of all time. In 2017,
was going to make it. It’s always the case Subconscious Films created a short film
that if it weren’t for the last minute, nothing recreating the day that Philippe instantly
shared the first camera-phone photo of the
would ever get done." birth of his daughter Sophie.

QUIZ TIME!

Who is the inventor of camera in smartphones?

02

HOW DOES THE LENS WORK?

These days, smartphone cameras are commonly used by people. Taking
high quality videos and pictures are the norm! However, how does it
function to create an image?

Refraction of light in In short, lenses use light to create an
smartphone lenses image. The lenses applies the physics

concept, ‘Refraction of Light’.

Refraction of light occurs In smartphones, light has
when light travels from one to travel through
medium to another, compound lens.
causing the velocity of
light to change. Compound lens is a series
of convex and concave
Convex lens lenses of various densities
Light will be converged.
Concave lens Sensor is made up of
Light will be diverged. millions of pixels

Applying this concept to the smartphone lenses, refraction of
light occurs until light reaches the sensor. Light will converge
and diverge many times. Camera’s image processor will take
information from sensor and finally form an image.

Compound Lens

What makes a good
smartphone lens?

From a physics perspective

Size of sensor Number of
Generally, smartphone
sensors are 1-inch type megapixels
sensors. The bigger the
sensor, the more details Megapixels will
the lens can capture.
determine the
Optical Image
Stabilisation resolution of the image.
A good phone camera
should have Optical Image The higher the
Stabilisation as it will make
capturing sharp images megapixels, the higher
easier.
the resolution of image.

03

DUAL AND TRIPLE LENS Dual Lens

All of us have seen two or three lenses on the back of 1.Usually placed side by side, horizontally
smartphones. In fact, it’s becoming a trend these days! Many or vertically.
famous smartphone companies such as Apple and Samsung
opt for dual or triple lenses. However, is it really “Double the 2.One of the lenses are the primary lens,
lenses, double the power.” ? while secondary lens is for additional
light and increasing the field of view.

3.Double lens has a sharp image detail,
ultra-wide angle mode and capture
potraits.

FUN FACT! Picture taken by
Google Pixel 3
Google Pixel 3 is known for taking high
quality pictures with just a single lens!


Who knows that less is more?

Triple Lens

1. Triple lenses give off a cinematographic look.
2. Usually has telephoto lens. Telephoto lens is

perfect for optical zoom since it has a large focal
length. It also enables a blurred background
effect. (also known as bokeh effect)
3.Also has depth sensor. This is for better
augmented reality (AR) rendering. This is an
enhanced version of the real physical world. Your
image will look even better in cameras rather than
in real life!

Scan here to have a brief comparison GOOGLE PIXEL 3
of Iphone XR (dual lens) and Google
Pixel 3 (single lens) 04

LIQUID LENS TECHNOLOGY

Liquid lens technology might seem to be unfamiliar for the most of us. It is a fairly new
technology amongst smartphone cameras. Let’s take a closer look!

What is it?

Liquid lenses are small, mechanically or
electrically controlled cells containing
optical-grade liquid.
The lens itself is a sealed cell with water
and oil inside.
The lens are less affected when shaky as
the lens are floating.

How does it work?

It uses an electrowetting process to
achieve superior autofocus capabilities.
The electrowetting process shapes the oil
drop into an effective lens quickly and
accurately. The process is continuous,
reversible and fast for small and large
focus steps alike.

Note that liquid lens technology involves Why do we use it?
no moving mechanical parts. This makes
them highly resistant to shock and The main benefits provided by liquid lenses are
vibration. It also enables a stable optical their flexibility to be used in several different
axis in any orientation, making liquid lenses applications simultaneously. This is especially
a durable alternative to mechanical useful in high volume production environments
options. where different sized objects are being used.

What's next?

Read the next page for more informations!

05

LIQUID LENS TECHNOLOGY

Why do we use it? Modern world needs modern solutions

The lens can change shape and move
by itself which enables the same lens
to function as two (or more)
different types of a traditional lens.

As an example, telephoto for
zooming into shots at a distance and
macro for focusing on objects close
to the camera. For smartphones, this
means you can use just one lens to
perform multiple functions and
therefore reduce the number of
sensors needed inside the
smartphone.




With liquid lenses, one image system can do the work of multiple image
systems. Different object distances can be programmed into the image
system.
Since liquid lens technology has very flexible characteristics, it has
exploded in popularity in the industrial sector. Liquid lenses are well-
suited for a wide range of applications and can even provide a higher
image quality than many mechanical options.

Scan to get more information Xiaomi Mi Mix Fold - First smartphone 06
about Xiaomi phone! brand that use liquid lens technology.

Topic 02

SMALL SIZE
CCTV

lenses in cctv what is
CCTV?

about - history- how it works

08

About

Closed-circuit television
(CCTV), also known as video
surveillance, is the use of videos
to transmit a signal to a specific
place, on a limited set of
monitors.
It differs from broadcast
television as the signal is not
openly transmitted.
Consists of a camera, small lens,
monitor and recorder.

History

CCTV technology was first
developed in 1942 by a German
electrical engineer, Walter
Bruch, to monitor the launch of
V2 rockets.
It wasn’t until seven years later,
in 1949, that CCTV became
available commercially.
The CCTV quickly gained
interest as an advanced
security control to deter
potential criminals.

09

liHenonCwsCesTsmVwaollrk Nearly all cameras share several
similar components, a lens, a recording
surface, etc. They use these parts along

with the physics of optics, to capture
an image.

The lens is nothing more than a finely polished piece of glass that
bends light so it all converges on a single focal point.

When light hits and bounces off of objects, the small lens in camera
collects all the light rays reflected off the object and redirects them to a
single point. When all those light rays meet together on a recording surface,
they create a sharp image which is then transmitted to a recording device
and then a monitor. If the film isn't right at the focal point, the image will

appear out of focus and blurry.

blurry clear blurry

light refracted by convex lens object lens

components of a CCTV CCTV uses convex lenses to take
real inverted images.

This is because light rays always
travel in a straight line, until a light
ray hits a medium. The medium in

this case is the small lens (glass).
The glass causes the light rays to
refract. This causes them to form
an inverted image on the opposite

side of the medium.

10

lenses in cctv types of
lenses in

cctv

fixed lens - verifocal lens - zoom lens

11

Fixed Lens

This type of lens has a set focal

length.

These lenses have a fixed

horizontal field of view, and you

must physically move the Varifocal Lens
camera location closer or

further to change the amount of

detail that can be viewed. Lens with an adjustable focal
Fixed lenses work well in a length.
general observation type of Manually adjust the horizontal
applications or when the field of view at the camera,
monitored area is small, such as letting you position a camera
a lobby or entrance. Fixed lenses at a distance from the
are also the least costly lens. monitored area and then
Lens size: 2.5mm,3.6mm,6mm, narrowing the field of view to
etc gain more detail in the image.

This is a very common situation

in video surveillance design

when detail of a scene is

Zoom Lens needed, at a gate for example.
Lens size : 2.8-12mm, 3-8mm,

etc.

Almost similar to varifocal lenses.

Zoom lenses are typically motorized, allows

you the ability adjust the focal length of the

lens from a user interface.

The range of adjustment for a security

camera zoom lens is larger than for a

varifocal lens.

Security cameras with zoom lens allow a

designer to install a camera and then zoom

the lens to a distant area for monitoring

with great detail.

Even though the zoom lens is typically the

most expensive when compared to fixed

lenses and varifocal lenses, in the correct

application, it can be the most affordable.

12

Comparison Of
Lenses

fixed lens (2.8mm) varifocal lens (8mm) zoom lens (12mm)

The smaller the
focal length, the
larger the field of
view

watch this short video to
understand better about
focal length and field of view

13

RESOURCES

https://www.duhoctrungquoc.vn/wiki/e
n/Philippe_Kahn

https://www.popsci.com/extra-lenses-in-
your-smartphones-camera-explained/

https://thesmartphonephotographer.co
m/good-vs-bad-mobile-camera/

https://www.androidauthority.com/sma
rtphone-cameras-explained-767029/

https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ca
mera.htm

http://physicsbuzz.physicscentral.com/2
009/01/howd-they-do-that-tuesday-
camera.html

https://www.taylored.com/blog/security
-camera-lenses-comparing-the-different-

types/

14

?Any Questions

?How well do you understand this topic

Let us know.
https://padlet.com/m7098874/78ciodd8r1q9zh5


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